te Package The ideal tool for ultimate finish ! PHYSICSROTATIONAL MECHANICS MOMENT OF INERTIA Moment of inertia ofa system of particles about an axis is defined by l= doe ‘We shall give the moment of inertia for the following simple cases: (a) Ring (b) Dise (¢) Hollow cylinder rae | : tr lL IMR? -= (e) Rod (9 Rod (g) Solid box mL 2 (h) Solid sphere (i) Hollow sphere Parallel Axis Theorem T=ley + md? where _m-= total mass of the body 4 = perpendicular distance between the parallel axes ley = Mil. about a parallel axis passing through C.M.Perpendicular Axis Theorem L=h+y, Where x, y and ; 7 are three mutually perpendicular axes gych that x and y lie in the Plane of the laminar body. Note: te: This theorem is applicable only for laminar bodies, e.g. ring, disc, Fectangular, etc, addin inertia ofa combination about an axis cane found by simply “ne the moment of inet of different components about that axis Angular Kinematics a dt _ 40 Angular acceleration, & al steam = Gp T ‘Ne kinematics equations for constant angular acceleration: = 6, +41 6-6, +001 2 o 0) 428-6 Torque about a Point Torque, %=i%F, where + is the poston vector ofthe point of aplication ofthe force Torque about an Torque, t=(xF)-f, where fi isa unit vector along the axis, The angular acceleration of any body about ‘ny inertial axis is equal to the net 1o" and the angular momentum ofthe body about that axis equal tolo. ANGULAR IMPULSE 1f2 torgue acts about an axis ona body for time tthe the angular impulse is defined as the change in angular momentum produced by this torque. J=[rdt, where J= angular impulse, = 1(a,-, Clea CONSENSWeen CESS a) Work Done by a Torque If under the influence of a torque + a body rotates through an angle dO, work done by the torque is equal to aw=1d0 w= | Wo Also the power developed by a torque tis given by P = 24, where « is the instantaneous angular velocity of the body Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum If the net torque on a system about an axis is zero, the total angular momentum of the system about that axis remains unchanged. While choosing conservation of angular momentum, you must be sure of the reference frame and the axis about which the angular momentum is being conserved. Remember that conservation of angular momentum is possible only when net torque about the chosen axis is Zero, Combined Transiational and Rotational Motion Suppose a body is undergoing rotation about an axis passing through its centre of mass and its moment of inertia being denoted by I,,, and angular velocity by ®,,, Let the centre of mass be moving with a velocity V,., in the frame of earth and let the mass of the body be M. Let the position vector of the centre of mass be ¥,, in the frame of earth, Then the following statements hold true (2) Total kinetic energy = translational kinetic energy + rotational kinetic energy = tv, +4 o 2 2 (b) Total angular momentum of the body L, =1,,0+ Mi, x Voy ROLLING ‘A body is said to be rolling when the velocity of its point of contact wird. the surface on which it is placed is zero. Consider a body rotating about its centre of mass with angular velocity «, and the centre of mass moving with a velocity v.. w.t. the earth, whereas the surface also moves with a velocity v, wart. earth. For pure rolling, If v, = 0, itis reduced to the commonly known equation v., =Ro Conditions of Equilibrium for any Body (a) The net external force acting on the body must be zero. (0) The net torque acting on the body about any axis must be zero, SUAS NSToo (OR ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS Am the figure shown, a solid sphere of mass ‘m’ and radius x is released froma height 6r to slide down a smooth surface. A lank of: same miass ‘m? touches the horizontal partion ofthe ‘surface at the ground. ‘The co-efficient of friction between the ‘the sphere is u and that between the plank and the 3 os “Tes wind the work done by the fein foree between 7m the plank and the ground till the sphere starts pure rolling on ~ the plank. Neglect the height of the plank. Sol. The sphere will each the plank with speed vo= /T0gr (in horzontal direction) FBD of the sphere when it moves on the plank, Ni=mg @ : x0 2 (as f| = uN, kinetic friction) ~Hg (ii) = pmgr(-k) Bg = EOE = me. sphere)Ce =» 2. A cabe of side a and mass M is pivoted on @ horizontal axis such that it ean rotate about one ofits edges. Initially itis held inthe highest postion and then released. Kind horizontal and vertical components of reaction of pivot on the cule at the moment when the reaction toward the centre of the cue becomes ‘ zero. Given that M.1 of the cube about its edge sequal to 2Ma? 5M. Sol. Let P and Q be the components of reaction of HOt on the cube along and perpendicular tothe OC Doe ML. of the cube about Os = Ma” a + =Masind . [ Now along OC, Mgcos®~ P= M2 v2 Perpendicular to OC, Mgsin® - Q= M-& Q=(Mgsind)/4 Integrating a, we get w 3g(1~cos0) P= Mgcos0 - Ma = —— When P=0_ cos =3/5 sind = 4/5 Now horizontal component ofreactionis Pin Qos = (-325)Mg Vertical component of reaction is Peost + Qsin@ = (425)Mg 3. A spool of thread of mass m and moment of inertia | is attached to the block of mass M. Along a horizontal line ™! , passing through the centre of the spool, a constant force F is applied as shown. The surface under the block is smooth ~~~ ‘while beneath the spool is rough. l Show that if M = no frictional force will act on the spool. Now suppose 21 r(R-r) increase of length ‘ab? of the thcead at time ¢ aftr the application of force. (No slipping occurs) M= find in which direction wil the frictional force act? Also find in this case the rate of Sol. For translational motion FBD. of the pool. F-T-f= mien --() For rotational motion (Tr +4R)= lo Q) ‘As per given condition if frictional force is zero then, a a= ke Hence, Tr+ (R=Wa R oO = T- Mo Since string ab remains tangent, hence acceleration of point 4 and that of pout bis same a ) Putting the value of M = —""— in Eq (5), we get 1(R-r) -la,, © f R PRD of M

