KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
REGULATIONS - 2017
YEAR/SEM: III/V SUBJECT CODE & NAME: EC8491- COMMUNICATION THEORY

UNIT I
AMPLITUDE MODULATION

PART –A (2 MARKS)

1. Draw AM modulated wave for modulation index 0.5 and its spectra.(April/May 2015)
2. Define heterodyning.(April/May 2015)
3. For an AM system the instantaneous values of carrier modulating signal are 60 sinƜct and
40sinwnt respectively determine modulation index.(May/June 2014)
4. State the differences between single side band and vestigial side band systems.
(May/June 2014)
5. Draw the spectrum of VSB. What are the advantages of VSB-AM?
(April/May2015)(April/May2011)
6. Draw the block diagram of SSB AM generator. (Nov/Dec 2015)
7. The average power of a periodic signal gp(t) is calculated using what theorem? State the
theorem.(May/June2013)
8. What are the advantages of converting low frequency signal into high frequency signal?
(Nov/Dec2016),(May/June2013)
9. Represent amplitude modulated wave as a function of time with amplitude sensitivity of the
modulator as aconstant.(Nov/Dec2013)
10. Calculate the local oscillator frequency if incoming frequency is f1 and translated carrier
frequency is f2.(April/May 2011)
11. What is meant by frequency translation?(Nov/Dec2013)
12. Compare AM bandwidth, power requirement in terms of Pc with DSB-SC and SSB-SC.
(Nov/Dec2015)(May/June2016),(May/June2013)
13. How many AM broadcast stations can be accommodated in a 100khz bandwidth, if the
highest frequency modulating carrier is 5KHz.
(Nov/Dec2013)(April/May2010)(Nov/Dec2010)
14. Suggest a modulation scheme for broadcast video transmission.
(Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2014)
15. What are the types of AM modulators?
16. What are the types of linear detectors?
17. What is the difference between high level and low level modulation?
18. What is meant by diagonal clipping and negative peak clipping?
19. Define Coherent Detection.
20. Write the applications of Hilbert transform?
21. What are the methods for generating SSB-SC signal?
22. What is the need for modulation?
23. A transmitter radiates 9 kW without modulation and 10.125 kW after modulation.
Determine Depth of modulation.
24. What is the mid frequency of IF section of AM receivers and its bandwidth?
25. Distinguish between linear and nonlinear modulator
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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
26. When a signal m(t) = 3 cos (2 x 103t) modulates a carrier c(t) = 5 cos (π x 106t),find
themodulation index and transmission bandwidth if the modulation is AM.
27. Define sensitivity and selectivity.
28. What is modulation index of an AM signal and write its classification.

PART –B
1. Explain with suitable diagrams the generation of AM (using square law method) and
detection.(8)(April/May 2015)((16)Nov/Dec2013)
2. (i) Derive the equation of an AM wave. Also draw the modulated AM wave for various
modulation index. Explain any one method to regenerate it. (16)
(Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2013)
(ii) The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8 ampere when only the carrier is sent. The
current increases to 8.93 A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the
percentage modulation. (4) (May/June2016)(May/June2013)
3. Discuss the methods of demodulation of DSBSC AM signal using any one method (or)
(costas loop).(16)(April/May 2015)(Nov/Dec2015),(Nov/Dec2016)
4. Explain the need for carrier suppression in AM system. Draw and explain the functioning
of such system.(16) (May/June 2014)
5. (i) Compare the characteristics of DSBFC, DSBSC, SSBFC, SSBSC, SB schemes. (10)
(8)(April/May 2015),(April/May 2011)
(ii) Explain the Super heterodyne Receiver with a suitable block diagram.
(6)(16),(8)(April/May 2015)(16)(Nov/Dec 2015)(Nov/Dec2015)
6. Explain the working of a AM transmitter and receiver with suitable
diagram.(16)(May/June 2014)
7. (i) Explain the generation of SSB SC signal using phase shift method.(10) (Nov/Dec2014)
(ii)Suggest a scheme for recovering the message signal from the signal s(t)=2m(t)cos2πfc t.
Explain the same.(6) (Nov/Dec2014)
8. Explain the function of switching modulator in the generation of AM signal.(8)
(i) Discuss the concept of Hilbert transform.(4)(8)(April/May 2015)
(ii)Draw the VSB spectrum and explain the significance.
(4)(Nov/Dec2013)(May/June2016)(May/June2013)
9. (i) How do you demodulate AM signal? Explain. (8)(16)(Nov/Dec 2015)
(May/June2016)(May/June2013)
(ii) A 1000 KHz carrier is simultaneously AM modulated with 300 Hz, 800Hz and 1.5 KHz
audio sine waves. What will be the frequencies present in the output? (4)
(May/June2016),(May/June2013)
(iii)Discuss on frequency components present in periodic and non-periodic signal?(4)
(May/June 2016) (May/June 2013)
10. (i) Draw an envelope detector circuit used for demodulation of AM and explain its
operation. (10) (April/May 2015),(April/May 2011)
(ii) How SSB can be generated using Weavers method? Illustrate with a neat block
diagram. (6)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
11. (i) With a neat block diagram explain the generation of DSB-SC-AM using balanced
modulator.(8) (Nov/Dec2013)
(ii) Write about the coherent detection method in detail for DSB-SC and SSB-SC .What
happens when there is phase mismatch? (8)

