Midsem 23 Feb.

2022 11:30-1:30pm
XYZ is the number formed by the last three digits of your roll no. e.g. if your roll no is
120100005 then XYZ is 005 etc.

1. Consider isentropic flow through a converging diverging nozzle operating at steady state
which has a minimum diameter 1.5cm and exit diameter 2.5cm. The nozzle connects two
reservoirs, an upstream one at high pressure and a downstream one at low pressure.
The pressure in the downstream reservoir is maintained at 0.5 bar whereas the pressure
and temperature in the upstream reservoir are 12bar, (1200+2*XYZ)K resp. Determine
the (a) mass flow rate through the nozzle (b) velocity at the exit of nozzle (20)
The pressure upstream is now raised to 15 bar with same temperature and it is desired
to keep the mass flow rate the same as the earlier value. Since the nozzle geometry is
fixed the only option is to change the pressure in the reservoir downstream. Will this
work – if so what is the pressure of the downstream reservoir. It is sufficient for you to
indicate the steps of the procedure – no need to do any calculations. (5)
2. A mixture of 1kmol water vapour 1 kmol oxygen and 3.76 kmol Nitrogen are heated in a
closed rigid vessel. At the end the composition had (15.352-.001*XYZ)% water vapour on
a molar basis with the other products being N2, H2 and O2. The initial and final
pressures in the vessel are 1bar and 5 bar respectively.
Determine the final temperature of the mixture. (13)
Determine the heat transferred to the vessel. (12)
Assume specific heats for H20, N2, H2 and O2 to be constant at 30kJ/kmolK

3. Air enters the compressor of a simple air standard regenerative gas turbine cycle at 1
bar 27°C. The overall pressure ratio is 16 and the Turbine inlet temperature is
(1400+1.5*XYZ)K. The regenerator effectiveness is 100%. You modify this cycle to
incorporate two compressors of identical pressure ratio but with the same overall
pressure ratio and claim that the efficiency will be larger for the same inlet and
maximum temperature conditions. The exit of the low pressure compressor is connected
to the regenerator and the regenerator exit is connected to the high pressure
compressor inlet. Determine the efficiency of this new cycle. Assume compressors and
turbine are isentropic. A part of the physical diagram is drawn for you below with 1,2
being the states across the compressor1 and 3,4 being the states across compressor 2.
Complete the physical system diagram. Represent the system on a TS diagram. (5)
Calculate the enthalpy at all intermediate states and then efficiency of the cycle and the
back work ratio. (20)
Use variable property ideal gas approach.
Q4.

(a) The efficiency for an ideal Brayton cycle with minimum temperature T1 and maximum T2 was
discussed in class(blue curve on the figure below). Also discussed was the Brayton cycle with ideal
regeneration with these same temperature limits(red curve) . The two curves intersect at point A.
Draw on a Ts diagram, the cycle at point A schematically with special reference to the relationship
between the compressor exit and turbine exit temperatures. Determine the pressure ratio rpA at this
location in terms of T1 and T2. Explain your steps. (5)

(b) Consider 1D flow with irreversibilities in an insulated duct with flow in the direction from location
1 to 2. Show that the stagnation pressure will necessarily decrease for a non isentropic flow
between 1 and 2 i.e. P02<P01. One way could be to start with 𝑠 − 𝑠 = 𝐶 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 ,
multiply and divide with stagnation quantities in the fractions and simplify noting that s2 >s1. (4)

(c) What is the relationship( i.e. lower, higher equal) between the adiabatic flame temperature of a
fuel that is combusted with either stoichiometric air or stoichiometric oxygen. Explain. (4)

(d) Consider isentropic flow through a converging nozzle from larger area towards smaller area.
Determine what happens to the velocity of the flow if (a)M>1 at the larger area and (b) M<1 at the
larger area. Explain. (4)

(e) The enthalpy of formation for a compound H2mO2n was determined by first a chemical process
and then a cooling/heating process as shown below and the heat interaction with the surroundings
are shown in the figure below. Note that the signs of Q1 to Q6 could be positive or negative and not
important . What is the enthalpy of formation in terms of the given Q values. Explain. (4)

(f)We have seen in class that ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑝 represents the reversible work. On the figure above show what
could be this integral for the process 1 to 2s and for the process 1 to 2 using the two intermediate
pressures shown. Show the integral as a summation so that an infinite number of intermediate
pressures will give the integral. The enthalpies at all points are assumed known symbolically i.e. h1,
h2, h2s etc. are enthalpies at 1,2,2s etc. Note that all the points needed are not plotted on the graph
and you need to include some more. Explain your solution. (4)