tan ® Sol. = mg cos 0 megcos 0 tan 0 => f2mgsin 6 Hence, the sphere will turn back if at the moment jt centre of mass comes to stop it must have angular speod, in same direction as ( has. Letat time t, Vem =0 = vo+ (g sin 0 pg cos )t = 0 “f= ymgeos® * mgcos0 a) umgcos0 | q further, (0 ~ >0 (2) Sv, 2R (u- tan 0) ° From Eq, (1) and (2), we get» > ‘A plank of mass M is moving on a smooth horizontal surface ‘with speed ‘vo’. At t= 0a sphere of mass ‘m’ and radius ‘pis G a gently placed on it and simultaneously a constant horizontal | F force ‘F” is applied on the plank in the opposite direction of yp, <1] M Find the time at which sphere starts rolling on the plank. The 77 ORT coefficient of friction between the plank and the sphere is y, Till rolling starts kinetic friction acts on the bodies. F.B.D. of sphere for no vertical accelerationN=mg (1) : => fi = mg (as fi = HN) ‘i = aang = net mg, Also a= The velocity of the lower most point of the sphere at time tis v=vtor ve=pgt + ee The F.B.D. of the plank (28) (Exum) a) Co (Fume), wd ve=vo~{ For no slipping, v.= vp => a= MASE NeneSOLVED PROBLEMS 1, A solid sphere is rolling on a rough surface, whose centre of mass is at ia 3) \ Cat a certain instant, Find at that instant it has angular velocity @. Its oe ) Ye radius is R. Find the angular acceleration ¢ tha sphere ism VT», Sed 28 IR _ 5d(g+o'R) 27k Sol. [ m Ris pseudo force] ~ owe will ake torgue about P then we have to apply pseudo force fe fh : tmu'R on cenie of mass because this axis has Nem Ho Acceleration = wR towards 0 WT 7 Ws LITT? LL Then Ty a= (mg + mod sd(ztoR a SileroR) Tee Hence (D) is correct When a body rolls without sliding up an in (A) directed up the plane (©) zero 'd plane, the frictional force is (B) directed down the plane (D) dependent on its velocity Sol. Since the body rolls without sliding, a = y-10=0 and a-ru=0 Oand yp=0 = vr anda=ra Since the body acceleration ‘a’ is downwards parallel to the plane, therefore angular acceleration of the body must be in anticlockwise sense. That means the friction must act up the plane 10 produce an anticlockwise torque to produce anticlockwise angular acceleration (A) A particle m starts with zero velocity along a line y = 4d. The positi X= A sinot, At ot = 7/2, its angular momentum with respect to the or (A) mA@d (B) mad/A (C)mAdo {D) zero Sol. At w= w/2 y u= Aacost= 0 ao So, angular momentum of particle m with respect the origin should _| be zero. (D) RESETCs 4 block of mass M and side 2R, The entire system is ona smooth 7 horizontal ground. Given that the sphere aS rolling without slipping swith an angular velocity o at the time of coliision. The velocities of the sphere and the block after the collision are (A) Ope =O Vapor = Nites = B) Oy, =O Vy, = (©) ©yage = 9 Vip #94 ince =O 0) = ; Sol, When the sphere collides with the block due 10 elastic collision, the translational kinetic energy of the sphere gets totally transferred to the Ml block, but rotational kinetic energy ofthe sphere does not change J] net Hence, yy. =O, Yong =O5 Yuga = beceee (B) F angle of after a 'A body of mass m and radius r is released from rest along a smooth inclined plane (A) mgrt eos 8 (B) mget sin 0 (C) 3/2) mget sin 8 (D) None of these Sok. Since the surface is frictionless, the hody does nol rotate about its centre of mass. Only 1 slides with certain velocity v parallel w the surface o=0 and y = (gsin 0) = The angular momentum afiera time is given as Lemr = L=mvr > (B) =mgrt sin 6. Let Ube the moment of inertia of a uniform square plate about an axis AB that passes though its ‘contre and is parallel (o two of its sides. CD is a line in the plane of the plate that passes through the centre of the plate and makes an angle @ with AB. The moment of inertia of the plate about the axis CD is then equal to @l (B) Leos? (OI sin’ 8 (D) 1 e0s"(@/2) Sol. According to the perpendicular axis theorem | ie W=h+l, Since the plate is quite symmetrical about x’ and y', le=1 = belt = 2=21 x 2 laly=12 Similarly, k= 1y= 1/2 The required MLL where (4) CRAba sCoSOM When a car negotiates a curve, the normal force exerted on the inner and outer wheels are Ny ang Na, respectively . Then Nr / N: w= @).<1 (©>1 (D) zero Sol. Referring to the free body diagram we obtain, Ni +Nz=mg a) Along radial, YY F, = ma, 7 a = eet 2) : my = 2 Ni ™9 Ne a d and -@) h mv N, ga+ haw MN cy, . < ™ (B) E 8. A massless string is wrapped around a hollow cylinder having mass m and radius r. The cylinder is kept on a rough horizontal surface (coefficient of friction is 1). A constant force F is applied as shown in the figure. In case of pure rolling, the friction force acting on the bottom ‘most point of the cylinder is, . (Ayzero (8) ume . (Oumg/2 (D) 3umg/2 Sol. F + f,=ma, a F. Anticlockwise is taken as positive. S| where 1 = mR? Q f, 9, A cubical box of side length L rests on a rough horizontal surface having coefficient of friction yu. A variable horizontal force F = at is applied on F the top of the block as shown in the figure, where a is a constant and t is time. The coefficient of friction is sufficient so that the block does not B slide before toppling. The graph between torque due (o normal reaction about end B and time before toppling start is # + (A) ey t t + a} (D) None of these 7 Sol. (B) ; AE RO10. i. Two dises A and B each of mass 2 kg and radius 0.5 m are rigidly fixed to the ends of a thin shaft S, which is supported in horizontal position with the help of two smooth bearings at points P: and P2, Two blocks of masses 2 Kg and 1 kg are connected to the light cords wrapped around the dises as shown in the figure. There is no slipping between the cord and the dises. If the system is released from rest from the position shown, then mark the correct statement(s) (Take g= 10 mis*) (A) Power developed by tension in cord connected to 2 kg block is, negative. (B) Acceleration of each block is 2 mis’. (C) Total work done by tension on the dises is zero during the motion. (D) Acceleration of each block is 1 m/s". a (for 2 kg block) fi) a (for 1 kg block) i) a3) sas (forthe shafi + dise system) So,T)-T2=2a Ai) ‘After solving these three equation a=2ms* ‘A uniform ball of radius R rolls without slipping between the rails such that the horizontal distance is VIR between the two contact points of the rails of the ball, Figure (a) shows the front view of the ball and figure (b) shows the side view of the ball. vcw is the velocity of centre of mass of the ball and ‘is the angular velocity of the ball after rolling down a distance 2h along the incline then all rail (Velocity ito the plane) figure (a) figure () D) Vou * (rom pure rolling)me COMPREHENSION ° Two identical uniform rods OA and OB each of length (and mass m are yg connected to each other by a massless pin connection (hoth the rods can i i rotate about O which is free to move), that allows free rotation. The my assembly is kept on a frictionless horizontal plane, Now two point masses each of mass m moving with speed u_ perpendicular to the AB and hit the assembly inelastically ai points A and B as showa in the figure ass of the whole assembly just after the co 2. he speed of the centre of (A) w/4 (B) w?2 (Qu (D) none of these So. B 13. Find the angular speed of rods just after the collision 3u Ay = B) (A) 4 (B) oO; (D) zero. So. B 14, Find the speed of centre of rod AO just after the collision. 8 u A) — a oe os 7 u © “0 po an) eae So. B F 15. A cue stick applies a horizontal force F continuously on an object kept ‘on a rough horizontal surface horizontally at a distance h above the centre as shown in the figure. Match the following. i Column I (p)___the object may roll with slipping. [(A) Hfh= Rand objects ring | [(B) Ifh=R/2object is sphere | (q)__object will roll without slipping. 