UNIT II
ANGLE MODULATION
PART – A (2 MARKS)
1. Compare WBFM and
NBFM.(May/June2016)(Apr/May2015)(Apr/May2011)(Nov/Dec2011)(Apr/May2010)
2. State the Carson’s rule.(May/June2016)(Apr/May2015) (Nov/Dec2015)(May/June2013)
3. Why frequency modulation is more preferred for voice transmission?
4. List the advantages of AM and FM. (Nov/Dec2014)
5. What is meant by detection? Name the methods for detecting FM signals.(Apr/May2011)
6. A carrier is modulated by a sinusoidal modulating frequency of 2kHz resulting in a
frequency deviation of 5kHZ.what is the bandwidth modulated by a carrier waveform?
(Apr/May2016)
7. Define modulation index of FM and PM. (Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2013)
8. Draw the simple scheme of a PLL demodulator.(Nov/Dec2013)
9. What is the basic difference between an AM signal and a narrowband FM signal?
(Nov/Dec2015)
10. What is the need for pre- emphasis? (Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2013)(May/June2016)
11. What are the causes of linear distortion?(Apr/May2010)
12. Define Direct method and Indirect method FM.(Nov/Dec2011)
13. What is the difference between FM and PM with blockdiagram?(Apr/May2010)
14. Define lock in range and dynamic range of a PLL.(Apr/May2016)
15. Draw the block diagram of a method for generating narrow band FM
signal.(Apr/May2010)
16. What are the advantages of Ratio Detector?(Nov/Dec2011)
17. What are the applications of phase locked loop?
18. What do you understand by narrowband FM?
19. What are the two methods of producing an FM wave?
20. List the properties of the Bessel function.
21. What are the types of phase discriminator?
22. Write the advantages and disadvantages of foster-seeley discrimination method?
23. Differentiate between phase and frequency modulation.
24. A carrier of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a signal
x(t)=20sin(200πx103t). What is the bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency sensitivity
of the modulator is 25 kHz per volt?
25. What is the bandwidth required for an FM wave in which the modulating frequency signal
is 2 kHz and the maximum frequency deviation is 12 kHz?
26. Why Armstrong method is superior to reactance modulator?