2K/S and abjectis sphere. _| (r) ___fiietion will be in forward direction. nnd object is cylinder | (8) friction will be in backward direction | (0 Affera certain value of F the body will be rolling Po with slipping, oe A2@ Bown) O>@ (2) >@) Sol. a CRAs7 and 18 by appropriately matching the information given in the three g table, Answer questions columns of the follow A thin tod of mass m, length ( was initially kepy smooth floor. It is tipped slightly so that it starts falling as shown. At any instant, the angle of rod with vertical i Column -I lists some values for the combination (0, f), column II lists the corresponding values of the rods angular speed «, column TIL lists the corresponding values for the speed of point A(shown in (| 0=60",¢= 2m | ” —- eee > lt | an | 0= 60°, ¢=4m (i) | VB rows |) eae sae oneal | ay | 0905, ¢=2m a & rads | (R) | —- — — —— + — 7 (Ivy | 0=90%, ¢=4m ty | 2 | (s) f on ee eee ever a 16. Pick correct option. (a) @ GR) ©ay aa SoD 17. Pick the option for mi (A) AY) Gi) (Q) (B) cui (P) omar ©) AN) 6}Q Sol. B 18. ‘k the option for maximum value of V4. (4) a) @®) (8) () Gi) (R) CMDR (D) aM (ii) (R) So. A Numerical Type 19. A uniform, solid cylinder having mass M and radius R is pulled by a horizontal force F acting through the center as F shown. The cylinder rolls to the right without slipping. What is the magnitude of the foree of frietion between the eylinder and the ground? (A) Fa (B) F/3 Ore (0) 2k Sol. B F-f= Ma, m= Mak = f=F3 : aSi] 20, Sol. A triangular frame consists of three identical rods, each of mass m and 7 length £. If rests upright on a horizontal smooth surface with its lower Tight corner against a stop about which the frame could pve : : horizontal force of magnitude F is applied to the upper corner of the frame as shown in the figure. What is the largest value of F may have € without causing the frame (o pivot upward about the stop? (A) 3 mg (B)3mg mg 3 wo (0) Smg A : 7 Since system is in rotational equilibrium so net torque on the system about C : is zeros v3 £ F, Fee apo 2 = F.. = v3mg . os -h c amg Numerical Decimal Type 21. Sol. TTS NEE ‘ dise shaped body (having a hole as shown inthe figure) of mass m = 10 kg and radius R = 2m is performing pure rolling motion on a rough horizontal surface. In the figure point © is Scometrical center of the disc and at this instant the centre of imass C of the disc is at same horizontal level with O. The radivs of gyration of the dise about an axis passing through C and Perpendicular to the plane of the dise is Sana at the instant é clockwise sense. g is gravitation acceleration = 10 m/s*, Find angular acceleration a(in rad/s’) of the disc at this instant, ‘ad/see in shown the angular velocity of the dise is @ 0006.00 considering torque of real and pseudo force in the frame of P Ren =mg>+mo'R>iser\ee 37 22. A stick of mass density 7.= 8 kg/m rests om 8 dise of radius R = 20 cm as shown in the figure, The Stick makes an angle 8 = 37° with the horizontal and is tangent to the dise at its upper end. Friction exists at all points of contact and assume that it is large enough (o keep the system at rest Find the friction force (in Newton) between the ground and the disc. (take g = 10 mis?) f> Sol. 0000640 0 ' M n= MB cose ‘ 2 For disc, N sin @ = f> fcos6 Nsin@_ Mgsin cos N I+cos8 — 21+cos6) 050) a! Mo M>= iL and L an i a ’ tan aoe f= AgR cos dasxtox2x4 2 10'S 640.NGRAVITATION GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL Potential due to a point mass m ata distance ris given by V =-GMir M Ring Potential Due to a TI om Gravitational Potential due to a Shell (i) Outside the shell: V= -GM/r (r> R) (ii) On the surface of the shell: -R, E, = a y . X | For X sin 4. A body is projected vertically upwards from the surface of earth with a velocity sufficient to carry to infinity, Calculate the time taken by it to reach a height ‘I’. Sol. If ata distance ‘r' from the centre ofthe earth the body has velocity v, by conservation of mechanical energy TA GMm } 5. The minimum and maximum distances of a satellite from the centre of the earth are 2 R and respectively, where R is the radius of earth and M is the mass of the earth. Find (a) its minimum and jnaximum speeds, (b) radius of curvature at the point of maximum distance. Sol. (a) Applying conservation of angular momentum my, (2R) = my (4R) v= 2v2 From C.O.E. 1 GMm_1 GMm =my; =mvi-—— 2 2R 2 aR Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), iM 26M way ay oR 3R (b) Ifris the radius of curvature at point B my; GMm © (4Ry 3 putting value of v3) 3 Tae 1 sCR SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. A closed exlinder of length “£, containing a liquid of variable density p(s) = po(I+ ax) is rotating with constant angular velocity @. Find the net force exerted by the liquid on the axis of rotation, (Fake the massless and A = cross sectional area of cylinder) zel[tyl 1 (a)poaa’ pi] (B) pate! 1 (©) pedo? e| 7] ! () ovsete| sol. [ar= femo’x = F= [p, (I+ax) Adxn'x = pode” [(1+0x) X.dx = py Aw? [ Sa pode’ a) 2. A particle is projected from the mid-point of the line joining two fixed particles each of mass m. If ‘the separation between the fived particles is f, the minimum velocity of projection of the particle so as to escape is equal to a) en eo" 0 2 Sol. ‘The gravitational potential at the mid-point P = -Gm__Gm_ __4Gm (el iE ae?) ; ow The gravitational potential energy 4Gmm, /£,ma=mass of particle “272” ‘When it is projected with a speed v,it just escapes to infinity, and the potential and kinetic energy will become zero. SAKE. + APE. (D) 3. A particle hanging from a spring stretches it by 1 em at earth’s surface. Radius of earth is 6400 km. Ata place 800 km above the earth’s surface, the same particle will stretch the spring by (A)Tem. (B) 8cm (0.1 em (D) 0.79 em —_—_--- CRSSol, 5. Sol. Sol. (ese) -¢) (6400 = 28 x, 64 6464 2m S om =0.79em a 8 (D) A circular ring of mass M and radius ‘a’ is placed in a gravity free space. A small particle of mass y Placed on the axis of the ring at a distance /3a from the centre of the ing, is released from rey, The velocity with which the Particle passes through the centre of the ing is IGM a) [&M (A) a @) IGM(M © [EMM © 28 (") (D) From COM, mv, ~Mv, =0 (1) From cog, -SMm __GMm 1.2, 1 @ ' da Ee From Eqs. (1) and (2), [oup__) a mem} A satelite i moving round the earth ina circular orbit. The following statements are given, (i It is moving with a constant velocity. (ii) It suffers no acceleration, (ii) its angular momentum w.r.t. the earth remains conserved. (iy) Its distance from centre must be equal to V2 times of earth’s radius. The correct option is (AG and (i) are true (Chonly (iii) is true (B) (i), (ii) and (iv) are true (D) (i) and (iv) are true When an earth satelite is moving round the earth in a circular orbit it is moving with a constant speed. has centripetal acceleration. Its angular momentum remains constant as no extemal torque is present. Its radius need not be equal to the V2R, “(C) The angular speed of rotation of earth about its axis when the weight of a man standing on equator will become half ofits weight at the north pole (assume earth to be a perfect sphere) R-6400 km. (A) 275 * 10° rad sec" (B) 9.75 x 10% rad sec (C)8.75 « 10 rad sec (D) 8.0 x 10+ rad sec c IGMP-PHYSICS-GRAVITATION]Sol. Sol. - Ro! ff The escape velocity at the poles of a planet is v« Ifthe effect of rotation of a planet makes the weight of a body at the equator 10% less than the weight at pole, the peripheral velocity of a point on the equator of the planet is (assume the planet to be @ uniform solid sphere) (B) 2v (p) 2% o> B Bacwne = (0-9) Bp = Be OR=(09)b 4, ‘The Earth has a circular orbit of radius r and ees period t around the Sun; Mars has a circular Mars orbit of radius R and period T. In order to ae send a spacecraft from the Earth to Mars, it y is convenient to launch the spacecraft into an fh) / elliptical orbit whose perihelion coincides / with the orbit of the Earth and whose { Sun aphelion coincides with the orbit of Mars; | e this orbit requires the least amount of energy | for a trip to Mars. The time t' taken by a \ spacecraft to reach Mars from the Earth \ / satist \ ‘ a (a) t=+T)2 En (B) t” P+ T2 ~ ae (Ot = (+ T7972 oa (D) (20s = (t+ T2 D Use Kepler's Law of Periods. A small particle is dropped from a height R in front of a narrow tunnel dug y inside the earth (along a diameter). Let M be the mass of earth, R be radius IR of earth. Let vo, T be speed of particle when it reaches A and time taken by av particle to go from A to B respectively. Assuming mass of particle to be negligible as compare to mass of earth, pick the correct option(s) (a) v= ® vf +3 ont = (O Room O12 Now eWhile in the tunnel; (ah, GM R =0'(a'=R’) = a=\2R GM 10. A thin homogeneous dise of radius R and mass m and a small sphere of same mass is placed at a distance £ from the disc on its axis of symmetry. Initially both are in rest and then released from rest. They collide because of gravitation attraction. Assume £ >> R, Find the magnitude of relative velocity of approach just before the collision. [erat ra a) (ia(Z-4) () facm{2. \ of Sol. A Gravitation potential due to dise is, So, relative velocity 21 =2v=/4Gm| = Wades nl 2 SUREEATS VE ()oo LL. First an object is slowly lifted from the bottom (point — A) of a shaft of R ° : depth h, =< to carth’s surface (poiat-B) and then it is lowly lifted sil “ R ‘ higher to attain an altitude f, =— above the earth's surface (Point C), ida \ Wy and W? are the work performed in two cases respectively, Choose the A Lo correct option(s) Wow, (B) W, W,>W, | ie Rsron 12, A satellite is moving around the sun in an elliptical orbit, *M? is the ‘mass of sun and ‘a” is semi major axis of elliptical orbit. The velocity of satelite when it reaches at A is : [aGM (A) M © 2a Ans. D Sol. r =b? +a°e’ ()) b =a'(I-e') 2) From equation (1) & (2) ra Now from conservation of energy GMm 1. GMmbasco Py An artificial satellite of mass m revolves in a circular orbit of radius 4R around the centre of, moon (where R is the radius of the moon). Suddenly it starts experiencing a slight resistance due, cosmic dust. The resistance force depends on the speed of satellite as F = kv where kis a constang, the radius of the moon is R and acceleration due to gravity on the moon's surface is then (assum, that at every moment the satellite follows a circular path) (A) The satellite will hit the moon's surface after time 1 pn ; 2 (B) The satellite will hit the moon’s surface after time t = in 3 hits the moon surface ~ -= mek . (C) The work done by the resistance force on the satellite till (D) Work done by gravitational force till the satellite hits the moon's surface =“ mgR « Sol. A, C,D for circular orbit of satellite S=-K = -dE =dk = (kv) vdt = mvdv COMPREHENSION One of the method to transfer a planetary body like the rocket, from one planet to another is not sending directly along the radial line. But to let it go in an elliptical orbit {with sun at one of its focus), which joins smoothly to the 8 orbits of the both planets. Let the path of the planetary Planet I body starts tangentially to the orbit of one planet at A and joins the orbit of other planet tangentially at B, as shown in the figure, SA = nus => The minimum distance at point on the orbit of planetary body is called perigee = radius of orbit of Planet | first planet SB = fox => The maximum distance at point on the orbit of planetary body is called apogee = radius of orbit of second planet, nricity of orbit = p = orbital parameterCima The total energy of the planetary body at any POI of path (which is remains conserved) is given by where Ms mass of sun, m is mass of planetary body. tT 41-9 semi-major axis ofthe elliptical orbit = UFthe racket moves on the elliptical orbit of semi-major axis“, its time petiod of the motion will be die gia proportional 1 “a ‘A planetary body begins its journey in space, it 1s at Perihelion of orbit of first planet at A and finally reaches near the second planet, iti atthe apehelion of second orbit at B, So using conservation of energy Eq=En=E Ivy and vp are the orbital velocity of first planet and second planet around sun then vj < va and vs > vs always. Hence once, taken from the gravity of first planet, the planetary body is launched in the direction of orbital motion of first planet, the planetary body needs a small impulse to get a speed about (va ~ vy) relative to the first planet. ‘Again in order to tangential approach to second planet, the planetary body requires a final impulse which should increase its speed vn to v2 ie. to get a speed relative t0 the second planet about (v2 ~ va). Once it catches up with the second planet, it would land on it, guided by the gravity of second planet. A hypothetical rocket 1s transfered from first planet to second planet for which following data is given & = 30V2 kmihr Read above passage carcfully and answer the following questions Tone = 2€ Unit, fous = 16. unit 14, The speed of the racket after first impulse (V,) at planet A is (A) 10 km/hr (B) 5 knv/hr (©) 12 km/hr (D) None of these So. D 15, During the journey, how many times, it is required to provided impulse to the rocket (A) Once (B) twice (©) thrice (D) none of these So. B 16. If the time period of the revolution of planet A about sun is 2V2/3 years then the time required to transfer the rocket from planet A to planet B is (A) 15 years (B) 3 years (©) 45 years (D) 9 years So. C 14-16. us 2 Using Keplers Hird law -() =3x3x3= T=9 years T, \2ec so time required to transfer planet = 1/2 = 4.5 years& Matrix - Match Type omplete statements FeeaFGiNg phy iy, te completed by using entries of column I I Column = Ht ih ing about sun in elliptical orbit, some 17, For planet orbi quantities are mn 1. Which Column =1 (A) Maximum potential ¢ 1s