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PART - B
1. (i) Derive the expression for the single tone frequency modulated signal and hence prove
that is the constant envelope modulation requiring infinite bandwidth.(10)(16)
(Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2015),(Nov/Dec2014),(May/June2013)(Apr/May2011)(Nov/De
c2011) (Apr/May2010)(Apr/May2010) (May/June2016)
(ii) Explain the operation and applications of PLL as a FM demodulator. (6)(Nov/Dec2016)
(Apr/May2015)(Nov/Dec2014)
2. (i) Explain direct method of FM generation.(8)(Nov/Dec2016)(Apr/May2016)
(ii) Explain about ratio detector.(8)(Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2011)
3. (i) Explain the working principle of indirect method of generating a wide band
FM.(8)(Apr/May2015) (May/June2016)(Nov/Dec2014)(Nov/Dec2013)
(ii)Discuss the effects of nonlinearities in FMsystems.(8) (May/June2016)(Apr/May2015)
4. (i)Explain the Armstrong method of FM generation.(8)
(May/June2014)(May/June2013)(May/June2016)
(ii) Explain the functions of any FM detector circuit.(8) (May/June2014)
5. (i) Explain how FM is achieved using varactor diodes.(10)(May/June2014)
(ii)Make at least five comparisons of AM and FM systems.(6)
(May/June2014)(May/June2013)
6. With relevant diagrams explain how the frequency discriminator and PLL are used as
frequency demodulators.(8)(Nov/Dec2015)
(i) Draw the typical spectrum of the FM.(4) (Nov/Dec2014)(May/June2013)
(ii) Differentiate Narrowband and Wideband FM. (4)
(Nov/Dec2011)(Apr/May2010)
7. (i) Explain the FM foster seeley discriminator with a suitable diagram.(10)
(May/June2016)(Apr/May2016)(Apr/May2015)(May/June2016)
(ii)How FM can be derived from PM and vice versa. Explain in detail.(6) (May/June2013)
8. (i) Derive the expression for wide band FM in terms of Bessel
functions.(10)(Apr/May2010)
(ii)How phase and frequency modulation are related? Explain. (6)(Apr/May2010)
(iii)With necessary diagrams explain the operation of slope detector for demodulating FM
signal. (8) (Apr/May2011)
9. When the modulating frequency in an FM system is 400Hz and the modulating voltage is
2.4V the modulation index is 60.Calculate the maximum deviation. What is the modulating
Index when the modulating frequency is reduced to 250Hz and the modulating voltage is
simultaneously raised to 3.2V? (8) (May/June2013)

UNIT III
RANDOM PROCESS
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. Define random variable .Specify the sample space and the random variable for a coin
tossing experiment. (May/June2016)(Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2010)
2. List the properties of the cumulative distributive function
3. When Random process is called as deterministic? (Nov/Dec2011)(April/May 2010)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
4. What is the classification of random process? Give one example for each.
5. Write Einstein-Wiener-Khintchinerelation.(Nov/Dec2016)
6. Draw the autocorrelation function and power spectral density of white noise
7. State central limit theorem.(Nov/Dec2016)(April/May 2016)
8. Define Q factor of a receiver.(April/May 2015)
9. Write the equation for the mean square value of thermal noise voltage in a
resistor.(April/May 2015)
10. State Baye’srule.(Nov/Dec2016)
11. Write the Rayleigh and Rician probability density functions. (April/May 2011)
12. Define autocorrelation. (April/May 2016)
13. What is covariance for a random process X(t)?
14. Define mean of a random process.
15. List the conditions to be satisfied for wide sense stationary.
16. What are the properties of an autocorrelation function?
17. Define Ergodic processes.
18. What is cross correlation of random processes of X(t) and Y(t)?
19. Draw the input output relation for a power spectral density and cross spectral density.
20. Define Gaussian processes.
21. When do we say random processes X(t) as white process ?
22. Write an expression for Noise equivalent bandwidth.
23. What is powers spectral density of X(t)?
24. List the properties of Gaussian processes.