oF orbit y of sum PANEL | yy Jy dependent on sememtayor aN 4g) beat aphebon (B) Maximum speed of planet io " (©) Minimum potential enerzy of sun planet | 4 4, Gependent of mass of planet (D) Minimum KE ot planet 3) Isat perthelion Sok (Ay oipg) IB) vipers) (Cups) (DE a Answer questions 18, 19 and 20 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the following, table Figure shows three point masses placed at the vertices of am equilateral An rangle An extemal agent slowly moves the particles anto final EN Configurations Column [lists the final configurations, column HE hsts / a the work done by the external agent in changing the configuration and 7 \ column IIE lists gravitanional potential energy of the system am final / ration ¢——_ | m a Column | Column 2 Column 3 uo * wo | Gm wm) Gm (1, ys) on) | Gm Oy) Gm. 1 (S)) Gm: 1 mee o 7 eee Jey 18. Pick the correct option. (a) AY) Gi). (Q) (B) (I) G¢S) (©) GD G(R) (D) (1) 9 (Q) Sol C 19, ick the option for maximum work done by the external agent. (A) (ID Giii) (P) (B) (II) (iv) (S) (©) IY) ii) (P) (D) AY) Gi) (Q) Sol Tee ASReLL NEMEGACOSM cH 20. Pick the option for minimum potential ener2y in the final configuration. a) av) di) @ (B) (IID) (i) (S) (©) ay DP) (D) (1) (ii) (Q) Sol. D Numerical Type 21, A tunnel is dug across the earth of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ at a distance R22 /G from the centre ‘O’ of the Earth as shown. A body is released from rest from A ‘one end of the smooth tunnel. The velocity acquired by the body when it BGM reaches the centre *C” of the tunnel mR So. 4 Using conservation of energy I GMm_{-11GMm ) {| | aR) 22, An artificial satelite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed equal to 3/8 times of the magnitude of escape velocity from the earth. If the satellite is stopped suddenly in its orbit and allowed to fall freely onto the earth, then the speed with which it hits the surface of the earth is = Kms. A Sol. 2 Ve= eR, 3 aR, 3 iar, = 1 = av2eR, = a 9Re + HH= 32 Re ‘ind n. (take g= 10 m/s and Re= 6400 Km) Reg R+h SaalNumerical Decimal Type 23. Figure shows Ove binary such that the Fighter star fron / caves. the | ids of \ nfs rotation is! ; Tue where m is an integer, find n Ans. 0009.00 See ee 1, ~ 3M, M;~ 4M ,) (2) M (°) 4 (J U7) “M, la) “3 af a2 24, An unmanned space probe (of mass m) and speed v = 2 knv/s relative to the Sun, approaches the relative to the Sun as shown in the figure. The planet Jupiter (of mass M >>m) and speed Vs s the planet and departs in the opposite direction. The mass of Jupiter is very 1d it orbits the sun at a distance of 5.29 1.57 10° km, | earth spacecraft rout much greater than the mass of the spacecraft (M >>m), am 'AU, where 1 AU is the orbital radius of the earth around the sun: 1 AU year = * 107s, ‘The speed of the space probe after it leaves the solar system, relative to the sun is near! where n nteger. Find the value of n. early. (20+ n) km! —*é» Sol. 0001.00 Use momentum conservation principle. — ee Tees)FLUID MECHANICS (A) Fuurp Statics (a) Law of Hydrostatics a red (b)Acceleration of the Containers a tan a,+B where a, anda, are horizontal and vertical components of acceleration of the containers and 0 is the angle of inclination of the free surface of the liquid with the horizontal (€) Prost = Prauge + Pare (d) Archimedes’ Principle Buoyant force = weight ofthe displaced liquid. (e) Law of Flotation ‘The weight of a floating body is equal to the weight of volume of liquid displaced by submerge volume of the liquid. (f) Pascal's Law ‘The pressure at any point in a liquid is same in all directions (B) FiurD DyNaMICS (pA, = p,¥zA, = constant (ii) Bernoulli's theorem P+ pgh +2 constant For an ideal fluid flow under steady state conditions, the sum total of pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy is constant along a stream line (ii) Velocity of efflux, v= (ah , assuming A> Ay Surface Tension of a Liquid Itis the property by virtue of which the free surface of liquid at rest behaves like a stretched elastic membrane tending to contract so that it possesses minimum surface area. If F be the force acting in equilibrium and € the length P of the imaginary line AB, the force F is perpendicular to AB, and the surface tension is given by o= Fie, a ‘The direction of force due to surface tension is perpendicular to the line and tangential fo the Tiquid surface,[77 ‘SURFACE ENERGY ‘The work done in increasing the surface area of a liquid by one unit area is equal to the surface tension under isothermal conditions. Excess pressure inside an air bubble ina liquid is given by 2aRT 2nRT = AP(RR?) For a bubble in air, there are two surfaces. —P aT i Ap=— r Note: A bubble inside a liquid has only one free surface area Rise of liquid in a capillary tube 2T cos 1g VIscosITy When a fluid flows such that a velocity gradient is set up within it, forces act within the fluid so as to prevent the velocity gradient from existing. This force is due to a property called t . tuys | viscosity. Suppose that a glass plate in coniact with a water column of height h is moved with a constant velocity v Forces of viscosity appear between the solid surface and the layer in contact. 7 aS, where 1, is a constant called coefficient of viscosity, its C.G.S. unit is poise. The 1 unit of viscosity equals 10 poise. Stokes’ Law and Terminal Velocity When a sphere of radius r moves with a velocity v through a fluid of viscosity 1, the viscous force opposing the motion of the sphere is F=6mrv If, for a sphere, viscous force becomes equal to the net weight acting downward, the velocity of the body become constant and is known as the terminal velocity. < Gav, = 5 (P-9)B um SeILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS zontally oriented bent thin tube ABC of length 1.4 m rotates ‘with a constant angular velocity @ about a stationary vertical axis 0" passing through the end A as shown in gure, The portion BC er eule is parallel to OO and its length is equal 0.4 m, At t=0, AB part of tube is filled with an ideal fluid. the closed end C has a very small orifice. 1d C. (take g= 10/S* and @ = 10 rad/s) 1, A hori ‘The end A of tube is open, reached by fluid relative to en Sol, Letany time | fluid just fils the portion BC and comes out with velocity v (-Im.x= 0.4m In rotating frame, centrifugal force on portion A'B. Aur ( =") i pafo'rdr=* ; Due to pressure difference between Cand A’ ap = tpo' (=x psx) p = PO ~x")-pex ay I Now =pV? = 3? From Bernoulli theorem, Let it reaches upto a height h, then, + pol =x py = POU =X) _ pox pxtoxn=pxUL(1 (4) )-4x10xp = h=3.8m bubbles are stuck together with an intermediate film separating them. Compute the ‘evature of this film given that the radi of the bubbles in this arrangement are ri and 12 jearly which way the intermediate film will bulge. calculate the radius of the bubble formed by bursting the jerical dome of radius R and height h is xb"(3R — by3. 2. Two soap radius of cut respectively. If rs > rz state ck For the case when m= m2 = 2 cm, intermediate film. The volume of a sph Sol. Excess pressure inside a soap bubble is 4T/r If P is the atmosphere pressure cle of radius 1). If'r) > ro, P: > P) and the intermediate film bulges towards the centre of If = m2 = 2 em, the intermediate film is a plane symmetrical positioned. The 3 films due to the two bubbles and the intermediate film meet at a common circle with diameter AB. These 3 films produce 3 forces at every point of this circle.nS Sol. Sol. Since the surface tension T is the same forall the films, i JFil = |Fa)= [Friel y Equilibrium at any point such as A is possible only ifthe three Forces are ha at 120° to one another. n(3_\ (4. 3,)_ 9m Volume of each bubble before bursting = | 54] [31-58 J=g— Lf Ris the radius of the combined bubble after bursting the intermediate film, 4m’ _ 9a’ _ at! 3 84 iit A long cylindrical tank of cross-section area 0.5m’ is filled with Water. Ithas an opening atx height 50 cm from the bottom, having area of cross-section 1 x 10% m’. A movable piston of cross-section area almost equal to 0,5 nt? is fitted on the top of the tank such that 4 it can slide in the tank freely. A load of 20 kg is applied on the top of the water by piston , as shown in the figure, Find the speed of the ~ 3 ‘water jet with which i¢ hits the surface when piston is Im above the “ bottom. (Ignore the mass of the piston) With respect to the opening the height ofthe piston is 0.5 m. Pressure atthe top is P)= Pp + 202108 05m where Po is the atmospheric pressure. Pressure at the opeing is P: = Po , From Bernoulli's equation, we have Is 1a Pit peht Spvin P+ 5PM On solving, we get_v2=3.3 m/s = va (say) = (eh Ive + vi = 4.56 ms A bent tube is lowered into water stream as shown in the figure, The velocity of the stream relative to the tube is equal to v = 2.5 m/s. The closed upper end of the tube located at a height of 12 cm has a small orifice, To what height h will the water jet spurt? ‘At maximum height total energy will be potential,Sol. MEGACOSM Apply Bernoulli's theorem, we have doy? = ths hope [g=98 mis!) = 20-cm (approximately) A pipe of diameter D is connected to a water tank large cross-sectional area in which maintained at a height H as shown in the nozzle of diameter ‘d’ fitted at the end of the discharges water into the atmosphere. Find the flow rate, given that the density of water is p. Also find Pressure at point C. (Py is the Pressure.) Taking the nozzle axis as the datum and applying Bemoulli’s equation P Ho ey 9 pe pe 2g = V2 Flow rate, Q= fa eli Now. fa aul = 20’ dé —2gH py Alig Bemoulli's equation atthe water surface and at point ©ff CSO OP — SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. A light eylindrical vessel is kept on a horizontal surface. Its base area is A. A hole of cr0ss sectiong, de, ‘The minimum coefficient of friction necessary for sliding yy area a is made just af its bottom the vessel due to the impact force of the emerging liquid is (a<< A) (A) varying (B) aA (©) 2A (D) None of these Sol. The velocity of efflux of the liquid is given as v= ey The impact force of the emerging liquid on the vessel + liquid content is equal to y > = vapy = apy? AEE it N ap (y2ey)' = 2apey The force of friction = 2apay => UN = 2apey = 1 (Apey) = 2a pey © 2. The density of ice is x gm/ec. and that of water is y gm/ce. What is the change in volume in cc, when m gm of ice melts ? (A) my ~x) (B) (y~x)/m (C) may (xy) (D) m (I/y- x) Sol. m= volume x density ‘Mass remains constant. Vice % Pice = Vater ¥ Pater m Votes = ~ y m AV = Voesier~ — y (D) 3. A-cube of mass m and density D is suspended from a point P by a spring of stiffness k. The system is kept inside a beaker filled with a liquid of density d. The elongation in the spring, assuming D > d, is: me(,_@ me(,_D 3-5) oF) oO aa + 4) (D) None of these, Sol. The cube is in equilibrium under the following three forces, (A)spring force kx, where x = elongation of the spring, (B) gravitational force w, weight of the cube = mgCo «i» (C)buoyant force Fy (or upward thrust) imparted by the quid on the cube given as Fy = Vdg where V = volume of the immersed portion ofthe cube. For complete immersion, V Ef volume of the cube. t For equilibrium of the cube, kx | Fo = mg Ag mg-F, mg- Vdg where V = (mv/D) 4. Eight identical droplets each falling under gravity in the earth’s atmosphere with terminal velocity v combine together (o form a single drop. The terminal velocity of the resulting drop will be (Ay (B) 2y (O3v (D) ay Sol. Use Stoke's law (D) Water rises to a height of 10cm in a capillary tube and mercury falls to a depth of 3.42 cm in the same capillary tube. If the density of mercury is 13.6g/cc and the angle of contact of mercury and water are 135° and 0°, respectively, the ratio of surface tension of water and mercury is (ay 05: (8) 1:3 (C)1 26.5 (D) 11 Sol. Putting the values, we obtain I : 6.5 (C) 6. An air bubble of radius Smm rises through a vat of syrup at a steady speed of 2mm/s. If the syrup has a density of 1.4x10" kg/m’, what is its viscosity? (A)L15 kg/m-s (B) 15kg/m-s (€)2.25 kg/m-s (D) 19.05 kg/m-sSol. In this case the terminal velocity is upward. Since o > p, the density of the air inside the bubble may neglected vompletely From equation 2a! (p=9)8 _2a'og on on (D) 7. mn number of water droplets, each of radius r, coalesce, to form a single drop of temperature dO is Pa aT (11 a py T(1_1 “4 F(a) 3T 3T (1.1 C) ar yit O-5 o> (: :) Sol. Let n drops coalesce to form a big drop. Then nx der od aR’ =n 3 3 Heat produced = Not done = ST x Seerease in area _ ag 20-34 (B), 8. A smooth spherical ball of radius 1 cm and density 4x10" kg/m’ is dropped gently in a large container containing viscous liquid of density 2x10° kg/m’, and y = 0.1 N-s/m’. The distance moved by the ball in t = 0.1 sec after it attains terminal velocity is (a) 2mup (8) em up. © z m down @) m down Sol. Once the body acquire the terminal velocity it will have uniform motion. 