PART - B
1. Explain the following terms(i)Random variable (ii)Gaussian process (8)
2. List different types of random process and give the definitions.(8)(Nov/Dec2010)
3. Derive the equation for finding the probability density function of a one to one differentiate
function of a given random variable.(16)(May/June2016)(Nov/Dec2015)
4. (i) When is a random process said to be strict sense stationary process(SSS),Wide sense
stationary process(WSS) and ergodic process. (8) (Nov/Dec2016) (April/May
2016)(Nov/Dec2011)
(ii) What is Gaussian random process and mention its properties.(8) (Nov/Dec2016)
5. X is uniformly distributed as given below find E(X), E[X2], E[cosX] and E[(X-mx)2]
(16)(May/June2014)

6. State and prove the properties of Gaussian Process.(8)

7. (i)Explain the following terms mean, correlation, covariance, ergodicity.
(Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2013)(April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec2011)
(ii) Give the properties of the auto correlation function. (6)(Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2013)
(April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec2011)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
8. (i)Write a note on stationary processes and its classifications. (6)
(ii) Derive the equation for finding the probability density function of a one to one
differential function of a given random variable. (10)
9. (i) Explain about Transmission of random process through a Linear Time Invariant (LTI)
(ii)Find the autocorrelation of a sequence x(t) =Acos(2fc(t+θ)) where A and fc are constant
and is a random variable that is uniformly distributed over the interval [-π π] . (8)
9. (i)Define autocorrelation. Discuss the properties of autocorrelation function. (10)
(ii)Consider the Random processes X(t) & Y(t) have zero mean and they are individually
stationary. Consider the sum random process Z(t) = X(t) +Y(t). Determine the power
spectral density of Z(t) . (6)
10. State and prove the properties of power spectral density.(16)

UNIT IV
NOISE CHARACTERIZATION
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. What is white noise? Give its Characteristics.(May/June2013)
(April/May2011)(Nov/Dec2010)
2. Define Noise figure.(April/May 2015)(Nov/Dec2016)(May/June2014)(May/June2013)
3. Define SNR.(April/May 2015)
4. State the need for pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits in the field of communication.
(May/June2014)
5. Compare the performance of DSBSC and FM receivers.(8)(Nov/Dec2014)
(April/May 2011)
6. A Receiver is connected to an antenna of resistance of 50Ω has an equivalent noise
resistance of 30Ω. Find the receiver noise figure. (April/May 2010)
7. When carrier to noise ratio is high, how will you get figure of merit of FM
systems?(Nov/Dec2013)
8. How will you define the narrow-band noise m(t) at the IF filter output in terms of its in
phase and quadrature components? (Nov/Dec2013)
9. Justify the need for pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.(Nov/Dec2013)
10. Define threshold effect in AM receiver.(Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2011)(Nov/Dec2010)
11. What is FM threshold effect? (Nov/Dec2016)(Nov/Dec2011)
12. Compare the noise performance of DSBSC receiver using coherent detection with AM
receiver using envelope detection. (April/May 2011)
13. What is coherent system? (May/June2013)
14. Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.(Nov/Dec2010)
15. What are the methods to improve FM threshold reduction?
(April/May 2011)(May/June2016)
16. What do you understand by ‘capture effect’ in FM?(May/June2016)
17. What is threshold effect with respect to noise? (Nov/Dec2016)
18. Define the term noise equivalent temperature.(Nov/Dec2014)
19. Define noise equivalent bandwidth
20. What is known as aliasing?(Nov/Dec2013)
21. Two resistors of 20 KΩ, 50 KΩ are at room temperature (290 K). For a bandwidth of 100
KHz, calculate the thermal noise voltage generated by the two resistors in series
(Nov/Dec2011)
22. DC current of 2 mA flows through the semiconductor junction. Consider the effective noise
bandwidth of 1 kHz and calculate the shot noise component. (Nov/Dec2014)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
23. Calculate noise figure and equivalent noise temperature for a receiver connected to an
antenna whose resistance is 100Ω and equivalent noise resistance is 50Ω?
24. Give the characteristic of shot noise.

PART – B
1. (i)Write a short note on shot noise,thermal noise, white noise and also explain about power
spectral density of shot noise. (16) (April/May 2015)(May/June2013)(April/May 2010)
(Nov/Dec2010)
(ii)Discuss the type’s causes and effects of various forms of noise created within a
receiver?(8) (April/May 2011)
2. What type of PDF does the Gaussian noise follow? (16)(May/June2014)
3. Explain with derivation the effect of noise in cascade amplifier circuit.(8)
(April/May 2015)
4. (i)Explain the following (a) Shot noise (b) Noise temperature (8)
(ii)How do you represent Narrowband noise? (8) (May/June2013)
5. Summaries the characteristics of various noise found in a communication channel.(16)
(May/June2016) (April/May 2015)(Nov/Dec 2013)
6. (i) Derive the representation of narrow band noise in terms of envelope and phase
components and list out its properties.(10)(April/May 2011)(Nov/Dec2011)
(April/May 2010)
(ii) Discuss on thermal noise. (6)(Nov/Dec2014)
(iii) Consider two amplifiers are connected in cascade.First stage amplifier has gain and
noise figure as 10dB and 2dB.Second stage has noise figure of 3 dB.Calculate total noise
figure.(6)(April/May 2011)
7. Explain pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in detail.(16) (April/May 2015) (April/May 2011)
(Nov/Dec2011) (April/May 2010)
8. Derive an expression for SNR at input(SNRc) and output of (SNRo) of a coherent
detector(16) (April/May 2010)(May/June2016)
9. Derive the SNR performance of DSB system and the AM system. Also prove that the
output SNR in AM is at least 3 dB worse than of DSB system.(16) (April/May 2015)
10. (i)Derive the output SNR for FM reception. (8) (Nov/Dec2014)(May/June2016)
(ii)Explain the significance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM system. (8)
(May/June2016)
11. (i) Derive the figure of merit of a FM system.(10) (May/June2013)(Nov/Dec2011)
(ii)Explain FM threshold effect. (6) (May/June2013)
12. (i) Derive the figure of merit for AM system for non-coherent system, with suitable
assumptions.(8)(May/June2013)
(ii) Derive the relationship between noise figure and equivalent noise temperature. (8)
(May/June2013)
13. (i) What is meant by narrow band noise? Explain the characteristics of narrow band noise.
(12) (April/May 2015)(Nov/Dec2014)
14. Obtain the expression for figure of merit of DSB-SC receiver using coherent detection.(16)
(April/May 2015)(Nov/Dec2011)
15. How sine wave plus noise is represented? Obtain the joint PDF of such noise component.
16. Derive the effective noise temperature of a cascade amplifier. Explain how the various
noise are generated in the method of representing them. (8)

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
NAMAKKAL-TRICHY MAIN ROAD, THOTTIAM, TRICHY -621 215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIT V
SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
PART A (2 MARKS)
1. Draw the basic block diagram of digital communication system.
2. What is meant by symmetric channel?
3. Define measure of information in sampling.
4. What is PWM?
5. Define bandwidth.
6. Transfer 01101001 into Manchester code.
7. How can BER of a system be improved.
8. Define half power bandwidth.
9. Draw the basic block diagram of sampling circuits.
10. Define aliasing effect.
11. State the advantages and disadvantage of digital communication systems over
analog communication systems.
12. State Nyquist sampling theorem.
13. What is meant by quantization error?
14. Compare uniform and non uniform quantization
15. Find the SNR of PCM system if the quantization level is 28 ?
16. Define non uniform Quantization.
17. What is uniform Quantization.
18. Mention the advantages of aliasing effect.
19. Define Sampling.
20. What is meant by step size in Quantization?
21. Define signal to noise ratio.

PART B
1. Explain the basic block diagram of digital communication system.
2. Explain a PCM system. Derive the expression for quantization noise of a PCM system with
uniform quantizer
3. Explain Nyquist sampling theorem and how the message can be reconstructed from its samples
with an example.
4. Design a PCM system with TDM system and also draw the T1 Carrier format
5. Write short notes on companding techniques for speech signals.
6. Explain the block diagram of digital communication system.
7. Explain Gram Schmidt orthogonalisation procedure.
8. Explain any three communication channel models.
9. Discuss the uniform Quantization and its types.
10. Compare uniform and non uniform Quantization.
11. Explain about the PPM.
12. Compare the PWM and PCM.
13. Explain the architecture of TDM/FDM.

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