2° [(p-c)g], down y= et) on vee m/s down Distance travelled = = x01 2 (D) Sse BsSol. Sol. For a streant Tine flow of water following statements are given below (a) Pwo streamlines do (by streamlines must be straight ot intersect (6) streanatines flow iy more likely for dls With Low density and height viscosity. (a) streamines flow iy more likely for liquids with high density and low viscosity. (A}(a) and (D) are true, (B) (a), (b) and (¢) are true (Chay and (c) are true, (D) Allare true, Reason: Streamlines may be straight or curved, 0 v surface at its base, When a very small hole is made in its € vr has been filled in a conical vessel fived on the ho ved hoof surface ay shown in the figure, water will come out in whi the direction shown yl (B) 2 Or (D4 1. (B) There are vo cylinder-shaped wooden billets, each having a ss of mass 45 ky, in a vertical wall sewage, which contains water in it, The two billets have the same size and the same material; they touch each other and the walls of the sewage. One of them is totally under the water, whilst only half of the other one is immersed into the water. Friction is negligible everywhere. (density of water is 1000 kg/m’ and 10 mis’). Choose the correct option(s) (A) Density of the wood is 750 kg/m* (B) Density of the wood is 800 kg/m* (C) The forces exerted by the billets on the vertical walls is 260 N approximatel (D) The forces exerted by the billets on the vertical walls is 320 N approximately 3 > Pag * Po * 750K8/ 1 Taking torque about O; N&R =(mg~Fy:}*2R 60530" ss =45x10%L41.732 = 259.8 = 260 ea12, Sol. 13. Sol. Figure shows a solid sphere positioned just below the surface of a fluid and held there. Let the density of the fluid be o, force applied by fluid on the upper hall of the sphere be Fi and the force om lower half be Fs (excluding the contribution due to atmospheric pressure), Pick correet option(s (B) F (D) | Figure shows a thin tube open at one end * rotating with constant angular speed o. The x other end of the tube has a small opening. Tube contains a fluid of density p which effuses with fa speed u relative to the tube. Let pa be the pressure at the point in the tube just behind the opening, Assume the atmospheric pressure to be po and pick correet option(s) for the instant when h=—. port 3 A) p. =Pt B) py = py t= po'! (A) P= Pot (B) p, = Pot gh" ol © we> B,D By Newton's second law; (pa —po)s= psho” (« -4) ap pf) > =ppt h] f-=}. P, =P # PO { 2) By Bernoulli's equation; a 5 nr'oag 3 © arog yarokBuoyant force on an object completely immersed in @ fluid do ‘would only depend on the weight of liquid displaced. Ifthe ves then the pseudo force acting on the object in the frame ofthe y. direction of motion of an object relative to a vessel can be found es not depend on the density of the object. It ssel in which an object is immersed is accelerated essel depends on the mass of the object. The by finding the resultant of buoyant force, the pscudo fore, the gravitational fore an any other fore acting onthe body 14. Consider a block immersed in a beaker containing water as shown: If the beaker now starts accelerating upwards then the tension in the string will: (A) decrease (B) increase (C) remain unchanged (D) data insufficient Sol. (B) 15, Consider a wooden block immersed in a beaker containing water. If the beaker now starts accelerating upwards then: (A) Tension in the string will increase (B) Tension the string will decrease (© Tension in the string will remain unchanged (D) data insufficient Sol. (A) 16. If in the previous problem the beaker was given a rightward acceleration then relative to the beaker the block will have a tendency to move: (A) Leftwards (B) Rightwards (© Upwards (D) Downwards Sol. (B) Matrix — Match Type 17, Capillary rise and shape of droplets on a plate due to surface tension are shown in column-Il. ‘Match the following. “Coloma —1 Column — tt (A) _| Adhesive forces is greater than cohesive force (B) | Cohesive forces is greater than adhesive forces. | (©) _| Pressure at A> pressure at B (| A mercury drop is | | pressed between two | | parallel glass plates. | (D) | Pressure at B> Pressure at A | So. (A) 50) Bn) Or@n9 O>@ SeeCER By. Answer questions 18, 19 and 20 by appropriately matching the information given jn jpg columns of the following table. 7 [Column 1 Tists some situation witha uid container open 10 atmosphere with 8 Small opening Column -II ists the efflux speed u for the fluid and column 11 lists the horizontal range x of jy, _fluid stream, oo ee = Calan i Column 2 Column 3 |} Q) Jon -_ ® | 22H 7 (8) | 4H 18. Pick correct option. (A) (IY) Gi) (P) (B) (IIN(i) (S) (© GD (iv) Q) (D) (1) iii) (P) So. A 19. Pick correct option for minimum efflux speed. (A) ID @ (R) (B) () ) (©) (D (iii) (S) (D) (1) (ii) (P) Sok B 20. Pick the correct option for minimum horizontal range. (A) GID div) (Q) (B) (A) (iti) (Q) @) (LY) (P) (©) (HD Gi) (P) Sol. A‘Numerical Type 21. Consider a cuboidal vessel (2R x 2R * R) with a : hemispherical cavity of radius R, kept at @ horizontal smooth surface as shown in the figure. The vessel has very small hole of eross-sectional area “a”. Now water of density p is poured into space developed due horizontal surface and vessel through hole very slowly ‘When the height of water level is h, the vessel lifts off the surface and liquid leaks through space generated, (R= 2m, p= 10 kg/m’, m= 9r kg). If the value of h is 53k em, find the valve of k, (Atmospheric pressure = 10° Nim’), Horizontal Surface So. 6 3xnx9 wx 22, Iman undershot water wheel, the cross-sectional 0.1m? of the stream is striking the series of radial flat vanes of the wheel, The velocity of stream is 6 mis. The velocity of vanes is 3 i/s. If the power supplied by jet (in watts) is 2700K, find K. rea 9 Water jet c Mass of water striking vanes/sec = pav Initial velocity = v Final velocity of water = u Change in velocity = vu F = force on the vane = pav(v-u) Work done = xu = pavu(v—u) = $400 watts = Kk=2 Numerical Decimal Type 23. The mean pressure is * , Which rain renders fo vertical windshield of automobile, moving with constant velocity of magnitude v = 12 m/s. Consider that raindrops fall vertically with speed! w = 5 mis. The intensity of rainfall deposits h = 2 em of sediments in time t= 1 minute. [p = 10° kg/m? is the density of liquid] (Assume collisions are inelastic). ee SSE aeSo. g Let in time t, m mass of liquid collides with windshield. So 2. = density of liquid molecules in air so m=Svixi=Svit Where $ = surface area of the windshield F=Sv? => Mean pressure = Een ay Now as we assumed that 2. is the density of liquid molecules of drops in air so in «time urSy, Vola "quid will strikes onthe surface of earth so mass of liquid strikes onthe earth in time interval x yiy¢ m, = S,urd = S,ph =S,urn = rf ur Putting this value in equation (1), we have Mean pressure = PH. 48, Kag wes 24, On the bottom of lake at a depth h = 100m, a horizontal pipe of length 80m with piston is Kept as shown in the figure, The piston is light and movable, Between the piston and pipe some air is captured (xo = 9m). The pipe is slowly raised fo vertical position and open end upward. The length of air column (x) in SI units is 5K. Find value of K. (Disregard the atmospheric pressure & piston and pipe are air tight. Temperature of gas remains constant). So 2 e(h—x), P= peh V,=Ax V,=Ax, Using Boyle's low we can write pe(h-x)Ax =pgh(Ax,) 3 x ohethy, =0 = x25) = x=10m, 90m x<é (length of pipe) ‘So answer will be x= 10m AeELASTICITY AND WAVES 8 Elasticity Solid bodies under the action of external forces get deformed. However, when these forces are removed it is ‘observed that the bodies return (o its original size of shape, This property of a body whereby its natural shape is restored after extemal stress is removed is known as elasticity, Longitudinal and Shearing Stress B= (h. aN ‘The intemal restoring force F can be resolved inlo a component parallel 1o AS represented by F. and component normal oS ands call. Noma stressor longitudinal stress x is defined 5 +, = E AS ‘Tangential or shearing stress is defined as, Longitudinal stress can be of two types : ref rot or bor ror br be Tensile Siress Compressive Stress Volume Stress ‘Volume stress is equal to change in pressure acting on a given volume AP = volume stress. Strain (2) Longitudinal stain = AL/L, It can be tensile strain, if AL> 0 Itis compressive strain, if AL <0, sprin ng constant \estension in sprig unis Permanent set COMBINATIONS OF SPRINGS Parallel Combination Series Combination ft ki ky F Waves Equation of Travelling Wave () y= FecEvt) (General wave). For the function 'f* to be a wave funtion it must be defined forall real values of x and t and it should be bounded. For example, (i) y = A log(kx+vt) is not a Proper wave function since it is not defined for all real \ and t ai) y= Ae’ “isnot a wave funetion as it is not bounded, Teter Nees) rd J (ii) A harmonic wave can be represented as (2h y= Asin (ct vt) (Sinusoidal wave) or, y=Asin(kx + ot) The negative sign refers to the wave travelling along the positive x - axis, and vice-versa 2n k= SE = angular wave number ‘SOUND WAVES In these longitudinal waves there is a phase gap of 7/2 between the displacement and pressure waves, i.c at displacement minima there is pressure maxima and vice versa, —kx), then p = BkA cos(cot—kx), where p= pressure difference from normal pressure and B = bulk modulus of the gas. Velocity of Wave () Transverse wave in a tight string fr v= /~ [T= tension, y= mass per unit length,] “ (i) Longitudinal wave in a solid v= & [Y = Young’s Modulus , p= density] e (ii) Longitudinal wave in a fluid v -f [K = Bulk Modulus] p For sound propagation in air, K= yp, where 7 = adiabatic exponent, p= pressure of the ar. Energy of a Plane Progressive Wave Y = Asin(wt—kx) Total energy dE = 4(osax)(A0)" Eneray density = 4 (pSds)(Ao) fa =2(A0) [sim] Energy per unit length = PS(2n'f7A’p ) Power transmitted = PS(2n*f*A7p ) V (watt = /s) =2nf Power Intensity = arf a’pV1m Reflection of Waves uw Waves on reflection front a fixed end undergoes a phase change of 180 « Reflected wave > (by On reflection from a fiee end ts there 18 no ehange in phase — —+ s~ o~. Inewlent wave Reflected wave ‘STANDING WAVE \ standing wave is produced by the superposition of two identical waves travelling in opposite directions viz Ya asin kx Hot} and yo asin Got — kx), gives the standing wave, y 2a sin wt cos kx Note: (a) In this equation, itis seen that a particle at any particular point x executes simple harmonic motion and all particles vibrate with the same frequency (b) The nplitude is not the same for different particles but varies with the location x of the particle. (c), The points having the maximum amplitude are those where 2a cos kx has at maximum value of 2a, these are at the position, kx = 0,1, 2n A Bk SR ae. ea) These points are called antinodes. (d) The amplitudes reaches a minimum value of zero at the positions where kx = W/2, 3n/2, Sn/2,. xed aa These points are called nodes. (©) Energy is not transported along the string to the right orto the left, because energy cannot flow parts fron nodal points in the string which are permanently at rest, TRNAS ESSMEGACOSM ca lt, rH Standing Waves on a String Fixed at both Ends N eg ON — ——— Fundamental First overtone 2nd overtone ‘The allowed frequencies of standing waves in a string fixed at both ends are given by f= JE where n= 1,2,3, Dn stance between two fixed ends T= tension is the string, j1= mass per unit length, Standing Waves in an Open Pipe ‘The allowed frequencies of standing waves in an open pipe a fk 2L\p = length of the pipe and k= bulk modulus 1,2,3, Standing Waves in a Closed Pipe ald | 4 | \ ‘ na ie | { ie ‘The allowed frequencies of standing waves in an open pipe L = length of the pipe and k = bulk modulus Notes nis the numbers of harmonics in case of closed pipe, only odd harmonics are present. Beats If'two or more waves of slightly different frequencies are superimposed, the intensity of the resulting wave has alternate maxima and minima, The number of maximas in one second is called beat frequency. yi= Asin Qnfit- 61) yo= A sin (nfit $2) y=yieye = Asin Qnfit— i) +A sin 2nfit ds)where R= 2A cos a(f,-f,)t The time for one beat isthe time between consecttive maxima or minima First maxima would occur when eos af, f= 1 t=0 Then 2n| ! Second maxima would occur when cos (f= f,)t= - 1 Then 2n(f\- byt = x or, t The time for one beat = | Time for one beat Beat frequen =f, -f) DoppLer EFFECT ‘The apparent shift in frequency of the wave motion when the source of sound moves with respect to the observer, is called Doppler Effet. The formula for calculating apparent frequency where ¢ = velocity of sound, v, = velocity of observer, frequency of sound both considered positive when they are moving towards eah other. 1_( =v. cos) For example in the case shown n’ =| £—“.S05@'),. (e=v, cosp } Ifthe wind is blowing with a velocity « then the effective value of cis taken as (a) —_¢ + @, if wind is blowing in the same direction as that of sound travel (b) © ~ 0 if wind in blowing in the opposite direction as that of sound travel MP-PHYSICS-ELASTICITY & WAVES}Ce ll ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS A, A person sitting at a distance of 10 m from point source of sound of power Wo writes down the following equation for the waves received by him, y= Asin(20nx+7000nt) (a) Determine the density of the air, ifthe Bulk modules of air = 1.40% 10¢Nm? (b) If the largest pressure amplitude tolerable (0 @ human ear is 28 Pa then determine the maximum. power Wo of the sound source and the displacement amplitude A of the waves received by him. Sol. Since, y = Asin(2nx + 700m) = Asin(kx + wt) k= 20n, «0 = 7000 Velocity of sound v = w/k = 350 mis Given that B= 1.48 x 10° oF vee p= Ba? = 10x10 (3s0)' =1.M3kg/m’ Pressure amplitude is defined as Py = BkA Given that max. P) = 28 Pascal 20) nate 83. tym BK 20xx1.40x10 Intensity received by the person I = Wol(4x(10)}) vP; Also 1=—— 2B 10)' vP; x 28)" j= SACO) 9B _ 2000 (350)(28) 615 95 Wat, 2B 2x(laxl0") 2. The figure shows a snap photograph of a vibrating string at t = 0. The particle P is 4 observed moving up with velocity 20V3 cms, 1°'m 24] ‘The tangent at P makes an angle 60° with xaxis. Find (a) the direction in which the wave is moving (b) the equation of the wave 7s ‘in 107m) Sol. (a) P is moving up ie. has positive velocity, particle velocity, BS w-o( 2) (1) v= wave velocity & 2 sope at point P= tan 60?= V3 a = tan 60"= a a ay As vp and ae are both positive hence v must be negative, hence the wave is moving in negative x-axis. ix IGMP-PHYSICS: