Updating the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City

Dhaka Water Supply And
Sewerage Authority
Dhaka Water Supply And

Sanitation Project
(Package S-3)
Updating/Preparation of the Stormwater

Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City
Master Plan Report
May, 2016
Prepared for:
Dhaka Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority (DWASA)
Prepared by:
Joint Venture
JPZ-FCEA-SARM
Project Office:
Dream House 2/4, 5th floor, Block-A,
Mohammadpur Housing Estate, Dhaka-1207
Tel. +88 02 8129609
E-mail: jpzbdltd@gmail.com
Web: www.jpzbd.com
JPZ in association with FCEA and SARM

Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City Master Plan Report
Updating / Preparation of the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan

For Dhaka City, DWSSP (Package S-3)
MASTER PLAN REPORT
May 2016
Joint Venture of
 Jurutera Perunding Zaaba Sdn. Bhd. (JPZ), Malaysia
 Farhat Consulting Engineers and Architects Ltd. (FCEA), Bangladesh
 SARM Associates Limited (SARM), Bangladesh
Dream House 2/4, (5th Floor), Block-A

Mohammadpur Housing Estate, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh
Tel:88(02)-8129609,8142421, Fax:88(02)-8129609
Email:jpzbdltd@gmail.com,Web:www.jpzbd.com
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MASTER PLAN REPORT CONTENTS IN BRIEF
Table of Content
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Executive Summary
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Description of Study Area
Chapter 3 Stormwater Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
Chapter 4 Urban Planning and Drainage Development
Chapter 5 Review of Previous Studies
Chapter 6 Master Planning Methodology
Chapter 7 Stormwater Best Management Practices
Chapter 8 Formulation of Master Plan
Chapter 9 Strategic Environmental Assessment
Chapter 10 Recommendations
References
Annexes:
Annex-A: Survey Methodology and Baseline Data
Annex-B: Detail Basin Maps and Khal Cross Sections
Annex-C: Data Analysis and Drainage Modeling
Annex-D: Institutional and Legal Issues
Annex-E: Stormwater Drainage Design Manual
Annex-F: Social Impact Assessment, SIA
Annex-G: Stakeholders’ Inputs
Annex-H: Strategic Environmental Assessment, SEA
Annex-I: Financial and Economic Analysis, FEA
Annex-J: Projects Identification, Prioritization and Estimated Costs
Annex-K: Zone-Wise Maps and Calculations
N.B: Annex B and Annex k are kept in separate volume of main report
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Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................ VIII
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................ X
1. The Background and Objectives .................................................................................................................... xviii
2. Key Planning Concepts .................................................................................................................................. xviii
3. Existance Drainage Networks .......................................................................................................................... xix
4. Proposed Drainage Measures ............................................................................................................................ xx
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MASTER PLAN STUDY .......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY .................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 Collection and Review of Data ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Survey & Mapping .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.3 Drainage Improvement Projects ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.4 Data Analyses & Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 4
1.3.5 Complimentary Projects and Programs ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.6 Legislative and Institutional Arrangement ...................................................................................................... 4
1.3.7 EIA and Stakeholder Input .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 DELIVERABLES .................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 REPORTING SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.6 OUTLINE OF FINAL REPORT ................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................ 9
2.1 LOCATION AND BOUNDARY ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 EVOLUTION OF DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.1 Climate .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Rainfall.......................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.4 Evaporation ................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.3.5 Geology/ Soil ................................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.1 Existing Land use ............................................................................................................................................ 19
2.4.2 Proposed Land use ........................................................................................................................................ 22
2.4.3 Structural Plan............................................................................................................................................... 24
2.5 INFRASTRUCTURES .................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.5.1 Road Network ............................................................................................................................................... 26
2.5.2 Drainage System ........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.5.3 Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................ 34
2.5.4 Sewerage System .......................................................................................................................................... 34
2.5.5 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION ................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.1 Population ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.6.2 Household Size ................................................................................................................................................. 42
2.6.3 Land Ownership ............................................................................................................................................ 42
2.6.4 Income and Expenditure ............................................................................................................................... 42
CHAPTER 3: STORMWATER DRAINAGE ISSUES IN DHAKA CITY................................................................. 43
3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.1 Non Structural and Legislative ..................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2 Structural ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
3.2 INVENTORY OF KHALS IN DHAKA ....................................................................................................................... 43
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3.3 NON-STRUCTURAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................................. 49

3.3.1 Lack of Operation and Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 49
3.3.2 Lack of Cooperation among agencies ........................................................................................................... 49
3.3.3 Non-integrated Urban Development Plan ..................................................................................................... 49
3.3.4 Fragmented Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................ 49
3.3.5 Lack of Proper Planning and Implementation............................................................................................... 50
3.3.6 Lack of Act, Legislation and Enforcement ................................................................................................... 50
3.3.7 Implementation of Building Codes and Landuse Restrictions ...................................................................... 50
3.3.8 Lack of Effective Political Support ............................................................................................................... 51
3.3.9 Financial Constraint ...................................................................................................................................... 51
3.3.10 Drainage and Floodplain Encroachment................................................................................................... 51
3.3.11 Poor Public Awareness ............................................................................................................................. 53
3.3.12 Improper Solid Waste and Sewer Management........................................................................................ 53
3.3.13 Lack of Training and Equipment .............................................................................................................. 53
3.3.14 Monitoring of Developers and Contractor’s Activity ............................................................................... 53
3.3.15 Improper Wastewater Management .......................................................................................................... 53
3.3.16 Desludging of Septic Tanks ...................................................................................................................... 53
3.4 STRUCTURAL ISSUES .......................................................................................................................................... 54
3.4.1 Inadequate Drainage Infrastructures ............................................................................................................. 54
3.4.2 Improper Drainage Infrastructures .................................................................................................................... 57
3.4.3 Hindrance of Natural Drainage ..................................................................................................................... 62
3.4.4 Indiscriminate Land Development ................................................................................................................ 63
3.4.5 Undesired Land Development at Retention Areas and Flood Flow Zone. .................................................... 63
3.5 DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................................................................................ 66
3.5.1 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................................................. 66
3.5.2 Water Level and Discharge Data .................................................................................................................. 67
3.5.3 River Bathymetric Data ................................................................................................................................ 69
3.5.4 Meteorological Data...................................................................................................................................... 69
3.5.5 Topographic Data.......................................................................................................................................... 70
3.5.6 Mouza/Cadastral Map ................................................................................................................................... 73
3.5.7 Road Network ............................................................................................................................................... 74
3.5.8 Structure Plan ................................................................................................................................................ 76
3.5.9 Existing Landuse Data .................................................................................................................................. 76
3.5.10 Proposed Strategic Zone ........................................................................................................................... 77
3.5.11 Existing BM/TBM .................................................................................................................................... 78
3.5.12 Primary Data collection ............................................................................................................................ 79
3.5.13 Drainage Network Survey ........................................................................................................................ 79
3.5.14 Hydrological Survey ................................................................................................................................. 81
3.5.15 Meteorological Survey ............................................................................................................................. 81
3.5.16 Previous Studies ....................................................................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 4: URBAN PLANNING AND DRAINAGE DEVELOPMENT .............................................................. 83
4.1 URBANIZATION TREND IN DHAKA CITY .................................................................................................................. 83
4.1.1 Level of Urbanization ................................................................................................................................... 83
4.1.2 Future Expansion and Changing Landuse Pattern ........................................................................................ 84
4.2 INTEGRATION BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND STORMWATER DRAINAGE ............................................................... 88
4.3 REVIEW OF MAJOR URBANIZATION POLICY REGARDING DRAINAGE ..................................................................... 88
4.4 MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE ............................................................................. 91
4.4.1 Lack of Proper Legislatives and Enforcement ................................................................................................ 91
4.4.2 Lack of Co-ordination between Authorities/Agencies .................................................................................. 91
4.4.3 Institutional ................................................................................................................................................... 91
4.4.4 Political ......................................................................................................................................................... 92
4.4.5 Financial........................................................................................................................................................ 92
4.5 IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON STORMWATER DRAINAGE ...................................................................................... 92
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4.5.1 Imperviousness Resulting in Increase of Surface-Runoff ............................................................................. 92

4.5.2 Reduction of Water Retention Areas due to Land filling .............................................................................. 93
4.5.3 Encroachment of Wetlands ........................................................................................................................... 93
4.5.4 Increasing Sediment into the Natural Drainage System of DMA ................................................................. 94
4.5.5 Increasing Water Pollution in and around DMA .......................................................................................... 94
4.5.6 Back Water Effect in Rivers and Canals ....................................................................................................... 94
4.6 PREFERABLE APPROACH ........................................................................................................................................ 94
4.6.1 Change in Negative Urbanization Approach ................................................................................................ 94
4.6.2 Urban Growth Management.......................................................................................................................... 95
4.6.3 Treating Stormwater Drainage as an Opportunity rather than a Burden ....................................................... 96
4.6.4 Drainage Capacity Adjustment ..................................................................................................................... 97
4.6.5 Comprehensive Drainage Development Plan ............................................................................................... 97
4.6.6 Establish “Right-of Way” ............................................................................................................................. 97
4.6.7 Improvement of Drainage Management System ........................................................................................... 98
4.6.8 Strengthening the Performance of RAJUK ................................................................................................... 98
4.6.9 Green City Concept....................................................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 5: REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDY ....................................................................................................... 99
5.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 99
5.2 REVIEW OF JICA STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 100
5.2.1 Khal Improvement Project .......................................................................................................................... 100
5.2.2 Proposed Drainage Plan .............................................................................................................................. 101
5.3 FAP-8A STUDY ............................................................................................................................................... 101
5.3.1 Proposed Facilities ...................................................................................................................................... 101
5.4 FAP-8B STUDY................................................................................................................................................ 102
5.4.1 Integrated Environmental Management Plan for Dhaka ................................................................................. 103
5.4.2 Land Use Management ............................................................................................................................... 103
5.5 REVIEW OF IWM STUDY .................................................................................................................................. 104
5.5.1 Overall Recommendation for Drainage ...................................................................................................... 104
5.5.2 Development of Meteorological Model ...................................................................................................... 104
5.6 DAP STUDY ..................................................................................................................................................... 104
5.6.1 Model Simulation and Calibration .............................................................................................................. 104
5.6.2 Pumping Station .......................................................................................................................................... 105
5.6.3 Protection of Lakes and Water Bodies ........................................................................................................ 105
5.6.4 Capacity of the Drain .................................................................................................................................. 105
5.6.5 Land Acquisition and Protective Measures ................................................................................................. 105
5.6.6 Integration of Drainage with other infrastructures ...................................................................................... 106
5.6.7 Review of Clean Dhaka Master Plan, 2005 ................................................................................................ 106
5.6.8 Overall Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 106
5.6.9 Drainage Design.......................................................................................................................................... 107
CHAPTER 6: MASTER PLANNING METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 108
6.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................... 108
6.2 STORMWATER DRAINAGE CONCEPTS .............................................................................................................. 109
6.2.1 Conveyance Oriented Concept .................................................................................................................... 109
6.2.2 Storage Oriented Concept ........................................................................................................................... 109
6.3 PLANNING CONCEPTS ...................................................................................................................................... 110
6.4 RUNOFF QUALITY MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS .................................................................................................. 112
6.5 MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................................................................................................. 113
6.5.1 Nonstructural Measures .............................................................................................................................. 113
6.5.2 Structural Measures .................................................................................................................................... 113
6.6 MASTER PLANNING CRITERIA .......................................................................................................................... 113
6.7 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................................ 113
6.8 RUNOFF QUANTITY CONTROL CRITERIA ......................................................................................................... 114
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6.8.1 Design ARI ................................................................................................................................................. 114

6.8.2 Peak Flow Regulation ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.9 PEAK FLOW ESTIMATION ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.9.1 Rational Method.......................................................................................................................................... 115
6.9.2 Rational Hydrograph Method (RHM) ......................................................................................................... 119
6.10 STORAGE FACILITIES ....................................................................................................................................... 120
6.10.1 On Site Detention ................................................................................................................................... 120
6.10.2 Detention Pond ....................................................................................................................................... 120
6.10.3 Storage for Pump Stations ...................................................................................................................... 120
6.11 CONVEYANCE FACILITIES ................................................................................................................................ 120
6.11.1 Surface Flow Criteria.............................................................................................................................. 120
6.11.2 Pavement Drainage ................................................................................................................................. 121
6.11.3 Open Drain and Swale ............................................................................................................................ 121
6.11.4 Pipe Drain ............................................................................................................................................... 121
6.11.5 Special Drains ......................................................................................................................................... 121
6.12 STORMWATER QUALITY DESIGN CRITERIA...................................................................................................... 121
6.12.1 Sediment Control Measures .................................................................................................................... 122
6.12.2 Permanent BMP Facilities ...................................................................................................................... 122
6.13 TREATMENT MEASURES .................................................................................................................................. 122
6.13.1 Infiltration ............................................................................................................................................... 123
6.13.2 Bio-retention System .............................................................................................................................. 123
6.13.3 Swales ..................................................................................................................................................... 123
6.13.4 Gross Pollutant Traps ............................................................................................................................. 123
6.13.5 Water Quality Pond and Wetlands ......................................................................................................... 123
6.13.6 Treatment Trains .................................................................................................................................... 123
6.13.7 Housekeeping and Education ................................................................................................................. 124
6.14 MISCELLANEOUS CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................. 124
6.14.1 Natural Drainage Paths ........................................................................................................................... 124
6.14.2 Drainage Reserves .................................................................................................................................. 124
6.14.3 Maintenance Criteria .............................................................................................................................. 124
6.14.4 Prioritization Methodology..................................................................................................................... 124
CHAPTER 7: STORMWATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .................................................................. 126
7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 126
7.2 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE STORMWATER DRAINAGE ................................................................................. 126
7.3 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT BMPS............................................................................................................... 126
7.4 THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURAL BMPS ....................................................................................................... 129
CHAPTER 8: FORMULATION OF MASTER PLAN ............................................................................................. 133
8.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................... 133
8.2 TRANSITION TO MODERN DRAINAGE SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 133
8.3 STORMWATER DRAINAGE CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................. 133
8.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DRAINAGE MODELING .................................................................................................. 134
8.5 GENERAL NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES ........................................................................................................ 139
8.6 PLATFORM AND PLINTH LEVEL ........................................................................................................................ 140
8.7 GENERAL STRUCTURAL MEASURES ................................................................................................................. 146
8.7.1 Core City East ............................................................................................................................................. 146
8.7.2 Core City West ............................................................................................................................................ 146
8.7.3 Fringe .......................................................................................................................................................... 146
8.8 DRAINAGE ZONES ............................................................................................................................................ 147
8.8.1 Goranchatbari (GCB) .................................................................................................................................. 149
8.8.2 Dholai Khal and Old Dhaka (DHK)............................................................................................................ 158
8.8.3 DND ............................................................................................................................................................ 161
8.8.4 Kamalapur (KML) ...................................................................................................................................... 164
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8.8.5 Rampura (RMP) .......................................................................................................................................... 167

8.8.6 Badda (BDD) .............................................................................................................................................. 170
8.8.7 Uttarkhan (UTK) ......................................................................................................................................... 173
8.8.8 Gazipur and Tongi (GZT) ........................................................................................................................... 176
8.8.9 Savar (SVR) ................................................................................................................................................ 180
8.8.10 Keraniganj (KRN) .................................................................................................................................. 183
8.8.11 Narayanganj (NRN) ................................................................................................................................ 186
8.8.12 Purbachal (PRB) ..................................................................................................................................... 189
8.9 STRUCTURAL ACHIEVEMENT IN MASTER PLAN ................................................................................................ 192
8.10 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PROGRAM ................................................................................................................ 215
8.10.1 Cost Modeling ........................................................................................................................................ 215
8.10.2 Summary of Capital Costs ...................................................................................................................... 217
8.10.3 Phase wise investment plan: ................................................................................................................... 218
8.10.4 Financial planning .................................................................................................................................. 219
8.10.5 Financial Sustainability and Return to Investments in Drainage ............................................................ 219
8.11 SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF MEASURES.................................................................................................. 221
8.12 DAP STRATEGIC DRAINAGE PLANNING........................................................................................................... 223
8.12.1 Implementation plan ............................................................................................................................... 224
8.12.2 Operations and Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 224
8.12.3 Maintenance programme ........................................................................................................................ 224
8.12.4 Proposal for improving operation and Maintenance:.............................................................................. 225
8.13 CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...................................................................... 226
8.14 STAKEHOLDER INPUT ....................................................................................................................................... 227
CHAPTER 9: STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .......................................................................... 228
9.1 REPORT ............................................................................................................................................................ 228
CHAPTER 10: RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 229
10.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................................... 229
10.2 STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES ............................................................................................ 229
10.3 DRAINAGE ZONING AND ARRANGEMENTS: ...................................................................................................... 232
10.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ON OPERATIONAL SYSTEM: ............................................................................................ 232
10.5 DATA ANALYSES AND DRAINAGE MODELLING ............................................................................................... 232
10.6 SIZE OF THE MASTER PLAN: ............................................................................................................................. 233
10.7 RECOMMENDATIONS ON INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT: .............................................................................. 233
List of Figures
FIGURE 1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................... 9
FIGURE 2: STUDY AREA MAP ......................................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 3: DHAKA CITY IN 1980’S ................................................................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 4: PRESENT CONDITION OF DHAKA CITY .............................................................................................................. 15
FIGURE 5: TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF STUDY AREA .................................................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 6: AVERAGE RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE OF STUDY AREA ................................................................................ 18
FIGURE 7: EXISTING LAND USE............................................................................................................................................ 21
FIGURE 8: PROPOSED LAND USE MAP IN DMDP AREA ........................................................................................................ 23
FIGURE 9: DMDP STRUCTURAL PLAN (1995-2015))........................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 11: EXISTING ROAD NETWORK OF CORE CITY AREA IN DAP ................................................................................. 27
FIGURE 10: ROAD HIERARCHY NETWORK OF CORE CITY AREA ......................................................................................... 28
FIGURE 12: EXISTING DRAINAGE NETWORK OF DWASA ................................................................................................... 31
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FIGURE 13: EXISTING SEWERAGE NETWORK COVERAGE IN DHAKA CITY .......................................................................... 36

FIGURE 14: WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM IN DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................. 37
FIGURE 15: POPULATION 2011 ........................................................................................................................................... 40
FIGURE 16: POPULATION FORECAST 2040 ..................................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 17: THE EXISTING KHAL INVENTORY MAP IN CORE CITY AREA. ............................................................................ 48
FIGURE 18: THE MAP OF EXISTING DRAINAGE NETWORK OF DIFFERENT ORGANISATIONS IN DHAKA CITY ...................... 56
FIGURE 19: EXISTING DRAINAGE NETWORK AND FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURE OF DHAKA CITY .................................... 59
FIGURE 20: FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES AROUND WESTERN DHAKA ............................................................................. 61
FIGURE 21: MAJOR WATER LOGGED AREAS IN CORE CITY AND DND AREA ..................................................................... 62
FIGURE 22: PROPOSED FLOOD FLOW AND WATER RETENTION AREA IN DAP ..................................................................... 64
FIGURE 23: WATER LEVEL & DISCHARGE STATIONS AROUND DHAKA .............................................................................. 68
FIGURE 24: WATER LEVEL HYDROGRAPH AT MILL BARAK ON BURIGANGA ....................................................................... 68
FIGURE 25: CONTOUR MAP OF TURAG RIVER AT DOWNSTREAM OF ASHULIA BRIDGE ....................................................... 69
FIGURE 26: SCATTERED PLOT OF MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA ........................................................................................ 69
FIGURE 27: BOX PLOT OF THE MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA IN DHAKA ...................................................................... 70
FIGURE 28: VARIATION OF MONTHLY EVAPORATION PATTERN IN DHAKA ......................................................................... 70
FIGURE 29: CONTOUR MAP OF DHANMONDI AREA ......................................................................................................... 71
FIGURE 30: TOPOGRAPHIC MAP AT RAMPURA AREA .......................................................................................................... 72
FIGURE 31: RS MOUZA MAP OF GULSHAN AREA ................................................................................................................ 73
FIGURE 32: EXISTING AND PROPOSED MAJOR ROAD NETWORK IN DHAKA ........................................................................ 75
FIGURE 33: PROPOSED STRATEGIC ZONE OF DMP AREA (2016-2035) ................................................................................. 77
FIGURE 34: SAMPLE CROSS SECTION OF GERANI KHAL AT DHAKA ..................................................................................... 79
FIGURE 35: PIPE NETWORK RL ........................................................................................................................................... 80
FIGURE 36: PROBABLE FUTURE LANDUSE TRANSFORMATION ALTERNATIVES OF DHAKA CITY. ........................................ 85
FIGURE 37 : DETAIL REGIONAL GROWTH DIRECTION SCENARIO OF DMDP AREA ............................................................. 87
FIGURE 38: IDF CURVES DEVELOPED FOR DHAKA CITY ................................................................................................... 119
FIGURE 39: HYDROGRAPH TYPES OF THE RHM ................................................................................................................ 119
FIGURE 40: TYPICAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR DHAKA CITY (DID, 2000)....................................... 127
FIGURE 41: APPLICATION OF INFILTRATION FACILITIES AS STORM DRAINAGE BMPS (SOURCE: INTERNET) .................... 129
FIGURE 42: MODELLING ZONE IN THE DMP AREA ............................................................................................................. 135
FIGURE 43: SWMM SIMULATED RESULT FOR NODE FLOODING ........................................................................................ 137
FIGURE 44: FLOOD INUNDATION MAP OF DMP AREA ....................................................................................................... 138
FIGFIGURE 45: PROPOSED PLATFORM AND PLINTH LEVEL FOR THE STUDY AREA. ........................................................... 141
FIGURE 46: GENERATION BASED INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN: ........................................................ 144
FIGURE 47 : DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT ZONE IN THE STUDY AREA .................................................................................. 148
FIGURE 48: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN GORANCHOTBARI ZONE ......................... 152
FIGURE 49: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN KALLAYANPUR ZONE ............................. 155
FIGURE 50: STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT FOR WATERLOGGING AREAS AT KALLAYANPUR ZONE .................. 157
FIGURE 51: STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN OLD DHAKA AND DHOLAIKHAL ZONE ..................... 160
FIGURE 52: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN DND ZONE ............................................. 163
FIGURE 53 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN KML ZONE ............................................ 166
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FIGURE 54 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN RAMPURA ZONE .................................... 169
FIGURE 55 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN BADDA ZONE ......................................... 172
FIGURE 56 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN UTTARKHAN ZONE ................................ 175
FIGURE 57 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN GAZIPUR-TONGI ZONE ........................... 179
FIGURE 58 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN SAVAR ZONE ......................................... 182
FIGURE 59 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN KERANIGANJ ZONE ................................ 185
FIGURE 60 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN NARAYANGANJ ZONE ............................ 188
FIGURE 61 : PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PURBACHAL ZONE ................................. 191
FIGURE 62: THE LOCATION MAP OF PROPOSED PUMPSTATION IN DMP AREA .................................................................. 193
FIGURE 63: PROPSOED RETENTION AREA AND FLOOD FLOW ZONE BY DMP .................................................................... 195
FIGURE 64: PROPOSED RETENTION POND BY DAP AND DMP IN DMDP AREA ................................................................ 196
FIGURE 65: THE LOCATION MAP OF PROPOSED GPT IN THE DMP AREA. ......................................................................... 197
FIGURE 66: PROPOSED MAJOR GPT IN ALL PHASES........................................................................................................... 200
FIGURE 67: PROPOSED MINOR GPT IN ALL PHASES ........................................................................................................... 203
FIGURE 68: PROPOSED SLUICE GATE AT DIFFERENT LOCATION IN MASTER PLAN AREA.................................................. 206
FIGURE 69: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PHASE 1 .................................................. 208
FIGURE 70: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES IN PHASE 2 .................................................. 210
FIGURE 71: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEASURES PHASE 3 ...................................................... 212
FIGURE 72: PROPOSED STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT MEAASURE IN ALL PHASE.............................................. 214
List of Tables
TABLE 1: LIST OF DELIVERABLES IN EACH REPORT .............................................................................................................. 5
TABLE 2: DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONAL AREA IN DHAKA ..................................................................................................... 10
TABLE 3: CLASSIFIED ELEVATION OF DHAKA CITY............................................................................................................. 16
TABLE 4: CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN THE STUDU AREA .......................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 5: MAXIMUM DAILY RAINFALL IN DHAKA .............................................................................................................. 18
TABLE 6: EXISTING LAND USE CLASSIFIED AREA ................................................................................................................ 20
TABLE 7: PROPOSED LANDUSE BY RAJUK IN DMDP AREA ................................................................................................ 22
TABLE 8: FLOOD PROOFING STRUCTURE IN DHAKA CITY.................................................................................................... 29
TABLE 9: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF DHAKA WASA ........................................................................................................ 34
TABLE 10: SEWERAGE SYSTEM OF DHAKA WASA ............................................................................................................. 35
TABLE 11: POPULATION OF DHAKA CITY CORPORATION AREA .......................................................................................... 38
TABLE 12 : INCREASE OF POPULATION IN DHAKA CITY ...................................................................................................... 39
TABLE 13: EXISTING KHAL INVENTORY IN CORE CITY OF DMDP AREA .............................................................................. 47
TABLE 14: DETAILS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM DHAKA WASA ............................................................................................... 55
TABLE 15: CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK OF WASA........................................................................................ 55
TABLE 16: CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE NETWORK OF DCC ........................................................................................... 55
TABLE 17: FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES AROUND WESTERN DHAKA .............................................................................. 60
TABLE 18: PRESENT STATUS OF PROPOSED RETENTION AREAS IN WESTERN DHAKA BY FAP-8B........................................ 63
TABLE 19 : EXISTING LANDUSE IN DECLARED FLOOD PLAIN AND WATER RETENTION AREAS BY DAP .............................. 65
TABLE 20: LIST OF COLLECTED DATA ................................................................................................................................. 66
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TABLE 21 : LIST OF WATER LEVEL AND DISCHARGE STATION ............................................................................................ 67

TABLE 22 : EXISTING LANDUSE OF DMDP AREA................................................................................................................ 76
TABLE 23: LIST OF BM OF THE CORE CITY AREA. ............................................................................................................... 78
TABLE 24: DIFFERENT STUDIES RELATED TO DRAINAGE OF DHAKA CITY .......................................................................... 82
TABLE 25: LEVEL OF URBANIZATION OF BUILT-UP URBAN AREAS OF DHAKA CITY .......................................................... 84
TABLE 26: OVERVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS STUDIES ............................................................................................................... 99
TABLE 27: TEN ZONES....................................................................................................................................................... 100
TABLE 28: LIST OF PROPOSED FACILITIES: ......................................................................................................................... 101
TABLE 29: SCOPE FOR DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ............................................................................................ 102
TABLE 30: DESIGN ARI FOR STORM RUNOFF FLOW ESTIMATION ..................................................................................... 114
TABLE 31: RECOMMENDED RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS LANDUSES .................................................................. 116
TABLE 32: EQUATIONS TO ESTIMATE TIME OF CONCENTRATION ...................................................................................... 117
TABLE 33: VALUES OF HORTON’S ROUGHNESS N* ............................................................................................................ 118
TABLE 34 : VALUES OF HORTON’S ROUGHNESS N* ........................................................................................................... 118
TABLE 35: SURFACE FLOW CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................ 121
TABLE 36: QUALITY CONTROL DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................................. 122
TABLE 37: POLLUTANT REDUCTION TARGETS .................................................................................................................. 122
TABLE 38: HEC HMS SIMULATED PEAK FLOW FOR DIFFERENT DURATION OF 2 YR RETURN PERIOD .............................. 136
TABLE 39: SWMM SIMULATED PEAK RUNOFF OF ALL MINOR BASIN 2 YEAR RETURN PERIOD ......................................... 136
TABLE 40: PUMPING SUMMARY OF 1HR IN 2YEAR RETURN PERIOD IN THE STUDY AREA .................................................... 137
TABLE 41: INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 143
TABLE 42: DESIGNATED PROJECT ZONES ........................................................................................................................... 147
TABLE 43: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE GCB ............................................................................................................ 149
TABLE 44: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE KLN ............................................................................................................ 153
TABLE 45: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE DHK ............................................................................................................ 158
TABLE 46: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE DND ............................................................................................................ 161
TABLE 47: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE KML ............................................................................................................ 164
TABLE 48: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE RMP ............................................................................................................ 167
TABLE 49: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE BDD ............................................................................................................ 170
TABLE 50: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE UTK ............................................................................................................ 173
TABLE 51: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE GZT ............................................................................................................. 176
TABLE 52: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE SVR ............................................................................................................. 180
TABLE 53: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE KRN ............................................................................................................ 183
TABLE 54: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE NRN ............................................................................................................ 186
TABLE 55: STRUCTURAL MEASURE IN ZONE PRB ............................................................................................................. 189
TABLE 56: THE PROPOSED PUMPSTATION IN MASTER PLAN .............................................................................................. 192
TABLE 57: PROPOSED FLOOD FLOW ZONE AND RETENTION AREA IN STUDY AREA ............................................................. 194
TABLE 58: PROPOSED RETENTION POND AND FLOOD FLOW ZONE BY DAP AND DMP ...................................................... 194
TABLE 59: MAJOR GPT PHASE 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 198
TABLE 60: MAJOR GPT PHASE 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 198
TABLE 61: MINOR GPT PHASE 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 201
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TABLE 62: MINOR GPT PHASE 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 202

TABLE 63: PROPOSED DRAINAGE INFORMATION OF ALL ZONE ......................................................................................... 204
TABLE 64: PROPOSED SLUICE GATE AND APRON IN PHASE 2 ............................................................................................. 205
TABLE 65: PROPOSED SLUICE GATE AND APRON IN PHASE 3 ............................................................................................. 205
TABLE 66: STRUCTURAL ACHIEVEMENT IN THE PROJECT AT PHASE-1 .............................................................................. 207
TABLE 69: ALL STRUCTURAL ACHIEVEMENT IN THE MASTER PLAN ................................................................................. 213
TABLE 70: UNIT COSTS BY ITEM OF WORKS ..................................................................................................................... 216
TABLE 71: SUMMARY CAPITAL COST BY BASIN ................................................................................................................ 217
TABLE 72: BUDGET 2015–2045 ......................................................................................................................................... 218
TABLE 73: PHASE WISE INVESTMENT COST........................................................................................................................ 218
TABLE 74: FINANCIAL RETURN ......................................................................................................................................... 219
TABLE 75: ECONOMICAL RETURN ..................................................................................................................................... 220
TABLE 76: POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS AND TO SCREEN ALTERNATIVES FOR SELECTION OF A PREFERRED APPROACH ............. 222
TABLE 77: MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA) OF DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURES FOR PRIORITIZATION ........................... 223
TABLE 78: RANKING OF DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURES FROM MULTI CRITERION ANALYSIS (MCA) SOURCES .................. 223
TABLE 79: O&M ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................................................ 224
TABLE 80: FINANCIAL AND PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT FOR O&M.................................................................................... 226
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ARI Average Recurrence Interval

BADC Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority
BM Bench Mark
BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department
BMP Best Management Practice
BSF Bottomless Sand Filters
BTCL Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Ltd.
BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board
CAAB Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh
CBO Congressional Budget Office
CN Curve Number
DAP Detailed Area Plan
DC Drainage Compartment
DCC Dhaka City Corporation
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DESA Dhaka Electric Supply Authority
DESCO Dhaka Electric Supply Company
DFR Draft Final Report
DIFPP Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection Project
DMA Dhaka Metropolitan Area
DMAIUDP Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Plan
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DMDP Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan

DMP Dhaka Metropolitan Police
DNCC Dhaka North City Corporation
DND Dhaka Narayanganj Demra (polder area)
DSMA Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area
DoE Department of Environment
DPDC Dhaka Power Distribution Company
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering
DSCC Dhaka South City Corporation
DSMA Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan area
DWASA Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
DWSSP Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EQS Environmental Quality Standards
ERI Earthquake Risk Index
ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan
FAP Flood Action Plan
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
GAP Gross Annual Product
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
GPT Gross Pollutant Trap
ICM Integrated Catchment Management
IDF Intensity Duration Frequency
IWM Institute of Water Management
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
LGED Local Government Engineering Department
LID Low Impact Development
MoLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives
NFPI Non Financial Performance Institution
NGO Non-Government Organization
NHA National Housing Authority
NPS Non Point Source
NUF National Urban Fellows
OSD On-Site Detention
PMO Project Management Office
PWD Public Works Department
RAJUK Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (Capital Development Authority)
RCC Reinforced Concrete Cement
RDC Regional Detention Charge
RHD Roads and Highways Department
RHM Rational Hydrograph Method
RTK Real Time Kinematic
SAE Sub-Assistant Engineer
SCS Soil Conservation Service
SDE Sub-Divisional Engineer
SDMP Stormwater Drainage Master Plan
SMA Soil Moisture Accounting
SMP Sewerage Master Plan
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SOB Survey of Bangladesh

SPS Standard Project Storm
Sq km Square Kilometre
SWMM Stormwater Management Model
TBM Temporary Bench Mark
ToR Terms of Reference
TSS Total Suspended Solid
TWG Technical Working Group
TxDOT Texas Department of Transportation
UDD Urban Development Directorate
UH Unit Hydrograph
UNDTCD United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
UPVC Un-plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
WMP Water-supply Master Plan
P a g e | xiv
PREFACE
In order to manage drainage of Greater Dhaka City and its surroundings more efficiently and in a
comprehensive manner, Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) needs an updated and/or
preparation of a new master plan and guidelines that will meet the drainage demand of Dhaka for the year up
to 2040. It may be mentioned here that the Government of Bangladesh has received a credit from the
International Development Agency (IDA) to execute a project-‘Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project
(DWSSP) which is being implemented by DWASA. A part of the credit will be spent for
‘Preparation/Updating of Master Plan for Drainage of Dhaka City’ by employing an independent
consultanting firm.
A strategic plan for storm water drainage will be developed covering the city area as depicted in the Detailed
Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka City, which has been prepared by the concerned city development authority
(known as RAJUK) and subsequently approved by the Government of Bangladesh recently. Total area of
DAP is approximately 1528 square kilometers. It is expected that the consultant employed for this study will
consider necessary factors for developing the proposed master plan including but not limited to the economic,
social and land use of the study area. Considering all the factors, the consultant had divided the study area into
two categories i.e. the core city area of about 350 sq. km. and the city fringe areas of about 1178 sq. km. The
core city area is mostly developed but there is a lack of effective drainage system. The Balu River on the East,
the Tongi Khal on the North, the Turag-Buriganga Rivers on the West and the Dhaka-Demra-Chittagong
Road cum embankment on the South bounded this area. This area includes both flood protected western part
and unprotected eastern part. At present DWASA is mainly responsible for storm water drainage of this part
of the proposed study area, which may also be treated as project area.
One the other hand, the city fringe areas consist of suburb, developing and or developed area. Development of
drainage infrastructure for these areas is being neglected indiscreetly. Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra (DND) of
about 57 sq. km. is one of the burning examples of such negligence.
Storm Water of the study area is usually drained into the peripheral rivers gravitationally. Considering the
flood plain of the surrounding rivers, the study area may be divided into three drainage zones: The Buriganga
River Left Bank, the Turag River Left Bank and the Balu River Right Bank. The Buriganga River Left Bank
includes Old Dhaka, Dhanmondi and Kallyanpur area and its adjacent areas covering about 42 sq. km. This
zone is protected from river flooding by embankment. The Turag River Left Bank zone covers the north-west
part of Dhaka City including Mirpur, Airport and Uttara areas. It is about 64 sq. km., which is protected by
flood embankment along the Turag River. The Balu River Right Bank zone covers most of the eastern part of
Dhaka City. It is about 170 sq. km. The Bishaw Road or Progoti Sorani that goes through the central part of
the city acts as the flood embankment for a part of this zone.
Scope of Work Primary Output

Assignment 1 Conduct a critical review of the previous drainage studies and drainage
Collection and Review of Data basin maps of Dhaka and assess their adequacy in addressing current
drainage problems of Dhaka city. Establish baseline data for hydrology
and hydraulics of drainage system in Dhaka.
Assignment 2 Survey report must contain an inventory of all the primary, secondary
Survey & Mapping and tertiary drains that comprise the drainage system.
Assignment 3 Prepare a ranking methodology for prioritizing of future drainage
Drainage Improvement Projects improvement projects. By using this methodology, recommend specific
drainage improvement projects in each basin to meet the demand of
core city and DND (Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra) areas for 2040.
Assignment 4 Proposed drainage improvement project must be in accord with the
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Data Analyses & findings and recommendations of the latest Structure Plan, Urban Area
Recommendations Plan and Detailed Area Plans for the study area.
Assignment 5 Recommend possible changes or modification to solid waste program to
Complimentary Projects and improve drainage management systems. Study the feasibility and impact
Programs of having combined sewer network for stormwater and wastewater,
especially in the new developing area of Dhaka. Recommend structural
and non-structural measures necessary to protect and improve the
drainage system.
Assignment 6 Review the current legislative and regulatory structures for protection of
natural drains, khals and flood plan or any other water body. Make
Legislative and Institutional recommendation for improvement to the regulatory structure for future
Arrangement protection of these.
Assignment 7 Prepare Strategic Environmental Assessment and assess social impact of
EIA and Stakeholder Input the proposed drainage master plan and the major development work
associated with the plan.
Consistent with the key activities, the Master Plan report has been structured, as follows; Item
Chapter
Executive summery
1 Introduction
2 Description of Study Area
3 Storm Water Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
4 Urban Planning and Drainage Development
5 Review of Previous Studies
6 Master Planning Methodology
7 Stormwater Best Management Practices
8 Formulation of Master Plan
9 Strategic Environmental Assessment
10 Recommendations
This report, entitled ‘Master Plan Report’, is one of the key outputs of the consultancy contracted to support
the World Bank financed ‘Storm Water Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City’. The schematic diagram below
highlights where and how this ‘Master Plan’ output report has been produced.
P a g e | xvi
Hydrologic and Urban Master

physical data Plan and Other Legislation
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Assignment 3
Assignment 4
Assignment 5
Assignment 6
Assignment 7
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Executive Summary
1. The Background and Objectives
Bangladesh is a developing country. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is the center of all development
activities. It can be undoubtedly noted that unplanned rapid growth of development activities results in
significant problems for the city dwellers. Being a flat topographic land, water logging is one of the major
problems for the city residents, especially during the rainy season. The city is already densely populated and
the volume of population will further increase in future, following the recent trend. Stormwater drainage is an
essential issue for this city where 40% of the people are slum dwellers who are facing acute problem during
heavy monsoon. In absence of stormwater drainage master plan, stormwater drainage structures are built up in
an unplanned way. On the other hand, there are no specific rules and regulations for operation and
maintenance of stormwater drainage system. Existing drainage facilities of Dhaka city are quite inadequate
and most of the natural drains are not functioning properly due to blockage by improperly handled
construction material along the roadsides, choked by garbage and poor maintenance. Dhaka Water Supply and
Sewerage Authority (DWASA) which is mainly responsible for maintenance of stormwater drainage, has
taken a step forward to improve the last longing stormwater drainage problems of Dhaka City by preparing a
master plan.
This report has been prepared to cover specific objectives and deliverables as provided in the ToR of the
assignment. This report contains one main report comprising of ten chapters, along with eleven annexes. The
main report consisting of ten chapters including introduction, study area, storm water drainage issues in
Dhaka city, urban planning and drainage development, review of previous study, master planning
methodology, stormwater best management practices, structural and non-structural proposals regarding the
improvement of drainage condition and management, reform of legal and institutional arrangements, land
acquisition and protective measures, strategic environmental assessment, social impact assessment, cost
estimation with calculations and cost recovery suggestions sequentially.
2. Key Planning Concepts
The goal of DWASA is to foster a rapid transition from government or donor funded drainage system, in
which the majority of city dwellers are currently facilitated to public-private oriented sustainable drainage
system. This will require profound changes at all levels of urban economical activities, as well as significant
adjustment of planning, development and operations patterns. If drainage facilities are increased and
stormwater is managed properly, water logging problem will be mitigated within the urban area. It will take
time for urban people to respond to these new opportunities, since responding effectively will require them to
absorb new knowledge and acquire new skills. This situation suggests that the support to public-private
oriented drainage system must be flexible in order to adjust the changing technical and institutional
circumstances.
Planning for modern drainage system in Greater Dhaka City through diverse technologies will ensure
sustainable water logging & flood free zone through the introduction of high-value mechanical equipment
with efficient and strong discharge potential.
In order to achieve water logging free Dhaka City, a number of interventions have to be initiated by DWASA
to transform the drainage demand into reality by developing short-, medium- and long-term strategic drainage
plans. These include:
 Financial and investment mechanisms

 Policy and legal issues
 Institutional arrangements
 Socioeconomic issues
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 Environmental issues
Stormwater drainage master plan of the city has been formulated based on Integrated Catchment Management
(ICM) principles that will balance social, economic, and environmental concerns to achieve sustainable
development. Without an integrated and co-ordinated planning, potential benefits may not be fully realised or
drainage improvements in one location may worsen problems in another place.
The following concepts and principles are generally followed in planning and design process of the drainage
master plan:
 Stormwater drainage is a regional phenomenon that does not respect boundaries between government
jurisdictions or between public and private properties
 Stormwater drainage is a sub-system of total urban water resource system
 Drainage management is a space allocation problem and therefore an intrinsic part of town planning
process
 Getting rid of runoff as quickly as possible may not be a responsible drainage management practice
 Planning and design of drainage systems generally shall not be based on the premise that problems can
be transferred from one location to another
 An urban drainage strategy shall serve multi-purpose
 Planning and design of Stormwater drainage management systems shall consider the features and
functions of natural drainage systems
 In new developments, drainage flow rates after development shall not exceed pre-development
conditions, and pollutant loadings shall be reduced
 Stormwater drainage systems shall be planned and designed, beginning with the outlet or point of
outflow from the catchment
 Drainage components shall not be put in place if they cannot be maintained or will not receive regular
maintenance
3. Existance Drainage Networks

The existing internal drainage systems of Dhaka City consists of storm sewer lines, surface drains and open
channels (locally known as Khals) that ideally carry the stormwater as well as a part of waste water generated
in the city to the surrounding rivers. It may be mentioned here that there were a good number of open channels
in the city area that played a vital role to provide stormwater drainage to the city. Also there was sufficient
low land around the city which acted as flood plain of the concerned command area to retain the excess water
for time being. With the rapid urbanization and unplanned development, most of these khals and flood plain
have been filled up and the capacity of natural drainage has diminished dramatically.
It is estimated that there are approximately 45 natural khals, a total of about 142 km in length that are part of
the khal system. In addition to the open channels and lakes, there are about 380 km of storm sewer lines that
covers about 140 sq.km (40% coverage area) of Dhaka and 8.75 km of box culverts under DWASA making
up the stormwater system of Dhaka. Size of storm sewer lines are ranging from 0.6 m to 3.0 m in diameter
made of brick and concrete. In order to assure the proper amount of drainage network to exist within the city
boundary, the study team has done comprehensive survey works. Detailed information of that survey
methodology along with collection of baseline data is briefly discussed in Annex-A. Western Dhaka is
protected from river flooding by the embankment constructed along the Turag and the Buriganga rivers under
FAP 8 program. There are 2 pumping stations and 11 sluice gates along the western embankment. These
pumping stations are located at Kallyanpur and Goranchatbari, evacuating stormwater from western and
northwestern part of the city. Capacities of these stations are 20m3/sec and 22m3/sec respectively.
It may be mentioned here that the Progoti Sorani-Airport road-Atishdeepankar road at the north leading to the
Bishwa Road at the south of the city is treated as the central spine road and acts as the embankment for the
P a g e | xix
central and eastern part of Dhaka City. It has been found that there are 13 outlets across this boundary, out of
which eight have flood-proofing structures (FS). These FS are normally remained closed during the peak
monsoon following the flood water level at the riverside. Amongst the eight (8) flood-structures (FS),
Rampura and Kamalapur (near Maniknagar) on Begunbari Khal and Segunbagicha Khal catchment area
respectively, have permanent pumping arrangements for evacuating stormwater from countryside. The
capacity of Rampura pump station is about 25 m3/sec and capacity of Kamalapur pump station is about 15
m3/sec. There is also a pump station at the downstream end of Dholai Khal at Mill Barrack, with a capacity of
22 m3/sec, to drain stormwater from southern portion of Old Dhaka. Moreover, temporary pumps are installed
at different points of western embankment. The floodwalls in western embankment pump out stormwater out
of the embankment during monsoon and heavy rainfall.
The Plate-2 and Plate-3 (Chapter 2) show the flood controlling structures. All these Land uses, Cross section
of khals and other Detail Drainage Networks Maps are shown in details in Annex–B, (Detail Basin Maps and
Khal Cross sections.)
4. Proposed Drainage Measures

4.1 Structural Measures
Types of structural measures will vary in accordance with the location of application. For better
understanding, the whole area has been divided into three main categories, which are:
1. Core City East
2. Core City West, and
3. Fringe Areas
The structural measures for these areas are mentioned below.
Core City East

 Existing pumps: Increase capacities, improve operation
 Sluice gates: Increase capacities, improve operation
 Khals and Box Culverts: Remove obstructions, clear blockages, increase conveyance, reduce total
lengths, provide new lines, improve conveyance of Norail, Dumni and Kashaibar-Boalia Khals
 Storages: Demarcate surface areas specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development, provide new storage facilities
 In case of not implementation of eastern bypass elevated option, the disposal of Stormwater of that
may be followed by the pump stations as proposed
 Embankment: Raise to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD and raise to 50 year
ARI flood protection level @ ~9.5-11m PWD
 New pumps: Construct new at Norail Khal, Dumni Khal and Kashaibar-Boalia Khal outlets (Balu
River)
Core City West
 Embankment: Construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD and raise to 50 year
 Pumps: Increase capacities, improve operation
lengths, provide new lines
 Storages: Demarcate surface areas specified by DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development, and provide new storage facilities.
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Fringe Areas
 Flood flow zones: Preserve area specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development
 Embankment: Where affected, construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD.
 Pump Station: Construct two new pump stations at Adamjee Nagar and Pagla for improving the
drainage condition of DND area.
 It has been proposed to make an elevated expressway in the eastern part of city instead of eastern
embankment beside the Balu River.
4.2 Non-Structural Measures
Non-structural measures are mainly formulated in previous studies on the basis of three major perspectives
and those areas
 Implement effective solid waste management
 Legal and Institutional
 Socio-economic issues
Other non-structural measures can be summarized as:

 Provide adequate solid waste disposal system.
 Secure of Right of Way for all drainage channels.
 Proper operation and maintenance of all drainage and flood proofing structures by single authority
 Establish collaboration for managing flood and drainage in the city, developing a flood forecasting
system as well as preparing early warning activities between BWDB and single authority
 Existing natural drainage routes should be free from encroachment immediately by all parties,
especially Dhaka WASA and DCC.
 Regular cleaning, utilizing advanced technologies by all parties especially single authority and DCC,
of the drains/pipes/khals before the arrival of monsoon storms with adequate funding available by each
year.
 Effective maintenance of conveyance channels from sluice gates to rivers.
 Acquire all open and unoccupied lands beside the western flood embankment within the protected area
and utilize these for constructing retention ponds and conveyance channels.
 The existing natural drainage channels should be acquired and protected to prohibit encroachment that
would ensure indiscriminate land filling. Most of the khals here also drain stormwater from Western
Dhaka
 Assess the impact of Eastern Embankment on drainage from Western Dhaka, and immediately
preserve land in Eastern Dhaka for retention storage. Same recommendation is also applicable for other
parts of the study area.
 Dhaka WASA, within their jurisdiction, provides adequate space for construction of drainage network
and funds for developing facilities. Also, along with the DC Office, immediately prohibit developers
from encroaching khash (Government) lands.
 RAJUK will adopt or incorporate the drainage master plan in the DMDP. In this regard, RAJUK will
take initiative to further review DAP and to implement the DAP properly.
 RAJUK will also have a major role to play in ensuring that the future development makes adequate
provision for drainage, providing new rights of way in newly developed areas, protecting rights of way
in existing areas, contorling the unplanned development and ensuring that building owners follow
drainage related rules.
 RAJUK to develop and implement building codes for preserving drainage facilities in the urban areas,
most importantly, of low-lying terrain. The DC Office to protect natural canals of the eastern part from
P a g e | xxi
the land grabbers and encroachers, and ensure khash (Government) lands and natural canals would not
be leased to private developers.
 Stormwater drainage in Dhaka city can only be successfully performed if all government agencies and
real estate developers work in collaboration. Form a high-level steering committee including Ministers
of relevant Ministries to facilitate Stormwater management in Dhaka.
 Create public awareness regarding necessity for conserving and protection of the drainage systems,
manmade or natural.
5. Basins and Drainage Zone Boundaries
The entire Master Plan area has been divided into 13 Drainage Zones, which are based on the delineation of
the catchment areas. Each of the Zones is divided into a number of sub-catchments. The zones are
Goranchatbari, Kallayanpur, Dolaikhal & Old Dhaka, DND, Kamalapur, Rampura, Badda, Uttarkhan,
Gazipur & Tongi, Savar, Keraniganj, Narayanganj and Purbachal.Separate GIS maps are prepared with
proper zone boundary and provided in this report (Annex-K).
6. Projects Identification
In all the 13 zones, some 250 numbers of projects have been identified in this Stormwater Drainage Master
Plan. Gazipur & Tongi zone has maximum number of projects (46 nos). Next in order are Purbachal,
Narayanganj, Keraniganj and Savar zones (with 34, 24, 22 and 20 projects respectively in the list). A zone-
wise project summary is given below.
No. of projects
Zone No. Zone Name (Zone ID)
Identified
1 Goranchatbari (GCB) 17
2 Kallayanpur (KLN) 17
3 Dholaikhal & Old Dhaka (DHK) 5
4 DND 16
5 Kamalapur (KML) 16
6 Rampura (RMP) 6
7 Badda (BDD) 18
8 Uttarkhan (UTK) 9
9 Gazipur & Tongi (GZT) 46
10 Savar (SVR) 20
11 Keraniganj (KRN) 22
12 Narayanganj (NRN) 24
13 Purbachal (PRB) 34
Total
250
projects
Details of proposed projects identified and their estimated costs are provided separately in Annex-J.
6.1 Infrastructure Costs

The total project cost to upgrade the city’s stormwater drainage infrastructure to meet minimum current
drainage criteria for the entire City is estimated to be about Tk. 16,000 Crore (BDT 159856.37 million or
USD 1,998.20 million). The implementation of plan in the project has been proposed in three phases. The
total cost of the project has been planned in those three phases. Four projects with cost Tk 804.531 Crore
(BDT 8045.31 million or USD 100.56 million) have been proposed in the first phase (2015-2020). In the
second phase (2020-2030), 116 numbers of projects have been proposed with total cost of Tk 8065.6 Crore
(BDT 80656.013 million or USD 1008.20 million). Similarly 130 numbers of projects have been proposed
with cost of Tk 7115.5 crore (BDT 71155.04 million or USD 889.43 million) in the study area in third phase
P a g e | xxii
(2030-2040). The majority of investments need to plan in DND Zone (approx. 15%) and Gazipur zone (14%).
Rampura and Dholai Khal zones in the core area have least numbers of projects identified (6 nos.) and also
investment wise these are on the bottom side (with approx. 0.7 and 2.5% investment proposal). For purposes
of developing an overall drainage infrastructure capital improvement cost for the core City and fringe area,
costs are summarized below by basin/ drainage zones. In some cases, several different alternatives are shown
for basins, usually based upon conveyance only, detention, or conveyance plus detention. These plans should
have budget estimates that can be used for disbursements and monitoring.
The zone wise costing for the development of the drainage sector is shown in the Table below:
Total Cost
SL Zone ID
(Mil. Tk)
1 GCB 8753.52
2 KLN 6051.04
3 DHK 3604.02
4 DND 22269.43
5 KML 13808.17
6 RMP 1763.55
7 BDD 16627.92
8 UTK 10380.13
9 GZT 21531.65
10 SVR 10105.23
11 KRN 13522.11
12 NRN 16841.56
13 PRB 14598.04
Total Cost (BDT) 159856.37
6.2 Prioritization and Phasing of Investment Program
The implementation of the Master plan has been suggested in 3 phases:
1st Phase 2015 - 2020

2nd Phase 2020 - 2030
3rd Phase 2030 - 2040
All the projects are prioritised and divided among the 3 phases. These are provided in Annex-J. The projects
in Phase-I, II & III are the following.
Phase 1
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Kallyanpur (Zone 2) 643.68
Katasur Main Khal (1874 m)
2 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal Of Kamalpur (Zone 5) 848.95
Manda Main Khal (2,922 m)
3 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal of Badda (Zone 7) 2590.20
Sutivola Main Khal (8,914 m)
4 Construction of pump station at Bahatira near Turag . Uttarkhan (Zone 8) 3962.0
Capacity 15 m3/s.
Total cost 8045.31
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Phase 2
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Badda 607.89
Khilkhet-Boalia Khal-B, (5997 m)
2 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal Uttarkhan 623.70

Khilkhet-Boalia Khal-U. (6153 m)
3 Earthen Drain (Unlined Drain) at Gazipur Sadar Polagas Gazipur 429.0
road (11503 m)
4 Construction of pump station near Norail khal and Balu Kamlapur 6402.0
river, Nasta Jame Mosque, Capacity 60 m3/s. Capacity
60 m3/s.
….. ………………………………
Total cost 80656.01
Phase 3
Project Name Zone Cost(BDT
million)
1 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal at Goranchatbari 617.78
Digun Main Khal (4453.74 m)
2 Construction pipe line at Dhaka University, Saat Rawza, Old Dhaka 1805.28
Siddique Bazar, Nazira Bazar, Naya Bazar, Zinda Bazar,
Tati Bazar, Nawabpur, Goalghat area (12466.4 m)
3 Construction pipe line at DIT road to West Rampura Rampura 113.87
(1380 m)
4 Construction of pump station at Adamji . Capacity 50.2 DND area 5356.34
m3/s.
5 ………………..
Total cost 71155.05
6.3 Budget and Expenditure

A drainage development budget should be used for in soliciting capital investment in drainage related
projects. Capital should be made available to the local capacity level and zonal management level through
central authority of DWASA. Except for recurrent expenditures, allocation of the fund, solicitation of capital
infrastructure and procurement of fixed assets are short- to medium-term ventures.
A tentative breakdown of total budgeting for the development of the drainage sector, in different major cost-
heads is proposed in the table below. Tax on the drainage services may be implemented for the cost recovery
and budget for the development of the drainage system in the city.
P a g e | xxiv
The total costs in the project have been planned in differents sectors in three phases. Eighty percent cost of the
total budget has been used for infrastructure development and which is TK 12788.5 crore. The infrastructure
development costs in the first phase, second phase and third phase are TK 268.0 crore, TK 6652.0 crore and
Tk 5868.45 crore respectively. Around 10% of total cost has been proposed for operation and maintenance.
The total cost for operation and maintenance is Tk 1534.6crore whereas Tk 32.1 crore, Tk 798.24 crore and
Tk 704.21 crore have been proposed for phase 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Year 2015-2040
Strategy Budget (Million BDT)
Phase I Phase II (10 Phase III (10
(5Years) years) years)
Institutional arrangements 4795.69 ------------- ------------- 4795.69
Infrastructure Development 2680.100 66520.42 58684.58 127885.1
Operation& Maintenance 321.61 7982.451 7042.149 15346.21
Training and Capacity

176.0156 4368.728 3854.109 8398.854
Building
Research and Development 71.893 1784.41 1574.213 3430.517
Total 8045.31 80656.01 71155.05 159856.37
6.4 Zonal Management Structure

For the purpose of Master Plan, the entire area has been divided into 13 Drainage Zones, which are based on
the delineation of the catchment areas. It is suggested that, each Drainage Management Zone will be served
by at least one Technical Advisor, depending on the size of the project, area involved and specific drainage
requirements. Regular operation and management activities and works of new projects have to be carried out
separately. A team of subject-matter specialists will lead and coordinate the work of drainage management
P a g e | xxv
zone technical advisors. The latter will liaise with research and link up with the drainage network to be
established by the organisation. The technical advisors will follow a regular management schedule to meet
local people in their respective zone.
7. Institutional Arrangements
The institutional arrangement for development, operation and management of Drainage Systems may be made
one of the following three options. The government may choose the most suitable, in consultation with senior
management and professionals. The consultants’ recommendations have been provided in the
recommendation Chapter 10.
7.1 Option 1 - DCC
Like in other big cities, the solid waste as well as stormwater drainage management should be handled by one
organisation, i.e. the Municipality or the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). As the solid waste is managed by the
City Corporation, the whole city drainage management may be controlled under the City Corporation. Then
one authority might be responsible for the overall drainage management, and also for solid waste management
of the city. As for example, the solid waste as well as the sanitary sewerage system is currently being managed
by the Chittagong City Corporation (CCC), Khulna City Corporation (KCC) and Rajshahi City Corporation
(RCC) in Bangladesh. In considering worldwide practice, Storm water drainage and solid waste system are
managed by one authority such as City authority, Municipality or City Corporation. Though the Dhaka City
Corporation has presently been divided into two parts, in the north part named as DNCC and south part named
as DSCC, the tertiary and secondary drainage system with road network within the city corporation area are
presently managed by City Corporation. In addition, the city corporation manages the overall solid waste
management system in Dhaka city area. Furthermore, the two mayor of the city corporation selected by the
public can ensure the political support from down to top level regarding on development.
7.2 Option 2 - DWASA
Presently, DWASA is in charge of water supply and sanitation in Dhaka city, along with the operation and
management of the stormwater drainage network. It is so organised that different organs of drainage
components are placed under different units. The example is that the organs like i) Planning & Design, ii)
Construction, iii) Rehabilitation & Development (R&D) and iv) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) are placed
under two different Deputy Managing Directors and two different Chief Engineers. This sometimes creates
coordination and cooperation problems within the same organisation.
It is suggested that a separate unit may be set up within the existing organisation structure of DWASA, under
an exclusive DMD, with full drainage responsibilities. This unit will be independent, and could be named e.g.,
Stormwater Drainage Unit (SDU), in addition to the ‘Water Supply Unit’ and ‘Sanitation and Sewerage
Unit’. The SDU would operate under the same MD for better coordination and management.
7.3 Option 3 - Independent Authority
A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development &
Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector whose exclusive responsibility will be planning,
development, operation and maintainance of the stormwater drainage system of the entire Master Plan area, in
coordination with other local authorities.
This organisation may be called “Dhaka Stormwater Drainage Authority (DSDA)” and will have a separate
independent office, with a specific mandate.
This study has analysed all the above three options and finds option-1 most suitable under the present
circumstances.
P a g e | xxvi
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
1.1 Study Background

Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh is the center of major development activities of the entire country. The 400
years old Dhaka took its present shape since the time of 1970 and got rapid uplift throughout the last 40 years.
From the very beginning of its present shape, there is lacking of integrated approach in developing a modern
metropolis with all infrastructures and dwelling facilities. The drainage system of Dhaka city was also not
developed in a premeditated approach. Although many works had been done in segregated way, the necessity
of an integrated drainage master plan for Dhaka city was being felt for long time.
Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) is providing drainage service along with water
supply and sewerage facilities for the core area of Dhaka city. In parallel with Dhaka WASA, Dhaka City
Corporation is also providing drainage facilities (mainly surface drainage which include tertiary drains and
pipes; length varies within a range of 10 to 700 m and dia of pipe varies from 0.3 m to 2.1 m) within the city
corporation boundary. Dhaka WASA is mainly responsible for management of stormwater drainage within its
jurisdiction. Under DWASA, the Stormwater Drainage System include 380 km storm sewer line, 65.6 km
open channel, 8.75 km box culvert and total 4 pump stations (DWASA, 2011).
The earliest detailed study to prepare a Master Plan for flood protection and internal drainage of Dhaka City
was undertaken by the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) in 1968. Afterwards Bangladesh
Water Development Board (BWDB) initiated to prepare a detailed plan. At the same time, DPHE had also
prepared a separate plan for the internal drainage system in 1976. In 1978, DPHE reviewed the 1968 Master
Plan and prepared a plan for flood control and drainage works covering an area of 144 Km2 of Dhaka. Another
drainage plan, namely “Interim Scheme for Removing Water Logging within Dhaka Metropolis” was
completed in June 1983. The “Revised Crash Programme for construction of Stormwater Drainage in Water
Logged Area of Dhaka Metropolis” was prepared by DPHE in 1985, which was continuing at the time of
finalization of report of another comprehensive study, namely “Study on Stormwater Drainage System
Improvement Project in Dhaka City” which was carried out by JICA (JICA, 1987) and was reviewed in 1990.
At that time another study was conducted under Flood Action Plan- FAP 8A and FAP 8B regarding drainage
and flood control. After FAP reports, IWM performed a study in 2006 regarding drainage Master plan of
Dhaka city.
However, the drainage situation in a mega city like Dhaka is still far from being satisfactory, which is acutely
evident during periods of even moderate showers. Therefore, Dhaka WASA has initiated to prepare a
“Stormwater Drainage Master Plan (SDMP)” of future Dhaka covering the area of Detail Area Plan (DAP)
under the jurisdiction of city development authority (known as RAJUK). In this regard DWASA hired an
independent consultant group JPZ-FCEA-SARM-JV for updating/preparation of a comprehensive drainage
master plan for Dhaka City. Accordingly, the consultant group commenced the work on 22 July 2012 and
submitted the Inception Report on 30 August 2012 and its revised copy on 22 Novembor 2012. This master
plan is prepared considering all structural and non-structural issues, which are necessary for sustainable urban
drainage. Along with the master plan this project also been conducted extensive survey work, computer
modelling, technical, and financial analysis, and management related works.
1.2 Objectives of the Master Plan Study

Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) wishes to provide improved water supply, sewerage
and drainage system in the core city and the city fringe area by constructing associate infrastructures. For this
purpose, DWASA has undertaken the “Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project (DWSSP)” with the
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support from World Bank. This Stormwater Drainage Master Plan (SDMP) is a part of the DWSSP. The brief
objective of the present SDMP study is to develop a detailed and comprehensive master plan for the
stormwater drainage system of Greater Dhaka that will meet the demand within the year 2040. DWASA
already has carried out a number of studies on Stormwater Drainage System conducted by different agencies.
But these studies could not serve much benefit to provide the services in drainage sector by overcoming the
limitations. Therefore, development of detailed and comprehensive Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for
greater Dhaka City has been widely felt which is also needed for developing an efficient drainage networks
and to establish numerous drainage projects for helping economic growth. This will be a master plan to guide
and development of an implementation tool for the planned drainage system and other infrastructures. The
overall objective of Stormwater master planning is to develop a legal, institutional and technical tool to
address current problems as well as guide the execution of long-term programs that anticipate future problems
resulting from urban development. The specific objectives of the Storm Drainage Master Plan according to
Term of Reference (ToR) are to:
1. Develop an accurate inventory of all drainage structures and assess their capacity existed within the
study area.
2. Develop accurate drainage basin maps with detail feature affecting drainage for the study area.
3. Develop a practical and cost-effective drainage improvement plan to meet demand for year 2040 for
the project area.
4. Prepare an investment plan to be required for developing an effective drainage system into the project
area.
5. Provide guidance and design criteria for stormwater management in new development area.
6. Identify institutional and regulatory factors that impact drainage and recommend possible changes or
modifications.
1.3 Scope of Study

To achieve the above objectives of DWASA, the consultant group JPZ-FCEA-SARM-JV has prepared the
Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City. Scope of work to complete this assignment includes, but
not limited to, the following:
1.3.1 Collection and Review of Data

1. Collect all available data, maps and reports, such as road network master plan, drainage master plan,
landuse map, structure plan of the city, utility maps from respective offices.
2. Conduct a critical review of the previous drainage studies and drainage basin maps of Dhaka and
assess their adequacy in addressing current drainage problems of Dhaka city. Study the trend in hydro-
meteorological changes and identify its impact on the drainage system in the future
3. Establish baseline data for hydrology and hydraulics of drainage system in Dhaka. Provide primary
data for hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics of each major drainage structure in the city. Data will
also include analysis of the latest meteorological data for Greater Dhaka. Include hydraulic and
hydrologic analyses of the Outfall Rivers that surround the city. Show the drainage zones with
demarcation of gravity and pump drainage area.
1.3.2 Survey & Mapping

1. Conduct field survey of the existing drainage system. Survey report must contain an inventory of all
the primary, secondary and tertiary drains that comprise the drainage system. Conduct longitudinal and
cross sectional survey of each drain and collect the following information for each:
 Right-of-Way on Mouja maps
 Length
 Average top width (for open channel)
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 Average bottom width (for open channel)

 Average cross section area (for pipe or culvert)
 Average invert slope
 Average depth (for open channel)
 Outfall location
 Capacity condition
Also to identify/ establish the permanent reference Benchmark of PWD or GTS at a rate of 10 sq km for core
area and 25sq km for the remaining study area.
2. Carry out detailed topographic survey for preparation of accurate drainage basin map(s). Show profile
of each watershed and sub-shed with contour lines and demarcation of each basin. Identify the primary,
secondary and tertiary drains. Basin characteristics to be included with the maps are as follows:
 Size
 Slope
 Shape – length and width
 Drainage density
 Discharge rate and flow direction
 Land use
 Contour lines
 Surface and sub-surface geology
 Depression storage information
3. Prepare drainage basin maps covering the entire study area. Maps should have minimum scale of
1:10,000 and be presented in the form of digital and paper. Also include a modified version of the map
considering future landuse and growth for year 2040. Basin maps must include flow diagrams with
discharge rates for both existing and proposed drainage system network.
4. Identify sources of wastewater entering storm drainage system and location of major obstruction.
Prepare map depicting the locations and quantity of major waste water lines/ channels contributing to
drainage system.
5. Identify and recommend land acquisition, regulatory issues, protective measures and resettlement
action necessary to implement the Updated Master Plan of Stormwater Drainage for Dhaka City.
1.3.3 Drainage Improvement Projects

1. Asses the major and minor drainage systems and elements of the urban basins using the hydrodynamic
modelling and, through this, identifying the flooding events / areas, taking into account the current
situation and future flood / drainage scenarios.
2. Develop structural and non-structural interventions designed to eliminate the flooding events/ areas for
predetermine design horizons and flood intensities, and verify the effectiveness of the propose
interventions for the current and future flood/drainage scenarios using the hydrodynamic model.
3. Using the hydrodynamic model, simulate for the occurrence of the flood risk events with and without
the proposed structural and non-structural interventions, developing flood risk maps which will assist
in decision –making regarding flood prevention and flood emergency responses.
4. Prepare a ranking methodology for prioritizing of future drainage improvement projects. Using this
methodology recommend specific drainage improvement projects in each basin to meet the demand of
core city and DND (Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra) areas for 2040. For the first priority projects, include
adequately detailed scope of work, feasibility assessment, preliminary sketches and cost estimate for
each. Estimates must show costs in present cost and future cost. It is expected that the consultant will
categorize the works to be taken under the first priority projects considering the importance of the
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infrastructure as well as urgency of the development of such infrastructures, prepare the detail design
and necessary procurement documents for development of such infrastructures.
5. Determine the criteria to be used for designing and constructing of drainage structures, such as storm
drains, channels, retention reservoirs and pumping stations. Criteria include design rainfall, minimum
and maximum velocity, minimum and maximum channel slope, side slopes, depth, etc. Based on these
criteria develop standard design approaches, standard drain sections, calculation methods, preliminary
sketches, etc. For example, for improvement of khals, standard section must include lining options and
standard cross sections for open or closed drains.
6. Prepare a timeline for implementation of each of the recommended projects by phasing of construction
and a funding schedule.
1.3.4 Data Analyses & Recommendations

1. Complete hydrodynamic modelling for each of the major component of the drainage system and
produce GIS based inundation maps. Maps must depict scenario based on current condition and future
condition in 2040 with and without the recommended drainage improvement.
2. Study the sediment transport capacity and geomorphic characteristics of drainage system.
3. Review Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plans (DMDP) and regional urban development plans to
assess the integration of drainage issues of Dhaka with rest of the infrastructure issues. Proposed
drainage improvement project must be in accord with the findings and recommendations of the latest
Structure Plan, Urban Area Plan and Detailed Area Plans for the study area. In addition, identify
ongoing and planned drainage and flood protection projects of DWASA and other organizations and
incorporate them in to the Master Plan. For example, show impact of proposed Multipurpose Eastern
Bypass project and recommend actions to improve its benefit on drainage.
1.3.5 Complimentary Projects and Programs

1. Brief report on existing and planned programs for municipal solid waste management as they pertain to
drainage. Recommend possible changes or modification to solid waste program to improve drainage
management systems.
2. Feasibility assessment of private sector partnerships for cleaning and maintenance of drainage system,
such as drains, khals etc.
3. Study the feasibility and impact of having combined sewer network for stormwater and wastewater,
especially in the new developing area of Dhaka. Similarly study the feasibility of engineering and
institutional approaches in separating the wastewater flow from stormwater flow.
4. Study the feasibility of combined sewer overflow to drainage system due to capacity limitation of
Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant.
5. Recommend structural and non-structural measures necessary to protect and improve the drainage
system.
1.3.6 Legislative and Institutional Arrangement

1. Review the current legislative and regulatory structures for protection of natural drains, khals and flood
plan or any other water body. Make recommendation for improvement to the regulatory structure for
future protection of these.
2. Recommend specific general and ancillary projects or programs to augment the improvement of
drainage system, such as institutional and regulatory reforms, operation and maintenance of drainage
and other infrastructures, such as transportation and municipal solid waste management.
3. Critical review of the current organizational structures for construction, operation and maintenance of
drainage structures. Recommend future reform necessary and potential new organizational structures to
implement the master plan.
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4. Review the existing law, legislative and institutional arrangement of DWASA and suggest modified
law, legislative and institutional arrangement for stormwater management to protect the policy of
DWASA for development of separate sewer system i.e. domestic sewage and stormwater management.
5. Undertake economic and financial analyses of the proposed interventions in order to: (i) allow for a
prioritization of interventions based on identifying those with the highest economic returns (comparing
and intervention’s costs with the benefits accrued by it from the floods avoided, real estate appreciation
etc); and (ii) provide a comparison of the costs of operating and maintaining the proposed interventions
and identify revenue streams for covering these costs.
6. Undertake an analysis of those services that are interrelated with drainage, such as sanitation (sewerage
and wastewater disposal) and solid waste management (garbage and sediment accumulation), and their
impact on the existing and planned stormwater drainage networks, and make proposals related to the
legislative and institutional arrangements concerning these complementary services in order to
minimize their negative impact on the proper functioning of the drainage system.
7. Assess the city’s urban development policy, strategy, patterns and trends and the increasing impacts of
these on the city’s floods, and make recommendations regarding urban development policy, regulation
and strategies in order to minimize these impacts.
1.3.7 EIA and Stakeholder Input

1. Prepare Strategic Environmental Assessment and assess social impact of the proposed drainage master
plan and the major development work associated with the plan.
2. Identify the stakeholders critical to successful implementation of the Drainage Master Plan. Conduct at
least two public meetings/workshops to collect input from stakeholders and interested citizenry.
Feedback and comments from these stakeholders are to be incorporated in to the final plan.
1.4 Deliverables
The consultants are to deliver the updated ‘Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka city’, containing in
six reports and covering at least the following component Table 1
Table 1: List of Deliverables in Each Report

SL Name of the Report Contents of the Report
1 Inception Report i. Methodology of survey work
ii. Progress of work of first month
iii. Revised work plan
2 First Interim Report i. Review of data and Reports
ii. Basic idea and concepts
iii. Criteria and standards for formulation of the Master Plan
3 Second Interim Report i. Description of Study Area with analyses of existing Landuse,
Geology/soils, Meteorology, Topography and Socio Economic
Condition.
ii. Review findings of previous drainage master plans.
iii. Baseline data for hydrology and hydraulics of drainage system.
iv. Inventory of primary, secondary and tertiary drains with their
Characteristics.
v. Digital and printed drainage basin maps and flow diagrams for
the watershed and sub-sheds (minimum scale 1:10,000).
4 Third Interim Report i. Report on wastewater infiltration and drainage obstructions and
reviewing of existing law of local and regional, legislative and
institutional arrangement of DWASA for this sector.
ii. Recommendation for land acquisition and protective measures.
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iii. Ranking methodology for prioritizing drainage improvement

projects.
iv. Prioritize the drainage improvement projects, and identify the
first priority projects including preparation of detail design and
necessary bidding documents of such infrastructures in different
packages.
v. Specific projects for improvement of DND area.
vi. Design manual including design standards for designing of
drainage infrastructures.
5 Draft Updated Master Plan i. Cost estimates and feasibility assessment for proposed drainage
improvement projects.
ii. Recommended schedule of implementation of drainage
improvement projects.
iii. Hydrodynamic modelling results.
iv. Report on incorporating drainage issues from DAP and/or
DMDP and other urban area plans and recommendation on
concerned law, legislative and institutional arrangement for
sustainable development of this sector.
v. Solid waste management strategy for drainage control.
vi. Strategy for water quality management, including removal of
waste water inflow.
vii. Strategy for preserving and improving wetlands/low lands,
including land acquisition.
viii. Funding and cost-sharing strategy for future projects.
ix. Report on feasibility of combined sewer and sewer overflows to
drainage.
x. Recommendation for legislative and regulatory reforms
necessary to implement the Master Plan
6 Final Report i. Strategic environmental assessment for implementation of the
Drainage Master Plan.
ii. Stakeholder input.
1.5 Reporting Schedule

During the project period, the following reports have been submitted to DWASA to cover the main objectives
as specified in the TOR. The actual Reporting Schedule is as follows:
1. Inception Report: The Inception Report for the study project was submitted to DWASA on 30 August
2012
2. A Revised Inception Report was submitted to DWASA on 22 November 2012.
3. First Interim Report: This report was submitted on 30 December 2013. This report presented all
findings of data review, confirmation of basic idea, criteria and standard for formulation of the Master
Plan.
4. Second Interim Report: This Interim Report was submitted on 02 September 2013 and includes items,
listed in serial 3 of section 1.4 of this report.
5. Third Interim Report: This Report was submitted on 30 October 2013 and includes all the items, listed
in serial 4 of Section 1.4 of this report.
6. Draft Final Report: This Report was submitted on 30 December 2014, as Draft Final along with all
items listed serial 5 of section 1.4 of this report.
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7. ‘The Final Report’ of the Study project was submitted in 29 February 2016, incorporating all the
comments from DWASA, WB and their Consultants TTI, so far received on the earlier submitted DFR.
This is the updated revised version of the FINAL REPORT and is submitted in 29 February 2016, for record.
1.6 Outline of Final Report

The final report for ‘Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City’ has been covered in ten (10) Chapters
and eleven (11) Annexes. The outline of this final report is given below.
1. Introduction
2. Study Area Description
3. Stormwater Drainage issues in Dhaka
4. Urban Planning and Drainage Development
5. Review of previous Studies
6. Master Planning Methodology
7. Stormwater Best Management Practices
8. Formulation of Master Plan
9. Strategic Environmental Assessment
10. Recommendations
Supporting Annexes:
A. Survey Methodology and Baseline Data

B. Detail Basin Maps and Khal Cross Sections
C. Data Analysis and Drainage Modeling
D. Institutional and Legal Issues
E. Stormwater Drainage Design Manual
F. Social Impact Assessment
G. Stakeholders’ Inputs
H. Strategic-Environmental Assessment
I. Financial and Economic Analysis
J. Projects Identification, Prioritization and Estimated Costs
K. Zone-Wise Maps and Calculations
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CHAPTER 2:
Description of Study Area
2.1 Location and Boundary

Megacity Dhaka, the capital and the most densely populated city of Bangladesh, is located in the central
region of Bangladesh, which is the flat deltaic plain of the three major rivers - the Ganges, the Brahmaputra
and the Meghna. The city is surrounded by the distributaries of these three major rivers - the River Buriganga
on the south, the Turag on the west, Tongi khal on the north and the Balu River on the east. Dhaka is situated
between 23°42' and 23°54' north latitudes and 90°20' and 90°28' east longitudes. The geographical location of
the city is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Geographical Location of Dhaka City (Source: RAJUK, 2013)
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Dhaka Metropolitan Development Area (DMDP) of RAJUK is considered as the study area for Drainage
Master Plan (DMP). The total land of the study area is 1528 square kilometers. DCC area (345sq.km) within
the DMDP area is defined as the core city. Other areas are considered as the fringe area. The core city area is
of about 350 sq km, which is mostly developed but there is a lack of effective drainage system. The core city
is surrounded by four rivers, including the Balu River on the East, the Tongi Khal on the North, the Turag-
Buriganga Rivers on the West and the Shitalakhya and Pagla Bhuigor-Bhuigor Mouchak road on the South. In
the study, the Progoti Sharani-Airport Road-Atishdeepankar Road has also divided the core city in two parts.
One is core city western part having area of 143sq.km and the other is core city eastern part with a total area
of 121 sq.km. Progoti Sharani-Airport road is a common boundary line between core city western part and
core city eastern part. The Figure 2 shows the study area with showing core city eastern and western part and
fringe area.
The core city area includes flood protected western part and unprotected eastern part. DND area developed by
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), which is located at southern side of the city area. This flood
free, comparatively low value, urban fringe land has undergone tremendous pressure of development. Though
the area is free from external flooding, waterlogging occurs during the rainy season sometime for prolonged
duration.
The city fringe area is outside the periphery of core city area and bounded by Detail Area Plan boundary,
which is demarcated by RAJUK. The total area of city fringe area is about 1178 sq km, which consists of
suburban, developing and or developed area. This area includes low land, rivers, floodplain and agricultural
land. Figure 2 represents the project boundary, core city area and city fringe area.
The study area comprises Dhaka City Corporation (South and North), Narayanganj City Corporation
(including old Kadamrasul Municipality) and part of Gazipur City Corporation (including adjacent municipal
areas of Savar, and Tongi). Important service providing organizations in this area are Dhaka Metropolitan
Police (DMP), Dhaka Water and Sewerage Authority (DWASA), Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA),
Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Limited (TGTDL), Bangladesh Telecommunication Company
(BTCL), Rajdhani Unnyan Kortripakhkha (RAJUK), Dhaka Electricity Supply Company (DESCO), Dhaka
Power Distribution Company (DPDC) and Department of Environment (DoE) which are serving city dwellers
with specific services and facilities. Apart from these, health, education, planning, housing, transportation and
other infrastructure related organizations do exist in the city area. Area under jurisdiction of different
authorities serving Dhaka also varies. Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) is somewhat larger than the DCC
area, and currently holds 49 Police Stations. Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (DSMA) is considered as
Dhaka Mega city. Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) has a Strategic Planning Zone-wise plan of
Dhaka city which is known as Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP). It currently consists of total
26 zones of which 19 may cover Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area, though the total area is about 1528 km2
(DMDP, 1997). Total areas under different jurisdictions are summarized in Table 2
Table 2: Different Jurisdictional Area in Dhaka

SL Name of Area Total Area (Sq. Km)
1 Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) 82
2 Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) 47
3 Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA) 360
4 Dhaka Statistical Metropolitan Area (DSMA) 1353
5 Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) 1528
6 Detail Area Plan (DAP) 1528
7 Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) 360
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Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) specified the boundary for the project
of“Updating/Preparation of the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City”. The description of
services in Terms of References (ToR) stated that,
“A strategic plan for stormwater drainage will be developed covering the city area as depicted in Detailed
Area Plan (DAP) of Dhaka City prepared by the concerned city development authority (known as RAJUK)
which has been approved by the Government of Bangladesh recently”.
The areas under DAP coverage include Gazipur Municipality to the north, the Dhaleshwari River to the south,
rivers Bangshi and Dhaleshwari to the west and rivers Sitalakhya and Meghna to the east. The total land area
of DAP is approximately 1528 sq km (DAP 2010) which encompasses Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipur
district. Considering economic, social and landuse characteristics of the study area, it may be classified into
two categories i.e. the core city area and the city fringe areas.
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Figure 2: Study Area Map (Source: RAJUK, 2015)
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2.2 Evolution of Dhaka City

The capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka has a fairly long history of legendary. Its presence in the pre-Muslim
period cannot be ascertained with confidence. But it grew as an urban centre in the Sultanate period and rose
into prominence in the Mughal period when it enjoyed the position of a provincial capital. Its physical growth
has been dealt in this. The Evolution of Dhaka city has been shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 below.
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Figure 3: Dhaka City in 1980’s (LGED, 2012)
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Figure 4: Present Condition of Dhaka City (DCC, 2012)
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2.3 Geology and Topography

Geologically the cluster lies on the Madhupur Clay with its average thickness of about 10 meters consists of
over consolidated clayey slit and is underlain by the Pleistocene Dupi Tila formation. Most depression and
canals are tectonically controlled. Topographically the cluster is almost flat, with many depressions, natural
khals, bounded by the Turag River. There are many vacant low lands on the bank of the Turag River, where
many brick manufacturing industries exist. The depressions and canals are dominated by organic clay and
peats. Topographically the study area is almost flat with slight undulations and stands few meters higher than
the surrounding area (Figure 5). A large part of the study area is covered by low-lying depressions. The area
slopes towards southeast, east and west, but general slope is from the north to southeast where the ground
surface merges gently with the floodplains of the Buriganga River. The elevation of the surrounding
floodplains of the area is variable. The average elevation of the Buriganga and the Lakhya River floodplains
are about 3 mPWD. The elevation of study area mostly varies from 0 mPWD to 12 mPWD. The western part
of core city area is fully developed and elevation of most area varies from 5 mPWD to 8 mPWD. On the other
hand, eastern part is partly developed elevation of for area is in the range of 0 mPWD to 7 mPWD. The
eastern part contains many depressions, natural khals and low lands. City fringe area belongs to the flood plain
of five rivers around Dhaka with some exception in four municipal areas outside Dhaka. A contour map of
Dhaka is generated from survey data and secondary data collected from DAP and Survey of Bangladesh. It
was found that about 50% of DAP area is below 4.00 mPWD, 38% of the total area is in the range of 4.00
mPWD to 8.00 mPWD and about 10% of the area is above 8.00 mPWD level. Table 3 summarizes a
classified elevation of the study area.
Table 3: Classified Elevation of Dhaka City

SL Range of Elevation (mPWD) Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area
1 Less than 4.00 776 50.80%
2 4.00-8.00 585 38.30%
3 8.00-12.00 145 9.48%
4 Greater than 12.00 22 1.43%
Total 1528 100%
2.3.1 Climate
Climate of Dhaka is Tropical and generally experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Climatic
condition of the Dhaka City and its adjoining area is more or less same and is influenced by Indian Ocean
Monsoon climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, one of the most widely used climate classification
system; Dhaka has a tropical wet and dry climate. In line with regional climatic characteristics Dhaka city
experiences four meteorological seasons like pre-monsoon (May to June), Monsoon (July to September), Post-
monsoon (October to November) and Dry (December to April).
Table 4: Climate Conditions in The Study Area

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Temp.(0C)
Max 34.2 36.6 40.6 42.3 40.6 38.4 35.2 35.9 35.3 38.8 33.3 31.2
Min 5.6 4.5 10.4 15.6 18.4 20.4 21.7 21.0 22 10.4 10.6 6.7
Average 18.8 21.5 26.1 28.7 28.9 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7 27.4 23.6 19.8
Rel. humidity 70 66 63 71 79 86 87 86 86 81 75 74
Evaporation (mm) 104 79 81 77 78 83 87 130 118 106 75 105
Wind 2 2 3 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 1 1
velocitities(knots)
Average 6.5 20.2 52.3 124.0 283 398.2 391.4 328.0 264.0 160 25.3 7.4
rainfall(mm)
(Source: BMD, 2012)
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Figure 5: Topographic Map of Study Area (RAJUK, 2013)
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2.3.2 Rainfall
Bangladesh Meteorological Department has 35 meteorological stations throughout the country. In our study
area, BMD has one rainfall station at Agargaon. BWDB also has four rainfall stations around the study area.
Rainfall data from the Dhaka station (BMD) for 1980 to 2012 show that the annual average rainfall in the city
is about 2,117 millimetres, of which about 50 per cent falls during the months of June. July and August.
Average rainfall during the winter months (December, January and February) is negligible, less than 2 per
cent of annual rainfall. Figure 6 shows average monthly rainfall of Dhaka. In the drainage study, maximum
daily rainfall intensity is one of the most important design parameter. In case of Dhaka, people experiences
flooding when a sudden heavy rainfall occurs. In September 2004, 341 mm rainfall occurred in 8 hours in
Dhaka which led to severe urban flooding (Ahmed, 2008). Serious drainage congestion took place in Dhaka
city due to 333 mm rainfall on 28 July, 2009 (Uddin, 2009). On that day around 290 mm rainfall occurred in
six hours. A ranked list of historic highest rainfall is given in Table 5.
Figure 6: Average Rainfall and Temperature of Study Area
Table 5: Maximum Daily Rainfall in Dhaka

Rank Date Rainfall in mm/day
1 14-Sep-04 341
2 28-Jul-09 333
3 14-Jul-56 326
4 16-Sep-66 257
5 22-Jul-71 251
6 25-May-72 231
7 19-Jun-63 189
8 21-Jun-61 185
9 12-Sep-06 185
10 12-May-65 177
Source: (BMD, 2012)
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2.3.3 Temperature
Maximum temperature may rise up to 400C and minimum temperature may go down to 60C. Average
humidity remains in the range of 80% to 90% during monsoon. Figure-6 describes the average monthly
maximum temperature, average monthly minimum temperature and average monthly rainfall of Dhaka. It was
found that maximum rainfall occurs during the period of June to September and average highest temperature
was observed during March-May.
2.3.4 Evaporation
Evaporation is the primary process of water transfer in the hydrological cycle. The evaporation including
transpiration form vegetated surface is known as potential evapotranspiration. Monthly evaporation varies
from 80 to 130mm.
2.3.5 Geology/ Soil

Dhaka is positioned at the southern tip of a Pleistocene terrace, the Madhupur tract along the Old
Brahmaputra, Turag, Bangshi and Sitolakkhya Rivers. This tract is made of sediments of Pleistocene age
which is underlain by the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila Formation. It is characterized by a huge sedimentary
sequence of mostly tertiary age testified high tectonic instability or mobility. The stratigraphy of the deep
basin including fore deep and fold belt to the southeast is characterized by an enormous thickness of tertiary
sedimentary succession. The rocks encountered here are much younger in geologic age and ranges between
Oligocene and Recent time. The basin has got the record of rapid subsidence and sedimentation. Two
characteristic geological units cover the city and surroundings, i.e. Madhupur Clay of the Pleistocene age and
alluvial deposits of recent age. The Madhupur Clay is the oldest sediment exposed in and around the city area
having characteristic topography and drainage. The major geomorphic units of the city are: the high land or
the Dhaka terrace, the low lands or floodplains, depressions and abandoned channels. Low-lying swamps and
marshes located in and around the city are other major topographic features. The subsurface sedimentary
sequence, up to the explored depth of 300m, shows three distinct entities: one is the Madhupur Clay of the
Pleistocene age, characterized by reddish plastic clay with silt and very fine sand particles. This Madhupur
Clay unconformable overlies the dupitila formation of the Plio-Pleistocene age, composed of medium to
coarse yellowish brown sand and occasional gravel. The incised channels and depressions within the city are
floored by recent alluvial floodplain deposits and are further subdivided into Lowland Alluvium and Highland
Alluvium.
The geotechnical characteristics of the Madhupur Clay in Dhaka city and its surroundings vary significantly
both aerially and vertically. The evaluated parameters, particularly its low strength and high compressibility
values indicate that the clay, to some extent, is problematic for engineering construction. The moisture content
and plastic limit results show that Madhupur Clay is normally consolidated to over-consolidate. The clay is
normal to active and has intermediate to high plasticity. The compressibility values suggest that the clay is
very low to highly compressible at different locations.
2.4 Land use

2.4.1 Existing Land use
The land use pattern of Dhaka city is rapidly changing during the last 20 years. The core city area is almost
developed and it occurred in an unplanned way. Four adjacent municipality areas are also developing and the
landuse pattern is hence changing. Specific guidelines were missing for the development from the very
beginning. A few years ago RAJUK prepared a Detail Area Plan (DAP) in which a detail land use plan for
each area of Dhaka city was identified by giving specific outline of the areas in terms of usage. Table 6
presents area under different types of land use. Figure-7 describes existing land use pattern of Dhaka.
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Table 6: Existing Land Use Classified Area

SL Land use Classification Area in Acre Area in Percentage
1 Agriculture 118825 38.07
2 Residential 73091 23.42
3 Flood Flow Zone 29021 9.30
4 Rural Settlement Zone 21830 6.99
5 Waterbody 19104 6.12
6 Diplomatic (Purbachal) 6292 2.02
7 Proposed Road 6098 1.95
8 Existing Road 5654 1.81
9 Education and Research 4727 1.51
10 Commercial Activity 3914 1.25
11 Manufacturing and Processing Activity 3813 1.22
12 Restricted Area 3754 1.20
13 Overlay Zone 3470 1.11
14 Mixed Use 3275 1.05
15 Vacant Land 2037 0.65
16 Circulation Network 1523 0.49
17 Water Retention Area 1502 0.48
18 Open Space 1321 0.42
19 Transport and Communication 623 0.20
20 Recreational Facilities 446 0.14
21 Heavy Industrial Zone 406 0.13
22 Miscellaneous 1368 0.44
(Source: RAJUK, 2012)
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Figure 7: Existing Land use (Source: RAJUK, 2012)
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2.4.2 Proposed Land use

The city development authority RAJUK has prepared detail area plan (DAP) where future land use pattern has
been proposed. The future land use pattern contains water body, flood flow zone, agricultural zone and open
space along with residential, commercial, industrial and other area. Figure-8 presents future land use pattern
of southern part of Dhaka city.
Table 7: Proposed Landuse by RAJUK In DMDP Area

Landuse Type Area (ha)
All Zones Core city Fringe Area
Agriculture 55882.20916 144.06050 55738.14866
Commercial Activity 1011.75767 220.44924 791.30843
Community Service 12.77622 12.77622
Diplomatic 2451.81446 2451.81446
Education & Research 1556.57868 374.81909 1181.75959
Filled Land 1012.64498 1012.64498
Forest Area 870.27111 870.27111
Governmental Services 79.11531 79.11531
Graveyard 22.91163 20.24366 2.66797
Health 68.80122 68.80122 0.00000
Historical 7.18149 7.18149 0.00000
Homestead 2570.26141 2570.26141
Industry 45.06417 45.06417
Institutional 523.29944 492.21298 31.08646
Manufacturing and Processing Activity 2137.41133 238.07354 1899.33779
Miscellaneous 363.69518 354.37024 9.32494
Mixed Use 1182.65531 1033.92130 148.73401
Non Governmental Services 0.00208 0.00208
Open Space 1838.73351 132.91147 1705.82204
Recreational Facilities 16.96656 16.96656
Residential 35015.77393 8598.34436 26417.42956
Restricted Area 1646.25719 682.20893 964.04826
Rural Homestead 168.33360 168.33360
Service Activity 187.01270 60.20670 126.80599
Transport & Communication 2979.60846 895.16021 2084.44825
Vacant Land 9673.16194 1.56870 9671.59324
Waterbody 12948.99183 812.27774 12136.71409
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Figure 8: Proposed Land use map in DMDP area (Source: RAJUK, 2012)
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2.4.3 Structural Plan

As a part of the Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan, the structural pan provides a long-term strategy for
the 20 years for the development of the greater Dhaka sub-zone with a population target of 15 million. The
plan consists of some policy documents with supportive maps. It identifies the order of magnitude and
direction of anticipated urban growth and defines a broad set of policies considered necessary to achieve
overall plan objectives. It considers the micro environmental aspects of Dhaka, both in its existing urban form
as well as for future development to keep the city free from all sorts of natural and manmade hazards. The
plan recognizes the positive and sustainable role of green belts, preservation of high quality wet and
agricultural lands and existing rivers in and around the city limits and their continuous upgrading and
evaluation and thus recommends for building a circular waterway round the city. The plan also earmarks a
number of retention ponds around the city limits for retaining rain water as well as for maintains an ecological
balance too and a healthy environment.
Figure-9 shows the Structural Plan (1995-2015) of RAJUK under DMDP. The broader strategies of Dhaka
Structure Plan 1995-2015 and their different aspects are given below:
Urban Strategies
 Land Consolidation
 Accelerated Development
 Planned New Area Development
 Long Term Planned New Area
Development Opportunities
 Rural and Special Areas Policies
 Areas of High Agricultural Value
 Flood Flow Zones
 River Pollution Control
 Flood Retarding Ponds
 Infrastructure Consolidation
 Fringe Area Growth Acceleration
 Flood Protection Works
 Infrastructure Initiatives
 Community Based Development Initiatives
 Priority Satellite Town/Dhamsona
 Long-term Satellite Town
 Purbachal New Town Project
 Special Incentive Zone (Economic Base)
Socio Economic Sector
 Industrial Estates
 Foot Loose Industries
 Polluting Industries
 Informal Sector Activities
 Dispersal of Commercial Activities
 City Open Space
Infrastructure Sector
 Incremental Network Development
 Eastern By Pass
 Commuter Rail Network
 Subway Development Program
 Water Transport Development Program
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Figure 9: DMDP Structural Plan (1995-2015) (Source: RAJUK, 2015)
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2.5 Infrastructures
Infrastructure of Dhaka city is merely inadequate against the demand of 12 million people. Traffic congestion
is one manifestation of inefficient and insufficient road and poor management. To carry out the demand of
housing the city already covered every corner in an unplanned manner. The services providing organization
are facing tremendous pressure with their limited resources and capacity. DCC and DWASA are the essential
city dwelling services providing Authority. DWASA currently supplies water to about 70% of the population
of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and its suburbs i.e., the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA). Sewerage
networks are only existent in the urban core area ostensibly covering about 30% of core Dhaka. DWASA is
also responsible for developing and operating the city’s stormwater drainage system that covers an area of
about (140 km2), including a network of stormwater drainage canals (“khals”) and pumping stations. The
city’s stormwater drainage system covers about 38% of the DCC area, to drain out flood waters through
natural canals into adjoining rivers. While DWASA is responsible for the stormwater drainage systems in
Dhaka, solid waste management in Dhaka remains the responsibility of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC).
Inefficient solid waste management in Dhaka adversely affects DWASA’s operations of the stormwater
drainage, particularly in slum areas where solid and other wastes are frequently thrown into the canals. Many
drains in DCC also double up as combined sewers carrying domestic sewage form the residence. Back-flow of
sewage into residential premises is a common occurrence during monsoon, period.
2.5.1 Road Network

Dhaka City has very inadequate road networks (Plate-1). For a standard city, where the minimum road
requirement is 25%, Dhaka has only 7.5% road of its total area. Figure-10 describes the road network of a
portion of core city in DAP area. 30% of the existing road of core city area is also occupied by the hawkers,
salesman and shopkeepers. A significant portion is occupied by construction materials and waste-containers of
the City Corporation, which also cause drainage congestion. It has become a regular practice to park the car
on road, such who build the drains and maintain them, whether they are built following and drainage standard
etc. Besides this, in most cases roads are serpentine rather than being straight. This ultimately breeds a number
of unnecessary junctions where vehicles automatically slow down. Again, these roads are also not well
constructed and regularly repaired. City Corporation, DESA, WASA, BTCL excavate the roads randomly
without any integrated and central plan. Limited parking arrangement is another major cause of excessive
traffic in Dhaka City.
Plate 1: Roads of Dhaka City
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Figure 10: Existing Road Network of Core City Area in DAP (DCC, 2012)
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Figure 11: Road Hierarchy Network of Core City Area (DCC, 2012)
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2.5.2 Drainage System

The existing internal drainage systems of Dhaka City consists of storm sewer lines, surface drains and open
channels (locally known as Khals) that ideally carry the stormwater as well as a part of waste water generated
in the city to the surrounding rivers. It may be mentioned that there were a good number of open channels in
the city areas which played a vital role to provide stormwater drainage to the city. Also there was sufficient
low land around the city which acted as water retention area of the concerned command area to retain the
excess water for time being. With rapid urbanization and unplanned development, most of these khals and
water retention area have been filled up and the capacity of natural drainage has diminished dramatically.
It is estimated that there are approximately 45 natural khals, totalling about 142 km that are part of the natural
drainage system. In addition to the open channels and lakes, there are about 380 km of storm sewer lines that
covers about 140 sq km of Dhaka and 8.75 km of box culverts under DWASA making up the stormwater
system of Dhaka. A storm sewer line varies in sizes ranging from 0.6 m to 3.0 m in diameter made of brick
and concrete. In order to assure the proper amount of drainage network exist within the city boundary, the
study team has done comprehensive survey works. Detailed information of that survey along with collection
of baseline data is briefly discussed in Annex-A. Table 8 lists the flood control structure in core city area.
Figure 12 shows the location map of existing drainage network and flood control structure of Dhaka WASA.
Western Dhaka is protected from river flooding by the embankment constructed along the Turag and
Buriganga rivers under FAP8 program. There are 2 pumping stations and 11 sluice gates along the western
embankment. These pump stations are located at Kallyanpur and Goranchatbari, evacuating stormwater from
western and north-western part of the city. Capacities of these stations are 20m3/sec and 22m3/sec
respectively.
Table 8: Flood proofing Structure in Dhaka City

SL Structure Longitude Latitude Structure Type Location
ID
1 S1 Not identified Uttara
2 S2 90.392117585 23.880247018 Sluice Uttara
3 S3 90.360290328 23.882324408 Sluice Uttara sector 18
4 S4 90.340030675 23.836963279 Sluice Mirpur
5 S5 90.343204741 23.828826429 Sluice Mirpur
6 S6 90.344479466 23.772737449 Sluice Gabtoli
7 S7 90.359511660 23.744676116 Sluice Rayer Bazar
8 S8 90.367348990 23.727280029 Sluice Nawabganj
9 S9 90.375618571 23.721733318 Sluice Amligola
10 S10 90.378923360 23.718683224 Sluice Shahid Nagar
11 S11 90.388909735 23.711988936 Sluice Kamalbag
12 FS1 90.40594444 23.87472222 Sluice Uttara (Rail Line)
13 FS2 90.40633333 23.85944444 Open B/Culvert Uttara (Rail Line)
14 FS3 90.41861111 23.83791667 Sluice Opposite of Nikunja-1
15 FS4 90.42080556 23.82469444 Sluice Opposite of Nikunja-2
16 FS5 90.42510221 23.82461341 Sluice Baridhara, Radison hotel
17 FS6 Not identified Gulshan
18 FS7 90.42533333 23.78911111 Sluice Shahjadpur
19 FS8 90.42330556 23.76841667 Sluice Rampura
20 FS9 90.42022222 23.74886111 Sluice Khilgaon
21 FS10 Not identified Shahjahanpur-Tilpapara
22 FS11 90.42466667 23.73630556 Sluice Kamlapur
23 FS12 90.42861111 23.72408333 Sluice Manik Nagar
24 FS13 90.42947222 23.71183333 Pipe Sluice Saidabad
*S= Sluice / culvert, FS= Flood proofing Structure
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It may be mentioned that the Progoti Sorani at the north leading to the Bishwa Road at the south of the city is
treated as the central spine road and acts as the embankment for the central and eastern part of Dhaka City. It
has been found that there are 13 outlets across this boundary, out of which 8 have flood-profing structures
(FS). These FS are normally remained closed during the peak monsoon following the flood water level at the
river side. Amongst the eight (8) flood-profing structures (FS), Rampura and Kamalapur (near Maniknagar)
on Begunbari Khal and Segunbagicha Khal catchment area respectively, have permanent pumping
arrangements for evacuating stormwater from country side. The capacity of Rampura pump station is about 25
m3/sec and Kamalapur pump station with capacity of about 15 m3/sec. There is also a pump station at the
downstream end of Dholai Khal at Mill Barrack, with a capacity of 22 m3/sec, to drain stormwater from
southern portion of Old Dhaka. Moreover, temporary pumps are installed at different points of western
embankment and flood walls to pump out stormwater out of the embankment during monsoon and heavy
rainfall out of the embankment during monsoon and heavy rainfall.
The Plate-2 and Plate-3 shows the flood controlling structures. All these Land uses, Cross section of khals
and other Detail Drainage Networks Maps are shown in details in Annex–B, (Detail Basin Maps and Khal
Cross sections.)
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Figure 12: Existing Drainage Network of DWASA (Source: DWASA, 2012)
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Kallyanpur Pump Station Kallyanpur Pump Station Sluice (S5)
Sluice near Nawabganj Sluice near Amligola (S9)
Sluice near Shahid Nagar (S10) Sluice near Kamalbag (S11)
Plate 2: Structures along west side of Dhaka
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Plate 3: Structure along center line of core city
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2.5.3 Water Supply

DWASA currently supplies water to about 70% of the population of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and
its suburbs i.e., the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA). The quality and quantity of service provision
throughout the area are not even. In particular, service provision is rudimentary in slum areas where the
majority of the poor resides. There are no piped distribution networks available in slum areas, although urban
slums account for 37% of the population of DMA (about 4 million people). Dhaka WASA has about 2600 km
water line and about 3 lac water connection to supply potable water to city dwellers. It covers more than 360
sq. km service area with 12.5 million people with a production of almost 2110 million liters per day (MLD).
Main source of watersupply of Dhaka WASA is ground water. Dhaka WASA has about 600 deep tube wells
throughout the city from where about 87 % of supplied water is extracted. Dhaka WASA has almost 100%
water coverage and the water demand in Dhaka city is 2.25 million cubic meters per day (2250 MLD), which
slightly exceeds the present supply of almost 2.11 million cubic meters per day (2110 MLD). At present 87%
of the supplied water is from ground water abstraction from Dhaka WASA’s 605 deep tube wells. The
remaining 13% water comes from surface water treatments. The upper and lower aquifers of Dhaka city are
about to exceed its withdrawal limit. Ground water depletion is occurring at an alarming rate. DWASA has
already taken steps to switch water supply from ground water to surface water. A summary of watersupply
system of Dhaka WASA is tabulated in Table 9
Table 9: Water Supply System of Dhaka WASA

SL Structures 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2012-2013
1 Deep Tube well 465 490 519 560 599 644
2 Water Treatment 4 4 4 4 4 4
Plant
3 Water 1700 MLD 1760 MLD 1880 MLD 1990 MLD 2150 2420 MLD
Production/day MLD
4 Water Line 2533.73 2600 km 2600 km 2600 km 2600 km 3040 km
km
5 Water Connection 2,43,477 2,56,477 2,74,368 2,86,911 3,02,132 325717
6 Hydrant (active) 38 38 38 38 38 38
7 Roadside Tap 1643 1643 1643 1727 1727 1727
(Source: DWASA, 2012-13)
2.5.4 Sewerage System

Along with water supply and drainage, Dhaka WASA is responsible for operation and maintenance of the
sewerage system and sewage treatment plants within the defined area of Dhaka City. At present, there are 882
kilometres of sewerage lines in Dhaka while there are 30 lift stations, one main pump station, one sewerage
treatment plant and small bore sewerage system at Mirpur. The domestic-consumption of water in Dhaka is
currently at 2250 MLD, out of which 80% is generated as sewage. Thus, the sewage generated by the city is
1800 MLD. Only 30% of it is from the city core area which has public sewer system and the remaining 70%
of the sewage is discharged into the city's stormwater drainage system. Thus, the discharge of sewage into
drains not only pose environmental and health hazard to public but it also diminishes the carrying capacity of
the drainage system which has a significant impact during monsoon period. Table 10 provides a summary of
sewerage system of DWASA. Over three lac households occupying 70% of the city area are currently out of
WASA's sewerage network. The areas include Uttara, Baridhara, Badda, part of Mirpur, Mohammadpur, part
of Gulshan and Jatrabari, Donia, Shyamoli, Kalyanpur, and a large area of the capital's northern part.
Untreated waste of these residential areas is dumped in rivers, canals and other water bodies in and around the
capital causing heavy pollution to surface water.
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Table 10: Sewerage System of Dhaka WASA

SL Structures 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 2012-2013
Connection to 1898
1 1827 1896 1898 1898 1898
Religious Place
2 Sewer Line 881.02 km 882 km 882 km 882 km 882 km 885
3 Sewer Lift Station 29 29 30 30 30 26
(Source: WASA, 2012-2013)
Dhaka WASA has developed a Sewerage Master Plan to provide public sewerage system for the entire city.
The Sewerage Master Plan proposes five new waste treatment plants in Dasher Kandi, North Dhaka, South
Dhaka, Gabtoli and Uttara and setting up of new pipelines by 2035 to provide sewerage service for about 32
million people. In the first phase, the capacity of Pagla Sewerage Treatment Plant would be increased to two
lac cubic metre per day. Sewerage system, transmission mains and treatment plants would be constructed at
Uttara, Mirpur, Rupganj, DND-Demra, Narayanganj and Rayerbazar catchments in the second phase. In the
third phase, sewerage treatment plants would be constructed within greater Dhaka including Gazipur, Tongi,
Savar and Keraniganj. Figure 123 shows existing sewerage network of Dhaka WASA.
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Figure 13: Existing Sewerage Network Coverage in Dhaka City (DWASA, 2013)
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2.5.5 Solid Waste Management

Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid wastes in
Dhaka City. Because of resource constraints and many other reasons, the DCC in general has not been able to
provide a satisfactory waste management system in Dhaka. The major sources of municipal solid wastes in
Dhaka are domestic, streets, market places, commercial establishments, clinics and hospitals. At present,
Dhaka City generates about 3500 - 4000 tons of solid waste per day, the per capita generation being 0.5
kg/day. Waste densities (350 to 450 kg/Cu.M) and moisture contents (50% to 70 % by wt.) are much higher
than the wastes in developed countries, generally contains a high organic (60% to 70%) and low combustible
matter. To make predictions about future waste generation from estimates of population requires prediction of
future per capita waste generation. Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS) (1998) used a simple
procedure for predicting future waste generation. The inter censual annual compound growth rate of
population, on the basis of the 1981 and 1991 census data, was estimated to be 2.74%. Assuming an annual
GAP (Gross Annual Product) growth rate of 4%, and that 70% of the additional income going into
consumption, waste generation growth factor based on GAP growth was taken as 4 x 0.070 = 2.8%. Based on
this growth rate and a 1998 per capita generation of 0.52 kg/capita/day, BCAS (1998) predicted waste
generations for the future years up to 2021. Using the same procedure as followed by BCAS (1998), another
estimate for future waste generation is made based on the population of 1991 (census) and population of 1999
(DCC 1999). The estimated population growth rate is 7.79%. Assuming the same waste generation growth
factor of 2.8%, an estimate of waste generation for future years is provided. Comparing above two estimates it
is observed that according to the predictions of BCAS (1998) the generation of solid waste would be around
8,478 tons/day by the year 2020 whereas the second estimate predicts that the waste generation will reach
over 30,195 tons/day by 2020. The wide variation in the two predicted values is due to the fact that the
population considered in two estimates differs considerably. With so much variation and uncertainty in the
present estimates of solid waste generation and population, one would have little confidence in any prediction.
Solid Waste Management of DCC is accomplished in following 4 phases:
 Primary Collection and Accumulation

 Transportation
 Final Disposal
 Recycling
Primary Collection: DCC is responsible for secondary waste collection to remove waste from its
dustbins/containers, and transport the waste to final disposal sites. Residents are responsible for bringing their
waste to DCC’s waste collection points where dustbins/containers are located as shown in Figure 14
Figure 14: Waste Collection System in Dhaka City
It is commonly observed that NGO/CBO or private firms are engaged in primary collection in Dhaka City.
Various local civil societies or CBOs duplicated the system of door-to-door collection introduced in
Kalabagan in 1987 that uses rickshaw van as basic collection tool.
Transportation: The wastes are transported by fleet of open (flat bedded) or closed vehicles (with vertically
sliding shutter on both sides) from the old part of the city where the roads and the lanes are narrow. In the new
P a g e | 37
part, de-mountable container system (hydraulically operated) is working. Every vehicle has got specified areas
and route through which they move to collect wastes. 370 Nos. of trucks (Both open and covered) and
container carriers are engaged in transporting the Solid Wastes from the dustbins/containers to the disposal
sites.
Final Disposal: Garbage Trucks and Carriers bring the collected Solid Wastes to the selected Dumping Sites.
City Wastes are only being used for filling low-lying lands. Some heavy equipment like Bull-Dodger, Tire
Dodger, and Pay Loader Excavators are being used for dressing and compaction of the dumping site. The
waste is presently being disposed of mainly on a low land (Matuail) about 3 kilometers from the corporation
area and a number of minor sites which are operated by uncontrolled manner without any proper earth cover
and compaction. The uncollected wastes are dumped in open spaces, streets, clogs drainage system creating
serious environmental degradation and health Risks.
Recycling: Dhaka City Corporation yet to have any Solid Waste re-cycling project; however, wastes which
have market value are being reclaimed or salvaged for recycling. Recycling contributes to resource
conservation as well as environmental protection. The major component of municipal waste organic food
waste is totally ignored even though it has a potential value and can be converted into organic compost. A
number of other recycling schemes (like waste to electricity, Waste to Bio-Gas, Waste to Tiles/building
materials etc) are under the consideration of the City Corporation and also the Government. Hopefully in a
near future some of those projects will be launched in the city.
2.6 Socio Economic Condition
2.6.1 Population
In global and regional context, Bangladesh population has drawn considerable attention of the social
scientists, policy planners and international organizations. Capital City Dhaka has emerged as a fast growing
megacity in recent times. It began with a manageable population of 1.6 million in 1974 (according to 1974
censes) which reached 12.04 million in 2011 (2011 census). Its share of national urban population was 25% in
1981, 31% in 1991 and 34% in 2001 respectively. The growth rate of the population during 1974-2000 was
6.9% (UN, 1998). There is no city in the world, which has experienced such a high growth rate in population
during this period. The United Nations (1999) describes the rapid population growth of this city as
‘exceptional’. The rapid growth of population is sinking this overloaded metropolis. Dhaka City Corporation
(DCC) area is the most densely populated area in our study area. It was found that present area under DCC
(South and North) is 131 sq km and population density is 64,192 per sq km. Population growth rate in DCC
area is 4.65%.
Table 11: Population of Dhaka City Corporation Area

SL Year Area (Sq km) Population Density (per sq km) Growth Rate (%)
1 1981 62.4 2475,710 39,675 5.21
2 1991 131 3839,000 29,305 4.48
3 2001 131 5339,880 40,762 3.35
4 2011 131 8409,151 64,192 4.65
Figure 15 shows the distribution of population in DAP area according to 2011 census which indicates that
most people live in Mirpur, Azimpur, Badda, khilgaon, Postagola area. Increase of population of Dhaka over
time series is described in Table 12. Population forecasting has been estimated for Dhaka city up to 2040.The
distribution of population in DAP area in 2040 is presented in Figure 16.
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Table 12 : Increase of Population in Dhaka City

Approximate
SL Period and Year Population Source
Area (Sqkm)
1 1600 Pre-Mughal Period 1 Unknown Islam, 1974
2 1700 Mughal Capital 50 90,000 Taylor, 1840
3 1800 British Town 8 200,000 Taylor, 1840
4 1867 British Town 10 51,000 Census, 1901
5 1911 British Town 10 125,733 Census, 1911
6 1947 Capital of East Pakistan 12 250,000 Census, 1951
7 1951 Pakistan Period 85 335,928 Census, 1951
8 1961 Pakistan Period 28 550,143 Census, 1961
9 1974 Capital of Bangladesh 40 1,600,000 Census, 1974
10 1981 Dhaka Municipality 62.4 2,475,710 Census, 1981
11 1981 Dhaka SMA 155.4 3,440,147 Census, 1981
12 1991 Dhaka SMA 1353 6,950,920 Census, 1991
13 2001 Dhaka SMA 1530 9,912,908 Census , 2001
14 2011 Dhaka SMA 1530 12,043,977 Census , 2011
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Figure 15: Population 2011 (BBS, 2011)
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Figure 16: Population forecast 2040 (Source: RAJUK, 2013)

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2.6.2 Household Size

Dhaka is one of the world’s fastest growing cities. This rapid urbanization has taken place in last 25 years and
the growth rate of the population is 6.9% and almost 50% of these populations live below poverty level. The
major portions of this population are migrant urban poor from rural areas for better economic opportunities
due to various reasons. According to International Organization for Migration (IOM), about 78% populations
of Dhaka city are migrant among which almost 70% migrants are living in slum. Average household size for
the urban areas of Dhaka city in 2011 is 4.66 and rural areas is 4.93. Previously in 2001 average household
size for urban and rural areas for Dhaka city were 4.26 and 4.15 respectively (Source: Community Report for
Dhaka Zila, June 2012, BBS). Literacy rate for male and female here are respectively 69.6% and 58.7%,
whereas overall literacy rate is 64.8%.
2.6.3 Land Ownership

Housing or arrangement of shelter is a major challenge for the inhabitants of Dhaka. As migrants are the lion’s
share of city’s population who don’t have their owned land here usually this declines the land ownership
scenario of the city to a great extent. As long as migrants continue to arrive, they often end up in illegal
settlements on precarious lands with major environmental concerns. The real scarcity of developable land is
exacerbated by an artificial scarcity, stemming primarily from the current use of substantial amounts of public
land in downtown Dhaka. In addition, close to 10 percent of the city’s housing stock is publicly owned and
held in low-rise building on very expensive land. In a study for the Government of Bangladesh and ADB in
1995, Islam et al. found that only 3.2 percent of the urban poor in Dhaka owned the plot of land on which their
dwelling unit was located. The Government has developed a National Housing Policy which reflects an
enabling approach to land and housing markets. This Policy, however, has not been implemented effectively.
Among the inconsistencies in implementation are the estimated 70 percent of urban development in the City
that is informal, large scale evictions of slum dwellers with no relocation plans, and building on
environmentally sensitive public lands such as flood or retention ponds.
2.6.4 Income and Expenditure

A study at 2008 by DCC (Baseline Household Survey 2008: Dhaka City Corporation - UPHCP II) shows that
the overall income is Tk. 6707 only. Alarming information is that almost 30% households have monthly
income below 3,000 Tk. It indicates the extreme poverty level for a major part of Dhaka City’s population.
This sort of income level reflects as a huge inequality in expenditure distribution pattern for different class
group of people. The poor spend the majority of their budget on food (62 %). Other major expenditures are
housing (14 %), and other non-food items (14 %). Spending patterns are quite different as compared to the
non-poor who spend a much lower proportion of their household budget on food (32%), but a higher
proportion on housing (24 %), other non-food items (17 %), transport (10 %), and health and education (11
%)). Both household assets and savings appear to be minimal, though this does vary from household to
household. According to “Baseline Household Survey 2008: Dhaka City Corporation” after bearing the
monthly expenditure only 33% people living in this city able to save something for their future. A good
number of people (67%) reaming saving less which increase economic risk and vulnerability.
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CHAPTER 3:
Stormwater Drainage Issues in Dhaka City
3.1 General
The purpose of this chapter is to identify the different types of stormwater drainage issues and challenges
those prevail in the study area. It will guide to find out solutions for effective and sustainable urban
stormwater drainage. The drainage obstruction and challenges can be characterized as followings:
3.1.1 Non Structural and Legislative

 Lack of Cooperation among agencies
 Lack of Operation and Maintenance
 Lack of effective political willingness and support
 Inadequacy of trained and well-equipped human resources
 Fragmented jurisdiction
 Poor public awareness
 Absence of effective land use regulation
 Lack of monitoring and enforcement of laws, acts and regulations
 Financial constrain.
3.1.2 Structural
 Siltation and slugging into main channels, canals or networks
 Improper solid waste management
 Illegal encroachment flood plain and low lying lands
 Indiscriminate Land Development
 Defective Drainage Structures
 Inadequate Pumping facilities and Drainage Infrastructures
 Obstruction of drains by utility lines
 Bridges and culverts
In order to address all these above-mentioned issues regarding stormwater drainage system in Dhaka, critical
analysis can be done from two perspectives as – structural and non-structural view. Some of the major
observations from these two perspectives are discussed in following part of the chapter.
3.2 Inventory of khals in Dhaka

The drainage lines of Core City of Dhaka include khals, storm sewer and tertiary drains and pipes. The
stormwater goes to storm sewer line through tertiary drains and pipes. Then the storm sewer carries the water
to khals which ultimately convey the water to pump stations. The major khals in Core City of Dhaka are as
follows:
1. Kallayanpur Main Khal:

Total Length is about 2.86 km starting from the junction of Kallyanpur Uma khal and Kallyanpur Gha
khal. The khal ends at Kallyanpur pump station. There were two box culverts in between upstream end
and Kallyanpur Bridge where the khal is reduced in cross section. Furthermore, the bed level of this
khal is raised by sediment deposition. Solid waste was found on the surface in most places of the khal.
2. Kallayanpur Branch Khals:
These khals include five branches of Kallayanpur khal as KA, KHA, GHA, UMA and CHA khal.
Kallyanpur GHA khal (1.21 km) is carrying stormwater from mostly Mirpur area and is suffering
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encroachment problem from starting point to end. This branch also has sedimentation problem and
filling with solid waste in different places. Kallayanpur UMA khal is about 1.06 km long and main
problem is blocking with sediment and solid waste. Kallyanpur KHA khal (3.33 km) starts from
Mirpur 1 and falls on main khal at Gabtoli. At upstream part the khal is sedimented at some point.
Solid waste was found floating all through the khal.
3. Katasur Khal:
This khal having a length of 2.27 km starts from Zafarabad area and ends on Ramchandrapur Khal.
Katasur Khal carries stormwater from Dhanmondi-Shonkor area. This khal also has common problem
of encroachment. Dumping of solid waste was found in many places which need to clean. There exists
14 road crossing on the khal through culvert and crossing with bamboo in many places (more than 25).
At upstream part, the khal is full with solid waste.
4. Ramchandrapur Khal:
It starts at the ending of Katasur khal. Total length is 1.42 km, which drains out stormwater of
Mohammadpur area. The khal has been found narrow in some places. During pick flow, it overflows
on box culvert near Mohammadpur.
5. Ibrahimpur Khal:
This khals starts from north corner of old airport and ends near Kachukhat bazaar area and is connected
to Baunia khal through box culvert. Total length is about 0.85 km. The bed of the khal is raised by
sedimentation.
6. Baunia khal:
It has a length of 7.64 km starts from Mirpur 14 and falls on Digun khal. It has a bridge near Kalshi. At
upstream part of the bridge, there exists water body that holds stormwater. However, this water body is
under threat of landfilling (Plate-4).
7. Abdullahpur Khal:
The length of the khal is 5.6 km, which starts from Abdullahpur sluice gate and falls on Digun khal.
The khal is in good condition but solid waste and sedimentation is reducing the capacity.
8. Digun Khal:
This khals having a length of 4.15 km starts from the confluence of Abdullahpur khal and Baunia khal
and ends at reservoir of Goranchotbari pump station. This khal is also in good condition.
9. Shangbadik Colony khal:
This khal is 1.91 km long, which starts from Mirpur 11 and falls on Baistec khal. This khal is
rectangular channel and main problem is sedimentation and solid waste. Another issue is sewerage
connection.
10. Mirpur Housing Khal:
Length of this khal is 1.01 km staring from Mirpur 11 and ends on Baistec khal. People are
encroaching from both sides of the khal. Solid waste is also reducing the carring capacity of this khal.
11. Baistec khal:
Length is 0.5 km and carrying the combined discharge of Shangbadik Colony khal and Mirpur Housing
khal. It falls on Baunia khal.
12. Sec-6 Digun Khal (Rupnagar):
Rupnagar khal is carring the stormwater generated from Rupnagar area. The length of this khal is 4.09
km.
13. Hazaribagh Khal:
Length of this khal is 0.44 km and it carries stormwater from hazaribag area. The khal is carrying huge
tannery waste. Solid waste is also reducing the capacity of the khal.
14. Koshai bari-Boalia khal:
It starts from the sluice gate of new airport and falls on Bowalia-Bowfar Khal. Total length is about
4.21 km.
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15. Khilkhet Boalia khal:

This khal runs in parallel with the proposed Bashundhara-Purbachal road. Total length is
approximately 4.34 km.
16. Boalia-Bowfar
It starts from the confluence of Khilkhet Boalia khal and Kashibari Boalia khal. The length is 3.04 km.
17. Kuril Boalia khal:
It starts from Nordha area, runs beside Bashundhara, and falls on Dumini khal. Total length is about
6.57 km.
18. Dumni khal:
This khals starts from ending of Kuril-Boalia khal and ends at Shahajadpur khal. Total length is about
5.92 km.
19. Shahajadpur Khal:
The length of the khal is about 1.9 km and it drains out the runoff from Shajadpur, Badda area.
20. Sutivola Khal:
This khal connects Begunbari khal and Shajadpur khal and total length is about 7.53 km. This khal is
still in good condition but development work is running on both side of the khal.
21. Begunbari Khal:
It is one of the most important khals in Dhaka. It drains out the discharge from Rampura pump station
and runoff generated from Rampura and Aftabnagar to Meradia Gozaria khal. Bank erosion was
observed on left bank of the khal. This khal is also being used as transportation of sand by boat.
Plate 4: Encroachment of Baunia Khal
22. Meradia-Gojaria Khal:

Total length is about 2.67 km and it drains the discharge of Begunbari khal to Balu River. The capacity
of the khal is still good.
23. Norail Khal:
This khal starts from Trimohony and fall on Balu River. It is in good condition. The length of this khal
is 2.2 km.
24. Gerani Khal:
This khal is carrying runoff generated from Basabo, Bonosri, Sabujbag and Khilgaon area. Total length
of this khal is 4.17 km.
25. Khilgaon-Basabo Khal:
This khal starts from ending of Shajahanpur khal and total length is about 1.48 km. This khals has box
culvert and rectangular channel. Sedimentation in box culvert reduces the capacity of box culvert.
Solid waste is also a problem of this khal.
26. Manda Khal: Total length is about 4.13 km and it carries discharge from Basabo khal and
Segunbagicha khal. The inventoryof existing khal in the corecity has been given in Table 13
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It is estimated that there are approximately 45 natural canals/khals, with a total of about 142 km that works as
the natural drainage system of Dhaka city. Out of these 45 canals, it was identified that 26 canals are under
jurisdiction of Dhaka WASA, a major part of which is under threat of encrotchment and filling.
The 26 canals are Kalyanpur main canal, Kalyanpur Ka, Kha, Gha, Uma and Cha canals, Katasur,
Ramchandpur, Abdullahpur, Diyabari, Digun, Gulshan-Banani, Mohakhali, Hazaribagh, Begunbari,
Khilgaon-Basabo, Manda, Sutivola, Badda-Shahjadpur, Rupnagar, Baisteki, Bouniya, Ibrahimpur canals,
Housing canal in Mirpur-14 and Jirani canal.
The other canals in the list, which are not under WASA, are Char Kamrangir Khal, Begunbari-Meradiya-
Gajariya, Dakkhingaon-Nandipara, Rajarbagh-Nandipara, Nasirabad-Nandipara, Nandipara-Trimohoni and
Boufar (Boualiya) canals.
a. Encroachment near Mirpur Embankment b. Encroachment near Rayer Bazaar
Plate 5: Encroachment at Mirpur and Rayer Bazaar
Plate 6: Illegal Encroachment of Flood plain in Ashulia Area
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Table 13: Existing Khal inventory in core city of DMP area

FID Canal Name Length(km2) FID Canal Name Length(km2)
1 Kashaibari- Boalia Khal 4.21 24 Kamrangirchar Khal 1.61
2 Tongi Khal 23.45 25 Kashibari Uttara Rway boropit 3.32
3 Abdullahpur khal 5.6 26 Katasur Khal 2.27
4 Baistec Khal 0.5 27 Khilgaon Basabo 1.48
5 Baunia khal 7.64 28 Khilkhet Boalia Khal 4.34
6 Begunbari khal 2.61 29 Kuril-Boalia Khal 6.6
7 Bowalia Bowfar Khal 3.04 30 Manda Khal 4.13
8 Dhakhingaon Nandipara 4.68 31 Meradia Gojaria 2.67
9 Diabari Khal 1.82 32 Mirpur Housing Khal 1.01
10 Digun Khal 4.15 33 Mohakhali Khal 0.47
11 Dumni Khal 5.42 34 Nandipara Trimohini 1.66
12 Gerani Khal 4.1 35 Nasirabad Nandipara 1.6
13 Gobindapur Khal 3.84 36 Norail Khal 2.2
14 Gulshan Banani Khal 2.78 37 Ramchandrapur Khal 1.42
15 Hazaribag Khal 0.44 38 Rayerbazar Khal 0.85
16 Housing Khal 0.73 39 Sec-6 Digun Khal (Rupnagar) 4.15
17 Ibrahimpur Khal 0.85 40 Segunbagicha Khal 1.79
18 Kallayanpur Branch KA 2.66 41 Shahajadpur Khal 1.9
19 Kallayanpur Branch KHA 3.33 42 Shajahanpur khal 0.84
20 Kallayanpur Cha Khal 0.94 43 Shangbadik Colony khal 1.91
21 Kallayanpur Gha Khal 1.21 44 Sutivola Khal 7.53
22 Kallayanpur Main Khal 2.86 45 Dholai khal .306
23 Kallayanpur Uma Khal 1.06 TOTAL 142
Figure 17 shows the location map of existing khal in the core city area of Dhaka.
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Figure 17: The Existing Khal inventory map in Core city area. (Source: Field survey, 2013)
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3.3 Non-Structural Issues

3.3.1 Lack of Operation and Maintenance
The drainage system of Dhaka city is suffering from negligence in operation and maintenance from its very
beginning. Initially the problem was not so miserable. During last 30 years, the city expanded in rapid motion
and population increased in booming way. As a result, incredible pressure impinges on the natural drainage
which changes the drainage system in such condition that maintenance and cleaning is required every year.
Dhaka WASA has about 4000 staffs in total and they are providing three most important city dwelling
facilities including water supply, sewerage, and drainage. It is difficult for Dhaka WASA to clean the total
existing drainage system every year due to shortage of resources and budget. Moreover, 8.75 km box culvert
is silted up which needs spatial arrangement to clean. Another point for cleaning purpose is that it sometimes
required removal of illegal encroachment which is not possible all the time (Plate-6). At present, Dhaka
WASA is doing operation and maintenance work within their capacity. During rainy day, they took spatial
attention to clean the block so that water can drain out quickly.
3.3.2 Lack of Cooperation among agencies

Although the responsibility of Stormwater drainage management goes to Dhaka WASA, the role of other
organizations cannot be overlooked. Other related organizations regarding drainage issues in the DMP area
are DCC, RAJUK, BWDB, and Cantonment Board. DCC has drainage system within their boundary which
mainly acts as tertiary drains. The cantonment board is maintaining cantonment area. The prime intention of
RAJUK is to develop, improve, extend and manage the development of the city and the peripheral areas
through a process of proper development planning and development control. BWDB has one pump station in
the city and are maintaining flood protection embankments. For an effective drainage system, a close
coordination among these organizations is required. At present, there is a lacking of coordination among the
organizations. Here Dhaka WASA and Dhaka City Corporation are the two organizations which are closely
related with drainage.
3.3.3 Non-integrated Urban Development Plan

Rapid population growth and so rapid urbanization during the last three decades has taken place, which
creates extra pressure on the land. As a result, at present Dhaka City is already overcrowded. Substantial
increase in built-up areas has taken place due to development of residential and commercial areas mostly
through private land developers and real estate business. Agricultural lands, low lands, wet lands; water
bodies and natural drainage give way to housing developments and roads. This urbanization and unplanned
development activities resulted in substantial increase in impervious area, created obstruction to natural
drainage pattern, and reduced detention basins, which has almost undoubtedly must have aggravated the water
logging problem in Dhaka City. Considerable amount of urban development plan regarding Dhaka city has
been formulated at different time periods such as DMDP Structure Plan ( 1995-2015), Urban Area Plan (1995-
2005), Detailed Area Plan (2006-2015), Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Plan
(1981), along with Town Improvement Act, 1953 etc. But none of these plans and even act ever integrates
drainage and flood control measures as one of the prime focus urban development. Present strategy of the
concerned authorities for city development is extending the city limit to accommodate ever-growing
population rather than paying emphasis on implementation, conservation, maintenance and enforcement.
3.3.4 Fragmented Jurisdiction

Dhaka WASA is providing the service of stormwater drainage for Dhaka city. Its service area covers an area
of 360 sq km. Dhaka WASA is maintaining 380 km sewer line, 65.6 km khal/canal, 8.75 km box culvert, four
pump stations. On the other hand, Dhaka City Corporation is providing services for surface drainage which
covers an area of 132 sq km. DCC is responsible for development and maintaining work of tertiary drains.
Bangladesh Water Development Board is operating one pump station at Goranchatbari. BWDB is also
P a g e | 49
maintaining the flood embankment, floodwall and some sluices. DC office also owns some natural khal/canal
and khas land. This fragmented jurisdiction of area and services regarding drainage is constraining for an
integrated drainage system. Furthermore, these organizations work under different ministry.
3.3.5 Lack of Proper Planning and Implementation

During last 30 years, Dhaka city developed and expanded in rapid motion. In most cases, urbanization is
driven in unplanned way, which is transforming the existing landscape without considering the possible
consequences and requirement for environmental sustainability. RAJUK has approved a Detail Area Plan
recently but it is far away from implementation. In the meantime, rapid unplanned urbanization, unpredictable
pressure of population, filling up and encroaching of the natural drains and improper construction of roads of
city has already messed up the entire natural drainage system. The earliest detailed study to prepare a Master
plan for flood protection and internal drainage of Dhaka city was undertaken by the Department of Public
Health Engineering (DPHE) in 1968. The study covering an area of 75 sq. km included construction of an
embankment around the City, pump stations, and other internal drainage facilities. In 1978, DPHE reviewed
the 1968 Master Plan and prepared a plan of flood control and drainage works. A Study on Stormwater
Drainage System Improvement Project in Dhaka City was carried out by JICA (JICA, 1987). Another study
was done under FAP8 in 1991. After that study IWM performed a study in 2006 regarding drainage Master
plan of Dhaka city. However, Dhaka WASA has not a complete guideline or master plan regarding drainage
and the drainage situation in a mega city like Dhaka is still far from being satisfactory, which is acutely
evident during periods of even moderate showers.
3.3.6 Lack of Act, Legislation and Enforcement

There was no specific act and legislation regarding drainage from the very beginning of the city. There is no
binding to work jointly among the different organizations. Furthermore, some people took the benefit of
lacking of act by grabbing, developing, filling and encroaching lands which are important for drainage. The
available acts and legislation are Embankment and Drainage Act (1952), National Water Policy (1999), Water
Supply and Sanitation Act (1996), Drainage Policy (2006), The Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act
(1995), Open space, park and natural water reservoir Conservation Act (2000) etc. Most of the existing laws
and regulations for planning and development of Dhaka City are very old and in some cases outdated in terms
of present development, control and needs. Necessity of an appropriate urban drainage act integrated with
present and future planning and development work is a crying need of time for Dhaka city as well as other
urban areas. At present, Dhaka WASA has three Magistrates for enforcement activity. The magistrates are
driving their activity mainly for disconnecting illegal connections. Special drive is required to make free the
illegal encroached drainage land which requires cooperation of other organizations also.
3.3.7 Implementation of Building Codes and Landuse Restrictions

To improve the situation of urban development, the city authority especially RAJUK has adopted several land
and structural development policy such as Building Construction Rules-2008, Bangladesh National Building
Code (BNBC), and Land Development for Private Housing Act, 2004. All these policies emphasized on
limiting the maximum ground coverage or pavement through introducing Floor Area Ration (FAR) method in
building construction. According to BC Rules-2008 any land owner can use upto 60% of his total land for
construction and remaining part will be kept free for ground water percolation. But in real, no land owner is
following the rules; even the authorities are also not interested to monitor all these issues. As a result, surface
runoff is increasing day by day from the downtown of the city. These regulations also mention about some
specific amount of land should be kept for future construction of drains, provisions or septic and sock-well are
also available in these. Plate-7 shows a representative scenario of violating building construction rules by
covering the common space (No Area Kept Unpaved for Ground Water Infiltration).
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Plate 7: Violation of BC Rules-2008
The Government has framed the Natural Water Bodies, Open Space, Playground and Park Protection Law,
2000 to protect the natural water bodies, canals, rivers, and depressed low laying areas and open spaces within
metropolitan areas of Bangladesh. It provides power to the concerned authorities to protect water bodies and
avoid environmental hazards. But in reality from the field survey, it has been found that most of the buildings
and housing companies are developing land by violating this Act. For lack of law enforcement and strong
monitoring, people violated the plans during the construction of their buildings and structures. They build
their structures in their own way. They do not follow the instructions, which has described in the Building
Construction Rules, 2008. For the shortage of building inspectors in RAJUK, negligence of their duties and
above all their corruption, people take opportunity of violating plan. With the growth of Dhaka, RAJUK has
failed to prepare the Detail Area Plan on time as per the guidelines of DMDP that has created an opportunity
to violate some important proposals of DMDP. Proposals of Structure Plan and Urban Area Plan of DMDP
are being violated in many cases and RAJUK failed to take action against the responsible person and land
developing companies. RAJUK failed to implement the planning standards of DMDP and planning rules of
DAP.
3.3.8 Lack of Effective Political Support

In Bangladesh political support plays an important role in every sector. Although drainage issue of Dhaka city
is very important for city dwellers, it fails to arrest the attention of policy makers from the very beginning of
the city. Without the engagement of political leaders, removal of illegal structures from drainage area and
salvage of the lost land is not possible. To make sure that the drainage related organizations are working
together, a lot of works have to be done and this responsibility goes to policy makers. Political support is also
required to pass and implement drainage act. Political leader and worker in root level should be brought in one
umbrella to increase their support into development activities. For that reason, Polical leader in upper level
can take intiative to motivate them.
3.3.9 Financial Constraint

Dhaka WASA is collecting tariff for water supply and sewerage facility but there is no option for collecting
tariff against drainage facilities. At present WASA is getting a lump sum amount for operation and
maintenance activity from government. There is financial limitation for any extensive cleaning work.
3.3.10 Drainage and Floodplain Encroachment

The value of land is increasing day by day in and around of Dhaka city. Inside the core city, the land owners
never want to lose half inch of land, furthermore there is a common tendency to extend land area where there
is a scope. As the monitoring system of government land is not strong enough, some people always try to take
advantage; in some cases, they use power. Due to encroachment, some khals are already vanished in the core
P a g e | 51
city area. Another common scenario is to make temporary house on the drainage canal for slum people.
Outside the core city area, the land developers and other private companies already bought huge land area
which includes floodplain and wetland. Some portion of the land is already filled and the rest are on the way
of filling.
Encroachment of natural drainage system has become a common practice in Dhaka where the land value is
tremendously high. Many of the natural drainages of Dhaka City disappeared or are in way to lose their
existence due to illegal encroachment. The filling-up of vast areas in Ashulia, Banashree, Aftabnagar,
Meradia, Baunia, Badda, Amin Bazar and Hatirjheel, known as water catchments, increased the hazards of
water logging that swamped much of the city (Plate-6). The Detail Area Plan has clearly marked these areas
as a water retention area. But the developers and land owners have occupied and filled up those areas. A
significant amount of impervious surface has increased in these watersheds due to expansion of the Dhaka
Metropolitan area over the last few decades. Due to rapid urbanization with unplanned construction, most of
the khal in the city has been encroached and filled up, causing obstruction to the smooth flow of water to the
out fall rivers. In July 2001, BIWTA prepared a list of 309 illegal establishments. However, environmental
activists assert that the illegal structures may be as high as 5,000.
Again, the DND area is bounded by the Lakhya River in the east, the Buriganga River in west, the Nrayanganj
Municipality in the south and the Dhaka-Demra-Chittagong Road cum embankment in the north. The DND
project area was an irrigation project, protected from floods by polders and drained by pumps. Because of
flood free area with comparatively low value of land, urban fringe land has undergone tremendous pressure of
development. Due to the encroachment and filled up the khal, low land and water bodies in the city, the
storage facilities have been reduced. Furthermore, the pump station is below requirement from the beginning.
The Fringe area is about 1168 sq km which include three municipal areas as Savar, Gazipur and Kadamrasul.
The rest of the area is rural in nature and under natural drainage system. Within the area of these three
municipalities, the major problem is unplanned drains, insufficient and defected drains.
Plate 8: Clogging of Drains and Inlets due to Unconscious Works of the City People
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3.3.11 Poor Public Awareness

In general, most people living in urban area of Bangladesh are not aware about drainage. In Dhaka about 40%
people live in slum area and they have not scope to think about drainage rather than fighting for daily needs. A
major portion of waste generated from these people goes to drainage system by any way. Sometimes people
throw waste on the roads and drains without thinking any consequences. Many small shops have been
established on the both side of roads and the owner and customer do not pay attention to the generated waste.
Some people are educated but not aware about drainage. Very often people used to dump their waste into
nearby drains, which clogs the inlet and eventually when it rains water cannot pass to the main drain. Like
solid waste same scenario is identifiable for construction materials. Roadside storage of construction materials
causes clogging of inlets very acutely. As a result, very often people experiences water logging in the city
streets. Which to establish an effective drainage system in Dhaka city the need of social awareness is
unavoidable (Plate-8).
3.3.12 Improper Solid Waste and Sewer Management

One of the major causes of blocking of drainage line is improper management of solid waste. The solid waste
management system of Dhaka is not improved up to the level to protect the drainage system from the entering
of solid waste. A portion of generated solid waste in the city goes to drainage system every day. This
continuous process causes blockage of inlets, drains, pipes and khals which ultimately reduces drainage
capacity. The existing inadequate sewer line sometimes cannot carry full of the generated sewage. Because of
overflow or leakage, the sewer enters into drainage system which causes environmental threats.
3.3.13 Lack of Training and Equipment

For operation and maintenance work of storm sewer and box culvert, mechanical cleaning equipment is
required. The cleaning process of DCC is mostly manual. Most of the cleaners are not trained and they use
geriatric equipments (Plate-9).
3.3.14 Monitoring of Developers and Contractor’s Activity

Due to rapid urbanization and huge population, a lot of private land developers and real estate companies are
graving the land to accommodate the housing and industry. There is a lacking in monitoring the activity of the
companies. Moreover, there is tendency of these companies to violate existing rules and regulations which
ultimately create problems in drainage system. For cleaning purpose, Dhaka WASA engages with a
contractor. Sometimes WASA cannot strictly monitor all the activities of contractor at all places.
3.3.15 Improper Wastewater Management

At present about 70% of the area is out of sewerage facilities in Dhaka. Moreover, the population of Dhaka
city is increasing in alarming rate and the management of sewer is not improving keeping pace with increasing
population. There are uncountable illegal connections to drainage line in many areas which directly deposit
sewer to drainage system. Sometimes people desludging septic tanks to drainage canal.
3.3.16 Desludging of Septic Tanks

There is no regular maintenance of the septic tanks in Dhaka. As such, most of the tanks are filled by settled
sludge and therefore, there is no detention of the raw sewage in the tanks. What enters to the tank goes out
without much treatment of the wastewater? Such condition has negative impact on the water quality in the
drains. Regular desludging of the septic tanks would improve the water quality in the drains but present
practice for desludge the drains is not environment friendly and hygienic.
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Plate 9: Ongoing Cleaning Works of Drains

3.4 Structural Issues
Major structural issues of stormwater drainage of Dhaka city are inadequate in terms of quantity and quality;
defective drainage structure; hindrance of natural drainage; in discriminant land development; filling the flood
plains and reduced capacity of natural drainage etc.
3.4.1 Inadequate Drainage Infrastructures

Dhaka, one of the fast growing metropolises of the world, has not developed the drainage system in a planned
way. Booming urbanization has already transformed the urban drainage system of Dhaka city in a complex
network of drains - both open and closed. At present, the roadside drains flow into bigger drains or sewers
which in turn empty into large canals, locally known as Khal. The roadside drains mainly known as tertiary
drains are under Dhaka City Corporation. It was estimated that Dhaka City Corporation has approximately
2000 km drainage line which include roadside drains and pipe network. The tertiary drainage network of DCC
covers most part of its present jurisdiction area of 132 sq. km where Dhaka metropolitan area is about 360 sq
km. This drainage network conveys water from distinct location to WASA drainage network. At present
Dhaka WASA have 380 km storm sewer line, 65.6 km open channels and 8.75 km box culvert to drain out the
water. There are three permanent and two semi-permanent pump stations around the western part of Dhaka to
pump out stormwater outside the embankment/road. The study area of this project is 1528 sq km and Dhaka
WASA present jurisdiction covers 360 sq km which mainly belongs to core city inside the project area. The
total drainage area covers approximately 140 sq km which is about 40% area of WASA’s service area
coverage. A large number of areas are still out of drainage facilities. Moreover, the drainage system of
covered area is not fully effective. Table 14 provides a summary of drainage facilities of Dhaka WASA. Table
15 shows the DWASA drainage classification in DCC area. The drainage network maintained by DCC has
been showed in Table 16
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Table 14: Details Database of Drainage System of Dhaka WASA
2007- 2008- 2010- 2011- 2013- 2014-

Drainage 2009-2010 2012-2013
2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 2015
Storm Sewer 360km 380km
265 km 275 km 275 km 275 km 290km 345.60km
Line
Open Canal 65 km 65 km 65 km 65 km 65.6 km 65.6 km 65.6 km 65.6 km
Box Culvert 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.5 km 8.59km 8.75 km 8.75 km 8.75 km
Fixed 4 4
Pumping 2 2 3 3 4 4
Station
10 20 20 20 20 20
1) Kallyanpur 20 m3/sec 20 m3/sec
m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec
22 22 22 22 22 22
2) Dholaikhal 22 m3/sec 22 m3/sec
m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec m3/sec
25 25
3)Rampura - - - -
m3/sec m3/sec
15
4)Kamlapur
m3/sec
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) has also constructed one pumping station (capacity
22 m3/s) at the northwestern part (Goran Chadbari at the outfall of the Degun khal into the Turag
River) of the city. Another pumpstation (14.52 m3/s) in shimrail has been used for agricultural
purpose. But recent this pumpstation is working for dual purpose such as flood control.
Table 15: Classification of Existing Storm Sewer line of DWASA
Major Classification Length (km) Total length km
Primary Network 146.35

345.60
Secondary Network 199.25
Tertiary Network
(Field survey, 2013)
Table 16: Classification of Drainage network of DCC
Major Classification Types Length (km) Total km

Open Drain 2.04
Primary Drain 8.32
Pipe Drain 6.28
Open Drain 4.05
Secondary Drain 24.73
Pipe Drain 20.68
Open Drain 1339.97 2344.56
Tertiary Drain
Pipe Drain 1004.59
Total length 2377.61
(Field survey, 2013)
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Goranchatbari pumpstation
maintained by BWDB
Rampura pumpstation
Kallayanpur pumpstation
Kamlapur pumpstation
Dholaikhal pumpstation
Figure 18: The Map of Existing Drainage Network of Different Organisations in Dhaka City
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3.4.2 Improper Drainage Infrastructures

The major components of drainage system in Dhaka city are roadside drains, DCC pipes, WASA storm sewer
line, Box culvert, catch pit connection pipes, modified natural canal, natural canal, manholes, sluice, culvert,
detention/retention ponds and pump stations. Dhaka city was developed in an unplanned way subsequently
there was inattention in development of an effective drainage system. Furthermore, lacking of specific design
and construction guideline for drainage structure offered a room to different authorities to design and
construct drainage structure in different standards.
Roadside Drains: These drains are suffering from defects of size, shape, slope and blockage. There is a
variety of drain size of same order. In some cases, higher order drains are not big enough to carry out the
stormwater to the main canals. In most cases, the shape of the drains is not in uniform shape. Partially broken
drains are found which reduces flow capacity. Many pipes were found crossing the roadside drains which
create resistance during peak flow. However, the foremost critical problem is blockage of the drains with solid
waste, construction materials and other obstacles.
DCC pipes: The size of pipe installed by DCC generally varies from 0.3 to 0.6 meter which is not adequate to
carry stormwater in many cases. A variety of slope was found along pipe network. Moreover, the most
prominent and common difficulty is blockage of the pipe.
Box Culvert: Dhaka WASA has 8.75 km box culvert. The main problem of the box culvert is blockage with
solid waste and construction materials.
Storm Sewer Line: The inlet and outlet of storm sewer line is blocked in some places.
Catch pit connection: The catch pit connections are inadequate in number and in many places it is blocked
with solid waste or construction materials and also covered by road carpeting.
Natural canal: The size of natural canal is narrowing due to tremendous pressure of urbanization. Moreover,
the shape of the canals inside the core city area is not uniform and most of the canals lost its natural slope due
to sedimentation and dumping of waste. At some places the canal is almost blocked due to combined effect of
encroachment and waste dumping. Making temporary house on canal for slum people is a common scenario in
Dhaka which also causes blockage of the canals.
Manholes: A major portion of manholes in Dhaka city is defective from engineering point of view. The
common defects are missing cover, fixed cover, and carpeting over manhole, improper placing and blockage
(Plate-10).
Plate 10: Problems of Manholes
Culvert: In most cases the size of the culvert is smaller than the size of the canal. In some cases, culvert is
constructed narrowing the canal which creates a scope of encroachment at both sides of the culvert. It was
found that dumping of waste near culvert is much more than other part of the canal which also causes
blocking of the culvert (Plate-11)
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Plate 11: Problems of Culverts

Sluice: There are 24 flood control structures in core city where as eleven sluices along the western part of the
city and 13 flood proofing structure along middle portion of the city (Figure 20). Some of the structures are
blocked due to dumping waste and homestead development. Present status of these flood sluice structure is
shown in Table 16. The drainage network and flood control structure in Dhaka city has been shown in
Figure 19
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Figure 19: Existing Drainage Network and Flood Control Structure of Dhaka city (Field Survey, 2013)
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Table 17: Flood Control Structures around Western Dhaka

SL ID Description and Status
1 S1 At Uttara, Not found in the field.
2 S2 Sluice at Abdullahpur, good condition
3 S3 Sluice Uttara 3rd Phase, good condition
4 S4 Not found in the field.
5 S5 Sluice at Goranchotbari, there is a pump station of BWDB
6 S6 Sluice at Kallyanpur, there is a pump station of WASA
7 S7 Not found in the field
8 S8 Sluice at Nobabgonj, functioning good
9 S9 Sluice at Amlogola, functioning good
10 S10 Sluice at shahid nagor, functioning well.
11 S11 Sluice at kamal bagh, not functioning, completely blocked
12 FS1 At Uttara Rail line, not functioning. Downstream part is completely blocked.
At Uttara Rail line, it drains waste water and rainwater mostly from Sector # 4 of Uttara
13 FS2
Model Town and works well. But it has no permanent flood proofing system to protect flood.
At Nikunja Rail line, it drains rain water from the airport runway and partly from Nikunja
14 FS3
area.
15 FS4 At Nikunja Rail line, It drains rain and waste water from Nikunja area
16 FS5 At Gulshan, Not found in the field.
17 FS6 At Gulshan, Not found in the field.
At Shahjadpur, it is found in good condition and it has flood proofing gates. It drains rain and
18 FS7
waste water from Maddhya Badda area
At Rampura, it drains water from central part of Dhaka city through Begunbari khal. It is in
19 FS8
good condition. Temporary pumps are installed.
At Khilgaon near Kidmah Hospital, this structure drains rain water and waste water from
20 FS9
khilgaon area towards Shahjahanpur khal and it is in good condition.
At Shahjanhanpur near Khilgaon Flyover, Dhaka WASA maintaining this structure and
21 FS10
constructed flood proofing gates at the Shahjahanpur side.
22 FS11 At Kamlapur, Not in operation and downstream completely blocked by local people.
At Maniknagar, One of the major flood proofing structure and it drains water through
23 FS12
Segunbagicha khal and it is in good operating condition.
At Saidabad over Dholai Khal, Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) constructed a box culvert
24 FS13
cum road on the Dholai khal.
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Figure 20: Flood Control Structures around Western Dhaka
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Due to the shortage of proper infrastructure, the city people have been experiencing frequent water logging
during monsoon. Some of the areas of Dhaka such as Shantinagar, Mirpur, Fakirapool, motijheel etc. are very
well known for their flooding character. With a minimum amount of rain these areas are used to go under the
water. During field survey , the major water logged areas in core city and DND have been identified and
which are shown in Figure 21
Figure 21: Major Water Logged Areas in Core City and DND Area
3.4.3 Hindrance of Natural Drainage

The drainage coverage of Dhaka WASA is 140 sq. km. which is much less than required area. The
infrastructure related to the drainage system has been developing in an unplanned way by different
government agencies to mitigate immediate crisis even without coordinating with other agencies. As a result,
the drainage system is absolutely in a mess. Moreover, most of the existing system is ineffective due to
blockage. In core city area most of the natural drainage is adjacent to housing area. As the land value is
extremely high there is always a tendency to block the nearby khal. It was found that at some places people
built houses just on the khal. The most common picture is slums on the khal which reduces the width of khals
and thereby decrease the carrying capacity. The waste generated from the slums also goes to the khals. A large
portion of generated waste by the city dwellers goes to natural drainage which causes blocking of drainage.
On the other hand, most development work stores construction materials on the nearby road. The materials
specially sand and cement goes easily to the drainage system and causes sedimentation which also reduces
carrying capacity. In some cases, DCC built culvert or small bridges over khals or natural drainage by
narrowing the channel. Because of this, landowners on the both side of the structure get opportunity to
encroach. In some cases, the pipe culvert constructed by DCC is not big enough to carry the discharge from
one side to another.
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3.4.4 Indiscriminate Land Development

RAJUK is entrusted with the responsibility of improving the physical and urban condition of Dhaka city. It is
the supreme authority for three specific areas - preparing plan for Dhaka city, execution of plan and control its
development within its jurisdiction. But there is lacking in plan execution, especially control of its
development as per the plan and the norms and planning laws of the city.
RAJUK provides ‘Planning Permission’ and ‘Land use Clearance’ to the private landowner to construct any
structure on his/her land in the urban areas in accordance with the provisions made under master plan. But due
to severe shortage of skilled manpower, corruption in the planning permission process, lack of visionaries and
weak monitoring capacity of RAJUK, Dhaka city grew in a haphazard way and has turned into an
unmanageable mega city. The validity of the 1959 Master Plan ended in 1981. Thereafter, up to 2010, there
was virtually no valid plan for Dhaka city. The 1959 Master plan was carried up to the recent time, when the
Detailed Area Plan was prepared within the framework of DMDP Structure Plan and got approval of the
government, though its implementation is still uncertain. As a result, absence of the city’s master plan in the
last 30 years and the weak monitoring system of development authority, Dhaka grew haphazardly during this
period when the pressure of growth was tremendous. In this period, urbanisation has taken place in two ways;
densification in the built up areas and city expansion for new urban areas in the low land surroundings of the
city. During 1990-2000, about 270 sq km of wetlands in and around Dhaka city has been filled up.
3.4.5 Undesired Land Development at Retention Areas and Flood Flow Zone.
FAP-8B study by JICA was to provide a relatively flood free and secured living environment within the
framework of a long term flood protection program for Dhaka. FAP-8B had four parts namely: Part-A: Flood
Protection; Part-B: Drainage; Part-C: Environmental Improvement; Part-D: Implementation Assistance. Part:
A & B comprised of the proposals on drainage and retention ponds. FAP-8B proposed for three retention pond
areas with pumping facilities. Location of these retention pond areas were Goranchotbari, Kallyanpur and
Dholaikhal. Table 18 shows the amount of proposed, acquired and present amount of effective land for
retention pond in the FAP-8B area. In Goranchotbari site, about 274 hectors of land was designated as
retention pond areas, whereas FAP-8B proposed 304 hectares of land for the said purpose. The scenario of
Kallyanpur site is most frustrating, out of proposed 306 hectares, only 3.2 hectares of land was brought under
retention pond site. The old Narinda pond was the third retention site, chosen for Dholaikhal Pumping Station
comprising of 4.2 hectares of land.
Table 18: Present Status of proposed retention areas in western Dhaka by FAP-8B
Name of the pond Proposed area according to Acquired/ Govt. land
Present Status
area the map of FAP-8B (ha) (ha)
Goranchatbari 304.4 274 247 Ha (approx)
Kallyanpur 306.4 3.2 45 Ha (approx)
Dholaikhal - 4.2 Not Defined
Total 610.8 281.4
(Source: Islam et all, 2010)
During formulation of Detailed Area Plan (2006-2015) of DMDP area (future Dhaka city) almost 5508.95
acres (2230. 44 hectares) of land had been proposed as water retention area where all types of landuse were
prohibited except water storage. Again 77413.12 acre (31341.34 hectares) of land was proposed as flood flow
zone in outer fringe area of the core city which is supposed to be submerged during monsoon. Except
fisheries, agriculture and water based recreation no types of landuse can take place within these demarcated
areas. At present people are filling these lands for commercial and residential purposes indiscriminately. It
decreases the effective amount of flood flow zone and retention areas of the city as well as increasing the risk
P a g e | 63
of flood in a great scale. Figure 22 shows the proposed amount of retention areas and flood flow zone by
DAP.
Proposed Water Retention

Area By DAP
Proposed Flood Flow

Zone By DAP
Figure 22: Proposed Flood Flow and Water Retention area in DAP (2006-2015)
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Table 19 : Existing Landuse in Declared Flood Flow and Water retention Areas by DAP
Flood Flow Zone Water Retention Areas
Landuse Type Area(Acres) Landuse Type Area(Acres)
Commercial Activity 34.28 Commercial Activity 28.61
Community Service 5.50 Community Service 0.06
Diplomatic 7.32 Education and Research 10.25
Education and Research 46.22 Filled Land 217.29
Filled Land 11.24 Governmental Services 0.84
Manufacturing and
Forest Area 46.78 16.32
ProcessingActivity
Homestead 322.20 Mixed Use 2.76
Manufacturing and
1,200.52 Open Space 0.46
ProcessingActivity
Miscellaneous 4.78 Residential 661.66
Mixed Use 5.77 Restricted Area 0.15
Open Space 97.42 Service Activity 5.16
Recreational Facilities 0.33 Transport and Communication 60.11
Residential 5,728.64 Vacant Land 249.93
Restricted Area 598.74 Water Body 1,098.16
Rural Homestead 41.09 Homestead 3,157.19
Service Activity 7.67
Transport and Communication 469.71
Vacant Land 6,127.96
Water Body 5,091.62
Agriculture 57,565.33
Grand Total 77,413.12 Grand Total 5508.95
P a g e | 65
3.5 Data Collection

Collection of primary and secondary data is one of the important components of the project. The consultant
instigated collection of all available reports, data and maps, landuse information, structural plan of the city,
previous related master plans, utility services information from respective offices as secondary sources. At
earlier stage consultant has collected reports of previous studies, existing drainage alignment, landuse
information, administrative boundary and historical hydrological and meteorological data from different
organizations. At the same time consultant conducted field survey to figure out the drainage scenario and
topographic condition. Questionnaire survey was also conducted on to ensure public participation and to
identify the critical area regarding drainage.
3.5.1 Secondary Data

Secondary data is easily obtainable and it helps to make primary data collection more specific. It also helps to
improve the understanding of the problem. The consultant collected different types of data from secondary
sources. Major sources are WASA, BMD, BWDB, RAJUK, BIWTA, DCC and BBS. A list of collected data
from different organizations is given in Table 20 and a description of important data regarding drainage is
discussed in the following sections 3.5.2-3.5.11
Table 20: List of Collected Data

SL. Source Description of Data
Alignment of existing drainage Network
1 WASA Alignment of existing sewerage Network
Position and capacity of pump stations
Bank line and Cross section of adjacent Rivers
Position of existing Water level gauge station and discharge measurement station
Historical record of water level and discharge
2 BWDB
Rainfall and temperature data
Lithological data
Ground water quality data
Navigational chart
3 BIWTA
River survey data
Rainfall Data 1980 to 2011
4 BMD Temperature Data 1980 to 2011
Evaporation Data 1980 to 2011
Administrative boundary
Existing Road Network
5 RAJUK Existing and Future landuse
Elevation Data
River, khal, lake, wetland and water bodies
Administrative boundary
6 DCC Solid waste management master plan
Tertiary drainage Network of DCC
7 BBS Population data
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3.5.2 Water Level and Discharge Data

Historical water level data is required for hydrological analysis of the study area. Bangladesh Water
Development Board collects water level data regularly, these water level data have been collected for different
stations around Dhaka. Total 16 numbers of stations have been identified around the study area and water
level from 1990 to 2011 has been collected. A list of stations is provided in Table 21 and Figure-23. Among
the 16 water level stations discharge is measured regularly in 8 stations. The discharge data from these 8
stations have also been collected.
Table 21 : List of Water Level and Discharge Station

WaterLeve
SL Discharge Station Name of Place River Data Duration
l Station
1 SW7 Pubail Balu 1990-2011
2 SW7.5 SW7.5 (Tidal) Demra Balu 1990-2011
3 SW14 SW14 Mirazpur Bangshi Bangshi 1990-2011
4 SW14.5 SW14.5 Nayarhat Bangshi 1990-2011
5 SW42 SW42 (Tidal) Mill barak Buriganga 1990-2011
6 SW43 Hariharpara Buriganga 1990-2011
7 SW69 Savar Dhaleswari 1990-2011
8 SW71 Kalagachia Dhaleswari 1990-2011
9 SW177 Lakhpur SitaLakhya 1990-2011
10 SW179 SW179 (Tidal) Demra SitaLakhya 1990-2011
11 SW180 Narayanganj SitaLakhya 1990-2011
12 SW299 Tongi Tongi Khal 1990-2011
13 SW301 SW301 Kaliakoir Turag 1990-2011
14 SW302 SW302 (Tidal) Mirpur Turag 1990-2011
15 SW137A SW137A Taraghat Kaligonga 1990-2011
16 SW71A Rekabi bazaar Dhaleswari 1990-2011
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Figure 23: Water Level & Discharge stations around Dhaka (BWDB, 2012)
It has been found from analysis of data that stations in the southeast and southwest direction have trivial tidal
effect. The variation of water level during the year around Dhaka is 0.00 to 8 mPWD and highest water level
was observed during the month of July-August-September. The lowest water level was observed during
December to March. A water level hydrograph is presented in Figure 24, which describes the daily maximum,
daily minimum and daily average water level during 1990 to 2011.
Figure 24: Water level hydrograph at Mill Barak on Buriganga
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3.5.3 River Bathymetric Data

BWDB perform river cross sectional survey every year and BIWTA also conduct bathymetric survey to
maintain the navigational channel. River cross sectional survey from BWDB has been collected for Turag,
Buriganga, Dhaleswari, Balu, Shitalakhya and tongi khal. The spacing varies 200 meter to 500 meter. A
contour map generated from collected river cross sectional survey (2010-2011) is given in Figure 25. A
navigational chart containing contour of river bed has been collected from BIWTA to get the elevation of river
bed which also covers the Dhaleswari, buriganga, Balu and shitalakhya. These River bathymetric data have
been be used to develop model network for Turag, Buriganga, Dhaleswari, Balu, Shitalakhya and Tongi Khal.
Figure 25: Contour Map of Turag River at Downstream of Ashulia Bridge
3.5.4 Meteorological Data

Data of Rainfall, Temperature and Evaporation from 1980 to 2011 have been collected from Bangladesh
meteorological Department (BMD). This rainfall data have been analyzed to produce monthly rainfall in
scattered plot Figure 26 which shows that the month July has the highest value in most cases. Monthly
rainfall over 500 mm occurs during the month of May to September. A box plot of the monthly rainfall data is
presented in Figure 27 which shows the range of variation of historical rainfall data. The bottom and top
horizontal lines in the box in a box plot indicate the 25% and 75%, respectively, of the observed data from
1980 to 2011. The horizontal line within the box represents the median. The whiskers are lines extending from
each end of the box to show the extent of the rest of the data.
Figure 26: Scattered Plot of Monthly Rainfall Data (BMD, 2010)
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Figure 27: Box Plot of the mean Monthly Rainfall Data in Dhaka
A box plot for monthly evaporation data has also been generated from observed data and presented in Figure
28. This indicates that the maximum evaporation in Dhaka occurs during the summer months (March-May),
the highest evaporation generally occurs during April. The mean monthly evaporation varies from the
minimum of 51 mm in winter to a maximum of 183 mm in summer.
Figure 28: Variation of Monthly Evaporation Pattern in Dhaka
3.5.5 Topographic Data

During the preparation of Detail Area Plan (DAP) by RAJUK extensive survey has been conducted which
covers our project area. The topographic survey data is collected from RAJUK which mainly includes spot
level, RL of roads, floodplain and lakes. This topographic data have been updated by field survey under this
project. A contour map of Dhanmondi area generated from DAP data is given in Figure 29. The updated
topographic data have been used to produce a DEM for project area which have been used in different
analysis. Survey of Bangladesh (SoB) produced a topographic map which comprises road network,
households, water body, wetland and administrative boundary. The printed map of Mirpur Area was also
collected from SoB which was also helpful for planning and analysis Figure-30.
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Figure 29: Contour Map of Dhanmondi Area (DAP, 2006-2015)
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Figure 30: Topographic Map at Rampura Area (Source: SoB, 2012)
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3.5.6 Mouza/Cadastral Map

According to ToR the drainage network requires to show on cadastral map which is known as Mouza map.
This map would also require to sort-out the land acquisition and resettlement issues. These Mouza Maps,
which consist of plot number or dag number, for the project area were collected from RAJUK Figure-31.
Figure 31: RS Mouza Map of Gulshan Area (RAJUK, 2012)
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3.5.7 Road Network

The road network of Dhaka city has not been developed in a proper planned way. The city of 12 million
people mainly depends on road-based transportation system. In Dhaka Metropolitan area, hardly 7 percent of
roadways are available which is far apart from the minimum requirements. Dhaka's road network covers
approximately 3,000 km (200 km primary, 110 km secondary, 50 km feeder and 2,640 km narrow) with few
alternative connector roads. There are only 400 km of footpaths of which a major portion are occupied by
street vendors, garbage bins, or construction materials. The existing and proposed road network has been
collected from Dhaka City Corporation and RAJUK. Figure 32 describes existing and proposed road network
of southern part of Dhaka city.
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Figure 32: Existing and Proposed Major Road Network in Dhaka (RAJUK, 2015)
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3.5.8 Structure Plan

The plan provides a long-term strategy for the 20 years (1995-2015) for the development of the Greater Dhaka
sub-zone with a population target of 15 million. The plan consists of some policy documents with support
maps. It identifies the order of magnitude and direction of anticipated urban growth and defines a broad set of
policies considered necessary to achieve overall plan objectives. It considers the micro environmental aspects
of Dhaka, both in its existing urban form as well as for future development to keep the city free from all sorts
of natural and manmade hazards. The plan recognizes the positive and sustainable role of green belts,
preservation of high quality wet and agricultural lands and existing rivers in and around the city limits and
their continuous upgrading and evaluation and thus recommends for building a circular waterway round the
city. The plan also earmarks a number of retention ponds around the city limits for retaining rain water as well
as for maintains an ecological balance too and a healthy environment.
3.5.9 Existing Landuse Data

Existing landuse pattern of the project area has been collected from RAJUK. The detail description of landuse
pattern is available in DAP report. Analyzing the DAP report the consultant team has summarized the existing
landuse pattern which is presented in Table 22.
Table 22 : Existing Landuse of DMDP Area

SL. Landuse Classification Area in Acre Area in Percentage
1 Agriculture 11,8825 38.07
2 Residential 7,3091 23.42
3 Flood Flow Zone 29,021 9.30
4 Rural Settlement Zone 21,830 6.99
5 Water body 19,104 6.12
6 Diplomatic (Purbachal) 6,292 2.02
7 Proposed Road 6,098 1.95
8 Existing Road 5,654 1.81
9 Education and Research 4,727 1.51
10 Commercial Activity 3,914 1.25
11 Manufacturing and Processing Activity 3,813 1.22
12 Restricted Area 3,754 1.20
13 Overlay Zone 3,470 1.11
14 Mixed Use 3,275 1.05
15 Vacant Land 2,037 0.65
16 Circulation Network 1,523 0.49
17 Water Retention Area 1,502 0.48
18 Open Space 1,321 0.42
19 Transport and Communication 623 0.20
20 Recreational Facilities 446 0.14
21 Heavy Industrial Zone 406 0.13
22 Miscellaneous 1,368 0.44
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3.5.10 Proposed Strategic Zone

The city development authority RAJUK has prepared detail area plan (DAP) where strategic zone has been
proposed. The strategic zone contains central urban area, conservation area, agricultural zone, growth
management area and outer urban area. Figure 33 presents strategic zone of Dhaka city. DMDP Structure Plan
did not make any land use planning classification of the DMR in a traditional way. The Structure Plan
identified some strategic areas where future development will take place and provided strategies and
techniques for future spatial development, particularly in new areas.
Figure 33: Proposed strategic zone of DMP area (2016-2035) (RAJUK, 2015)
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3.5.11 Existing BM/TBM

The list of BM has been collected from SoB and RAJUK. The survey team already identified the BM listed in
Appendix A in core city area. Survey team used these BM for survey purpose in core city area. A sample list
is given in Table 23.
Table 23: List of BM of the Core City Area.

BM
Easting_m Northing_m RL_mPWD Description
No
Follow the road from Tongi-Ashulia. The pillar is located
west side of Ashulia road toll collection booth. West side of
C002 537089.091 642004.925 9.668
Ashulia-Mirpur embankment and south side of Ashulia road.
Near the junction.
Beside the embankment "Ashulia more to Mirpur mazar", at
C005 536948.436 641331.813 9.509 200m north from the KM post of 13km to Mirpur bridge, in
the revers side 7km to Tongi.
Beside the east side of embankment "Ashulia more to Mirpur
C006 536369.573 640378.093 9.740 mazar", near the KM post of 12km to Mirpur bridge, in the
revers side 2km to Dhaour.
30m south from Abdullahpur rail crossing, and south side of
C007 541582.297 640710.495 10.130
Tongi Rail Way Bridge.
Beside the embankment "Ashulia more to Mirpur mazar",
C013 536165.762 639323.546 9.856
south side of a signboard of RajUk near a tin shed.
Beside the rail line near RajUK katcha bazar at uttara, In
C014 541616.609 639529.018 8.061 between the road of "Shahjalal Avenew and Isakha Avenew",
Uttara,
Follow the road Ashulia more towards mirpur mazar. The
C021 535807.375 638536.506 9.804 pillar is located opposite to the KM post of "Mirpur Bridge
10km"
The pillar is located beside the rail line near to the house of
C022 541651.985 638578.584 8.155
"Jalal Uddin Ahmed" adjacent to Road 2/B, Sector-4, Uttara
Beside the east side of embankment "Ashulia more to Mirpur
C029 535072.045 637567.964 9.222 mazar", 100 m north from Birulia bus stand, and 200m south
of the KM post of 9km to Ashulia
Behind the ticket counder of bus "Salsabil and Ababil", near
C030 541741.680 637691.587 7.394
the rail crossing of Airport to Hajicamp road.
600m north from the drainage pump station of BWDB beside
C037 535167.884 636619.303 9.846 Ashulia-Mirpur bridge embankment. West side of road near
Guava garden.
330m south from Kaola rail crossing near Civil Aviation
C038 542546.941 636703.773 8.135
beside Rail Line, Kaola, and Airport road.
360m south from BWDB pump station beside Ashulia-
C044 534920.256 635609.949 9.899
Mirpur road. North side of a Korai tree.
Follow the road of Ceramic industries Uttar Kalshi Grave
C045 538181.741 635784.401 7.601
yard, end of Pallabi
The pillar is located west side of the rail line near Khilkhet
C046 543004.188 635526.767 7.397 Khan Para, opposite to the high rise building "Lotus Kamal",
at Khilkhet.
At the starting of "Haji Abdul Malek Matbar" road , following
C047 544517.660 635524.466 5.874
Khilkhet to Isapura road,
Follow the road Ashulia more towards mirpur mazar. The
C051 535121.347 634388.556 9.585 pillar is located near to the KM post of "Shah Ali Mazar
3.5km"
At the end of Rupnagar road near a sign board of "Akij Biri
C052 536638.477 634894.236 7.350
(Cegerate)", Duary para.
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Beside the road of Pallabi-mirpur-12. near Sujat Mension and

C053 537419.706 634982.043 8.159
east side of BRTC bus stand.
Near an elctric pole, east side of "Kalapani Anser Camp",
C054 538685.624 635179.697 4.951
200m east from Bangabandhu College, Block-B, Mirpur-12,
Beside the "Beguntila Cooparative Society", near "Kalshi-
C055 539197.071 634820.561 11.136
Beguntola" bridge, Beguntola Basti,
3.5.12 Primary Data collection

Collection of various types of primary data is one of the major components of the present study. The required
data comprise of drainage network, water level, discharge, velocity, Rainfall, spot level and socio economic
survey. All collected data, summary and preliminary analysis have been presented in survey report. A brief
summary of primary data collection is given in following sections.
3.5.13 Drainage Network Survey

Surveying the existing drainage system is one of the major components of field survey. This survey includes
surveying of khals, canals, drains, pipe network and box culvert.
Surveying Khals/Canals
There are 45 khals covering approximately 142 km length. To get the present condition of the khals cross
sectional Figure-34 survey has been conducted at an interval of 200 meter. The khals mainly consist of two
parts – under water bed and above water land portion (on both bank). The total station and level machine have
been used for surveying of land portion; on the other hand echo-sounder has been used to get the bed profile
of khal. Position and level have been carried out from nearest BM. Additional TBM has been established as
required. The data have been recorded at an offset of not greater than 5 meter. Furthermore, edge of bank, toe
of slope and deepest point have also been marked. From the edge of bank maximum 20 meter has been
covered towards country side. RL of water level and direction of flow have been recorded for every section.
After collection the data have been combined to get the cross section. The data format has been Khal Name,
Chainage, Distance, RL, Easting, Northing, Water level, flow direction, and remarks in excel. An Autocad
version of these data showing the cross sectional profile also supplied. The bank line, outfall position, capacity
condition, any structure like bridge, culvert and encroachment or other obstacle have been identified. The
position of structures has been shown in plan view of the khal.
Figure 34: Sample Cross Section of Gerani khal at Dhaka
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Surveying the drains, pipe network

In this category, open and covered drains and pipe network have been surveyed. Dhaka WASA has 380 km
storm sewer line which mainly carries the stormwater from different part of the city. There are approximately
2377.6 km drainage network under the jurisdiction of Dhaka City Corporation which includes pipe network
and small drains.
The alignment (GIS shape files) of storm sewer line has been collected from WASA. The elevation (RL) of
storm sewer line has been surveyed along the alignment with level machine and GPS. RL of inner bottom
surface and inner top surface of pipe has been recorded at every accessible point (manhole, gullies) along the
network Figure 35. At the same time, position of the features has been recorded by using GPS. The direction
of flow along the drainage network has been recorded. The diameter of the pipe has been calculated from
difference of top and bottom RL. Recorded data have been updated in GIS database. A recording procedure of
pipe network RL is shown in Plate-13.
Figure 35: Pipe Network RL
Plate 12: Data Collection of Pipe Network RL
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The pipe network of the drainage system has been collected as same procedure described above. For open and
covered drains, cross sectional survey has been conducted with level machine, GPS and measuring tape at an
interval of 250 meter. The level has been carried out from nearest BM. Additional TBM has been installed if
required. The data format has been Name of road, Chainage, Easting, Northing, Top width, Bottom width,
Top RL, Bottom RL and remarks.
Topographic survey
Topographic survey has been carried out to prepare a basin map. Spot level has been taken with total station
and RTK GPS. Nearest BM or TBM has been used to carry out the position and level. In the city fringe area
(about 1178 sq km) data have been taken at 100-meter grid. For core city area spot level has been taken on the
road and adjacent area and on open space. These data have been used to update the Detail Area Plan Data.
Data Processing and Mapping
Collected data have been processed to produce a drainage inventory. The drainage inventory has been
incorporated the following information but not limited to:
 Right-of-Way on Mouza maps

 Length
 Avg. top width (for open channel)
 Avg. bottom width (for open channel)
 Avg. cross section area (for pipe or culvert)
 Avg. invert slope
 Avg. depth (for open channel)
 Max. Depth (for open channel)
 Outfall location
 Capacity condition
The inventory of Basin characteristics includes Size, Slope, Shape (length and width), Drainage density,
Discharge rate and flow direction, Land use, Contour lines, Surface and sub-surface geology, Depression
storage information. Basin map has been prepared in a scale of 1: 3960 (minimum scale 1:10,000 in ToR) and
has been submitted in paper and digital map.
3.5.14 Hydrological Survey
Hydrological survey includes water level, discharge and velocity measurement. Water level data of 16 stations
and discharge data of 8 stations have been collected up to September 2013. Additional 10 water level gauge
stations have been installed at different khals to collect water level from June 2013 to September, 2013.
Discharge also been measured at these stations during peak flow. Average velocity has been recorded during
peak flow at different points (approximately 50) with current meter. The stations (water level, discharge and
velocity) have been identified after preparation of basin maps.
3.5.15 Meteorological Survey
Rainfall data (3 hourly) have been collected from BMD for last 30 years for Dhaka and Tangail stations. In
addition, rainfall data (daily) from BWDB have also been collected for four stations in and around Dhaka.
During the upcoming rainy season (April 2013 to September 2013) 30-minute interval data have been
recorded at four stations of BWDB (Banani, Saver, Nawabganj and Dhaka PBO).
3.5.16 Previous Studies
Although lots of work done previously by different organizations related to drainage of Dhaka city, the first
remarkable comprehensive study namely “Study on Stormwater Drainage System Improvement Project in
Dhaka City” was carried out by JICA in 1987. After 1988 flood the study was revised by JICA in 1990.
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Another two studies under Flood Action Plan programme namely FAP 8A and FAP 8B was carried out by
JICA and Louis Berger respectively in 1991. After that IWM performed a study in 2006 regarding drainage
Master plan of Dhaka city. On the other hand, city development authority (RAJUK ) prepared Detail Area
Plan which specifies detail landuse pattern and development plan for future Dhaka. This study has an
advantage for current project. A list of different studies related to drainage is given in Table 24. Review of
important studies is presented in the following chapters.
Table 24: Different Studies Related to Drainage of Dhaka City

SL Reports Conducted by
1 Drainage System Improvement Project JICA, 1987
2 Review of JICA Study JICA 1990
3 FAP 8A JICA 1991
4 FAP 8B Louis Burger, 1991
4 Study on Drainage Master Plan IWM, 2006
5 Tertiary Drainage in the RAJUK area Mott MacDonald, 1993
6 Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (1995-2015) RAJUK
7 Detail Area Plan RAJUK, 2010
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CHAPTER 4:
Urban Planning and Drainage Development
4.1 Urbanization Trend in Dhaka City

Over the past few decades, Government of Bangladesh has been struggling with two sets of policy issues:
those concerning rapid urbanization and diffusion of urbanization and those concerning effective management
of large metropolitan centers. Past experience further indicates that urbanization is not simply a demographic
phenomenon; it is the result of many complex social and economic changes. Urbanization is inevitable and the
process is irreversible too. Dhaka, being the capital and key interest point for investors, job searchers,
businessmen and others is facing severe problem of unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization. It is important
to note that the urbanization of Bangladesh is interlinked with the intense development of Dhaka City which
has developed as a politico-administrative center, having gained and then lost its position through the political
development of the country. Due to the concentration of both domestic and foreign investment, Dhaka City
has experienced massive migration from the rural population of Bangladesh in recent decades.
The urbanization of Dhaka started from the banks of the Buriganga River back to the Mughal dynasty (400
years ago). Dhaka became one of the biggest cities of this region after the arrival of British. The British rulers
initially expanded the city up to Palashi where they built a garrison of the company army. It also became a
communication hub then. In 1801, Dhaka was a city with 200,000 people. But the population decreased due to
the destruction of the Cottage Industries of Dhaka. Moreover, the establishment of small industries made
Dhaka more important. After the independence of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971, the city’s population
raised suddenly to 1.4 million in 1974 (Ali K.B, Taleb M.A. et.al.2012) which was quite manageable. But
within the timeframe of 40 years after liberation it turns into a huge figure (over 13 million), which becomes
intolerable for everyone to be accommodated with life saving basic needs. Unplanned urbanization and
uncontrolled growth is the ultimate outcome of such rapid urban population especially from rural-urban
migration. It forces the authority expand the city area and their service coverage indiscriminately, very often
beyond to their capacity. At present Dhaka is being started to expand in all directions, specifically to
northeast, southeast and southern trends by filling up low-lying areas. Dhaka is expanding apace, at an
average rate of 4.24% yearly projected to be the third largest mega city in the world by the year 2020 (World
Bank, 2007).
4.1.1 Level of Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the proportion of a nation’s population living in the urban areas. Its demographic
meaning emphasizes largely on only two variables, population and location. The demographic approach
focuses on location but it largely ignores individual behavior and the structure of occupations, in its most
concise from it postulates that urbanization is a process of population concentration. Urbanization is indicated
by an increase in urbanization over a period of time. The degree or level of Urbanization may be denoted as,
Where Un: level of urbanization Up: Total urban population Tp: Total population
According to this assumption level of urbanization for different time period in Dhaka City are calculated in
Table 25
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Table 25: Level of Urbanization of Built-Up Urban Areas of Dhaka City

Year Population of Dhaka UP, Population of Country TP, Level of urbanization
(million) (million ) Un, %
1974 2.07 76.37 2.71
1981 3.44 89.91 3.83
1991 6.49 111.45 5.82
2001 9.91 129.25 7.67
2011 12.80 149.77 8.55
2016* 17.24 160.31 10.75
2026* 23.39 171.60 13.63
2040* 33.13 181.20 18.28
(*Projected) Source: BBS, 2011.
The above table shows the misery and rapidness of urbanization for Dhaka city. This numerical analysis is
only the representative scenario of none other than uncontrolled urban growth and urbanization.
4.1.2 Future Expansion and Changing Landuse Pattern

Over the last century, Dhaka has experienced a drastic geo-morphological change. In 1921, total city area was
about 20 sq. km but at now, it is about 360 sq. km. (DMA area only). According to different authority’s future
vision and plan total land area under greater Dhaka or DMDP area is about 1528 sq. km. This drastic change
in land cover occurs due to high range of pull factors those are attracting people to commit rural-urban
migration and get into Dhaka. According to the World Bank, 300,000 to 400,000 new people migrate to
capital city Dhaka each year (World Bank development series, 2007). Therefore, migration plays an important
role to Dhaka’s rapid urbanization.
The growth of the city before 50's was very low and gradual (Chowdhury and Faruqui, 1991). After 1950,
Dhaka City has experienced significant but discontinuous and uncontrolled expansion. This growth is
characterized by two main features – areal expansion and population increases. Present limit of Dhaka city
which is known as “Greater Dhaka City” is in the North and North-West are Tongi and Savar across the Turag
River and in the West is up to Mirpur, South and South-West is Keraniganj, Kamrangirchar, across the
Buriganga River and in the East and South East are Rupganj, Narayanganj and Sitalakhya River. City is
growing almost in every direction (e.g. horizontal and vertical expansion). This vertical intensification has
started late 80's and added a new dimension in the city growing process. This recent phenomenon of high rise
building in both commercial and residential sectors, clearly manifest the city to adopt this process to cope with
the ever increasing population pressure and unavailability of land within central part of DMA.
For the purpose of forecasting future landuse and land cover scenario, three type’s landuse transformation
alternatives can be discussed:
i. Strong Central Spine Scenario

ii. Regional Growth Centers Scenario, and
iii. Northern Dispersal Scenario.
All these probable future landuse transformation alternatives are shown in Figure 36
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The Strong Central Spine Scenario is the concept that future urban growth and development will be
concentrated on the existing north-south axis and absorb population growth. The concept is basically an
application of the urban corridor concept in which the dominance of central axis is reinforced by the
development along the existing railway, from Tongi to Kamalapur railway station and up to the Narayanganj
railway station. Along this railway line, main roads are also connected. Due to the development of existing
north-south axis, urban development would be encouraged on both sides of rail and roadway.
Figure 36: Probable Future Landuse Transformation Alternatives of Dhaka city.
The Regional Growth Centers Scenario is based on central place theory and growth pole concept in which
regional growth centers will accommodate a greater percentage of population growth in conjunction with the
investments made in emerging industrial development areas. Transportation and communication from regional
growth centers to Dhaka are to be developed in a better way. In the north, Savar has a great importance to
develop commercial and industrial activities in Export Processing zone (EPZ). The Strategic Transport Plan
(STP) proposed construction of the Western Bypass, which would enhance new developments from the
northern growth centers towards southern of Dhaka city. The continuation of this Bypass through Narayanganj
would provide additional opportunities for urban development within the southern part of the DND Triangle.
The Dispersal Scenario is the concept that future urban growth and development will be dispersed mainly
toward the north and southeast, but with developments that are more balanced. Inter-linkage within existing
communities and emerging development corridor will be encouraged. The northern towns like Savar, Ashulia
and Gazipur are encouraged to be sub-regional centers with educational and medical facilities. The sub
regional center of agro-based industry is proposed in Kaliganj. The southern area including Narayanganj,
Bandar, Munshiganj and Sonargaon would be developed by using inland water shipping services to send
goods to the north. Within Dhaka city, it is encouraged to build self-sufficient communities. By observing the
present trend of urbanization and development alternative adopted by RAJUK, alternative-2 namely as "The
regional growth center scenario" along with other two alternatives was developed under Structure Plan (1995-
2015) ant it was incorporated in strategic transport plan of Dhaka City under BRTA. The second alternative
was recommended as the most realistic one that can be executed within the study target period. In DMP study,
the consultant team has adopted that estimation of future urban landuse transformation and expansion.
Figure 37 shows the probable locations for future urban expansion within DMDP area and trend of internal
migration that can take place. This figure clearly illustrates that in future the authority will encourage the
citizens to shift/ live in peripheral satellite towns rather than living in core-city areas. RAJUK has already
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initiates some satellite towns such as Purbachal, Uttara 3rd Phase, Jhilmil etc. Due to implementation of these,
accumulated volume of built up areas will be increased drastically, whereas city will lose its wetlands and
agricultural lands very fast too. Especially the construction of Eastern Bypass and implementation of
Purbachal will impart very negative impacts such filling of low-lying lands, environmental degradation,
disturbance in natural drainage etc.
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Figure 37 : Detail Regional Growth Direction Scenario of DMDP Area (RAJUK, 2015)
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The above-mentioned figure shows future urban expansion strategy of current authorities is largely based on
managing new satellite cities or sub-urban areas for accommodating the ever-growing huge population of the
city. Some of the satellite towns are already in course of implementation such as Purbachal, Uttara 3rd Phase,
Jhilmil etc. Despite from these lots of private developers are also promoting real estate based urban residence
in these areas too. Such sort of urbanization is causing the uncontrolled growth of urban sprawl accompanies
by decreasing agricultural and low lying lands. Implementation of eastern bypass is assumed to have same
impact on wetland and low-lying areas. If the situation continues, urban residential areas and commercial
areas within DMDP area will be the dominant character by 2040 instead of water bodies, wetlands,
agricultural lands and open spaces.
4.2 Integration between Urbanization and Stormwater Drainage

Urban planning and drainage especially stormwater drainage management is very much interrelated to each
other. Modern day city cannot be imagined without proper drainage system. Unless having a good drainage,
the city or urban area will certainly face, water logging, flooding, pollution and so many problems. Water
logging in Dhaka City is the consequence of unplanned development. Due to rapid urbanization with
unplanned construction, most of the stormwater drainage have been encroached, filled up, diverted and caused
obstruction to the smooth flow of water to the outfall-rivers, creating severe waterlogging in the City every
year during monsoon incurring huge loss in terms of adverse social, physical, economic and environmental
costs. Nevertheless, the devastating impact of the downpour that paralyzed Dhaka is a salutary reminder of the
severity of the problem, and the necessity for the government to take counteractive measures on a priority
basis. Dhaka City could hurtle towards an ecological disaster if destruction of the natural drainage and water
bodies is not stopped and an effective management of urban drainage system is not set up. Planning, design,
operation and maintenance of urban drainage systems is a challenge for urban authorities because of
unplanned development activities, and the effectiveness of stormwater management systems can directly be
linked to the efficacy of urban management.
4.3 Review of Major Urbanization Policy regarding Drainage

In different periods of time different types of approaches and strategies have been adopted by the authority in
order to control and regulate the urban growth. For this purpose, a considerable amount of urban development
policies, strategies and master plan especially for Dhaka city have been made. Mostly this policies or master
plan were made under RAJUK or City Corporation as they play two prime roles for city affairs. All these
master plan and urban development policies from integrated drainage perspectives have been reviewed
thoroughly below by turns.
1. First Master Plan for Dhaka, 1959

Dhaka First Master Plan was formulated in 1959; prime focus of the master plan was to regulate the
physical extension of the city including developing new sub-urban towns with necessary infrastructure,
market areas, open space, transportation facilities and others. Preservation of water bodies to enhance
the natural drainage and other environmental issues were the minor concept then. As a result, this
master plan was not sustained for too long. After the devastating flood in early 60’s people start to
realize the importance of incorporating drainage issues in urban master plan.
2. Dhaka Metropolitan Area Integrated Urban Development Plan (DMAIUDP, 1981)

DMAIUDP was proposed in 1981, which provided a long-term growth strategy for urban expansion. It
evolved from a severe storm drainage and flood problem of Dhaka metropolitan area. Some
alternatives were formulated from a long list of growth option, and included: comprehensive flood
protection, peripheral growth and north ward expansion. Although the plan proposal could not be
implemented because of the need for reorganization, under this plan Greater Dhaka protection project
would facilitate eastern bypass to protect the eastern side of greater Dhaka to supply flood free land.
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3. Structure Plan, DMDP (1995-2015)

DMDP structural plan was formulated in 1995, which provided with a long-term strategy plan for
development of Dhaka. It covered an area of 1528 square kilometer of Dhaka city. This plan focused
attention on flood control and drainage development issues as one of its major component. DMDP
structural plan endorsed same of recommendations of FAP-8A for mitigating the drainage problem of
Dhaka city and provides some specific probable locations of water reservoir, agriculture, residential
land use. Topics covered by the DMDP Structure Plan, include:
 Population
 Economic Development
 Shelter and Housing
 Social Facilities and Open Space
 Transport
 Flood Control and Drainage
 Utility Services
4. Urban Area Plan (UAP), (1995-2005)

Urban area plan was a continuing plan of structural plan, which proposed a mid-term urban
development strategy and development management for ten years. The recommendation of structural
plan has kept almost the same in urban area plan except some minor differences. Urban area plan did
not endorse all recommendations of FAP 8A and 8B such as the major retention pond recommended in
UAP includes all of FAP 8B but not all of in FAP 8A.
5. Detailed Area Plan (DAP), (2006-2015)

DAP was the third of component of DMDP, which provided with more detail planning proposal for
specific sub areas of Dhaka. DAP strongly suggested some structural measures (retention pond and
pumps) and for flood control and drainage system. However, the implementation of those
recommendations could not be implemented for lack of co-ordination among the responsible agencies.
Detailed Area Plan as its Area Zoning responsibility classified the land uses of DMDP area into
following zones:
 Urban Residential Zone

 Commercial Zone
 General Industrial Zone
 Administrative Zone
 Agricultural Zone
 Flood Flow Zone
 Open Space
 Rural Settlement Zone
 Water Retention Area
 Water Body
6. Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995

The Environment Conservation Act (Act No. 1 of 1995) was enacted to repeal the Environment
Pollution Control Act, 1977 to “provide for the conservation, improvement of environmental standard
and control and mitigate pollution of the environment” (GoB, 1995). Although this legislation deals
specifically with environment, it does not, however, explicitly recognize the right to a sound
environment. The law lacks in necessary direction for the conservation and development of resources
and biodiversity. According to the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 the Government
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denote an area as ecologically critical area where the area is threatened or at risk situation. The
discharge of any environment pollutants occurs due to any accident or other unforeseen incident, the
person responsible and the person in charge of the place of occurrence shall take measure to control the
environment pollution.
7. The Natural Water Body, Open space, Park, Play Ground Protection Law, 2000
This law is a landmark for the private residential land development in Dhaka City. The major features
of the law are given below: The unidentified river, khal, beel, lake, natural water body, flood flow and
sub-flood flow zones in the master plan must be protected. These areas should be published under
gazette notification. The character of the areas cannot be changed to protect the environment. This
legal instrument can protect environmentally sensitive areas of Dhaka by preventing land filling for
development of residential areas. But the application of the law become difficult, because the natural
water bodies, the low lying and the retention pond, khal etc. within the DMDP are not marked on
Mouza map.
8. Wetland Conservation Act, 2000

According to the Wetland Conservation Act 2000, the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the
environment to preserve and safeguard the natural resource, bio-diversity, wetland, forest and wild life
for the present and future citizens. But Bangladesh has no specific policy for maintaining and operating
the wetland for various purposes; the water policy included the wetland types but management is not
specified in the act.
9. Water Reservoir Conservation Act, 2000

According to Water Reservoir Conservation Act, 2000 the flood flowing land as river, canal, beel,
pond, stream, fountain include as natural wetland. The rainwater included here. There is not any
specified authority in Bangladesh wetlands for maintaining the wetland and perspective use of them.
10. National Urban Sector Policy, 2011

National Urban Sector Policy was formuled in 2011, which focused on urban planning, urban land
management, urban transportation and urban governance. The government will create an environment
conductive to support local economic development. In order to make urban plans flexible and
adaptable to changing circumstances, there are three activities like structure planning, local planning
and action planning. In this policy, there are no details about urban water logging, urban water and
sewage drainage, urban ground water.
11. Land Development for Private Housing Act, 2004

To regulate and control the development of private real estate business a separate law named as “Land
Development for Private Housing Act, 2004” was formulated. The act highly emphasizes the issues for
few facilities relating to low-lying land, flood plains, water body etc. They may be get damage during
development works. It also inspires authority or developers to raise their platform above flood level to
mitigate the effect of urban flood. According to this act, developers are fully responsible for
constructing all drainage networks within their boundary in consultation with DWASA and DCC. After
completion, they will hand over all these to proper authority for further maintenance.
12. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 2006

13. In Bangladesh, National Building Code was first published in 1993 and Bangladesh National Building
Code (BNBC) 2006 is the modified version of 1993. The present paper gives a brief account of the
history of urbanization in Bangladesh to emphasize the need for a building code. According to this
code, all sanitary appliances shall be stored under cover. In areas where the ground water or soil
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contains constituents in amounts sufficient to cause damage to cement or buried metals, a chemical
analysis of samples of ground water and soil shall be obtained and necessary precautions shall have to
be taken. Details about Draining and Sanitation, Water supply, Floor area ratio, environment impact
assessment etc. are described in this code.
14. Building Construction Rules, 2008

Building Construction Rules provide for the prevention of haphazard construction of buildings and
excavation of tanks which are likely to interface with the planning of certain areas in Bangladesh.
These rules superseded the previous Building Construction rules of 1984. These rules seek to control
development plot-by-plot and case-by-case. FAR has eliminated restriction of the building height
except in few areas and permitted total floor spaces as per the plot size and adjacent road width. It also
provided mandatory open space, setback, and ground coverage. However, it does not provide any
information about Sanitary Sewer, Ground water level, Drainage system etc.
4.4 Major Challenges for Sustainable Urban Drainage

4.4.1 Lack of Proper Legislatives and Enforcement
Drainage and Urban development are two complementary elements for each other for modern city life.
Unfortunately there is no solely devoted law / act regarding drainage issue especially for urban drainage. This
issue has been taken into consideration during formulation of interrelated laws or legislations as a secondary
or tertiary issue. So, the importance of drainage is not so reflective in existing acts or laws as it should be.
Another case, urban planning did not exercise in Dhaka for a long time. People, politician and the authority
are more interested to have structural development rather than formulation of urban development policies and
enforcement.
4.4.2 Lack of Co-ordination between Authorities/Agencies

Lack of co-ordination between different development and service providing agencies such as DWASA,
RAJUK, DCC (both South and North), LGED, BWDB, BIWTA, and RHD etc. is so much acute in our
country. Almost all the agencies have their own separate master plan, policy plan or ordinance. But no agency
is interested to follow others policy and strategies to mitigate the duplicity. Very often one agency or authority
is not actively involved during formulation of strategies and policies of other organizations. Another issue is
here that the local governments such as municipalities and unions are also not well interacted with city
authorities. It also creates many difficulties for management and implementation of plan.
4.4.3 Institutional
DWASA is the prime institution for operating and maintaining the prime and secondary drainage within the
core city area. Tertiary drains remain to City Corporation. All these drains are needed to clean regularly after a
certain interval. Unfortunately, DWASA do not have sufficient amount of cleaners and human resources to do
this works regularly. All activities of DCC are carried out under the appropriate Ordinance. Near about 3000
temporary cleaners have been appointed on daily basis.
They do not have job security. They work on the “no work – no pay basis”. This situation causes problems in
the efficiency of solid waste management. Cleaners should have job security with increased remuneration.
They should be given proper medical facilities and be provided with protective measures like masks and
gloves. Proper training is essential for the cleaners. There should be strict action for negligence of duties by
cleaners and sweepers. The ordinance does not provide enough legal action against violators. As a result, city
dwellers do not dispose of waste in designated places and even do not carry out the timely disposal of waste in
nearby bins. This area must be strengthened. For this purpose, the relevant sections or provisions of Ordinance
should be amended. Stringent laws should be enacted locally so that people are constrained from throwing
solid waste here and there.
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4.4.4 Political
No amendment in the ordinance is possible without passing it through the National Parliament. The process of
submitting this to the parliament is lengthy and difficult. It involves a large number of ministries and
departments. However, it is not impossible. If problems in the ordinance can be put forward with sufficient
logical arguments, the government would solve them as quickly as possible. Dhaka is already a large city and
expanding rapidly. Therefore, the massive quantity of waste generation every day is already threatened to the
environment. But, there is no scientific and technological method for disposal of solid waste applied today. As
a result, large pieces of low land and water bodies are used for solid waste disposal, which encroaching the
natural water bodies and causing pressure as well as having a negative impact on the environment. There
should be consistent forward plan to manage solid waste for the future. The solid waste management system
of different countries, which are successful in the world, can be followed.
4.4.5 Financial
DWASA has very much shortfalls in drainage management logistics and finance. There is no Tax regarding
drainage that the authority can take from the citizens, which turns the whole system as a social or voluntary
service. At present all sorts of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) works including new drainage
constructions largely depends on government allowances and subsidies. So it needs more financial and logistic
support from Government of Bangladesh and as well as from donor countries and agencies to achieve more
efficacy.
4.5 Impact of Urbanization on Stormwater Drainage

The growth of DMA represents a dramatic transformation of natural landscape. This growth and expansion
characterized by a rapid and uncontrolled development, leads to wasteful use of land resources, higher
infrastructure cost, excessive energy demand, and consumption and degradation of environment. Land
pressure is greater due to the high rate of population growth. This land conversion rate is not only threatening
the agricultural land but also the local watershed, damaging and reducing the local water resources and
increasing the risk of flooding in DMA. Unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization has a long-term effect on
stormwater drainage management of the city especially on the natural components. The aftermath of such
impacts is disastrous in many senses to achieve a habitable living environment in the city. Some major impact
of unplanned urbanization on stormwater drainage and management system can be summarized in macro scale
as follows.
4.5.1 Imperviousness Resulting in Increase of Surface-Runoff

Due to the rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, the impervious area has increased significantly. It was
estimated that 85% of the total urban areas within the core city area are impervious in nature (Khan, 2000).
These assumptions were made based on image signature in terms of tonal, textural and pattern variation and
local knowledge. Although percentage impervious areas vary indifferent residential units (High, medium and
low residential area), middle class residential areas such as Mohammadpur, Mirpur etc. contribute the higher
values to impervious lands. On the basis of the above-mentioned estimate, the degree of imperviousness is
53% in the middle class residential areas. Impact of imperviousness in the surface water system of DMA
could be summarized as:
 Reduce infiltration / sub-surface flow.

 Reduce ground water recharge.
 Changes in the flow regime of the khals.
 Increase surface runoff.
 Increasing pressure on stormwater drainage system.
 Increasing pressure on open-drain systems.
 Failure in existing drainage system.
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Imperviousness creates specific hydrological processes in the urban area. When rain falls on city two parallel
processes takes place, which depends on the characteristics of the water-receiving surface. Major parts of the
rainwater infiltrate into the unpaved areas at the beginning of the rainfall, but the excess rainwater creates a huge
volume of surface runoff. After ponding, it starts moving slowly towards the low-lying areas of the city. Land
development or urbanization process within the city in the low-lying areas reduces the natural storage areas and
increasing impervious areas day by day. Imperviousness is reducing the storm runoff "lagtime" and consequently it
is increasing the flood peaks. Therefore, waterlogging is very common problem during the rainy season in Dhaka
City. DMA, itself does not have a proper and well-planned stormwater drainage system. A huge amount of runoff,
produced by the storm event in the period of June to October, cannot be discharged through the existing stormwater
system. Most parts of DMA, especially where natural drainage channels are disturbed and also demolished by the
human interference are facing sever waterlogging and associated environmental problems during monsoon,
resulting in disruption of the socio-economic life of the city dwellers as a byproduct. If the stipulations of the urban
planners become true that the eastern part of DMA is going to be urbanized by the year 2010, then this could
result in increased flood peaks even for the normal annual floods.
4.5.2 Reduction of Water Retention Areas due to Land filling

The depressions, abandoned channel, and low-lying areas are acting as depression storage in DMA which is
retaining excess storm runoff or over flow of rivers thus delaying and lowering the flood peak and also
slowing down the average speed of the flood water. It is evident from the temporal map and database that
DMA expansion is stretching towards the low-lying areas, which is vulnerable to annual internal and external
flooding. Therefore, localized flooding, which had experienced previously was well drained and flood free
area due to construction of buildings, interfering with existing corridors for overland flow. A large number of
back swamps and depressions are already filled by means of land filling. In addition, the process of land
development through land filling buries a large number of natural channels. ‘Flood Alleviation Measures’
through construction of embankment in the western part and eastern part of the city will speed up the
urbanization process in the low-lying area using landfilling methods. Through these practices, the ‘Natural
Storage Function’ will be disrupted. The adverse effects of landfilling in the surface water system are stated
below:
 It is reducing the storage area for the rainfall-generated runoff, which aggravated the internal flooding
in terms of frequency, duration, and depth.
 Disrupting the hydraulic link between major and minor channels.
 It is affecting the ground water regime of the city.
 Destruction of the ecological balance of the city and its surrounding area and reducing the Natural fish
breading ground.
As entire DMA is surrounded by rivers from three sides, existence of natural water retention areas are
essential particularly along the rivers, which would cope with overflow of river and storage of urban storm
runoff during monsoon.
4.5.3 Encroachment of Wetlands

Wetland encroachment is very common practice in Dhaka city. The first step of encroachment is to build
structures along the banks of wetlands and further out on the wetlands itself. To do this, rows and bamboo
posts are positioned and fixed on the bed of water body along the bank and extending into the main body of
the wetland. Then huts and shops are built on these stilts. The owners of these structures are then start
reclaiming land by earth fills and dumping garbage. Rivers are being encroached upon deliberately filled up
and are being held as private property (Khuda, 2001). At present, almost all land development companies are
involved in land encroachment activities. Each company maintains its tentative boundary adjacent to the
project. These companies try to occupy all the lands including wetlands within their tentative boundary.
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4.5.4 Increasing Sediment into the Natural Drainage System of DMA

Due to the rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, a large amount of sediment are producing from the
construction materials and being dumped in the nearby wetlands and transported through surface runoff
during monsoon. This is causing the clogging the natural watercourses and reducing the water storage
capacity of the wetlands as well as manmade drainage system within DMA. Therefore, it is increasing the risk
of flooding.
4.5.5 Increasing Water Pollution in and around DMA

Due to the high population density, DMDP area is producing over two million tons (approx.) of waste per
year. Uncontrolled and direct disposal of untreated solid waste in the khals, wetlands and surrounding rivers,
open dumps and poorly managed or designed landfills are major causes of surface water and ground water
contamination of DMA. Apart from the domestic waste, most cases dying, lather and food-processing
industries in and around DMA is directly dumping their untreated waste into the khals, wetlands and
surrounding rivers. This is causing severe surface water pollution and eutrophication and poses a significant
risk to health.
4.5.6 Back Water Effect in Rivers and Canals

The storm runoff from Dhaka city is discharged to the surrounding rivers, which are distributaries from the
river Brahmputra. The stage of these rivers generally remains high during monsoon. As a result, the drainage
system of Dhaka city is under the influence of backwater effect from surrounding rivers. Consequently, the
flow velocity in storm sewers and drainage channels remain very slow for several days when flood wave
passes through the surrounding rivers. Fortunately, the lakes and low-lying areas provide storage space for
stormwater. These large retention areas save Dhaka city from flooding during heavy storms. Gradual
reduction in retention areas because of human activities, it is one of the causes of increasing flood problem in
Dhaka city.
4.6 Preferable Approach

To achieve a sustainable urban stormwater drainage system collaborating with modern urbanization, lots of
policies and strategies are required to change or modify. Some major recommended strategies from urban
planning perspectives in order to enhance the stormwater drainage system can be summarized as follows.
4.6.1 Change in Negative Urbanization Approach

From the history of the modern urbanization in Dhaka, a very much unacceptable practice is ongoing.
Whenever the city authority need to have additional space or urban areas they target the peripheral low-lying
lands of the city. Going back to the history in early fifties, Dhanmondi was a marshland and the city authority
had filled the land to develop an urban area for the high class of the society. At present same scenario is very
much identifiable. RAJUK approved three residential township projects namely as Uttara 3rd Phase, Purbachal
and Jhilmil all are developing by filling low-lying lands. Authority did this because of these lands have low
land price, minimum rehabilitation initiatives and easy to get. But due to filling the hydro-morphological
balance of these lands is seriously disrupted now. Again, such sort of initiatives also inspires different private
land developers to build their real estate business there too. By orienting all these transformations, landuse
pattern of those areas certainly changes a lot. All these results as encroachment of low lying and wetlands
which affects the overall drainage system as a whole.
The ever-growing city extent should be limited in somewhere; if the city keeps growing, it will create lots of
problem for citizens as well as the management authorities. The negative urbanization approach regarding
filling of low-lying lands should be avoided. The authority must realize the value of preserving wetlands and
low-lying lands. They must search for alternative options or space to accommodate the city population.
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Decentralization is the most effective approach that can be followed in this respect. District headquarters and
divisional headquarters must be prioritized to develop as a self-sustained city instead of extending Dhaka.
4.6.2 Urban Growth Management

Growth management is generally defined as the regulation of amount, timing, location and character of
development. Growth management can be a technique to control the growth of urban population and spatial
growth and development, both horizontal and vertical, of urban communities. The growth management plan is
the bridge between planning and desired development. Gallion and Eisner (1986) believe that the growth
management plan is the best means designed to bring about logical implementation of the long-range
proposals of the comprehensive plan.
1. Decentralization: The urbanization growth of the Dhaka is going fast in an unplanned manner. All
services sectors of the country are remaining in the core of Dhaka city. For that reason, people of other
cities of the country are coming to the city for leading their livelihood. For controlling density and
growth management Ebenezer Howard proposed the model of 'Garden City', decentralization and
deconcentration of employment opportunities and housing are the main tools to control the Garden
City. Decentralization of the different offices, both public and private sector, of the city to the other
cities is the key and main strategy for the management of the growth of Dhaka city.
2. Effective and Enforcement of Law and Regulation: if enforcement of law, not only the objective,
will not be achieved, but the very principle of regulations will discriminate between those who wish to
adhere to and those who wish to flout them (Cullingworth, 1979). Development control techniques of
Dhaka city largely failed due to lack of proper monitoring of construction activities. At present, there
are a few legal instruments that ought to be used for controlled development of Dhaka. Though these
legal instruments are not enough, the city management authorities do not widely use even these few
instruments. In considering the development control, the land use of metropolitan Dhaka should follow
the provisions made under the City Master Plan. Housing, commercial and industrial project buildings
need land use clearance and building permits. These must be in conformity with the land use
provisions of the Master Plan.
3. Urban Service Boundary: Delineating boundaries to restrict growth comes in two major types; one is
to permit and limit residential, commercial or industrial development within a given jurisdiction
boundary. These boundaries seek to limit urban growth to specific geographic areas through regulatory
restrictions and/or limitations on infrastructure expansion. Another type is phasing development areas
where development approval is deferred until a certain period or until existing developed areas are
substantially developed. In the simplest case, a phased development system prohibits development in
areas that lack sewers or some other basic public services. Phased development controls can slow
growth to allow municipalities to budget expenditures for expansion of municipal services to
developing areas over a longer period. Slower growth can prevent the overburdening of existing
facilities while new ones are being constructed. Phasing can also encourage growth near existing built
up areas, helping to reduce haphazard development.
4. Building Permission: Building Permit is an alternative option for controlling population growth of a
city. By limiting the number of new dwellings built per year, a city can control its growth rate.
5. Infrastructure Adequacy: These measures typically prohibit the construction of new development
unless the public infrastructure is in a place to support it. In this method, prior to or as a condition of
residential development approval or of commercial/ industrial development approval, it is specifically
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required to assess the ‘level of adequacy of services’ (i.e. road capacity or traffic congestion) or service
capacity (i.e. water or sewer service capacity)
6. Building Height with considering FAR: In spontaneous growth areas, development up to six stories
should only be permitted where it would not over-burden inadequate infrastructure networks.
Mohanagar Imerat Nirman Bidhimala (MINB) 2007 amended in 2008 provided more authority to
RAJUK, clear- cut responsibility to monitor the development of the city, spread out the responsibilities
to various actors, spell out the responsibilities of building designers, structural engineers, site
supervisors and the penalties if they fail. Importantly, it introduced FAR to manage the growth of the
city by its rules of building coverage area, allowable floor space and relation among building height,
road width and plot size etc. Obviously, success of it will fully depend on how
these rules are implemented by RAJUK in a transparent way.
7. Fixing Floor Area Ratio (FAR): FAR was developed as a more refined and adaptable measure of
intensity than building coverage. Previously ‘plot ratio’ was also practiced for this purpose. It
expresses in one measure, instead of several, the mathematical relation between volume of building
and unit of land. FAR, however, cannot replace more traditional bulk controls entirely. Often it is
neither a sufficient height control nor does it regulate the placement of the building on the site. So this
technique mainly uses for regulating a building within a site.
8. Zoning: Zoning is, of course, the most basic and commonly used land use regulatory tool. Zoning
typically dictates the uses permitted on each parcel of land. RAJUK will strictly maintain a zoning
approach.
9. Protect Retention Area: The urbanization trend of Dhaka city shows that the retention pond of west
part of Dhaka will not be available in the future. RAJUK should take the initiative to preserve the
retention pond in this area. If it is not ensured by RAJUK, the alternative strategy will be followed.
Such as, the proposed retention pond of western part of Dhaka city will be acquired or purchaged by
the DWASA and RAJUK.
4.6.3 Treating Stormwater Drainage as an Opportunity rather than a Burden

Most of the city agencies, policy makers and citizens of Dhaka city are treating urban drainage as abandoned
work which has no benefit to them. They consider this as a problematic measure rather than any other choices
or options. But in reality stormwater drainage system is accompanied with lots of opportunities for the city
policy makers and citizens especially in the field of ensuring public participation. The authority can easily
transform all the drainage facilities as a public property to all so that the citizens may perceive these
components as their own property. This will bridge or pave the way of public private co-ordination and
cooperation also. By optimizing the landuse options, stormwater drainage management system can be turned
into a valuable property for all the citizens. Stormwater drainage management components can be used for
different purposes such as
 Natural canals and water bodies can be used for recreational and fisheries purpose within the core city
area and additionally for agriculture purpose in fringe areas during dry season. Authority may lease
these lands to local people for maintenance or fisheries or other acceptable use. That will create a
sense of ownership among the local people regarding those canals and water bodies and they will
prevent any sort of unacceptable activities such as encroachment, landfilling, waste dumping etc.
willingly. For example, in Kolkata many of canals are maintained by the local people which are
leased to them by the authority.
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 Canal, water storage, retention areas etc. can be used as recreational space or public gathering space.
With sufficient and cost effective landscaping within these spaces will attract people to these lands
more as a recreational space. At present in Dhaka people treating such sort of lands as their backside
of their courtyard and preferable dumping place of wastes.
 Multipurpose landuse policy can be adopted for these retention areas, low-lying areas, wetlands which
may not have any negative impact on the prime use of those lands. In Detailed Area Plan (2006-2015)
three sorts of alternative landuses are proposed within the designated flood flow zone as- agriculture,
fisheries and water based recreation. Except these no other landuses can be approved there to be built.
4.6.4 Drainage Capacity Adjustment

Following urbanization, it is necessary to adjust drainage capacity in the watershed to take into account the
“Basin Development Factor (BDF)” in order to accommodate the extra runoff that results due to urbanization.
The amount of adjustment in the carrying capacity of natural streams following urbanization depends on the
degree of BDF. For an increase of the amount of impervious surface by 10% in a watershed, a 23% increase in
the drainage capacity by dredging or deepening of streams is suggested by Sauer et al. (1983). Imposing
DRAIANGE TAX by proper authority based on the amount of excessive runoff generation and
imperviousness, policy for counteract can be developed. To implement this RAJUK is the most preferable
authority as per the consultant’s view.
4.6.5 Comprehensive Drainage Development Plan

There should be a comprehensive stormwater drainage improvement plan to overcome the water logging
problem as well as its environmental consequences. Experts say that the entire drainage system of the city will
have to be overhauled to mitigate the plight of the residents and should be properly linked through a scientific
network. DWASA should execute the comprehensive drainage improvement project as implementing agency.
The proposed comprehensive drainage improvement plan should be exchanged with other utility organization
to avoid overlapping and duplication. As such, a high degree of close coordination with City Corporation,
RAJUK, DPHE, BWDB, LGED and other utility organization should be maintained during the project
implementation stage.
4.6.6 Establish “Right-of Way”

Reckless encroachments of the city’s water bodies like lakes, khals and rivers by land developers as well as
individuals for so-called development, illegal structures and waste disposal have already affected city life in
many ways. The natural drainage system of the city is losing their actual width and existence due to such
encroachment and reducing the water carrying capacity day by day with the results of water logging during
monsoon period within the city area and polluting the water of these water bodies. Therefore, to get rid of the
water logging problem, the original width and alignment of the lakes, khals and rivers has to be re-established
in proper shape and ensure easy drainage flow through these natural channels.
The concerned authority like DWASA, DCC, RAJUK, BWDB and BIWTA will have to establish “right-of
way” right over the natural drainage system and ensure that the drainage system is free from any obstruction,
blockage, or encroachment. On the basis of the Drainage Improvement Plan, all areas where existing main
drains are located or will be required in future will have to be identified and also be enforced existing
legislation to prevent unauthorized development or encroachment on the drain alignments. Immediate action
and steps will have to be taken by the concerned authority to remove all blockage and unauthorized
constructions, encroachments etc. from the existing natural drainage system by enforcing necessary
regulations. DCC and RAJUK should stop encroachments of the low lands, water bodies and riverbanks by
using them as dumping sites. Proposed channel geometry will have to be ensured by the authority to keep
waterway free from all unwanted intrusion, encroachment etc.
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4.6.7 Improvement of Drainage Management System

Adequate management of drainage system is essential to ensure the natural and smooth flow of stormwater.
The management system will be the composition of operation; maintenance; rehabilitation and replacement.
The responsibility for management of drainage system shall rest with DWASA. The authority should develop
a routine preventative maintenance program for the drainage systems so that the structural improvements will
provide a lasting benefit. It is, therefore, recommended that DWASA should develop a comprehensive
conservancy and drainage program for maintenance of drainage system, which is maintenance activities and
scheduling of these activities, methods and equipment, staffing needs and any appropriate re-organization,
which may be necessary.
4.6.8 Strengthening the Performance of RAJUK

A full reform of RAJUK is needed. This could be based on the separation of the multiple functions it now
exerts (planning, planning enforcement, land servicing, and housing projects), which generate conflicts of
interest and are not implemented efficiently at present. Planning functions should ultimately depend on the
local governments concerned, and could be assumed by a body gathering Dhaka City and the municipalities
within the current RAJUK jurisdiction. Intra-city planning in Dhaka should be reinforced and DNCC and
DSCC given increased planning authority within its boundaries.
Promoting coordination between DNCC, DSCC, RAJUK, DWASA, the planning authority, line ministries
and utility agencies in urban projects in Dhaka City: While ad hoc committees can be a viable short or
medium-term solution to coordination problems, in the long run, the Dhaka City Corporation should be given
more means to make a safe and comfortable Dhaka city. This long-term goal should be explicitly linked to any
progress in the decentralization process in the country.
4.6.9 Green City Concept

The drainage master plan is not an isolation system; it is interlinked with every component of the city. So the
Dhaka city should be adopted the green city concept. See the detail in Annex-E
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CHAPTER 5:
Review of Previous Study
5.1 General
A number of drainage studies for Dhaka City have been conducted by various international and national
organizations to assess the problem associated with stormwater management. Study area has been divided into
three zones: i) Western Core City, ii) Eastern Core city and iii) Fringe area. Findings and recommendations of
different studies are summarized in this chapter. Overview of the previous studies are shown in Table 26
Table 26: Overview of the previous studies

Report Prepared
S.N. Item Year Study Area Objective related to Drainage
by
 To prepare a phased
program
The study on The area of JICA
 To conduct a feasibility
stormwater 1987 study was
JICA study team study on stormwater
drainage system about 137.5 sq km
1 1987 in cooperation drainage system
improvement which mainly
with DPHE improvement project for
project in covers the core
top priority area.
Dhaka city Dhaka city
 Preliminary design for the
urgent projects
 To review the existing
Consists of Greater
conditions to prepare a
Bangladesh Dhaka & parts of
Flood action detailed study plan
Government, and Tongi, Savar,
2 plan 1990  Master Plan study on
the Government Keranigonj &
(FAP 8A) comprehensive flood
of Japan Narayangonj
2 control stormwater
850km
drainage for DMP area
 Complementary
Consists of Greater
environmental
Bangladesh Dhaka & parts of
Flood action improvement programs
Government, and Tongi, Savar,
3 plan 1990  Institutional support for
the Government Keranigonj &
(FAP 8B) improved efficiencies in
of Japan Narayangonj
850km 2 urban management and
revenue generation
Two parts Greater
 Assessment of current
Dhaka
drainage situation
4 IWM study 2006 IWM (258.78sq.km) &
 Institutional capacity of
DND Area
DWASA
(56.79sq.km)
The main Dhaka
Detailed Area City (350 sq km) &
2005-  To prepare a detail
5 Plan RAJUK its periphery
2015 landuse plan of study area
(DAP) covering total land
of 1528 sq.km)
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5.2 Review of JICA Study

The total drainage area consisting of ten zones has been revised from 137.5 km2 to 134.85 km2.The proposed
measures are constructing two new pump stations with two new sluice gates, improving extensive khal
(except for Dholaikhal) and drainage pipe. The ten zones shows in Table 27.
Table 27: Ten Zones

Code Drainage zone Area(km2) Priority Remarks
A Buriganga river 7.25 Second Priority 1) drainage pipe
Zone 2) khal improvement
3) sluice gate
B Dholaikhal zone 7.24 Highest Priority 1) drainage pipe
2) khal improvement
3) pump station
4) sluice gate
C Segunbagicha 10.92 Highest Priority 1) drainage pipe
khal zone 2) khal improvement
D Bashabo zone 7.46 Second Priority 1) drainage pipe
2) khal improvement
E North east edge 13.93 Second Priority 1) khal improvement
zone
F Begunbari khal 13.70 Highest Priority 1) drainage pipe
zone 2) khal improvement
G Gulshan Banani 17.64 Second Priority 1) khal improvement
zone 2) pump station
3) sluice gate
H Kallyanpur zone 17.60 Highest Priority 1) khal improvement
2) pump station
3) sluice gate
I North zone 31.42 Second Priority 1) khal improvement
2) pump station
3) sluice gate
J Turag river bank 7.69 Second Priority
zone
5.2.1 Khal Improvement Project
There are three groups of major drainage khals in the city:
1. Digun-Ibrahimpur-kallyanpur khal,
2. Gulshan-Banani-Begunbari-Dhanmondi khal,
3. Dholai-Gerani-Segunbagicha khal,
During the previous JICA study, an observation was made and recommended that enforcement of controls
should be done to prevent any reduction of minimum cross sectional area of the khal.
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5.2.2 Proposed Drainage Plan

A number of drainage structures were proposed in this study. Seven sluice gates were proposed to install at the
outlets of the proposed khal and drainage pipes in the drainage zones A, B and at the proposed pump stations
in zones H and I. The additional trunk drainage pipes (1.5 to 3.7m) were also proposed to install in the 14
routes for draining a total catchment area of 12.45 km2. Recommended total installation length was 17.00 km
of which 14.07 km is for a brick pipe and remaining 2.93 km is for a R.C. box culvert. Khals are to be
widened and dredged in 25 stretches. The total length to be improved reaches 36.35 km of which 5.8 km is for
box culvert section and the remaining 30.55 km is for open channel. The major work consists of dredging
560*103 m3, the construction of bridge culverts at 45 places and the installation of 8.8 km long brick
protection. Two pump stations with a total discharge capacity of 24.5m3/s were proposed to install. The pump
stations cover drainage zones H and I having a total area of 21.54 km2.
5.3 FAP-8A Study

Most of the major flood control facilities have been constructed after the 1988 flood. The stormwater drainage
plan of Greater Dhaka city was prepared by GOB. The Greater Flood Control Committee Chaired by the
Planning Minister was established to protect the greater Dhaka area from flooding after 1988 flood. For the
nearby towns of Savar, Tongi and Narayanganj flood mitigation facility projects were proposed by the
institute of Diploma Engineers. Flood mitigation plan for Keraniganj was not prepared. The committee’s plan
with a phasing of activities is given below:
5.3.1 Proposed Facilities

A number of flood mitigation structures: embankments, Floodwalls, sluice gates and stormwater drainage
structures: pump stations, drainage pipes, retarding ponds are proposed in this study. Summary of the proposal
is shown in Table 28
Table 28: List of proposed facilities:

Area Flood mitigation Stormwater drainage
1. Greater Dhaka
a) West a)embankment (R): 16.7 km a)pump station o: 73.2m3/sec(2)
b)flood wall (R): 4.7 km b)khal improvement: 42.7 km
c)embankment: 6.3 km c)drainage pipe: 8.1 km
d)flood wall:3.0 km d)retarding pond: 770.0 ha
e)sluice gate:11plcs e)land acquisition: 43.7 ha
f)land acquisition:37.0 ha
b) East a)embankment: 26.7 km a)pump station no: 179 m3/s(3)
b)sub embankment: 11.3 km b)khal improvement: 72.4 km
c)sluice gate: 5plcs c)drainage pipe: 8.9 km
d)land acquisition: 317.4 ha d)retarding pond: 1884.0 ha
e)land acquisition: 168.0 ha
2.Narayanganj
a) DND area a)flood wall(R):20.2 km a)pump station no:50.2 m3/s(1)
b)flood wall:10.0 km b)khal improvement:38.0 km
c)sluice gate:2 plcs c)retarding pond:681.0 ha
d)land acquisition:5.8 ha d)land acquisition:90.8 ha
b) West a)embankment:6.1 km a)pump station:16.2 m3/s(3)
b)road cum embankment:4.3 km b)khal improvement:6.4 km
c)flood wall:10.5 km c)retarding pond:170.0 ha
d)sluice gate:7 plcs d)land acquisition:12.2 ha
e)land acquisition:61.5 ha
%evacuation facilities 1 LS
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c) East a)embankment :6.6 km a)pump station no:12.5 m3/s(4)

b)road cum embankment:6.5 km b)khal improvement:7.4 km
c)flood wall:26.0 km c)retarding pond:130.0ha
3. Tongi
a) Tongi a)embankment:13.0 km a)pump station no:25.2 m3/s(2)
b)road cum embankment:6.2 km b)khal improvement:22.0km
c)flood wall:2.2 km c)retarding pond:265.0 ha
% evacuation facilities:1 LS
4. Savar
a) Savar a)embankment:9.3 km a)khal improvement:30.0 km
b)sluice gate:3 plcs b)land acquisition:66.2 ha
c)land acquisition:62.3 ha
%evacuation facilities:1 LS
5. Keranigonj
a) Keranigonj a)embankment:23.3 km a)pump station:27.7 m3/s(1)
b)flood wall:3.7 km b)khal improvement:22.5 km
c)sluice gate:10 plcs c)retarding pond:292.0 ha
d)land acquisition:163.7 ha d)land acquisition:50.6 ha
% evacuation facilities:1 LS
5.4 FAP-8B Study

Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection Project FAP 8B was a priority component of the Bangladesh Flood Action
Plan (FAP). The underlying rationale for the project was to provide flood security in Dhaka City to improve
the urban efficiencies and environmental conditions, particularly for the urban poor, and to promote stainable
long-term economic development. A number of project enlisted in Table 29, indicated the proposed agencies
to carry out the development works.
Table 29: Scope for Different Government Agencies

Government
S.N. Scope of Work
Agency
1. BWDB  Foundation stabilization on 7.8 km of the existing embankment;
 Erosion control and slope protection over 11.5 km;
 Minor remedial works and slope protection over 24.2 km;
 Repair and stabilization of parts of 5.3 km of existing concrete flood
wall;
 Construction of 1.6 km of new flood wall/embankment;
 Construction of 5 additional sluices along the existing embankment;
 Raising and flood proofing of the central spine road Construction of
the first stage of Pump Station .
 Establishment of a maintenance program and supply of maintenance
equipment to safeguard the flood protection investment
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2. DWASA  Rehabilitation and upgrading of 21 existing priority khals (including

completion of the crash program initiated by the government), for a
total length 78.6 km;
 Rehabilitation and construction of 50.7 km of pipe drains;
 Establishment of a maintenance program and supply of maintenance
equipment to safeguard the drainage improvement investment
3. DCC  Slum and squatter area improvements covering about 8,725
beneficiary families;
 Solid waste management, including the supply of 30 new trucks and
complementary waste handling equipment;
 Sanitation improvements, including 30 public toilets and 5 mobile
toilets, 5,500 low cost sanitary latrines for low income residents, and
2 septic tank desludging trucks
 1,000 public water standpipes for low income communities;
Rehabilitation and extension of 131 km of minor local drains, and supply of 1 drain
cleaning truck.
4 Others A Project Implementation Office, headed by the BWDB, staffed by representatives of

each participating GOB agency, and strengthened by consulting and training services,
was planned to provide the following support:
4.  Planning, detailed design, construction supervision, monitoring and evaluation;
Coordination and management of Project activities;
 Equipment and logistical facilities;
 Quality assurance and control (including establishment of a materials testing
laboratory, to complement and work in cooperation with existing laboratories).
5.4.1 Integrated Environmental Management Plan for Dhaka

Dhaka Integrated Flood Protection Project was formulated in the context of an Integrated Environmental
Management Plan (IEMP) for Dhaka city to provide an integrated framework wherein selected investment
components were complementary to the proposed drainage and flood control program, and was expected to
mutually reinforce their impacts on an area-wide basis. The existing situation, problems and needs as
identified by sector is as follows:
 Land use management,

 Water quality, sewerage and excreta management,
 Water supply,
 Solid waste management,
 Slum and squatter area improvement, and
 Industrial, hazardous and toxic materials and waste management.
5.4.2 Land Use Management

The report identified that there was a lack of effective land use management in Dhaka which had resulted in,
on the one hand, uncontrolled and unregulated urban growth with consequent environmental degradation and
blocking of natural drainage channels, and, on the other hand, a lack of adequately serviced land to meet the
increasing demands for new housing. Actions identified as being necessary to address these problems include,
the need to:
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i. Prepare and adopt a national policy for providing clear direction on urban development policies and
strategies, and alleviation of urban poverty;
ii. Preview, approve and adopt physical planning and land use control legislation;
iii. Prepare up-to-date Master Plan and Structure Plans for long term guidance and strategic planning;
iv. Develop land use standards, development standards, and control mechanisms;
v. Review Government land ownership and needs and recommend appropriate Government policies and
strategies for rationalizing the use of vacant and under-utilized lands considering the potentials for
disinvesting the lands, converting the lands for public use, for use for low income residential use, or
transferring/leasing/selling to squatters/ settlers to provide long term security of tenure;
vi. Establish a formal development review committee with representatives from RAJUK, DWASA, DCC,
DoE and all utility agencies;
vii. Develop a strategic long term plan for land acquisition for public use and for low income
5.5 Review of IWM Study

The drainage, in the study area depends on operation of stormwater drainage system including pump and
regulator and water levels on peripheral rivers. Western Dhaka was divided into 16 zones, covering a total
area of about 145 km2. Eastern Dhaka was divided into 3 zones, covering a total area of about 116 km2.
5.5.1 Overall Recommendation for Drainage

It was reported in IWM study that the drainage system of Dhaka City is inadequate. Expansion and
rehabilitation of the existing drainage system is required. Sewer lines should be separated from stormwater
drainage system. Adequate solid waste disposal system should be made available to the city dwellers. All
internal drainage and flood control infrastructure should be handed over to Dhaka WASA for operation and
maintenance. All the existing natural drainage routes should be made free from encroachment immediately. A
joint venture program with DCC is required. RAJUK should ensure that development of eastern Dhaka is
carried out under a master plan which would integrate land use plan with that of service utilities, like
stormwater drainage, water supply and sewerage system.
5.5.2 Development of Meteorological Model

During the preliminary design of the drainage system, the wastewater discharge was not considered and one-
day rainfall for 5-year return period was considered for design of drainage system. The designed pump
capacity was 14.5 cumec only. Though the area was proposed to be used as agricultural land but most of the
parts are now used as residential zone. Some specific government plans and policies are required to develop
the area.
 Drainage canal should be protected from solid waste, sewerage and public encroachment,
 Legislation should be framed and enforced it to protect the drainage canal from illegal encroachment,
 Separate sewerage system should be developed by detail investigation and study,
 Retarding ponds should be providing for 716 ha.
5.6 DAP Study

Detailed Area Plan project covered the main Dhaka city (350 sq. km) and its periphery covering a total area of
about 1528 Km2 including Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan (DMDP) area, Savar, Narayangonj, Tongi,
Gazipur, Kadam Rasul areas.
5.6.1 Model Simulation and Calibration

The structure plan includes RAJUK’s development control area. The whole structure plan area is divided into
several mouza maps for administrative purposes. The followings are DMDP structure plan functions:
1. Acting on national policies,
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2. Establishing aims, policies and general proposals to guide Metropolitan Dhaka’s long term growth
and development,
3. Providing a framework and mechanisms for ensuring coordination of public and private sector
agencies and development planning and investment programs and decisions within the metropolitan
area in particular, phasing of development.
5.6.2 Pumping Station

There are some strategies including embankments and associated works, and flood plans, which are strictly
followed. Essential components of drainage system are retention pond and pumps to drain out excess water.
Stormwater drainage improvement plan may be either pump drainage system or gravity system. Pump water
drainage is essential especially for poldered areas. For pump drainage area a 2 days’ consecutive rainfall with
5 years’ frequency is the design criteria for planning pumping capacity in view of technical and financial
reasons. It was suggested that pumped drainage system is very expensive as both investment cost and
maintenance cost are very high. To compensate part of expense it is essential to provide retention ponds.
5.6.3 Protection of Lakes and Water Bodies

The report has rightly mentioned that the ponds, lakes, wetlands and dighis serve as immediate detention areas
for stormwater. Such water bodies include both man-made and natural; may be privately owned or
government owned or khas land. Such areas are strongly recommended to be preserved for drainage relief and
source of water for emergency use, fisheries, duckeries, irrigation, environment and use for natural purposes.
There are plenty of water bodies like pond, ditch, marshy land and khal in the fringe area. With urbanization
and industrialization, many ponds and ditches are being filled up by the owners to make profit from increased
land value. The report recommended to protect these areas for sustainable natural drainage system in the
project area.
5.6.4 Capacity of the Drain

The report highlighted that drainage is a vital issue for development. Improper drainage causes stagnation of
water, water-logging and even over flooding of roads, houses, commercial and industrial areas, government
and private establishments, and sometimes agricultural land. In planning, drainage is given high priority so
that any kind of obstruction to drainage due to proposed roads, railways, embankment, filling of ponds,
lowlands for housing, reservoirs and wetland etc. do not occur. Maintenance of drains (Tertiary, Secondary
and Primary) should be regularly done and public awareness should be created about household wastes,
polythene bags etc. not to be thrown into drains. The khals and rivers lose the drainage capacity due to
sedimentation, growth of aquatic plant, etc. and should be re-excavated and cleaned at regular intervals.
5.6.5 Land Acquisition and Protective Measures

The report mentioned that the EIA Guidelines given by the DOE should be emphasized on the avoidance of
productive (high value) agricultural land during any development project. The urban expansion and land
acquisition should be based on the growth rate of urban population. In areas where roads are required to be
built on embankments, ROW should include acquisition of extra land, depending on embankment height, and
side slope at least 1:1.5. Traditionally owing to administrative complexities, government do not include people
in the formulation and planning process of any project and attempts to implement it with own fund through
land acquisition. Such policy has some built-in insurmountable problems that strongly resist its
implementation. It is also recommended that,
 Large scale land development through land acquisition is not possible for financial and social reasons.
This can be adequately handled if people are involved in the process.
 The DND spine road right of way has capacity to accommodate a rail section in it.
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 RAJUK and NHA can go for new land development approaches like, Land Readjustment, Guided
Land Development, Infrastructure Based Area Development and area specific action programs.
5.6.6 Integration of Drainage with other infrastructures

With the proper implementation of DAP, the drainage system of the City would improve. It was highlighted
that the essential component of drainage system is detention ponds and pumps to drain out excess stormwater.
In addition, this system, involves other flood protection infrastructures and canal networks to bring water to
the pumping station from detention areas.
5.6.7 Review of Clean Dhaka Master Plan, 2005

In 2005, JICA prepared a solid waste management plan on behalf of Dhaka City Corporation. The Study area
covers the jurisdiction of the Dhaka City Cooperation (DCC) with a total area of about 131 km2. Sites of the
new landfill facility will also be included in the study even if they are located in new urban area outside the
jurisdiction of DCC. The Study covered three types of solid wastes generated in the jurisdiction of the Dhaka
City Cooperation: namely, Domestic waste, Industrial waste, and Medical waste and master plan, which was
made by focusing on domestic waste.
In Dhaka City, waste collection consists of two parts, namely primary collection and secondary collection.
DCC is responsible for secondary waste collection to remove waste from its dustbins/containers, and transport
the waste to final disposal sites. Residents are responsible for bringing their waste to DCC’s waste collection
points where dustbins/containers are located.
NGOs/CBOs/private sector provide primary collection services to collect waste from door-to-door and
transport the waste to dustbins/containers, or sometimes to vacant lands, by rickshaw vans. At present,
NGOs/CBOs/private initiated primary collection services are prevalent in wide areas of Dhaka City.
JICA conducted study on solid waste generation in dry and wet seasons to obtain the unit waste generation
rate of domestic waste and commercial waste. It is estimated that, average waste generation rate from
domestic source was 0.34 kg/c/day. From street, the rate of average waste generation is 364.5 kg/km. Road
side drains are playing a vital role to collect the stormwater and discharge them into nearest water bodies or
canals. If the solid waste generated from street is not cleaned properly it will definitely block that stormwater
drains. It is reported that, DCC cleans the street by deploying approximately 5,000 cleaners. It was estimated
that on an average, one sweeper sweeps 110 m of road length.
There are six groups of cleaners besides truck/container cleaners. According to DCC, there are 119 storm
sewer cleaners and 179 VIP road cleaners. Duties of the storm sewer and road cleaners are to carry the waste
to nearest bin or container. But in practice, it is found that, solid waste from roads are cleaned and heaped near
to a roadside drain, which is supposed to be collected by van or DCC trucks. Many of the cases, these wastes
go into the storm drains and results in clogging of storm drains, more specifically inlets.
This master plan emphasizes highly on Demarcation and Collaboration Work of Drain Cleaning with
WASA as well as sharing of ownership. According to the Clean Dhaka Master Plan, DCC is cleaning all of
the channels beside the roads and drainage under the footpath and some roads but not the big pipelines.
5.6.8 Overall Recommendations

In order to protect the land from flooding and eliminate drainage problems and to enhance the security of
people in the study area, an optimum flood protection and drainage improvement plan, comprised of either
non-structural or structural measures, is essential. Canal network within DND with installation of Pump
Stations is a huge project under Water Development Board (WDB). According to JICA proposals, DND is
divided into three drainage compartments for efficient discharge of accumulated water from precipitation and
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accommodate the time lag required for pumping out of the excess water. The proposal includes provision of
separate Pump Houses for each compartment, located in three convenient locations for quick discharge into
the outfalls.
5.6.9 Drainage Design

The report stated that any physical development activity without considering the drainage plan might create
drainage problems. Proper drainage is a vital issue for sustainable and healthy urban development. Improper
drainage causes stagnation of water, water-logging and even over flooding of roads, houses, commercial and
industrial areas, government and private establishments, and sometimes agricultural land. In planning,
drainage should be given high priority such that any kind of obstruction to drainage due to proposed roads,
railways, embankment, filling of ponds, lowlands for housing, reservoirs and wetland etc. do not occur.
Maintenance of drains (Tertiary, Secondary and Primary) should be regularly done and public awareness
should be created about household wastes, polythene bags etc. not to be thrown into drains. The khals and
rivers lose the drainage capacity due to sedimentation, growth of aquatic plant, etc. and should be re-
excavated and cleaned at regular intervals.
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CHAPTER 6:
Master Planning Methodology
6.1 General
Preparation of stormwater drainage master planning is a multidisciplinary task, which requires input from
various areas such as, urban planning, policy making, infrastructure management, hydrology, hydraulics,
ecology, environment, law, sociology, economy, political support, etc. The following major and mandatory
activities (which are discussed detail in their relevant Chapters) have been performed in formulating the storm
drainage master plan for Dhaka City. Whereas, the specific concepts, criteria and standards considered in the
master planning process are discussed in detail in the subsequent sections of this Chapter.
1. Review of previous studies conducted on drainage system of Dhaka;

2. Evaluate the organisational structures of the drainage related authorities;
3. Identify the existing drainage related non-structural and structural problems in Dhaka City;
4. Perform site visits & field investigations;
5. Conduct engineering survey & field data collection;
6. Identify drainage outlets and delineate drainage zones;
7. Identify the runoff flow directions and delineate sub-catchments;
8. Hydrological data collection and analysis;
9. Hydraulic calculations and computer modelling;
10. Conduct social survey;
11. Assessment of existing stormwater drainage conditions;
12. Evaluation of flood mitigation measures;
13. Set up various strategies;
14. Priority ranking and implementation strategies;
15. Conduct strategic environmental assessment;
16. Financial analysis of the flood mitigation measures; etc.
One of the basic concepts of a storm drainage master plan is to convey excess rainwater economically to a
safe outlet minimizing the impact on the environment. As such, the stormwater drainage master plan of Dhaka
was devised,
 To provide safety for the public and protect property;

 To minimise and control nuisance flooding and to provide for the safe passage of big flood events, with
help of storage oriented drainage systems development;
 To promote maitainence friendly drainage system and practices; and
 To minimise the environmental impact of urban storm runoff on water quality in and around Dhaka
city.
The methodology was founded on the ideas that the sustainable drainage master plan objectives for Dhaka
City can be achieved when:
 The urban development process is drainage-friendly and the planning, design and construction of
drainage facilities are done as per the required criteria and standards, and also adequate to serve the
requirements of new and future developments;
 There is compatibility with existing drainage facilities, operational methods, and maintenance
techniques;
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 Drainage facilities provide adequate social, environmental, and financial protection consistent with the
acceptable planning, design, and construction requirements, and in line with the principles of
ecologically sustainable urban development.
6.2 Stormwater Drainage Concepts

For the development of appropriate storm drainage development methodologies, it is important to have the
concepts and objectives of the master plan right and acceptable. Various concepts are applied for the
management of urban storm drainage system. The traditional concept is to quickly drain the storm runoff from
the dwelling places to the nearby water bodies, which is known as “conveyance oriented” approach. The other
concept is to incorporate storage facilities to reduce the peak flows and improve water quality, which is
known as “storage oriented” method.
6.2.1 Conveyance Oriented Concept

The drainage system of Dhaka city was traditionally developed in order to manage urban floods based mainly
on conveyance-oriented approach. Such system basically collects runoff, and immediately and rapidly
conveys it to the discharge points. This is what commonly referred to as ‘rapid disposal system’. Using this
method, drains are widened or deepened or lined, normally with concrete or brick.
Eventually, such concept ends up with a system having structures that look physically unattractive and
ecologically unsound. Such system is infested with numerous problems when more new developments take
place, making the system difficult to expand and less cost efficient. Drain size will increase with drainage
distance from the source to the receiving waters and the system normally calls for excessive costs and
continuous drainage improvement works, which can damage the aquatic ecosystem, including nearby khals
and rivers.
However, the traditional ‘rapid disposal system’ has certain advantages, such as:
 Rapid removal of stormwater from the developed area to the water bodies;
 Maximising land available for development by minimising land requirement for drainage; and
 Well established analysis and design procedure.
The rapid disposal concept also has its disadvantages, such as:
 Conveyance systems must be sized for the total increase in flows resulting from urbanisation;
 Downstream conveyance systems often have insufficient capacity to contain increased flow peaks and
volume, which can result in flood and sedimentation problems;
 Traditional hard lined open conveyance systems can be a hazard to the public during and after rain due
to high flow velocities; and
 Urban pollutants are transported to downstream areas, due to absence of any treatment component in
the system.
6.2.2 Storage Oriented Concept

The new improvement in storm drainage systems has moved significantly away from traditional concrete
lined channels to the use of detention pond to mitigate increased flood peaks and volume as a result of
increased impervious area due to urbanisation. Grassed floodways have replaced concrete channels to
decrease flow velocity and provide greater visual appeal and passive recreation areas. Additionally, attempts
have also made to curb non-point source (NPS) pollution due to litter, sediment, nutrients, etc. This is
achieved through drainage best management practices (BMPs), such as infiltration facilities, grass swales,
gross pollutant traps (GPTs), bio-retention facilities, water quality control ponds and wetlands, which were
given due consideration in the formulation of the storm drainage master plan of Dhaka City.
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According to this concept, stormwater has to be regarded as a resource, rather than a nuisance to be disposed
of as quickly as possible. Most of the urban rivers and lakes in Dhaka are degraded by uncontrolled
stormwater, due to excessive river flows, poor water quality, and disruption of riparian vegetation and aquatic
habitats. Flood can also cause property damage and is a risk to public health. Besides managing floods, the
master plan considered water quality, aquatic habitats, riparian vegetation, recreation, and aesthetics, as
integral part of storm drainage infrastructure of the Dhaka city.
Sustainable urban drainage management concerns on controlling both the quantity and quality of runoff
through structural and non-structural BMPs. This approach was adopted as it provides avenue for improving
the liaison among the stakeholders and incorporate the temporary storage of runoff at or near its point of
origin, with subsequent slow release to the downstream system or receiving water, or infiltration into the
surrounding soil. Implementation of such concepts were given due considerations to minimise water logging
and flood damage. Storm runoff is proposed to be stored for reuse as source of water supply for landscaping,
groundwater recharging and domestic non-potable usages.
The principal storage-oriented elements and techniques used in the master plan are:
 Detention facilities;
 Retention facilities;
 Eco-friendly natural drainage system; and
 Stormwater reuse.
Based on the drainage problems prevailing within Dhaka, solutions are proposed to provide optimal flood
protection by controlling stormwater quantity and improving stormwater quality within the constraints
imposed by location and existing land-use patterns.
6.3 Planning Concepts

Stormwater drainage master plan of the City has been formulated based on Integrated Catchment Management
(ICM) principles that balance social, economic, and environmental concerns to achieve sustainable
development. Without an integrated and co-ordinated planning, potential benefits may not be fully realised or
drainage improvements in one location may worsen problems in another place. The following concepts and
principles are generally followed in planning and design process of the drainage master plan:
 Storm drainage is a regional phenomenon that does not respect boundaries between government
jurisdictions or between public and private properties:
Storm drainage management is central to the overall catchment management program involving both
the community and government. Government authorities are recommended to involve directly with co-
ordination and strategic planning, but the planning must be integrated on a regional level if optimum
results are to be achieved. Therefore, several alternatives have been considered to have a strong
drainage authority for the City.
 Storm drainage is a sub-system of total urban water resource system
Due considerations have been given for the drainage system planning and design to be compatible with
catchment management plans and co-ordinated with planning for land use, open space, road network,
etc. Erosion and sediment control, flood control, sewage system, solid waste management and land
grading are all closely inter-related to urban drainage management and therefore, given due
considerations in the master planning process.
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 Drainage management is a space allocation problem and therefore an intrinsic part of town
planning process
Storm runoff volume at a given point in an urban region cannot be compressed or diminished. All
components of a storm drainage system have the potential to both convey and store runoff. If adequate
provision is not made for the space required for a drainage system, runoff will overflow or encroach
onto other landuses, will result in damage, or will impair or even disrupt the function of other urban
systems and services. Therefore, drainage reserves for primary and secondary systems have been
considered in the methodology. Most part of the Dhaka City was and is being developed as individual
plot development. It was realised that the existing urban development pattern and policy of Dhaka is
not drainage-friendly. As such, the city development authority (RAJUK), in cooperation with other
authorities must change from drainage-unfriendly existing style of individual development to drainage-
friendly cluster or sector-wise development (e.g. Uttara, Purbachal, etc.). Therefore, drainage-friendly
development policies are recommended as non-structural measures to improve the storm drainage of
Dhaka.
 Getting rid of runoff as quickly as possible may not be a responsible drainage management practice
Urbanisation increases downstream peak flow rates by increasing runoff volumes and velocities.
Providing only conveyance-oriented systems in development areas may result in increased cost to both
private developers and the community through adverse downstream effects. As such, a storage-oriented
approach to drainage management has been adopted for the master plan, wherever possible.
 Planning and design of drainage systems generally shall not be based on the premise that problems
can be transferred from one location to another
Providing conveyance-oriented solution to stormwater flood problem usually transfer the problem to
another location further downstream. A storage-oriented approach by temporarily storing runoff in
detention and/or retention facilities reduces the capacity required in downstream conveyance systems,
thereby reducing the likelihood of flood problem being transferred downstream. Such concepts are
given priority in the drainage master plan development for the Dhaka City.
 An urban drainage strategy shall serve multi-purpose
There are a number of competing demands placed upon space and resources within an urban area.
Therefore, storm drainage master plan strategies have been targeted to meet a number of objectives
including non-structural initiatives and structural flood control, water quality enhancement,
groundwater recharge, wildlife habitats, wetlands creation, protection of landmarks and amenities,
control of erosion and sediment and creation of open space, which were considered in the master plan.
 Planning and design of storm drainage management systems shall consider the features and
functions of natural drainage systems
Most of the undeveloped catchments of the DAP area contains natural drainage features that may
contribute to the management of storm runoff under existing conditions. Existing features such as
natural watercourses, depressions, lakes, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, permeable soils, and vegetation
provide natural infiltration, help control the velocity of runoff, reduce the peak runoff flow rates,
extend the time of concentration, filter sediments and other pollutants, recharge groundwater and
recycle nutrients. As such, the master plan carefully identified and mapped the existing natural systems
to incorporate the natural drainage features as part of the proposed drainage system. Ecofriendly
engineering techniques have been proposed to preserve and enhance the area of interest and maximise
post-development economic and environmental benefits, particularly in combination with open space
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and recreational uses. Emphasis of proper planning and design has given priority to improve the
effectiveness of natural systems. However, the implementation of the proposed natural drainage
features depends on several critical factors such as, inter-agency cooperation, political commitments
and supports, public cooperation, etc.
 In new developments, drainage flow rates after development shall not exceed pre-development
conditions, and pollutant loadings shall be reduced
The following concepts are inter-related and have been considered for the storm drainage master plan
of Dhaka.
 The perviousness of a catchment was recommended be maintained to the greatest possible
extent;
 The rate of runoff should be reduced. Preference has been given to drainage management
systems that help maintain high vegetative and porous land cover. Such systems have been
considered to promote infiltration, filtering of silt/sediment and slow down runoff rates; and
 Pollution control is proposed to be accomplished by implementing a series of measures, which
can include source control, minimisation of directly connected impervious area, and
construction of on-site, community and BMPS to reduce runoff and pollution.
 Storm drainage systems shall be planned and designed, beginning with the outlet or point of outflow
from the catchment
The downstream conveyance system or receiving water has been evaluated to ensure that it has
sufficient capacity to accept design discharges without adverse backwater or downstream impacts such
as flooding, stream bank erosion, and sediment deposition.
 Drainage components shall not be put in place if they cannot be maintained or will not receive
regular maintenance
Failure to provide proper maintenance reduces both the hydraulic capacity and pollutant removal
efficiency of a system. The keys to effective maintenance are the clear assignment of responsibilities to
an established agency and a regular schedule of inspections to determine maintenance needs and to
ensure that any required maintenance is done. Such concepts are very relevant for Dhaka city where
lots of sediments are trapped within the drainage system, making the maintenance a costly but item.
Therefore, upon consultation with the relevant authorities, long closed box culvert as conveyance has
been avoided in the master plan. The existing local maintenance performance has been considered for
the selection of specific planning and design criteria. This concept is very important for Dhaka City.
6.4 Runoff Quality Management Concepts

An effective runoff quality control management strategy for an urban area involves managing construction
and post-construction activities. Under both conditions, control of storm runoff quality is proposed to
undertake at source, in addition to stormwater treatment prior to discharge to the receiving water. Runoff
quality control from an urban area is classified as during construction (temporary BMPs) and post
construction (permanent BMPs). The stormwater quality management relating to construction activities
involves the use of erosion and sediment control techniques during the construction phase. The general
management philosophy involves the minimisation of erosion by diverting runoff from undisturbed
catchments around work areas, rapidly revegetating disturbed areas, and trapping eroded sediment from
disturbed sites. Construction of a large area in phases is also one of the non-structural measures of non-point
sources pollution control. All these BMPs are considered as essential element for the drainage master plan of
Dhaka, wherever possible.
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For the post-construction phase, the water quality enhancement is proposed to be achieved by controlling the
pollution loads at source to minimise the amount of pollution entering the drainage system. This is based on
the basic understanding that it is generally easier and more cost-effective to control pollution at source rather
than removing pollutants from the drainage system. Non-structural measures are given emphasis for the
mitigation of storm runoff quantity and quality issues. Suitability of the control method has been selected
based on the nature of problem and site condition.
6.5 Mitigation Measures

Storm drainage quantity, quality and O&M issues of Dhaka city has been addressed by non-structural and
structural measures. In reality both measures are necessary for a sustainable solution of urban drainage
problems that Dhaka City is facing for several decades.
6.5.1 Nonstructural Measures

The importance and sustainable benefits of non-structural measures for large cosmopolitan cities like Dhaka
are widely acknowledged worldwide and has been given priority in this project. Therefore, the master plan
gave due considerations and included various non-structural measures for sustainable and cost effective
planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the urban drainage system in Dhaka city. The
roles of the relevant authorities, managers, planners, contractors, builders, developers, NGOs, citizens,
politicians, consultants, traders, business community, etc. have been considered for effective implementation
of the stormwater drainage master plan for Dhaka.
6.5.2 Structural Measures

Although structural measures seems expensive as short-term measure but those are inevitable, in certain
situations, for immediate relief of localised urban stormwater quantity related problems. The most common
structural measures that cannot be avoided in conveyance system (drains and culverts). However, this master
plan considered the eco-friendly natural grassed drains and storage-oriented structural facilities as main
conveyance components.
6.6 Master Planning Criteria

The criteria that have been considered for the master plan formulation include,
 Pre and Post-development flow control criteria;

 Type of drainage system (e.g. conveyance oriented and/or storage oriented system);
 Adoption of control measures (e.g. non-structural or structural);
 Choice of BMPs (e.g. quantity control and/or quality control);
 Operation and maintenance procedure; and
 Funding.
6.7 Design Criteria

Due to lack of any existing planning and design criteria for drainage system, this study has generally adopted
an innovative approach for the formulation/upgrading of the proposed master plan, which is broadly based on
overseas experience as well as local practice. To set design criteria, the drainage systems are proposed to be
divided into two categories: major or macro (Primary and secondary) and minor or micro (Tertiary). The
major system, which will most likely be under the jurisdiction of DWASA, includes khals, canals, lakes,
ponds, wetlands, large open & pipe drains and culverts. The minor system consists of property drains, road
side drains, on-site detention, infiltration, bio-retention and the various types of inlets. Components in the
minor quantity system are sized to manage runoff generated by the more frequent short-duration storms.
Design criteria for the major quantity system are typically based on significant amounts of rainfall produced
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by the less frequent long-duration storms. Proposed design criteria for runoff quantity and quality control are
highlighted in the following sections.
The minor system is intended to collect, control and convey runoff from buildings, infrastructures and utilities
in relatively frequent storm events (up to 5 year ARI) to minimise inconvenience and nuisance flooding.
During any event larger than the minor storm ARI, the higher runoff will overspill the minor drainage
components.
The major system is intended to safely convey and control runoff collected by the minor drainage system
together with its possible overspill to the larger downstream systems and water bodies. The major system must
protect the community from the consequences of large and reasonably rare storm events (generally up to 50
year ARI), which could cause severe property damage, injury or loss of life.
6.8 Runoff Quantity Control Criteria

6.8.1 Design ARI
Rainfall and subsequent discharge estimate should be based on the selected value of frequency or return
period, termed as the Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) which should be used for the master plan. ARI is
the average length of time between rain events that exceeds the same magnitude, volume or duration (Chow,
1964).
Based on past local practices and comparing with other developed and developing nations, the design ARI or
return period for various drainage items for Dhaka city are given in Table 30:
Table 30: Design ARI for Storm Runoff Flow Estimation

No. Drainage Item ARI or Return Period (Year)
Property Drainage (for individual buildings), Inlets and

1 2
Roadside Drains, Tertiary Drains, Saucer Drains, etc.
2 On-site Detention, Secondary Drains, Pump Stations 5
3 Primary Drains 10
Khals (Canals), Urban Rivers, Pond, Lake and Water

4 20
Detention/Retention Areas.
Flood Flow Zones, Embankments, Emergency Spillways
5 50
and Bridges
= Average Recurrence Interval, ARI (year); and
P= Annual Exceedance Probability AEP (%).
The design ARI of a stormwater facility is selected on the basis of economy and level of protection (risk) that
the facility offers. ARIs to be used for the design of minor and major stormwater quantity systems are
provided in Table 30. It is assumed that the design flow of a given ARI is produced by a design storm rainfall
of the same ARI. Design rainfall intensity (mm/hr) depends on duration (minute or hour) and ARI (month or
year). It is strongly recommended that performance of the designed drainage system must be examined for a
range of ARIs and storm durations to ensure that the system(s) will perform satisfactorily.
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6.8.2 Peak Flow Regulation

The level of runoff flow (quantity) control required depends on the type of development proposed, new
development or redevelopment. The proposed flow control requirement for Dhaka city would be as follows,
which must be strictly followed:
 Runoff quantity control criteria for any size of development or re-development project is “Post
development peak flow of any ARI at the project outlet must be less than or equal to the pre-
development peak flow of the corresponding ARI (Qpost ≤ Qpre)”.
Local rainfall data have been used to calculate pre-development allowable discharge limit for the whole study
area. Only one specific peak runoff flow value is proposed for simplicity of the implementation of this new
regulation for Dhaka, which is 0.035m3/s. ha. Therefore, as per the runoff flow regulation, the specific peak
flow rate after the development of an area must not be greater than 0.035m3/s.ha.
6.9 Peak Flow Estimation

This section presents the methods and procedures that can be used for storm runoff estimation. The
recommended methods are the Rational Method and Hydrograph Methods. Each method has its own merits
and demerits. A simple Rational Hydrograph Method (RHM) is recommended for the design of storage
facilities (OSD, Ponds, Lakes, etc.)
6.9.1 Rational Method

The Rational Method is the most frequently used technique for runoff peak estimation in urban areas. It gives
satisfactory results for small drainage catchments and is expressed as follows.
Where,
Q = Peak flow (m3/s)
C = Runoff Coefficient (Table 31)
i=Average rainfall intensity (mm/hr); and
A = Drainage area (ha).
The primary attraction of the Rational Method is its simplicity. However, now that computerised procedures
for hydrograph generation are easily available, making computation/design by computerised method or
software is highly recommended. The most critical part of using the Rational Method is to make a good
estimate of the runoff coefficient C. In general, the values of C depend mainly on landuse of the catchment
and are very close to its imperviousness (in decimal form). The value of C also varies with soil type, soil
moisture condition, rainfall intensity, etc. The user should evaluate the actual catchment condition for a
logical value of C to be used. For larger area with high spatial variability in landuse and other parameters, this
can easily be done by the use of AutoCAD, GIS or other computer software.
Runoff Coefficiet for Mixed Development
Portions of different landuse within a sub-catchment can be combined to produce an average runoff
coefficient. For example, if a sub-catchment consists of portions with different landuses denoted by j = 1,
2,…… m; the average runoff coefficient can be estimated, by:
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= Average runoff coefficient;

= Runoff coefficient of each landuse type;
= Area of portions j (ha); and
m = Total number of different portions
Table 31: Recommended Runoff Coefficients for Various Landuses

Runoff Coefficient (C)
Landuse For Minor System For Major System
(≤10 year ARI) (> 10 year ARI)
Residential
Low Density 0.60 0.70
Medium Density 0.75 0.85
High Density 0.90 0.95
Industrial, Commercial and Business Centres 0.90 0.95
Sport Fields, Park and Agriculture 0.30 0.40
Open Spaces
Bare Soil (No Cover) 0.50 0.60
Grass Cover 0.40 0.50
Bush Cover 0.35 0.45
Forest Cover 0.30 0.40
Roads and Highways 0.95 0.95
Water Body (Pond/Lake)
Detention Pond (with outlet) 0.95 0.95
Retention Pond (no outlet) 0.00 0.00
(Chow et al., 1988; QUDM, 2007 and Harbour, 2009)
Note: The runoff coefficients in this Table are given as a guide for designers. The near-field runoff coefficient for any
single or mixed landuse should be determined based on the imperviousness of the area.
Assumptions
Assumptions used in the Rational Method are as follows:
 The peak flow occurs when the entire catchment is contributing to the flow;
 The rainfall intensity is the uniform over the entire catchment area; and
 The rainfall intensity is uniform over time duration equal to the time of concentration, tc.
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The Rational Method is not recommended for use where:
 The catchment area is greater than 80 ha (Chow V.T. 1964);

 Ponding of stormwater in the catchment might affect peak discharge; and
 The design and operation of large and costlier drainage facilities are to be undertaken, particularly if
they involve storage
Time of Concentration
Time of concentration (tc) is the travel time of runoff flows from the most hydraulically remote point
upstream in the contributing catchment area to the point under consideration. The concept of time of
concentration is important in all methods of peak flow estimation as it is assumed that the rainfall occurring
during the time of concentration is directly related to peak flow rate. The design storm duration was taken as
equal to or greater than the time of concentration (tc). The tc was calculated as the sum of the overland flow
time (to) and the time of travel in street gutters (tg), or roadside swales, drains, canals and khals (td). The
relevant equations necessary to calculate the tc is given in Table 32. Calculation of tc is subject to the
catchment properties, particularly length, slope and roughness of the drainage path. The overland flow time to
was (?) estimated with proper judgment of the land surface condition due to the fact that the length of sheet
flow is short for steep slopes and long for mild slopes. This equation was applied only for distances (L)
recommended in Table 32. Catchment roughness, length and slope affect the flow velocity and subsequently
overlandflow time to. Typical values of Horton’s roughness n* for various land surfaces are given Table 33.
The drain flow time equation has been used to estimate td for the remaining length of the flow paths
downstream. Care has been given to obtain the values of hydraulic radius and friction slope for use in the
drain flow time equation. The recommended minimum time of concentration for a catchment has been taken
as 5 minute, which applies to small areas.
Table 32: Equations to Estimate Time of Concentration (QUDM, 2007)
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Table 33: Values of Horton’s Roughness n* (QUDM, 2007)

Land Surface Horton’s Roughness n*
Paved 0.015
Bare Soil 0.0275
Poorly Grassed 0.035
Moderately Grassed 0.045
Densely Grassed 0.060
Table 34 : Values of Horton’s Roughness n* (QUDM, 2007)

Drain/Pipe Manning Roughness n
Grassed Drain
Short Grass Cover (< 150 mm) 0.035
Tall Grass Cover (≥ 150 mm) 0.050
Lined Drain
Concrete
Smooth Finish 0.015
Rough Finish 0.018
Brick/ Stone
Brickwork with plaster 0.020
Dressed Stone in Mortar 0.020
Random Stones in Mortar or Rubble Masonry 0.035
Pipe Material
Vitrified Clay 0.012
Precast Concrete 0.013
UPVC 0.011
Design Rainfall
Statistical analysis has been conducted to develop the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) values of various
storm durations and frequencies. The IDF values have been fitted into regression model to develop the
equation, which is convenient to use in the spreadsheet. Two equations are proposed. One is for rainfall
duration up to 30 minutes and the other one is more than 30 minutes but up to 168 hours (7 days). The
equations are given below:
i = 0.80 [17.835 ln(T)+22.164] d (-0.606) for d ≤ 0.50 hrs (1)

i = [17.835 ln(T)+22.164] d (-0.606) for d > 0.50 hrs (2)
where,
i = rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
T = design return period or ARI (year)
d = rainfall duration (hour)
The fitted IDF curves are shown in Figure 38 below.
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Figure 38: IDF Curves Developed for Dhaka City
6.9.2 Rational Hydrograph Method (RHM)

The Rational Hydrograph Method (RHM), extends the Rational Method to the development of runoff
hydrographs. For simplicity, this method can be used for deriving inflow hydrograph for on-site detention
(OSD) and detention pond design.
As illustrated in Figure 39, two types of hydrographs are recommended to be used for the sub-catchment using
the RHM procedure. Each hydrograph type is a function of the length of the rainfall averaging time, d, with
respect to the sub-catchment time of concentration, tc.
Type 1 (d is greater than tc): The resulting trapezoidal hydrograph has a uniform maximum discharge Q, as
determined from the Rational Method. The linear rising and falling limbs each has a duration of tc. Figure 39
Type 2 (d is equal to tc,): The resulting triangular hydrograph has a peak discharge Q. The linear rising and
falling limbs each have a duration of tc. Figure 39
Figure 39: Hydrograph Types of the RHM
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In summary, hydrograph type in the RHM is determined by the relationship between rainfall duration and the
time of concentration of the sub-catchment. Given the hydrograph type, the peak discharge is determined
using the Rational Method.
6.10 Storage Facilities
Storage facilities are the core elements of achieving one of the major stormwater quantity control criteria
proposed for Dhaka. The post-development peak discharge cannot be more than the pre-development peak
discharge. It is achievable with proper locating and sizing of the storage facilities. The recommended storage
facilities are on-site detention (OSD) and detention pond. Depending on the land availability, these facilities
can be located in-line or off-line to the conveyance system.
6.10.1 On Site Detention

OSD for drainage system of Dhaka city is recommended to be provided as above-ground, below-ground, or a
combination of both within a property boundary. The above-ground storages (basically as tanks) can be
located at roof top, lawns, gardens, car park, driveway, etc. The below-ground storages are from tanks and
pipe packages. For combined facilities, a proportion of the total storage is provided as below-ground, whilst
the remainder of the storage is provided as above-ground.
6.10.2 Detention Pond

Detention pond is considered as the most important component for stormwater flow control. The proposed
detention ponds can be dry or wet type. The pond primary outlets are proposed to be designed as multi-level
riser to synchronise the flow from minor and major storms. Secondary outlets for all detention ponds are
recommended to be designed to safely pass a minimum design storm of 50 year ARI. The side slope of pond
is recommended flatter than 1(V):3(H). Pond areas with slopes steeper than 1(V):3(H) may require a fence or
rail for safety reason. Special attention was given to the outlets, to ensure that people are not drawn into them.
Provision was considered for dry detention pond to bypass small flows through or around the pond using low
flow channel or pipe. This is recommended to ensure that the pond floor, particularly if it is grassed, is not
inundated by small storms or continually wetted by dry weather base flow. The minimum amount of bypass
flow is recommended to be 5% of the 2 year ARI flow.
6.10.3 Storage for Pump Stations

Due to the low ground level and existence of flood protection bund around the core Dhaka city, it is inevitable
using pumps when the surrounding river water level is high. (e.g. 50-yr ARI flood levels) Use of gravity storm
drainage, generally, is given first preference unless the ground conditions and locations of the drainage system
compel to use pumps. As such, construction of bunds along the proposed “Eastern By-pass” is discouraged for
the sake of sustainable natural storm drainage system. The design rainfall for pump stations was considered as
2-day 5-yr ARI event. Based on the local rainfall pattern, the storage required for the operation of pumps were
estimated based on the specific rate of 0.095 MCM/sq. km., which is slightly smaller than the value (0.12
MCM/sq.km.) used in the previous studies (IWM, 2006; JICA, 1990).
6.11 Conveyance Facilities

Stormwater conveyance systems have been planned, analysed and designed in order to provide acceptable
levels of safety for the people and protection for the property. Conveyance facilities recommended in the
master plan of Dhaka city are swale, drainage, open drain, pipe drain, khals, road crossing culverts, etc.
6.11.1 Surface Flow Criteria

A range of surface flow criteria has been applied to minimise both nuisance runoff flow and hazards from
runoff flooding of infrastructures, buildings, utilities and other areas that have regular public and vehicular
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access. The criteria apply to both major and minor systems. The surface flow criteria adopted for conveyance
design are provided in Table 35.
Table 35: Surface Flow Criteria
Criteria Recommended Limit
Overland flow velocity x depth for vehicle stability and < 0.5 m2/s
pedestrian areas
Flow width for street gutters 2 to 2.5 m or a half-lane
Flow velocity of soft lined drains < 2.0 m/s
Flow velocity of hard lined drains < 4.0 m/s
6.11.2 Pavement Drainage

Effective pavement drainage is considered for the maintenance of road surfaces and for traffic safety in Dhaka
city. The potential for hydroplaning at high speeds as well as the potential for vehicles to float or be washed
off roads at lower speeds was given due considerations in designing pavement drainage. Recommended
minimum values of roadway longitudinal slope have been used for safe pavement drainage. Road gutter
grades are proposed not to be less than 0.5 percent for curbed pavements with an absolute minimum of 0.3
percent.
All roads in urban areas are generally recommended to provide with hydraulically efficient of integral curb
and gutter inlets. Provision of functional inlet has been given special important role in pavement drainage, as
inadequate inlet capacity or poor inlet location cause flooding on the roadway, resulting in hazard to the
travelling motorists. This is one of the critical issues in the roads of Dhaka.
6.11.3 Open Drain and Swale

Open drains are mainly given preference (other than pipe and box culverts) to convey runoff to its receiving
waters. The most common types of open drains proposed in Stormwater Drainage Master Plan are vegetated
swales, grassed channels, concrete lined drains and composite drains. Selection of drainage types
(earth/concrete/composite) is based on space availability, site suitability, environment conditions (aesthetic,
conservation values, etc.) and maintenance requirements. Each of the drains is based on its own design
criteria, stipulated in the Stormwater Drainage Design Manual.
6.11.4 Pipe Drain

Pipe drains are proposed in urban areas, where the land is limited. The drainage reserve has been considered
wide enough to contain the service line and provide working space on each side of the service for future
maintenance activities. Minimum clearances between stormwater pipelines and other services, and other
guidelines are proposed in accordance with the criteria given in the stormwater drainage design manual
(SDDM) for Dhaka.
6.11.5 Special Drains

The available pipe sizes in Dhaka are 1.8 m diameter (6 feet). As such, the places where pipes larger than 1.8
m dia. are required, it is recommended to use arch or egg shaped brick or concrete drains instead of pipe
drains to reduce the cost.
6.12 Stormwater Quality Design Criteria

The pollution from stormwater is termed as non-point source (NPS) due to its diffusive nature of generation
from various landuses. Different types of BMPs can be used to reduce the environmental impact due to NPS
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pollutants from new and re-development projects. Stormwater quality control facilities, temporary or
permanent best management practices (BMPs), are proposed for all types of developments, in accordance with
the criteria in Table 36 Additional criteria, specifically related to the BMPs are described in the following
sections.
Table 36: Quality Control Design Criteria

Variables Criteria
50 mm of rainfall applied to catchments draining to the

Water Quality Volume BMPs.
Primary Outlet Sizing Based on the peak flow calculated from the 3 month ARI
rainfall event
Secondary Outlet (Spillway) As per the ARIs recommended by the relevant Authority
sizing (may vary from 10 to 50-year ARI).
This master plan gave attention not only to stormwater runoff quantity control, but also to reduce runoff
related NPS pollution, specifically to reduce solid wastes, sediments and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
The reduction targets are set such that those can be achieved with the help of available technologies. The
proposed BMPs will also help reduce other pollutants such as metals, organic and nutrients. The minimum
criteria is given in Table 37
Table 37: Pollutant Reduction Targets

Pollutant Reduction Targets (%)
Garbage/Solid Wastes 90
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 80
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 70
Note: Relevant local regulatory authorities may set higher (stringent) targets depending on the sensitivity and
level of pollution in the surrounding areas.
6.12.1 Sediment Control Measures

Storm runoff collected from the developing areas is recommended to route through a sediment basin or
sediment trap before released from the construction site. Sediment retention facilities are recommended to
install prior to the land clearing, grading or disturbance of any project area.
Sediment basin shall be sized to retain a minimum of 80% of total suspended solid (TSS) for all storms that
produce rainfall up to 50 mm. Such condition will not be applicable (for the compliance purpose,) to any
storm that produces event rainfall greater than 50 mm.
6.12.2 Permanent BMP Facilities
These structural BMPs are considered for the master plan to trap garbage, sediments and dissolved polluting
from storm runoff. Such pollutants are needed to remove from the storm runoff with the help of permanent
structural BMP facilities. Gross pollutant traps (GPT), swales and ponds are proposed for such purposes.
6.13 Treatment Measures

The followings are proposed for source and treatment control BMPs facilities, in Dhaka city.
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6.13.1 Infiltration
Infiltration facilities (sumps, trenches, porous pavements and basins) are recommended to capture a volume of
stormwater runoff, retain it, and infiltrate all or part of that volume into the ground and the excess to overflow
to the conveyance system. The system is to be designed and constructed to remain functional for a long
period. The limits of the maximum contributing catchment areas for infiltration sump, trench and basin are
recommended as 500 m2, 4 ha and 15 ha, respectively. Saturated soil infiltration rate of the proposed
infiltration facility site should have a minimum value of 20 mm/hr. The base of all facilities should be located
at least 0.5 m above the seasonal high ground water level and/or any impermeable layer.
6.13.2 Bio-retention System

Bio-retention systems use infiltration and vegetation to remove pollutants from stormwater. These are
proposed to consist of excavated basins or trenches that are filled with porous media and planted with
vegetation. If the infiltration rate and nutrient content of the in-situ soil are suitable, it is not necessary to use
soil imported from other areas. These systems are recommended to capture and treat runoff from small
catchments, limited to less than 1.0 ha of impervious area. Larger areas should be divided into smaller sub-
areas with individual bio-retention systems. Specific design of a bio-retention facility may vary considerably,
depending on site constraints or preferences of the designer or community.
6.13.3 Swales
Swales are wide but shallow channels designed to store and/or convey runoff at a non-erosive velocity, as well
as to enhance stormwater quality through infiltration, sedimentation and filtration. Swales are proposed within
open space areas, parklands and along roadways. A swale is designed to convey the peak flows without
exceeding the maximum permissible velocity. Where this is not practical or the space is limited, designer
should consider dividing the flow into surface and subsurface components, where underground pipeline or
drainage blocks are recommended as subsurface drains.
6.13.4 Gross Pollutant Traps

Gross pollutant traps (GPTs) remove litters, garbage and coarse sediment from stormwater. GPTs proposed as
pre-treatment BMPs for detention pond, water quality pond and/or wetlands. The GPTs are sized to retain
90% of gross pollutants with a minimum of 80% of coarse sediments. The GPTs are sized to prevent any
additional overflows in the stormwater system in the event of partial or complete blockage also. The pollutant
reduction performance is recommended to maintain up to the design ARI discharge. The system should be
such that if the design flow is exceeded, the GPTs will not allow any significant remobilization of trapped
material, by backwater flow.
6.13.5 Water Quality Pond and Wetlands

Water quality control pond (wet pond) or constructed wetlands are located such that these are protected from
excessive sediment loads by upstream GPTs. Ponds are fitted with spillways to make them able to discharge at
least the 50-year ARI flow. Dimension of the wetlands are selected to avoid high velocities which may wash
out the epiphytes and bio-films that are very important for the proper function of the wetlands. The
recommended velocitiy is less than 0.1 m/s. Occasional wash out (say 1 event per year or less) may be
acceptable provided that the epiphytes and bio-films can re-establish over time.
6.13.6 Treatment Trains

Various types of pollutants are generated due to storm runoff. Each BMPs is not suitable for treating all NPS
pollutants. Proper combinations of stormwater BMPs usually provide best cost-effective solutions. Such a
combination, which provides a sequence of treatment through various BMPs, is called a treatment train.
Typically, the NPS pollution control plan would set performance requirements for the BMPs which are part of
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the treatment train. However, if no plan is available, the designer should still investigate options for providing
treatment trains in order to achieve the project objectives. In this master plan, the components of a treatment
train are intended to treat different pollutants. For example, GPT is considered to trap coarse sediment and
litter, combined with a water quality pond to treat fine sediment and dissolved nutrients. In this case, each
device is sized according to its own design guidelines. Treatment trains have been considered in all new
development, redevelopment, or stormwater system upgrading. Each component is designed for a different
annual pollutant retention or reduction target. However, it is proposed that the overall annual pollutant
reduction of the whole treatment train must fulfil the targets given in Table 32.
6.13.7 Housekeeping and Education

Housekeeping measures are those measures that keep out pollutants from being introduced to the runoff.
These includes covering construction materials, chemical storage and handling areas, sweeping up chemical
spills, no open chemical storage area; mitigating the dumping of household and yard trash into the drainage
system. Emphasis is given that the control of urban stormwater quality should not rely only on end-of-pipe
solutions. Improved housekeeping practices are strongly recommended as it brings great benefit by preventing
pollutant loads from entering the stormwater runoff. Therefore, housekeeping and community education or
non-structural source control BMPs are proposed to implement as much as possible.
6.14 Miscellaneous Criteria

6.14.1 Natural Drainage Paths
Major systems are planned and designed to conform to natural drainage patterns and discharge to natural
drainage paths within a catchment. As much as possible, this also should be done for minor system, which is
often modified to conform to road and lot layouts. In general, runoff from development sites within a
catchment should be discharged at the existing natural drainage outlet or outlets.
Diverting runoff from other catchments or sub-catchments can cause adverse impacts on downstream
properties and stormwater systems due to greater runoff volumes than would otherwise occur from the natural
drainage catchment. Therefore, the diversion of runoff to or from other catchments or sub-catchments is not
permitted without approval of the authority.
6.14.2 Drainage Reserves

Drainage reserves are strongly recommended for stormwater conveyances and BMPs to provide access for
maintenance. Proper delineation of the drainage reserves at site, by relatively permanent structures (such as
concrete poles, planting trees, etc.) have been considered very essential for the study area of Dhaka city.
6.14.3 Maintenance Criteria

The detail design of a stormwater drainage system is recommended to take into account the maintenance
requirements of the system after it has been constructed. A stormwater drainage system must also be designed
such that maintenance activities can be performed without the risk of damage to the assets of other authorities,
such as gas, electricity, telecommunications, water supply, sewerage, etc. As such, the drainage system
proposed in the master plan included considerations for easy maintenance.
6.14.4 Prioritization Methodology

The following steps are considered for assessing the priority of drainage improvement works for the
Stormwater drainage master plan of present and future Dhaka city:
1. Establish an initial (base) set of criteria.

2. Examine the initial set of criteria and modify the initial set, if necessary.
3. Assess each criterion and assign a weightage with maximum value of 1.0.
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4. Rate/rank the criteria according to their relative weights.

5. Establish a base set of proposed improvement works/measures based on detailed analyses and
computer simulations.
6. Assess each proposed improvement work/measure against a particular criterion.
7. Rank these works/measures accordingly.
8. Calculate the prioritization scores in a matrix of criteria versus proposed improvement works/measures
by multiplying the respective weights and ranks. Obtain the average of the scores for each proposed
improvement work/measure.
9. Prioritize the proposed improvement works/measures according to the average matrix scores.
10. Present the priority works/measures or projects to the client and all stakeholders.
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CHAPTER 7:
Stormwater Best Management Practices
7.1 Introduction
Implementation of the urban stormwater best management practices (BMPs) involves planning and design of
a combination of non-structural and structural measures to reconcile the conveyance and storage systems to
regulate the quantity and quality aspects of the storm runoff with ultimate target of meeting the needs of the
urban environment. Typical measures used for stormwater management are represented in Figure-41.
There is increasing recognition in environment conscious countries that stormwater management needs to
undertake in a safer and more ecologically sustainable manner. As such, the stormwater is proposed to regard
as a resource to be valued, rather than the traditional attitude of regarding it as a nuisance to be disposed of as
quickly as possible. The rivers, lakes, and khals of Dhaka are degraded by urban stormwater, wastewater,
removal of riparian vegetation, and the destruction of aquatic habitats. Therefore, the existing storm drainage
management practices in Dhaka City need to improve based on the experiences gained in the developed and
developing countries, to consider environmental issues such as water quality, aquatic habitats, riparian
vegetation, and social issues such as aesthetics, recreation, economics, etc.
7.2 Principles of Sustainable Stormwater Drainage

A number of principles are proposed in the master plan to make the management of stormwater sustainable
and ecologically friendly (UDFCD, 1992). Few of the selected principles that should be followed for Dhaka
drainage master plan. These are already given and discussed in Section 3 of Chapter 6.
7.3 Stormwater Management BMPs

The best management practices for storm drainage system of Dhaka city is categorised as “non-structural” and
“structural”, which should be targeted for storm runoff quantity (flow) and quality (pollution) control. The
BMPs for the stormwater drainage master plan of Dhaka has been carefully selected based on site-specific
conditions and the overall management objectives of the drainage system.
7.3.1. Non-structural BMPs
Non-structural BMPs do not require construction of any physical structures and usually less expensive but
brings more sustainable benefits to the overall performance of the storm drainage system. The importance and
benefits of non-structural measures for large cosmopolitan cities like Dhaka are widely acknowledged
worldwide and is given priority in the preparation of this master plan. The roles of the relevant authorities,
managers, planners, contractors, NGOs, citizens, politicians, consultants, contractors, traders, business
community, etc. are given due consideration for effective implementation of the drainage master plan of
Dhaka City.
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Quantity Quality
REGIONALLEVEL
POST-CONSTRUCTION Reservoirs/Lakes
RegionalPonds
COMMUNITYLEVEL WetPonds/Wetlands
DryDetentionBasins
X
InfiltrationBasins
GrossPollutantTraps
X
DetentionStorage X
ON-SITELEVEL
MediaFiltration
X
On-siteTraps,
OilSeparators
X
Swale, Infiltration
Sump,Trench,Porous/
ModularPavements
Regulatory /O&M/HousekeepingBMPs
X
PublicEducation
X
DevelopmentandBuildingControl/Administration
ContractorActivityBMPs
CONSTRUCTION
ErosionandSedimentControlBMPs
LEGEND: Detenti SourceControl

on
X NotApplic
Treatment
Retention
Figure 40: Typical Stormwater Management Measures for Dhaka City (DID, 2000)
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The non-structural BMPs components addressed in the master plan includes (but not limited to) the
followings:
1. Operation and maintenance of urban drainage system by a “Single Authority”, instead of a fragmented
system;
2. Inter-agency cooperation in resource sharing and problem solving for the issues related to drainage and
other related systems;
3. Implementation of integrated drainage-friendly development approval process;
4. Drainage-friendly legislations, acts, policies and strong impartial;
5. Public education and awareness through school curriculum and various printed & electronic media;
6. Conservation of ponds, lakes, khals, natural drains, wetlands, flood plains, flood ways etc.;
7. Implementation of peak runoff flow control and storage oriented concepts including reduction of
directly connected impervious areas (DCIA);
8. Designing the drainage system following the approved stormwater management manual and
guidelines;
9. Continuous monitoring and follow up of the implementation of the master plan;
10. Training for capacity building and local R&D for drainage sector; and
11. Economic and financial strategy for sustainable stormwater management.
7.3.2. Structural BMPs
Although non-structural measures are preferred over structural measures, there are certain situations where
structural measures are inevitable. For instance, it is virtually impossible to improve the drainage situation at
certain places of the core city areas without some structural measures. As such, the following structural
measures are considered in the storm drainage master plan of Dhaka City for runoff quantity (flow) and
quality (pollution) control.
Runoff Quantity Control BMPs
The main target of the drainage master plan is to mitigate the water logging and flooding problem in Dhaka
City. As such, the following on-site, community and regional level structural facilities are considered in the
master plan. The storage facilities, which are the main features of this master plan, would be:
 Infiltration
 On-site Detention
 Dry or Wet Detention Pond/Lake
 Retention Pond/Lake
 Recharge Wells
The conveyance oriented structural facilities, considered in this master plan are:
 Porous Stormwater Drains

 Retrofitting of Existing Ponds and Lakes to the drainage system
 Increasing Channel Capacity
 Enlarging Drain Constrictions
 Realigning or Rerouting Drains
 Upgrading Culverts and Bridges
 Sluice Gates
 Pumps
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Miscellaneous types of flood control facilities considered in the drainage master plan are:
 Bunds
 Raising Platform Levels
Runoff Quality Control BMPs
Various universally accepted BMPs are used in the large cities to reduce non-point source pollution (NPS) due
to storm runoff. However, the suitable BMPs are considered in the drainage master plan of Dhaka City and
which are listed below:
 Sediment Traps
 Log-Booms
 Gross Pollutant Traps
 Wet Detention/Retention Pond
 Constructed Wetland
7.4 The Most Common Structural BMPs
The non-structural BMPs are very subjective to the administrative set-up, public cooperation and other site
conditions. Therefore, continuous adjustments might be required to suit the requirements demanded by the at-
site drainage issues. On the other hand, the structural BMPs with proven performance can be applied to the
drainage condition of Dhaka with minor modifications. In fact, even for the implementation of the structural
BMPs in Dhaka more non-structural efforts would be necessary from all stakeholders. As such, brief
descriptions on the most commonly used structural BMPs are given in the sections below.
7.4.1. Infiltration Facilities
Infiltration facilities proposed for Dhaka in form of pits, trenches or basins. All of these facilities work by
storing stormwater flow and promoting infiltration into the soil. They are primarily for removing fine
pollutants from stormwater. Depending on availability of land for the infiltration facilities that can be of
various types. Typical examples are shown in Figure 41
a) Without Centralised Drainage b) With Centralised Drainage
Figure 41: Application of Infiltration Facilities as Storm Drainage BMPs (Source: Internet)
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7.4.2. Bio-retention Facilities
These facilities (Plate-14) use a filtering action to remove pollutants, dissolved and fine particulate material.
Two types of filtration are used: biofiltration, using biological methods, and media filtration through porous
media such as sand. Bioretention facilities are good for abstracting soluble nutrients and fine colloidal
particles, which are difficult to retain in sediment basins and water quality ponds.
a) At Private Areas b) At Parking Lots
Plate 13: Examples of Bio-retention Facilities (Source: Internet)

7.4.3. Swales
Swales are vegetated drains that can be used to convey and filter runoff. These are proposed in the master plan
as they take advantage of biological processes to improve pollutant removal from the storm runoff. Biological
controls provided by swales (Plate-15) are typically cheaper and have better aesthetics than structural
controls, but may involve more maintenance and land areas.
a) At Residential Areas b) At Common Public Place
Plate 14: Vegetated Swale potential for developing area in Dhaka (Source: Internet)
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7.4.4. Gross Pollutant Traps
Gross pollutant traps (GPTs) are strongly recommended in the master plan, as these remove floating and
submerged gross litter and coarse solids. They can be either pre-fabricated (Plate 16a) or built in-situ (Plate
16b). The GPTs mainly help improve the visual quality of the storm runoff. However, these facilities require
frequent maintenance for them to meet the designed efficiency. Regular maintenance is recommended as
choked GPTs in the drains may cause nuisance flooding in the locality.
a) Minor GPT b) Major GPT
Plate 15: Gross Pollutant Traps - GPTs (Source: Internet)
7.4.5. Log Booms
Log booms are floating barriers placed against the flow of the channels to collect floating solid wastes from
the urban areas. Log booms (Plate 17) are proposed to trap the floating debris from the Khals and small rivers
in and around Dhaka. As the log booms are not so high-tech facilities, they should be locally fabricated.
Similar to the GPTs, the log booms also require regular maintenance, especially after the rain events.
a) Full View b) View of the Collector
Plate 16: Log booms (Source: Internet)
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7.4.6. Water Quality Ponds
Water quality ponds (Plate 18) are strongly recommended for the city, as they have beneficial effect on
stormwater quality treatment by controlling the volume of runoff and providing treatment by gravity settling,
biological stabilisation of soluble pollutants such as nutrients and adsorption anddecomposition of
biodegradable pollutants such as BOD and nutrients. In practice, most water quality ponds contain macro-
phyte zones (wetlands) which are necessary to improve run-off quality. Usually the water quality
improvement ponds are proposed as wet pond, meaning that having some initial water in the pond all the time.
a) Community Pond b) Regional Pond

Plate 17: Water Quality Improvement Ponds (Source: Internet)
7.4.7. Wetlands
Wetlands can be natural (Plate-19a) or constructed (Plate-19b). Although there is little scope to place
wetlands in the core city areas of Dhaka, there are lot of opportunities to make use of the existing wetlands as
integral part of the future stormwater BMPs. The functions of wetlands are similar to those of wet ponds
except that areas of active vegetation growth are the main component of wetlands instead of open water.
These wetlands are included in the drainage system, as they promote biological action in addition to
sedimentation. The wetlands proposed for Dhaka city can be without filtration media or with filtration media.
The constructed wetlands without filtration media require large areas and the filtration media reduces the large
area requirement. The master plan recommends a combination of various types of plants to be placed in a
wetland. Local varieties of floating and submerged plants are recommended for the wetlands. But cleaning up
of wetland is not easy. For cleaning up wetland we need to know about the habitants depending on this
wetland. The types of habitants and plants determine the category of wet land. Different wet lands need
different type of maintaining process. For these purpose only expert with good knowledge about wetland,
should lead this process. Besides, experts, available expenditure and labor are heavily needed to clean up a
wetland.
a) Natural b) Constructed
Plate 18: Urban Wetlands and Stormwater BMP (Source: Internet)
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CHAPTER 8:
Formulation of Master Plan
8.1 General
Current status of Dhaka city’s drainage system, drainage network and disposal system is one of the backbones
of the city utility services. The drainage sector is very fragile, however, suffering from structural constraints
compounded by climatic hazards and frequent monsoon floods. Average stormwater disposal growth over the
last five years has remained at 40% against a target of 100%. This poor growth is due to structural
weaknesses, decreased land, drainage, limited availability of inputs, inefficient technologies, lack of access to
support services and vulnerability to monsoon flood. Drainage facility growth is attributable more to expand
urbanization than to increase only infrastructure facilities. Although most of drainage facilities are increased,
benefits have fallen due to lack of operation, maintenance and lack of public awareness and coordination.
Public fund for drainage system have risen slightly during the past five years, from approximately 5% to 6%
in DWASA’s annual budget. This figure is very low considering that the present drainage demand of greater
Dhaka city. It is also far lower from the 10% target set by DWASA.
8.2 Transition to Modern Drainage System

The goal of DWASA is to foster a rapid transition from government or donor funded drainage system, in
which the majority of city dwellers are currently facilitated, to public-private oriented sustainable drainage
system. This will require profound changes at all levels of urban economical activities, as well as significant
adjustment of planning, development and operations patterns. As drainage facilities are increased and
stormwater is managed properly, water logging problem will be mitigated within the urban area. It will take
time for urban people to react to these new opportunities, since reacting effectively will require them to absorb
new knowledge and acquire new skills. This situation suggests that the support to public-private oriented
drainage system must be flexible in order to adjust to the changing technical and institutional circumstances.
Planning for modern drainage in greater Dhaka city through diverse technologies will ensure sustainable water
logging & flood free zone through the introduction of high-value mechanical equipment with efficient and
strong discharge potential.
8.3 Stormwater Drainage Characteristics
8.3.1. Classification of existing networks (iterative assessment) (Source: Annex-E)

1. Location in conveyance network
 Primary – connects directly to outlet, pumps, pump storages
 Secondary – feeds into primary
 Tertiary – feeds into tertiary
2. Flow ARI (average recurrence interval)
 Primary – 25 yr
 Secondary – 10 yr
 Tertiary – 5 yr
3. Typical pipe sizes
 Primary – pipe diameter ≥ 2,000mm
 Secondary – 1,300mm ≤ pipe diameter ≤ 2,000mm
 Tertiary – 600mm ≤ pipe diameter ≤ 1,300mm
4. Typical channel sizes
 Primary – depth ≥ 2,000mm
 Secondary – 1,300mm ≤ depth ≤ 2,000mm
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 Tertiary – 600mm ≤ pipe diameter ≤ 1,300mm
8.4 Data Analysis and Drainage Modeling

This Stormwater Drainage Master Plan represents the management and regulation of stormwater runoff and
drainage development for entire Dhaka city. This plan has discussed in detail on the capacity and needs of
Dhaka city’s stormwater drainage system. The Master plan examines the existing stormwater drainage system
and future development impact on the system. Existing and future deficiencies are identified and the preferred
solution alternatives are presented with cost estimates. An implementation plan has been developed with
master plan projects. The City’s stormwater drainage facility design criteria were reviewed and stormwater
management recommendations are presented.
A computer model has been developed as part of the Master Plan that simulates water runoff during a storm
event in Dhaka city. SWMM model has been used in the core city of the study area to find out the stormwater
drainage capacity. The model not only is a vital tool in analyzing the existing and future storm drainage
situation for the master plan, but also allow Dhaka City to update and analyze continuously for potential
drainage deficiencies. It facilitates the analysis of conceptual design of alternative mitigation measures.
The Master Planning Methodology provides for improving drainage in this master plan study. This
methodology has been developed based on the appraisal of structural and non-structural issues affecting
Dhaka city. This approach is supported by model simulations of the existing drainage conditions and various
improvement scenarios with future land use patterns.
 Development of model in SWMM for Developed Areas

 Development of model in HEC RAS & HEC HMS for Rural Areas or fringe area.
The Figure 42 shows the different models, which have been used in different parts of study area. The result of
HEC-HMS and SWMM model are briefly given as the following Table 38 and Table 39. PCSWMM
professional 2D is the strong modeling software. The node flooding of the drainage system at Mirpur of study
area showing in PCSWMM interfaces is given in Figure 43
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Figure 42: Modelling zone in the DMP area
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Table 38: HEC-HMS Simulated Peak Flow for different duration of 2 Yr Return Period
Subcatchment Peak Flow (m3/s)
0.5-hr 1-hr 2-hr 3-hr 6-hr 24-hr 36-hr 48-hr 72-hr
SC_F01 11.4 18.8 22.2 24.8 24.5 30.9 28.2 25.3 21.2
SC_F02 10.6 16 18.5 20.4 20.3 25 23.1 21.1 18.2
SC_F03 14.1 28 34.5 39.3 38.3 50.4 45.1 39.5 31.8
SC_F04 9.3 11.5 12.5 13.3 13.6 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.1
SC_F05 9.4 11.4 12.5 13.2 13.7 15.7 15.2 14.5 13.6
SC_F06 11.9 17.5 20.3 22.4 23.9 29.2 27.9 26.3 23.9
SC_F07 9.1 12.2 13.6 14.6 14.1 16.7 15.4 14.1 12.3
SC_F08 15.9 35 43.8 50.3 48.3 64.7 57.2 49.2 38.3
SC_F09 10.4 17.7 21 23.3 21.8 27.8 24.6 21.3 16.8
SC_F10 9.8 16.2 19 21 19.3 24.5 21.5 18.6 14.6
SC_F11 15.2 25.2 30.3 34.1 37.2 46.7 44.6 41.9 37.7
SC_F12 9.4 12.2 13.6 14.5 14.5 17 16 14.9 13.4
SC_F13 17 36.8 46.1 52.9 52 69.2 61.9 53.9 43
SC_F14 9.5 14 16 17.4 16.6 20.3 18.4 16.5 13.8
SC_F15 20.6 43.8 55 63.3 64.9 85.7 78.3 69.9 58.2
SC_F16 18.2 36.3 45.1 51.7 53.3 69.7 64.1 57.6 48.6
SC_F17 41.2 79.8 100.3 116 134.9 173.5 168.6 160.3 146.9
SC_F18 18 40.7 51.3 59.1 57.6 77.3 68.7 59.5 46.9
SC_F19 11.4 18 21.1 23.5 23.6 29.5 27.3 24.8 21.3
SC_F20 9.6 13.2 14.9 16.1 15.9 19 17.6 16.2 14.2
SC_F21 25.1 48.1 50.1 57.7 57.3 76.3 68.6 60.1 48.4
Table 39: SWMM simulated Peak runoff of all minor basin for different duration of 2 Year Return
Period
Sub catchment Peak Flow (m3/s)
0.5-hr 1-hr 2-hr 3-hr 6-hr 24-hr

Dholaikhal 25.21 40.41 40.22 41.78 18.62 20.46
Goranchotbari 150.55 247.19 256.55 271.09 131.25 147.76
Kallyanpur 84.22 131.53 125.84 129.44 58.03 60.29
Kamalapur 21.71 34.46 33.74 34.86 14.6 16.58
Rampura 76.26 125.2 129.1 135.8 63.78 71.36
Sadarghat 3.87 6.07 5.77 5.91 2.64 2.71
Basabo 1.81 2.84 2.72 2.79 1.25 1.28
Kamalbagh 2.5 3.73 3.31 3.35 1.52 1.46
Nawabgonj 8.44 13.39 12.97 13.35 5.93 6.24
Shahidnagar 4.13 6.87 7.18 7.56 3.45 3.93
Grand Total 378.7 611.69 617.4 645.93 301.07 332.07
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Figure 43: SWMM Simulated result for Node flooding
Five permanent pump stations and four temporary pump stations in the core city of master plan area have been
used as a location of outfall in SWMM model. The result summary of pumpstation in terms of peck discharge
and total volume of stormwater in 1hr in 2-year return period at each outfall in core city area is given in Table
40.
Table 40: Pumping Summary of 1hr in 2year Return period in the study area
Max. |Flow| Avg. Flow Total Vol. Power
Name Inlet Node Outlet Node (m³/s) (m³/s) (ML) Usage(kw-hr)
Goranchotbari
Goranchotbari reservoir Goranchotbari 22 22 30.665 296.31
Kallyanpur
Kallyanpur reservior Kallyanpur 20 19.66 2425.277 33692.49
Pump3 R3 Dholaikhal 12.355 2.88 107.187 278.72
Pump4 R4 Kamalapur 11.738 2.53 79.065 347.83
Rampurapump Hatirjil5 Rampura 16 16 0.008 0.08
Sadarghat J651 Sadarghat 3.493 0.57 14.406 0
Kamalbagh J593 Kamalbagh 2.2 0.34 7.749 4.22
Shahidnagar J545 Shahidnagar 2.859 0.71 20.822 5.67
Nawabgonj J242 Nawabgonj 7.062 1.19 33.094 9.01
The flood inundation map, which is shown in Figure 44, has been created based on the model result. The map
shows that the eastern fringe area is mostly affected by urban flooding.
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Figure 44: Flood Inundation Map of DMP Area
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Annex C - Data Analysis and Drainage Modelling, describes the modelling process and results in detail.
8.5 General Non-structural Measures

Non-structural measures are mainly formulated in previous studies on the basis of three major perspectives
and these are
 Implement effective solid waste management

 Legal and Institutional issues
 Socio-economic issues
8.5.1. For Western Dhaka
For Western Dhaka, IWM 2006 proposed overall non-structural measures such as:
 Provide adequate solid waste disposal system.

 Secure of ‘Right of Way’ for all drainage channels.
 Proper operation and maintenance of all drainage and flood proofing structures by Single authority
 Establish collaboration for managing flood and drainage in the city, developing a flood forecasting
system as well as preparing early warning activities between BWDB and Dhaka WASA.
 Free existing natural drainage routes from encroachment immediately by all parties, especially Dhaka
WASA and DCC.
 Regular cleaning, utilizing advanced technologies by all parties especially Single authority and DCC,
of the drains/ pipes/ khals before the arrival of monsoon storms with adequate funding each year.
 Effective maintenance of conveyance channels from sluice gates to rivers.
 Acquire all open and unoccupied lands beside the western flood embankment within the protected area
and utilize these for constructing retention ponds and conveyance channels.
 Assess the impact of Eastern Embankment on drainage from Western Dhaka, and immediately
preserve land in Eastern Dhaka for retention storage.
 Dhaka WASA, within their jurisdiction, to ensure that developers would provide adequate space for
drainage and funds for developing facilities. Also, along with the DC (administrative) Office,
immediately prohibit developers from encroaching khas (Government) lands.
 RAJUK to develop and implement building codes for preserving drainage facilities in the urban areas,
 Most importantly, for low-lying terrain, the DC Office is to protect natural canals of eastern part from
the land grabbers and encroachers, and ensure khas (Government) lands and natural canals would not
be leased to private developers.
 Stormwater drainage in Dhaka city can only be successfully performed if all government agencies and
real-estate developers work in collaboration. Form a high-level steering committee including Ministers
of relevant Ministries to facilitate stormwater management in Dhaka.
 Create public awareness regarding necessity for conserving and protection of the drainage systems,
man-made or natural.
8.5.2. For Eastern Dhaka
In Eastern Dhaka, with four management zones, IWM 2006 raised the following non-structural concerns for
the option without the embankment and Eastern Bypass Road:
 RAJUK should guide the development of Eastern Dhaka based on a Master Plan to integrate land use
types with service, utility, stormwater, water supply and wastewater systems.
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 As the low lands act as flood retarding areas, raising it to above the design levels of Balu River would
result in higher flood levels and wider extent of inundation on the river’s right-bank plains. A detailed
study should be conducted to quantify the impacts due to land filling in Eastern Dhaka.
 The existing natural drainage channels should be acquired and protected to prohibit encroachment that
would ensure indiscriminate land filling. Most of the khals here also drain stormwater from Western
Dhaka.
 RAJUK should immediately form special task force to address lack of stormwater and wastewater
facilities for the development of new township in the Eastern Dhaka and apply control measures.
 Protect the khals from solid waste disposal, wastewater discharges and public encroachment.
 Formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khals from illegal encroachment.
 Conduct a land settlement survey to confirm status of land availability and its use patterns.
 Secure Retarding Ponds from illegal encroachment.
 No further development either from government or private sector should be allowed without a
comprehensive development master plan.
8.6 Platform and Plinth Level

For proposing platform and plinth level (FigFigure 45) for any sort of structural development the consultant
has divided the whole study area into zone- North and South. The north zone falls on the project management
zone of Savar, Gazipur, Goranchatbari, uttarkhan and some part of parbachal, which is on north side of the
300 feet road passing through Purbachal area. The south zone falls on the project management zone of
Rampura, Badda, Kamlapur, Old Dhaka,keraniganj, DND, Narayanganj, kallanpur and some part of parbachal
which which is on south side of the 300 feet road passing through Purbachal area
For North zone, the minimum allowable platform level and plinth level need to be considered as 8.0 mPWD
and 9.0 mPWD respectively. For the South zone allowable platform and plinth level can be considered as
7.0mPWD and 8.0 mPWD.
It’s a proposal from the consultant part based on modeling and calculation. In the core city area and
municipality area, the authority may lessen these values by 1.0 mPWD as drainage networks for these areas
are largely dependent on pumping system.
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Fig
Figure 45: Proposed Platform and Plinth Level for the Study Area.
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Additional Non-structural Measures/ Responsibility Distribution
8.7.1 Generally Important:
1. Institutional Arrangement and Integrated approach:

 The present setup has been found to be insufficient for intregrated stormwater management. The extent
of drainage facilities is growing rapidly with expansion of the city both spatial and as well as vertically.
Therefore, the already inadequate staffing at the drainage circle needs immediate review and re-
organization where Storm Drainage must be operated and maintained by ONE Authority. The
institutional arrangement for development, operation and management of Drainage Systems may be
one of the following three options. The government may choose the most suitable, in consultation with
senior management and professionals.
Option 1: DCC will take the whole responsibility for stormwater drainage and solid waste
management.
Option 2: The independent Unit within WASA has to be formed and named as Storm Drainage Unit
SDU. DMD will be the key person to control the whole work.
Option 3: A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government,
Rural Development & Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector.
 The integrated approach among different organizations can ensure the non-structural measure in
stormwater management. In South East Asia, such as Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Thailand and others, the integrated approach of managing the solid waste and stormwater
drainage system is being currently managed by inter-ministerial steering committee headed by the
Prime Minister’s office/secretariat. A Steering committee headed by the Ministry of local government
will be formed as considering an integrated approach for properly managing stormwater drainage
system and solid waste in Dhaka city. In this regard, all stakeholders have to come under one umbrella.
The possible members of the steering committee will be DCC, RAJUK, WASA, BWDB, Cantonment
Board, and LGD (Detail in Annex-D)
2. Political Support: To ensure the political support from down to top, a local level committee will
be formed in each ward where ward councilor will be the head. The respectable persons of the
community, Imam of the mosque, teacher, political leaders and community leader will be the member
of this committee. The committee will have the task to influence and increase awareness of politicians
regarding the development plan. In this regard, the ministry of local government can take initiative
eagerly to help this committee.
3. Proposal for Solid Waste Management: The Clean Dhaka Master Plan 2005 that has been
adopted by DCC encourages collection of solid waste from households but does not place any
emphasis on segregation of waste and treatment or resource recovery from waste. Composting as a
method of disposal is well recognized and has been successfully implemented by “Waste Concern,” an
environmental NGO. However, no such initiatives have been taken or have been encouraged by the
Clean Dhaka Master Plan.This 4-R (reduce, reuse, recycle and recovery) principle has changed the
waste management hierarchy and is now being increasingly employed worldwide (Table 41).
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) approach is based on this principle. While source
reduction and separation are considered as an important element, ISWM approach can also be applied
at the ultimate disposal point where it may take some time to introduce source reduction and separation
practice in Dhaka city. Implementation of “integrated solid waste management” approach at waste
disposal sites would bring significant changes in the present solid waste management scenario. It is
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therefore, recommended that DCC gives proper consideration to ISWM while designing disposal sites.
The detail process and action plan of SWM has been discused in Annex-H.
Table 41: Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated Solid Waste Management
Functional scope Stakeholders Strategic Aspect
Local government (DCC)
National government
Strategic planning (Department of Political
Legal/ regulatory framework Environment, DoE) Institutional
Public participation Service users Social
Planning and
Financial management Private sectors Financial
management
Institutional arrangement (CBO/NGO) Economical
Disposal facility siting and Informal sectors Technical
designing (scavengers) Environmental
Donors
WASA
Category of waste
Waste generation
Minimization of waste
Collection and transfer
Treatment and recycling
Waste handling
Final disposal
Special waste
 Generation-based Integrated Solid Waste Management:
This concept of ISWM is based on its generation from different sources including domestic, commercial,
industrial and agriculture. This waste could be further classified as hazardous and non-hazardous waste
(Figure 46). The former has to be segregated at source and treated for disposal in accordance with the strict
regulations. 4R approach (reduce, reuse, recycle and recover) is also applicable both at source as well as at the
different levels of solid waste management chain including collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.
The waste from different sources is classified into different steps. First step is collection of waste, secondly
segregation of waste, followed by recycling waste (organic & inorganic), waste exchange, and discarded
waste. Then the resourceable wastes such as, plastic, wood, steel, papers, glass and compost/Biogas will be
separated from others. By recycling process, these wastes can be reused. Finally, non-reusable wastes will be
decided as final disposal. All kind of wastes will be classified into another three steps which are treatment,
recovery, and final waste.The details has been described in Annex-D
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Hazardous waste for Treatment and

Disposal
Residential Industrial and Services

Commercial
(Healthcare, Laboratory, etc.)
Methane & Heat
Energy
Collection of waste
Segregation of waste
Treatment Resources
Recycling waste
Recovery
(Organic & Inorganic)
Final waste
Waste Exchange
Discarded waste Plastic, wood,

steel, paper, glass
and
Compost/Biogas
Final Disposal Sanitary landfill,

Incinaration
Figure 46: Generation based Integrated Solid Waste Management plan:
8.7.2 For RAJUK to Consider
 Stop allowing individual plot development, which is more towards Horizontal kind of development and
increases impervious area per capita. It is necessary to move towards Vertical Development to have
more space for parks; sports fields, which will help reduce urban heat island. Most importantly, having
more green and water bodies will help reduce “Urban Heat Island” effect that is experienced dwellers
of Dhaka city.
 Enforce “Cluster/Sector Development”. For instance, Uttara, Lalmatia, Dhanmondi, Banani, etc.
Sectoral development will help make the city with more natural amenities (parks, sports fields, etc.).
The selling point to the public would be that the Cost of Construction materials at Uttara (with better
roads, parks, open space, etc.) and Uttarkhan (without proper access roads, parks, open space) are
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almost same, however the comfort of living at Uttara and Uttarkhan would be very different due to
difference in infrastructure facilities and amenities.
 Cluster development will also help to use “land grading” as one of the techniques to use for surface
runoff by using “Grassed Swales”.
 Ensure at least 10% of the cluster is as “Pervious Open Space” with at least 3% water retention bodies,
in each cluster. Although there are such policies in Mohanogor Imarat Nirman Bidhimala (MINB,
2008) but could not be implemented for individual plot based developments being practiced in most of
the places.
 At present people wants to “Own” a piece of land. To change the mindset of the people,
Govt/developers should take charge of the land and come up with the clustered development same as,
Uttara, Lalmatia, Banani, Baridhara, Gulshan, etc. but with On-site detention and pond facilities.
Proper infrastructural plan must be approved by govt/public before starting the development.
 Implement “On-site Detention” facilities for storm runoff control from each development project.
 Periodical inspection of the development projects to ensure constructions are being done as per the
approved plan and design (say 3 or 4 times during the project period).
 There must be RAJUK surveillance teams to ensure that the buildings are constructed as per the
approved plan and design. Any violator will be given two choices:
 Make the defect good

 Pay monthly/annual penalty fee for violating the approved plan (say, Tk “X” per sft. of increased
impervious area).
 Implementation of no “Directly Connected Impervious Areas (DCIA)” to the public drainage. There
must be porous surroundings around the buildings, through which the storm runoff has to pass through
to minimize the peak surface runoff and to encourage groundwater recharge.
 Encourage “Turfed green roof” and provide incentive on storm drainage service fees, say Tk 0.15/sft.
A few alternative standard typical drawings can be provided by RAJUK, which must be followed for
the “Green Roofs”. The idea is let us not have many variations at the start. Once public gets the
benefits of having turfed green roofs, then they can come up with their own design (considering the
safety of the structures, and other factors) which can be implemented with the approval from RAJUK.
 Protection/ Gazette of water bodies, flood plains, flood flow zones, wetlands, etc.
8.7.3 For DCC to Consider
 Possibility of taking charge of the urban drainage system, as they construct the roads, roadside drains,
collect holding tax and manage solid wastes.
 Ensure annual/routine cleaning of surface and tertiary drains under DCC jurisdiction.
 Strictly implement standard hydraulically efficient Roadside Drainage Inlets.
 Design and construct the storm drainage elements as per the proposed “Stormwater Drainage Design
Manual” being prepared by DWASA.
 One of the main sources of solid wastes on the roads is from the vendors, shops, etc. DCC should
make mandatory for each trader (hawker/shop) to keep 2 large enough plastics for the customers to
dump litters in the plastic bags. One should be for perishable wastes (food wastes) and the other for dry
items (paper, plastic, bottles, aluminum, etc.).
 Improved solid waste management and “Reuse” to reduce blockage of drains. Solid waste should be
considered as raw material to produce energy and composts. Norway is in short of solid wastes and
importing from other EU countries.
 Keep the roadside drainage Inlets “Functional”. Cleaning before and during monsoon immediately
when any water logging is reported.
 Implement improved ways of handing construction materials in the city area. Presently materials are
dumped on the roadsides and the inlets are blocked preventing the storm runoff from entering the
drains.
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 Use of porous materials to reduce imperviousness of the urban areas (parking lots, swales, etc.).
 Install gross pollutant traps (GPTs) to capture litters from the drains.
8.7.4 For Others to Consider
 Buildings must be inspected by the relevant Authorities (such as RAJUK, DWASA, DCC, DESCO,
Titas Gas, etc.) during and upon completion, and “Fitness Certificate” (similar to fitness certificates of
Vehicles) once all compliances are met. Any non-compliance must be made good or all the utility
services MUST be DENIED. Such strict measures will deter the public to violate plan and other
requirements. On the other hand, in order to encourage the people to comply with the requirements, for
full compliance there can be incentives, (such as certain amount of money may be rebated from first
month of holding tax, water bill, electricity bill, gas bill, etc.)
 The DAP Consultants and Govt. Town Planners must ensure that adequate importance is provided to
take care of the stormwater drainage system to take care of the extra runoff generated due to the
increased developments.
 UDD and LGRD to play important roles for proper stormwater drainage system in the other
Municipality areas.
 Planning Commission may play role to ensure that the agreed matters are materialized by ALL Parties
involved.
8.7 General Structural Measures

8.7.1 Core City East
 Embankment: Raise to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD and Raise to 50 year
 New pumps: Construct new Drainage Pump Stations at Norail Khal, Dumni Khal and Kashaibar-
Boalia Khal outlets (Balu River)
 Existing pumps: Increase capacities, improve operation
lengths, provide new lines, improve conveyance of Norail, Dumni and Kashaibar-Boalia Khals
 Storages: Demarcate surface areas specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment & illegal
development, provide new storage facilities.
8.7.2 Core City West
 Embankment: Construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD
 Pumps: Increase capacities, improve operation
 Khals & Box Culverts: Remove obstructions, clear blockages, increase conveyance, reduce total
lengths, provide new lines
 Storages: Demarcate surface areas specified by DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment & illegal
development, and provide new storage facilities
8.7.3 Fringe
 Flood flow zones: Preserve area specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment & illegal
development
 Embankment: Where affected, construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD.
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8.8 Drainage Zones

For formulating the master plan more effectively, the whole study area (of Dhaka megacity) has been divided
into 13 drainage management zones and every management zone is divided in to number of sub-catchments.
The Figure 47 shows 13 management zones in the study area. All proposed structural and non-structural
interventions for these zones are discussed below by turns.
The project designated 13 Zones are as follows (Table 42).
Table 42: Description of Drainage Management Zones (13)

No. of
Zone Name Area Area
No Sub- Name of some of the localities
(and code) (km2) classification
catchments
Abdullahpur, Uttara, New Airport,
Goranchatbari/ Uttara
1 70.81 56 Mirpur, Pallabi, Cantonment, Core
(GCB)
Goranchotbari
Kallayanpur/ Mirpur Mirpur, Kallyanpur, Muhammadpur,
2 32.03 55 Core
(KLN) Katasur, Dhanmondi, Hazaribagh
Dolaikhal and Old
3 22.98 50 Lalbagh, Hazaribagh, Kamrangirchar Core
Dhaka (DHK)
Dhaka- Narayanganj- Derma, Siddhirganj, Kutubpur,
4 Demra 97.47 47 Godnail, Kadam Rasul, Fatullah, Fringe
(DND) Enayetnagar, Kashipur, Shyampur
Kamalapur, Khilgaon, Gerani Khal,
5 Kamalapur (KML) 43.06 36 Core
Manda Khal, Segun Bagicha
Rampura
6 28.22 27 Gulshan,Tejgaon, Ramna, Core
(RMP)
Badda
7 45.45 13 Badda, Shahjadpur, Begunbari Core
(BDD)
Uttarkhan
8 42.28 11 Uttarkhan, Azampur, Tongi, Fringe
(UTK)
Gazipur and Tongi Gazipur, Pubail, Tongi Paurashava,
9 243.41 44 Fringe
(GZT) Gachha, Basan,
Savar Kashimpur, Ashulia, Savar
10 218.31 50 Fringe
(SVR) Paurashava, Banagram
Keraniganj, Kalatia, Hazratpur,
Keraniganj
11 251.78 42 Tetuljhara, Bhakurta, Kalatia, Fringe
(KRN)
Ruhitpur, Tegharia
Narayanganj, Mura Para, Tarabo,
Narayanganj
12 183.15 40 Madanpur,Dhamgarh, Shambhupura, Fringe
(NRN)
Kalagachia, Kanchan
Purbachal Purbachal, Daudpur,Tumulia, Nagari,
13 156.94 26 Core
(PRB) Kayetpara
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Figure 47 : Drainage Management Zone in the Study Area
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8.8.1 Goranchatbari (GCB)

A. Problem of the study area
This area is dandified (?) with low-lying areas and water bodies, all of these are highly recommended to
protect from encroachment. New emerging urban areas such as Uttara 3rd Phase, Pallabi DOHS etc.
requires proper planning by incorporating drainage and other relevant issues. Illegal encroachment and
structure over the water bodies and low-lying areas are common scenario in this area. An important
structure for storm drainage in this area is Baunia khal, which has been encroached at most of the places
illegally. Some other important khals like Sanbadik Colony Khal, Baistec Khal and Mirpur Housing Khal
has lost its drainage capacity due to siltation. Uttara 3rd phase is a new emerging urban residential area
and its proper drainage planning with feasibility study needs to be done immediately. The Confluence of
Digur, Baunia and Abdullahpur khal has been disturbed for land development at Uttara 3rd phase. Low-
lying area at Northwestern part of Uttara and 3rd phase of Uttara has been started using as residential area.
So drainage facilities should be provided here by DWASA in a planned manner. Eastern Bank of Tongi
Khal is used to play role as temporary retention pond, which is occupied by illegal landuse. Water logging
problem is severe at Sheorapara and Kazipara.
Table 43: Structural Measure in Zone GCB

ITEM Phase Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total
area/ number
Total Area 70.81 km2 70.81 km2 70.81 km2
Total Sub catchment 56 56 56

Critical design rainfall duration 1 and 3 hours
Pump Existing pump 1 44 m3/s 44 m3/s 44 m3/s
station Proposed pump N/A N/A
Location name of proposed pump station
Coordinate
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1 10,801 m 10,801 m
Phase2 10,801 m
Phase 3
Existing RCC concrete
Unlined Primary Phase 1 20,633.55 m 20,633.55 m
drain Phase2
Phase 3 20,633.55 m
Existing Primary Unlined
drain
Secondary
Existing Secondary
Unlined drain
Khal Open (U channel) Phase 1 35061.93 m
Phase2 21460.08 m
Phase 3 13601.85 m
Canal Phase 1 9783.91m
Phase2
Phase 3 9783.91 m
Existing Khal
Retention Phase 1 2.4569 km2 2.4569 km2
pond Phase2
Phase 3 2.4569 km2
Existing Retention pond
GPT Major Phase 1 7 19
Phase2 5
Phase 3 2
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Sluice gate Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
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Phase 3 3
Existing Sluice gate
Approan Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Weir
Flood Flow zone 1.34 km2 1.34 km2 1.34 km2
Retention area 3.11 km2
Inlets 2597 2597
B. Structural Measures
Major proposed structural intervention for this area is enlisted below by turns
 To provide 2.45 sq. km storage/retention at potal beel, western housing, birulia bridge.
 At Kalshi along with the Matikata Road and Mirpur-11 all the illegal infrastructure need to be removed
as early as possible to protect the water bodies and low-lying areas.
 Baunia khal is the major channel for this zone, but unfortunately, it is narrowed down due to illegal
encroachment. All these encroachments need to be removed immediately. Total 7.63 km long khal
from Mirpur-14 to Uttara 3rd phase need to be excavated and widened up to 40 m.
 Sanbadik Colony Khal, Baistec Khal and Mirpur Housing Khal are silted up and its effective capacity
has been narrow down in a great scale. So cleaning along with excavation and realignment is very
much necessary to do.
 Available land allocated for Goranchotbari Pump station must be kept free from all sort of
encroachment and undesirable landuses.
 Uttara 3rd phase is a new emerging urban residential area and its proper drainage planning with
feasibility study needs to be done immediately.
 Confluence at the meeting place of Digun, Baunia and Abdullahpur khal need to be maintained with
undisturbed and well designed. Due to land development at Uttara 3rd phase, this confluence has been
disturbed.
 New sludge treatment and disposal units have to be created.
 Northwestern part of Uttara and Northern area of Uttara 3rd phase is predominantly low-lying area, but
now people are using these lands as residential zone and other purposes. So these areas need to be
served with some DWASA drainage facilities.
 Within the above-mentioned zone some of the lands are used to play the role of temporary retention
pond (Eastern Bank of Tongi Khal), which need to be preserved.
 10.8 km long of pipes drain needs to be constructed in some areas (Monipur, Ibrahimpur and
cantonment area) of this zone. (Project Id: 2nd phase-9)
 DWASA needs to construct some earthern drains with a length of 20.63 km at area of Noanagar,
Uttara residential area, Baidrtek, Shahjalal international airport area, and Bhashantek area in this zone
immediately. (Project Id: 3rd phase-7)
 All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 43. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 48.
C. Non-structural Measures
 Formulation of a separate drainage management zone authority

 Co-ordination among service providing agencies specially RAJUK, City Corporation, DWASA and
Cantonment Board.
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 This zone is densified with low-lying areas and water bodies, all of these are highly recommended
(gross area greater than 2.0 hectare) to protect from unnecessary encroachment.
 New emerging urban areas such as Uttara 3rd Phase, Pallabi DOHS etc. requires proper planning by
incorporating drainage and other relevant issues. DWASA and RAJUK should work jointly in this
concern.
 All the illegal encroachments and structures over the water bodies and low-lying areas need to be
removed immediately. Local law enforcing agency, RAJUK, City Corporation and DWASA can work
as a team in this context.
 Regular program shall be undertaken for cleaning of the drains/ pipes/ khals before the advent of the
monsoon.
 Create public awareness
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Existing Goranchatbari
Pump Station, capacity
44 m3/s
Figure 48: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Goranchotbari Zone
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Kallayanpur (KLN)
Table 44: Structural Measure in Zone KLN
Item Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total
area/ number
Sub catchment 55 55 55
Critical design rainfall duration 1 and 3 hrs
Pump Existing pump 20 m3/s 20 m3/s 20m3/s
station Proposed pump
Coordinate
Pipe RCC concrete Phase 1 29974 29974
drain(m) Phase2 29974
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1 665.05 665.05
(m) Phase2 665.05
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 1874 17050 17050
Phase2 5706
Phase 3 9470
Canal Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Retention pond Phase 1 1.33 km2 1.33 km2
Phase2
Phase 3 1.33 km2
Phase2 2
Phase 3 1
Minor Phase 1 7
Phase2 4
Phase 3 3
Phase2 11
Phase 3 8
Aprons Phase 1 6 6
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Weirs Phase 1 6 6
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Flood Flow zone 4.65 km2 4.65 km2 4.65 km2
Retention area 1.929 km2 1.929 km2 1.929 km2
Inlets 997 997
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A. Structural Measures
 Kallayanpur Main Khal, Ramchandrapur Khal, katasur Khal, Kallayanpur Kha Khal, Kallayanpur Gha
Khal, Kallayanpur Uma Khal all are silted up with sludge. Immediate cleaning and realignment works
necessary for this khals.
 To construct 2.35-km long new pipe line from Mirpur-10 to Kallyanpur Kha Khal along new road.
(project Id: 2nd phase-10)
 Another 7.14 km pipeline needs to construct from Mirpur-1 to Kallayanpur Branch Kha through
Technical moar and Gabtoli. (project Id: 2nd phase-11)
 Retention area about 1.929 sq. km is proposed of which 1.33 sq. km of retention pond at area of
Gantoli in this zone need to be acquired/ managed.
 At Sheorapara and Kazipara (partly falls within the zone) water logging problem is very much severe
due to the absence of adequate drains. DWASA needs to construct some secondary drain / pipe drain
within this zone immediately.
 At Rayerbaazar a temporary pump station needs to be installed along with some arrangement of
retention pond.
B. Non-structural Measures
 Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority
 To formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khal, waterbodies etc. from illegal
encroachment.
 All the illegal encroachments and structures over the water bodies and low-lying areas need to be
immediately removed.
 Establishment of Right of Way for the natural channels.
 DWASA needs to recover the proposed amount of retention areas for Kallaynpur pump station in FAP
study immediately. DWASA may adopt both legal enforcement and land acquisition approach in this
context.
 Proper Landuse planning.
 Proper guided solid waste management is another prerequisite to achieve a sustainable stormwater
drainage management.
 O & M works along with proper monitoring system must be introduced that the ward dwellers as well
as the cleaners and relevant personnel could not neglect their duties.
 Create public awareness.
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Existing Pump Station,

Kallayanpur, Capacity 20
m3/s
Temporary Pump
Station Rayer
Bazar, capacity
9.9 m3/s
Figure 49: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Kallayanpur Zone
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Structural Measures for Mitigation Flood
Based on the existing flooding conditions in this zone (2 – Kallyanpur), indicated as waterlogged areas in
Figure 50, its drainage systems have been modelled in EPA-SWMM to simulate hydrodynamic responses
during the assigned design rainfall events. Design improvement of the pumps, channels and various conduits
were investigated so as to arrive at the appropriate structural measures for mitigating floods.
The results of the model simulations (described in Annex-C of this report) reveal the following proposals for
drainage system improvement (ordered from top-most priority, downstream to upstream):
 Upgrade pumping rate from 20 m3/s to 29.9m3/s

 Remove obstructions and clear blockages in Kallyanpur (Main and all branches) Khal (flowing into
pump-house)
 Construct/upgrade 4 barrels of 2,000mm diameter RC pipes from nodes 2A6.07 to 2A6.03, with total
length of 1,900m
 Construct/upgrade 2 barrels of 2,000mm diameter RC pipes from nodes 2A6.03 to 2A6.0), with total
length of 490m (C481-C483)
 Construct new 2,000mm diameter RC pipe along new road from Mirpur-1 to Kallyanpur Kha Khal,
with total length of 2,350m
 Remove obstructions and clear blockages in Khal from nodes 2A1.07 to 2A4.01
length of 2,100m
length of 1,500m
 Construct/upgrade gated outlet/outfall at node 2E1.02 into Dhanmondi Lake
 Construct/upgrade 3 barrels of 2,500mm diameter RC pipes from nodes 2E1.02 to 2F1.02, with total
length of 2,000m
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Major water
logging area
Figure 50: Structural Drainage Improvement for Waterlogging Areas at Kallayanpur Zone
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8.8.2 Dholai Khal and Old Dhaka (DHK)

Table 45: Structural Measures in Zone DHK
ITEM Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total
area/ number
Pump Existing pump Dholaikhal 22 m3/s 22 m3/s 22 m3/s
Coordinate
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1 26609 26609

(m) Phase2 6069
Phase 3 20540
Unlined Primary
(m) Secondary
Khal (m) Open (U channel)
Canal
Retention pond

Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 5
Phase 3 7
Sluice gate Phase 1 12
Phase2 6
Phase 3 6
Approan Phase 1 12
Phase2 5
Phase 3 7
Weir Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone .22
Inlets 1142 1142
Proposed retention area 0
 Up gradation of pumping capacity at Dholaikhal pump Station is required phase by phase. At present, the
available capacity of the pump station is quite operational, but needs to maintain regularly rather than
being temporary.
 A temporary pump station needs to be installed. Probable location for this temporary pump station can be
the either at the outfall / outlet of Sadarghat or Imamganj.
 At present there is only 0.042 sq. km (4.2 ha) area is available as retention ponds which is previously
acquired previously by the government.
 Part of Buriganga River exists between Kamrangir Char and Brac land embankment (Baribadh) need to
be preserved and excavated immediately to increase its water holding capacity. At present, this low-lying
area is under severe encroachment.
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 Effective cross-sectional length of Dholaikhal Box-culverts (3.8 km) exists within this zone needs to be
extended up to 8.0 m (4.8 m existing) and needs emergency cleaning work. Volume of sediment need to
be cleaned: 4700 m3
 Sediment from Debdulai boxculvert (2.5m x 2.8m) needs to be cleaned. Volume of sediment needs to be
cleaned: 5500 m3
 Capacity of existing Storm Sewer (6.15 km) is not sufficient, which requires upgradation or capacity
increment.
 A new pipeline of 500 m (approx.) needs to construct from Nazirabaazar to Nazimuddin Road.
 New pipe drains need to be constructed to minimize the flow path of water from BUET & other areas to
Buriganga River. These Pipe drains need high capacity development to accumulate large amount of
stormwater. At Kamalbag outlet, a new pipe drain can be installed instead of brick Sewer with high
capacity. All these pipe drains comprise about 2.20 km (approx.)
 All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown inTable 45. All the structural
interventions are shown in Figure 51
 Formation of separate drainage management zonal authority.

 As this area is well known for high-density settlement rather than any other areas of the city. So the
building code and regulations should be formed in the context of the physical characteristic of this area
to manage adequate amount of space for providing stormwater drainage and other utility facilities.
DWASA must associate RAJUK in order to implement these.
 To improve water quality all domestic sewer connections with stormwater drainage need to be
disconnected.
 All flood proofing structures would require proper maintenance and maintained by adequate personnel
for operations during monsoon under definite guidelines.
 Tannery industry should be relocated outside of the city; immediately from its present location at
Hazaribag.
 The natural watercourses are important resources and therefore, should be protected from destruction.
 Attempts must be taken to free and excavate khal and other low-lying lands from illegal activities of
land grabbers.
 Adequate lands would be required for retention ponds especially at the point of pump stations (existing
and proposed); the government/authority should immediately acquire these lands before they are
grabbed by the land developers
 Public participation and mass awareness
P a g e | 159
Temporary Pump Improvement

Station, Shadargat, Shegunbagicha boxculvert
capacity 10 m3/s (First
Location Choice)

Dholaikhal, Capacity 22 m3/s
Temporary Pump Station,
Capacity 6.6 m3/s, imamganj
(Second Location Choice)
Figure 51: Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Old Dhaka and Dholaikhal Zone
P a g e | 160
8.8.3 DND
Table 46: Structural Measures in Zone DND
area/ number
Area 97.47 km2 97.47 km2 97.47 km2
Pump Existing pump 1 14.5 m3/s 14.5 m3/s 89.6 m3/s
3
station Proposed pump 2 75.1 m /s 75.1 m3/s
Location name of proposed pump station Pump station near pagla, Adamji
Coordinate 90°31'37.16"E 23°40'17.38"N
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 70984
Phase2 36178 36178
Phase 3 34806 34806
Canal Phase 1 49191
Phase2 30409 30409
Phase 3 18782 18782
Retention pond Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 4
Phase 3 6
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Sluice gate Phase 1 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Aprons Phase 1 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 5.92 km2 5.92 km2
Retention area (km2) .46
Inlets 1066 1066
P a g e | 161
 Raise embankment to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD
 Raise embankment to 50-year ARI flood protection level @ ~9.5-11m PWD
 Increase pump capacity from 14.5 m3/s to 70 m3/s (FAP8A = 64.7 m3/s, IWM = 70.31 m3/s) at two
newly proposed locations, i.e. Pagla, Adamji
 Provide 7 million m3 storage (Proposed at DAP Group B Report-2010) (FAP8A = 6.81 million m3,
IWM = 7.16 million m3) at 5 locations. Matuail, Godnail, MIzmizi, Kadamtoli, East Dogair
 Improve drainage khals to maximize conveyance
 At present BWDB has the authority for regulating the whole area to promote the irrigation facilities.
But in last two decades the whole landuse pattern within this zone has been changed. Moreover, this
area is considered as a part of Dhaka city. So in order to assure the modern urban drainage facilities
within this zone, the authorized power needs to be transferred to the proposed single authority or
DWASA.
 Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority
 Formulate and enforce legislation for protecting the khals and water bodies from illegal encroachment
and indiscriminate waste disposal.
 Replacement of katcha toilets by sanitary latrines/sewerage system in the whole project area and all the
domestic sewer connections with drainage networks need to be disconnected immediately.
 All the proposed irrigation canals by BWDB during conducting the irrigation project need to be
regenerated. In IWM study and Detailed Area Plan for Dhaka city, a good amount of retention areas /
retention ponds were proposed. Immediate action from high authority is immediately required to
initiate the procedure.
 No further development either from government or private sector should be allowed without a
comprehensive development master plan. DWASA can provide advisory and other required support to
RAJUK to implement this.
 Mitigation of water logging problem on priority of area basis.
 Public participation should be encouraged different phases especially in implementation and O&M
works.
 Numbers of local committee can be formed by combining local representatives and influential persons
to foster and smooth the activities of the Zonal Management Authority
P a g e | 162
Existing Pump Station, Shimrail,

Siddirganj, Capacity 14.5 m3/s
Proposed Permanent Pump

station, Pagla , capacity 24.9
m3/s
Proposed Permanent
Pump Station, Adamji,
capacity 50.2 m3/s
Figure 52: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in DND Zone
P a g e | 163
8.8.4 Kamalapur (KML)

Table 47: Structural Measures in Zone KML
area/ number
Area 43.06 km2 43.06 km2 43.06 km2
Pump Existing pump 15 m3/s 15 m3/s 75 m3/s
station 3 3
Proposed pump 60 m /s 60 m /s
Location name of proposed pump station Near Norail khal and Balu river. Nasata Jame Mosque
Coordinate 90°28'51.70"E
23°45'30.05"N
(m) Phase2 23282
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1 11,400.94 11,400.94
(m) Phase2 11,400.94
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 7938
Phase 3 17638
Canal Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Retention pond Phase 1 1.5432 Sq.Km.
Phase2
Phase 3 1.5432 Sq.Km. 1.5432 Sq.Km.
Phase2 5
Phase 3 5
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 4
Phase 3 8
Sluice gate Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Aprons Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 0 0
Inlets 1678 1678
Retention area (km2) 3.24 km2
A. Stuctural Measures
 Alternative major discharge network needs to be developed either by following Gerani Khal or
Nandipara-Dakkhingaon Khal. Ultimate outfall for this drainage network “Nandipara Trimohoni”
needs to be well designed and constructed.
 Effective depth and width of Meradia-Gojaria khal need to be ensured.
 Increase Kamalapur Pump capacity to 15 m3/s. Two new pump stations need to be constructed at
Khilgaon (Temporary) and at Norail Khal confluence with Balu River (permanent).
P a g e | 164
 11.2 Ha (0.112 sq. km of land is needed to be developed as retention pond at Kamalapur Pump Station.
At khilgaon temporary pump station 3.6 ha/ 0.036 sq.km of land is also proposed for retention purpose.
Rest of the retention areas are proposed for serving the Nourial khal pump station.
 Improve secondary system conveyance. Stormwater flow from the western part plus that of eastern part
should be canalized.
 Formulation of a separate drainage management zonal authority.
 All drainage and flood control infrastructures along the DIT road should be handed over to single
authority for drainage or Dhaka WASA for operation and maintenance.
 The city flood and drainage management should be linked with weather and flood forecasting system
for early warning and preparatory activities;
 Any water body having an area greater than 2.0 hectare should be prioritized to protect from
landfilling.
 RAJUK should develop and implement building codes, which would clearly give direction for
preserving drainage facilities in city areas, most importantly, in low-lying areas.
 Responsible organization: DCC, DWASA, BWDB and RAJUK. Coordination of these agencies should
be done.
Special concern on shantinagar and segunbagicha
 Increase conveyance of Segunbagicha, khilgaon Basabo, Gerani, Manda Khals
 Increase conveyance of Segunbagicha Box Culvert (2.54 km) and needs to retain and clean regularly
to avoid water logging here.
 1.78 km of Segunbagicha khal is silted up, requires alignment, excavation and widening.
 Segunbagicha box culvert should be cleaned throughly & entirely.
 The restriction at the Road crossing culvert near Notredame College, Railway culvert at TT Para area
& road crossing culvert at Gopibagh area should be removed.
 According to the Mouja map all the illegal bridges, structures & illegal land grabs should be removed.
 Manda khal should be acquired with the width of 150 feet, water flow should be ensured by building
retaining wall .
 The solid waste & all other waste of the catchment area of Segunbagicha khal & Boxculvert should be
managed so that no waste can get into the pipe drain lines or box-culvert.
 Construction sites should be managed.
 All the roads at Shantinagar area are not on the same level. Roads in front of Popular Diagonstic
Center, entrance of Baily road, in front of DB office, in front of Gate no-3 of the police line of
Rajarbagh-Shajahanpur road have lower level. As a result, water logging occurs at these low areas for
several hours. All the roads of Shantinagar area should be built on same level.
 All covered manholes & catchpits under road carpeting should be recovered.
 Illegal markets & bazars should be removed from Shantinagar area.
 DCC has built roads at the down side of the Manda Bridge by filling land of the canal. According to
the Mouja map, the canal has 17- 38 meter width. But now it has width of 8-23 meters. As a result,
water cannot flow at full capacity. So to increase the width of the canal according to mouja map.
 Manda-Mugda Connected Bridge has an invert, which is higher than the invert level of the (Manda)
khal. Maniknagar-Mugda connected bridge & East Maniknagar Anandodhara Bridge has piles on the
canal, which creates barrier to flow. To take necessary step to solve this probles
P a g e | 165
Proposed Pump Station,

near Norail khal
Capacity 60 m3/s
Cleaning of
Segunbagicha Box-
Preserving Water Bodies and
Culvert
low lying Lands.
Widening of Canals
Reservoir at Kamalapur

Capacity 15 m3/s
Figure 53 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in KML Zone
P a g e | 166
8.8.5 Rampura (RMP)

Table 48: Structural Measures in Zone RMP
area/ number
Area 28.22 km2 28.22 km2 28.22 km2
Sub catchment 27 27
Pump Existing pump station 25 m3/s 25 m3/s 25 m3/s
station Proposed pump station
Coordinate

Phase2 10981
Phase 3 1380
(m) Phase2
Phase 3 2,178.00
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 6
Phase 3 4
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 9
Phase 3 3
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Aprons Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) N/A N/A
Inlets 1066 1066
Retention area (km2) 0 0
P a g e | 167
 Pumping capacity for Rampura Pump Station needs to extend up to 25 m3/s. Operational pattern for
this pump needs to work regularly instead of temporary basis.
 Hatirjheel and Gulshan-Banani Lake is the main retion pond in this zone. Hatirjheel Lake and Gulshan-
Banani Lake can play the role of water reservoir here. During the rainy season, the lake can hold
approximately 4.81 billion liter of water. In this context, Gulshan-Banani Lake needs to upgrade
immediately with proper depth and width.
 Improve conveyance of Panthapath box culvert and Mohakhali Box-culvert.
 The age-old faulty sewer line runing through the Hatirjheel Lake needs to be immediately realigned/
rehabilitated
 Considering Hatirjheel Lake as the center point, sewer networks at North and East need to divert to
Dasherkandi. The remaining networks at West need to divert to Pagla STP.
 Instead of constructing Eastern bypass road the designated authority (BWDB) may consider elevated
transport route option to assure undisturbed natural conveyance of stormwater and inundation.
 RAJUK has already declared the whole Hatirjheel Area as a “Special Area” for Dhaka City, which
falls within this zone, so stormwater drainage management along with other water utility services need
to be specialized. Such as stormwater and sanitary sewer drainage should be kept separate.
 High priority must be given on maintaining the water quality of Hatirjheel Lake and disconnect all the
domestic sewer and industrial sewer connection.
 Protecting Hatirjheel Lake, Gulshan Banani Lake and other water bodies form industrial waste,
garbage dumping and illegal land capture.
 Separate provisions for drainage and sewerage must be ensured and need to maintained regularly.
 Formation of a separate drainage management zonal authority.
 Introducing mechanical cleaning and maintenance by the concern authorities.
 Demarcation of right of way to preserve the natural channels in association with DoE and RAJUK.
 Public participation and social awarness.
P a g e | 168
Rampura Pump station,

Capacity 25 m3/s
Improvement of
Panthapath Box-culvert Segunbagicha khal
improvement
Improvement of
Mohakhali Box-culvert
Figure 54 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Rampura Zone
P a g e | 169
8.8.6 Badda (BDD)

Table 49: Structural Measures in Zone BDD
area/ number
Pump Existing pump N/A N/A 60 m3/s
station 3 3
Proposed Pump 1 60 m /s 60 m /s
Location name of proposed pump station Bara Beraid, Madani Avenue Near shutivola, Dumni khal
and Balu river.
Coordinate 90°28’47.74”E 23°48’24.03”N
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 30019
Phase 3 9986
Canal Phase 1 5997
Phase2 5997
Phase 3
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 1.78 Sq. Km.
Phase2
Phase 3 1.78 Sq. Km.
Phase2 6
Phase 3 4
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Aprons Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) .70 km2
Proposed Retention Area(km2) 8.24km2
Inlets 1066 1066
P a g e | 170
 A new pump station of 60 m3/s needs to install at Beraid (Confluence of Sutivola khal with Balu
River).
 Total 70 ha / 0.70 Sq. km of land needs to preserve at this pump station for retention purpose. Another
retention pond is required to manage at up stream of Sutivola.
 Kuril-Boalia khal and Khilkhet-Boalia khal is almost grabbed by the landowners and these are at very
last stage of their extinction. These two khals need to regenerate immediately with proper design and
widening.
 Same proposal is applicable for Meradia –Gojaria Khal and Shahzadpur khal.
 Establishing and demarcating the Right of Way for existing and missing canals in accordance with CS
Mouza map is the priority for this zone.
 Along the Kuril-Purbachal connecting road (on both side of the road), 100 feet wide open channel or
canal need to introduce to divert huge amount of flow to Balu River. In Master plan, 100 feet wide
open channel has been proposed beside both side of the 300 feet kuril purbachal road. One named as
khilkhet Boalia-B is in zone BDD and other named as khilkhet Boalia U is in zone UTK. Khilkhet
Boalia- B is passing through the proposed subcatchment ID (SP to 7K1.01-7K1.04 to 7I1.01) in BDD
zone.
 The air port area in Uttara needs to keep free from flooding. For that reason, Khilkhet Boalia U and B
project should be implemented without delay
 Set the minimum Plinth level (9.0 mPWD) and Platform level (8.0 m PWD) for any structural
development.
 Along the Balu River, it is better to construct elevated roadway as it is discussed in chapter 10.
 At present, there is no DWASA secondary drainage in this zone. So new drainage networks should be
installed by following proper drainage manual. Same legislation is applicable for other drainage
network developer such as City Corporation and private investors.
 Detailed design criteria and guidelines are available as “Stormwater Drainage Design Manual” in
Annex-E.
 Forming a single authority or extending the service capacity of Dhaka WASA needs to introduce
immediately to the project area through extension project.
 Formation of a separate drainage management zonal authority under central command.
 The whole area is predominantly low lying and there is high chance for rapid urbanization. So the
intensive care requires immediately in this zone to protect the natural water bodies and low-lying areas.
 The proposed water retention area must not be used for any other purposes. Designated authority such
as RAJUK or DWASA may acquire all these lands to assure its functional ability.
 A proper land use planning integrated with drainage master plan should be made.
 Agricultural production should be encouraged predominantly within this zone and agricultural activity
such as crop production; aquaculture etc. will be predominant in this zone.
 Public participation and mass awareness
P a g e | 171
Proposed 100 feet canal named as

Khilkhet Boalia khal U
Proposed 100 feet canal named

as Khilkhet Boalia khal B
Proposed Pumpstation
Bara Beraid, Near
Rehabilitation of Kuril-Boalia shutivola, Dumni khal
Khal and Balu river. Capacity
60 m3/s
Proposed Retention area
Existing
pumpstation in
Rampura
Figure 55 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Badda Zone
P a g e | 172
8.8.7 Uttarkhan (UTK)

Table 50: Structural Measures in zone UTK
area/ number
Pump Existing pump 15 m3/s
station 3 3
Proposed pump 1 15 m /s 15 m /s
Location name of proposed pump station Bhatira near Turag river in Uttarkhan
Coordinate 90°28'3.01"E
23°51'23.75"
(m) Phase2 14632
Phase 3 5974
(m) Phase2 12,246.00
Phase 3 5,939.00
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 17517 23670
Phase2 17517
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1 6153
Phase2 6153
Phase 3
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 0.875 Sq. Km 0.875 Sq. Km
Phase2
Phase 3 0.875 Sq. Km
Phase2 5
Phase 3 5
Minor Phase 1 12
Phase2 7
Phase 3 5
Phase2 3
Phase 3 2
Aprons Phase 1 5 5
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 1.25 km2
Inlets 1066 1066
Retention Area(km2) 3.30 km2
P a g e | 173
 Because Khilkhet-Boalia and Kashaibari-boalia Khals are silted up, it requires realignment,
excavation and widening immediately.
 In drainage master plan, 100 feet wide open channel has been proposed beside the both side of 300
feet kuril purbachal road. One named as khilkhet Boalia-B is in zone BDD and other named as
khilkhet Boalia U is in zone UTK. Khilkhet Boalia- U is passing through the proposed subcatchment
ID (SP to 8B7.01-8B7.02 to 8B13.01) in UTK zone.
 Proper demarcation of alignment and establishing Right of way for both missing and existing canals
 A new pump station (15 m3/s) is needed to install at Turag in Bhatira.
 Total 330 ha / 3.3 sq.km of lands is need to preserve as retention area along the Balu River.
 Set the minimum Plinth level (9.0 mPWD) and Platform level (8.0 m PWD) for any structural
development.
 Service coverage of DWASA needs to extend in this zone in terms of constructing drainage network.
In this context, all the construction works must be aligned with drainage manual shown in Appendix–
E.
 At present service of DWASA is not available within this zone, so at first DWASA need to extent
their service in this zone.
 Formation of separate drainage management authority.
 To guide on drainage management sytem friendly incorporating with landuse plan in an urgent here.
To formulate the landuse plan both RAJUK and DWASA should work in combined way.
 The zone is densified with lots of low lying areas and water bodies, all these need to preserve to
assure the proper drainage as per DAP and other provisional gazetted plan.
 Special attention must be given for flood flow zone and water retention areas.
 Coverage of solid waste management of City Corporation is also absent here. So City Corporation
should extent their service in this area or assists the local authority by providing trained manpower
and machineries.
 There is no sufficient facility for sewage disposal in the project area. People have no alternative
except drains for wastewater disposal and septic tanks for night soils. Sufficient facility for sewage
disposal should be provided in this zone.
P a g e | 174
Proposed pump station at Bahatira in

Uttarkhan, capacity 15 m3/s
Proposed Retention Area

Kashaibari-Boalia Khal
Improvement
Proposed 100 feet canal named as

Khilkhet Boalia khal-U
Proposed 100 feet canal

named as Khilkhet Boalia
khal-B
Figure 56 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Uttarkhan Zone
P a g e | 175
8.8.8 Gazipur and Tongi (GZT)

Gazipur is a district headquarters and strategically located just north of the Dhaka metropolitan area. Gazipur
is a land of mixed topography. Core area is slightly elevated and extensive area is low lying.
Table 51: Structural Measures in Zone GZT

area/ number
Pump Existing pump N/A
station Proposed pump N/A
Coordinate
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1 1,13,488 1,13,488
(m) Phase2 67,720
Phase 3 45,768
Unlined (m) Primary Phase 1 37,160.25 111,937.77
Phase2 37,160.25
Phase 3
Secondary Phase 1 74,777.52
Phase2
Phase 3 74,777.52
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 67820.57
Phase2
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1 67820.57
Phase2 10769.456
Phase 3 57051.11
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 10.4062 10.4062
Phase2 3.0097 Sq.Km.
Phase 3 7.3965 Sq.Km
Phase2 6
Phase 3 6
Minor Phase 1 59
Phase2 30
Phase 3 29
Sluice gate Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Aprons Phase 1 62 62
Phase2 30
Phase 3 32
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 52.71km2 52.71km2 52.71km2
Inlets 2040 2040
Retention area (km2) 1.24 km2
P a g e | 176
Major problem:
 There are existing secondary drains and tertiary drains maintained by Municipality in this zone. The
Municipality drains are at places blocked by garbage bags, solid waste etc.
 Main problems are the absence of roadside drains and integrated network.
 Efficient and quick discharge of rainfall- runoff into the natural khals is not taking place.
 Indiscriminate disposal of all types of solid waste is deteriorating the flow capacity of existing drains.
 There are some ponds and ditches, which have no outlets.
 Adequate numbers of new drains are to be constructed in this zone.

 The katcha drain and borrow pits would be upgraded to provide the main framework for an improved
and integrated drainage system.
 Flood in Tongi area occurs due to over flowing of Bangsi River in the upper part of Turag River and
Tongi Khal from Tekdhitpur to Chak Bhadam in the west.
 Highway Bridge to Chak Bhadam by Tongi Khal. Structural measures such as construction of
embankment should be taken to develop flood free land.
 Re-excavate the Tongi khal and renovate the secondary and tertiary drains.
 Tongi Pourashava area is already semi-urbanized. Drainage of stormwater takes place from Plot and
Mahalla drains to local Khals. Two Khals are primarily responsible for drainage of stormwater.
 Guchulia Khal is in the western side and Khailkur and Haidrabad Khal is in the eastern side. These
khals require de-silting and re-excavation for improvement of drainage in the locality.
 Develop the banks of river as recreation spot by removing all illegal occupants. Make proper drainage
network in new area considering the slope and local topographical condition.
 A flood embankment is proposed in northeast part of Tongi Pourashava including depressed low-lying
areas and about 500 meter aligns almost parallel to the Hyderabad khal.
 A Floodwall is proposed from Tongi -Turag confluence point to Railway Bridge. This part of the
alignment passes through a dense area of commercial and industrial area leaving no land for
construction of embankment. Hence floodwall is proposed for this length.
 In Dattapara 6.5 acres of land is proposed for waste dumping ground and at the same time it can be
used for compost preparation.
 It is proposed that a network of Plot, Mahalla and Main drains should be developed and implemented
by the Pourashava authority and the main drains are to be connected with Guchutia Khal at west and
Haidrabad Khal at east. Sluices will be provided at the outfall of both Guchutia Khal.
 Re-excavation of Vadam khal is proposed to make it 20 m wide.
 All proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown inTable 51. All the structural
 Form a separate drainage management zonal authority.

 The existing khal/drains will be incorporated into the proposed system to the extent to achieve a viable
drainage system for the municipality.
 Channel improvement including deepening, re-sectioning, re-sloping, removal of blockages and
cleaning of existing channels is recommended.
 The municipality should endeavor to remain existing borrow pits, retention ponds and low pockets.
The drainage system (tertiary and secondary drain etc) has to be designed to handle the average runoff.
 Public participation should be encouraged.
P a g e | 177
 Drains in built up areas need better and regular maintenance for the proper drainage system.
 Extension of piped water in new settlement areas especially in Tongi areas.
 Timely action is needed to realize retention areas as envisaged by FAP proposals.
 The authority should discourage all illegal development and keep its urban township/ private
development to the minimum.
 Remove all unauthorized structures, which developed on drainage structures.
 Demarcation of Right of Way to preserve the natural channels.
 Comparatively large tanks and ponds, Dighis and lakes should not be disturbed or removed by physical
interventions through fillings or other means rather should properly be maintained and preserved.
P a g e | 178
Figure 57 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Gazipur-Tongi Zone
P a g e | 179
8.8.9 Savar (SVR)

Savar municipality is a low-lying area and seems water logged often. These low-lying water logged areas are
located in the core area of the municipality. The reasons for water logging are technical, social and
institutional.
Table 52: Structural Measures in Zone SVR

area/ number
Area 218.31 km2 218.31 km2 218.31 km2
Pump Existing pump
Coordinate
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1 32,696 32,696
Phase2 32,696
Phase 3
(m) Phase2
Phase 3 65,762.21
Secondary Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 45487.82
Phase2
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1 45487.82
Phase2 11884.01
Phase 3 33603.81
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 5.68 5.68.
Phase2
Phase 3 5.68
Phase2 7
Phase 3 6
Minor Phase 1 29
Phase2 15
Phase 3 14
Sluice gate Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 28
Phase 3 34
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 42.41 km2 42.41 km2 42.41 km2
Inlets 127 127
Retention area (km2) 5.68
Major problem:
P a g e | 180
 The total number of the drains in the areas is inadequate. As a result, localized flooding occurs after
every heavy rainfall, causing inconvenience to the residents.
 Gando area near highway, Talbag area near Anam M college, Subujbag, Jalesor area beside radio
colony, Registry office at Maddapara, Bazar road Nayabari area, Dogar Moth area beside CRP,
saranika road are subjected to water logging during and after heavy rainfall.
 Secondary and tertiary drains are found to be under-sized and blocked by solid wastes, garbage etc.
 Unplanned drainage system and improper operation and maintenance towards drains are another reason
of water logging.
 Secondary and tertiary drains need to construct as per design manual.

 Presently those khals are required to be re excavated.
 All the outlets and outfalls / outlets need to identify and take action properly so that whole drainage
management procedures can be run smoothly.
 All the reserved areas for water retention and flood plain need to demarcate and managed well.
 Necessary amount of lands need to acquire to ensure the above-mentioned reserve areas. The
municipality areas, set the minimum plinth level (8.0 mPWD) and platform level (7.0 mPWD).
 Acquisition of land declared as Right of Way for natural channels and water retention areas. All the
spill channels (natural Khals) are to be kept open for drainage and navigation purposes.
 A treatment plant with efficient management of solid waste should be provided in the study area.
 At present, there are no solid or specific proposals for drainage system development.
 Drainage channel should be kept from solid waste disposal and industrial waste.
 Increase the public awareness regarding solid waste management
 To strengthen the institutional and political arrangement in local level.
 Regular cleaning of drainage should be done for proper drainage system.
 Encroachment and illegal grabbing of wetland should be strongly prohibited.
 The flood plain areas are suggested for further ecological, nature conservation and development
studies.
P a g e | 181
Figure 58 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Savar Zone
P a g e | 182
8.8.10 Keraniganj (KRN)

Keraniganj Thana with an area in length of 11 km almost parallel to the Buriganga river on both side of the
Dhaka-Khulna road and an average width of 3 km will be taken up for development. Major navigable khals
will be closed and Thana H.Q. will remain outside the protected area. Three polders, many regulators,
embankment are done by BWDB.
Table 53: Structural Measures in Zone KRN

area/ number
Pump Existing pump
Coordinate
(m) Phase2 26491
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1 42,285.8
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 13,570.37
Phase 3 28,715.43
Phase2
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1 115255
Phase2 65568.19
Phase 3 49686.80825
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 3.44 Sq. Km 3.44 Sq. Km
Phase2
Phase 3 3.44 Sq. Km
Phase2 5
Phase 3 6
Minor Phase 1 31
Phase2 13
Phase 3 18
Phase2 16
Phase 3 20
Phase2 17
Phase 3 19
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Inlets 6363 6363
Proposed Retention Area (km2) 3.96
P a g e | 183
 Kaliganj Khal is the heart of drainage system in this zone, but the present condition is worst due to
indiscriminate solid waste disposal. So high priority must be given for deepening this khal and
protecting it from all kinds of garbage disposal and domestic and industrial sewer/waste water
disposal.
 The Subhadda khal will be kept open for the existing navigation facilities for commercial purposes.
 Due to lack of culverts in Keranigonj, water logging has become serious problem. So more culverts
should be constructed.
 A considerable amount of lands need to keep as flood flow zone as shown in Figure 8-11 and the local
authority/ municipality in association with DWASA must take proper action.
 Develop the banks of Dhaleswari River as recreation spot by removing all illegal occupants,
 Replacement of katcha toilets by sanitary latrines should be made in the whole study area.
 Solid waste dumping ground has been proposed in the Konakhola and Basta mouzas. Except those
mouzas, area proposed for transport terminal, manufacturing industries and urban deferred areas
provision might be considered for solid waste dumping ground.
 Underground drain should be provided according to the proposed plan.
 A treatment plant for efficient management of solid waste should be provided in the study area.
 At present, there are no solid or specific proposals for drainage system development. All the spill
channels (natural Khals) are to be kept open for drainage and navigation purposes.
 An embankment with road and greenery should be constructed on the northern side of the Buriganga
river. This embankment will cover the riverbank from Malancha ferry ghat of western side to 1st
Buriganga Bridge of eastern side.
B. Non-structural Measures:
 Public participation should be encouraged.

 Formation of separate drainage management zonal authority
 Improvement of Solid Waste management system to prevent environmental degradation.
 Regular cleaning of drainage should be done for proper drainage system.
 Encroachment and illegal grabbing of wetland should be strongly prohibited.
 Necessary amount of lands need to acquire for retention area.
 Land use zoning should be done.
 Implementation of DAP and Structure Plan.
P a g e | 184
Figure 59 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Keraniganj Zone
P a g e | 185
8.8.11 Narayanganj (NRN)

Narayaganj is one of the oldest municipalities in Bangladesh. The Shitalakhya River is flowing to the east of
the municipality area.
Table 54: Structural Measures in Zone NRN

area/ number
Area 183.15 km2 183.15 km2 183.15 km2
Pump Existing pump
Coordinate
(m) Phase2 23403
Phase 3
Unlined Primary Phase 1 78,828.37
(m) Phase2
Phase 3
Phase2 16,963.88
Phase 3 61,864.49
Phase2
Phase 3
Canal Phase 1 118963
Phase2 43286
Phase 3 75677
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 2.2737 Sq. Km. 2.2737 Sq. Km.
Phase2
Phase 3 2.2737 Sq. Km.
Phase2 6
Phase 3 7
Minor Phase 1 29
Phase2 12
Phase 3 17
Phase2 30
Phase 3 32
Phase2 30
Phase 3 32
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Inlets 127 127
Retention area (km2) 2.819
P a g e | 186
Major problem:
 The lack of sufficient number of drains to carry the discharge into its outfall is main drainage problems
in the Narayangonj Municipality area.
 Chasara area, Adamjee rail line area (Southside), Deobogh area, Tolaram College area and Goalbanda
area are dominate as a low lying area. These areas experience waterlogging during and after heavy
rainfall causing inconvenience to the Municipality residents.
 Jimkhana khal is heavily silted up.
 Secondary and tertiary drains are found to be under-sized and blocked by solid wastes, garbage etc.
 Indiscriminate disposal of all types of solid waste is deteriorating the flow capacity of existing drains
 Efficient and quick discharge of rainfall run-off into their natural khals is not taking place.
 The existing tertiary drains and newly proposed secondary and tertiary drains need to plan and
constructed for efficient and quick discharge of stormwater to the primary khals (outfall).
 Secondary and tertiary drains need to construct as per proper design manual.
 Jimkhana khal has been proposed for re-excavation.
 All the outlets and outfalls need to identify and take action properly for smoothing the whole drainage
management procedures.
 All the reserved areas for water retention and flood plain need to demarcate and manage well. Strict
landuse plan along with implementation is a must for achieving these goals.
 Necessary amount of lands need to be acquired for retention area
 All the proposed structural measures in this zone are briefly shown in Table 54. All the structural
 Public participation and mass awareness programe.

 Formation of separate drainage management zonal authority
 The solid waste management system should be improved through incorporation of new/ additional
garbage truck (open/covered body), pushcarts, communal bins and tractor-trailer. The amount of
disposal site should be increased.
 Physical works program has been recommended for maintaining the existing drainage system properly
 The proposed drainage system for Narayanganj municipality has been planned with a view to discharge
most of the storm run-off in the Sitalakhaya river through existing primary khal by gravity flow and no
pumping is necessary.
P a g e | 187
Figure 60 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Narayanganj Zone
P a g e | 188
8.8.12 Purbachal (PRB)

Table 55: Structural Measures in zone PRB
area/ number
Area 156.94 km2 156.94 km2 156.94 km2
Pump Existing pump N/A N/A 60 m3/s
station 3 3
Proposed pump 1 60 m /s 60 m /s
Location name of proposed pump station Naor Rupgonj, Kayeta para, Near Balu and Shitalakhaya
River
Coordinate 90°30'1.11"E 23°44'24.70"N
(m) Phase2 1451
Phase 3
(m) Phase2 16,368.46
Phase 3 12,177.52
Phase2
Phase 3 34,161.66
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 90783.27 90783.27
Phase2 43545.53
Phase 3 47237.742
Canal Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Retention pond (km2) Phase 1 3.7202 Sq.Km. 3.7202 Sq.Km.
Phase2
Phase 3 3.7202 Sq.Km.
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Minor Phase 1 16
Phase2 8
Phase 3 8
Phase2 2
Phase 3 3
Phase2 9
Phase 3 12
Weirs Phase 1
Phase2
Phase 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 55.65 km2 55.65 km2 55.65 km2
Inlets 150 150
Retention Area(km2) 3.7
P a g e | 189
 DWASA needs to extend their service coverage to this area. At present, there is no DWASA activity in
this area.
 All the outfalls/ outlets in this zone have been identified and which should be managed properly.
 All the natural channels and canals need to protect from illegal encroachment. Proper lining and
management of water bodies including khal and rivers is very much necessary.
 Construct a number of secondary drainage especially within the area demarcated for Purbachal town.
All these constructions need to follow the standard drainage design manual properly.
 Separate and independent sewerage network need to install in Purbachal Model Town.
 A sewerage treatment plant and a waste treatment plant can be installed within this area for lessen the
pollution of water and drainage networks.
 All the buildings and structures need to furnish with septic tank / sockwell to minimize the pollution. In
this context, RAJUK must play the key role before approving building plan. Again plinth level of these
structures needs to set higher than the average flood level.
 DWASA should acquire sufficient amount of land for managing water retention/ reservoir.
 Formation of a separate drainage management authority

 High emphasis should be given for agricultural landuse.
 Preserve the declared water retention area and flood plains as it is declared in DAP.
 As Purbachal is supposed to one of the major upcoming urbanized area for Dhaka, so proper
drainage plan with intensive care this land parcel is needed.
 RAJUK must enforce proper building code within this zone to force people build their structures
above the flood level.
 Necessary amount of lands need to acquire to ensure the sustainability of retention area.
 All the illegal encroachment over low-lying areas especially at the adjacent lands of Purbachal
need to remove immediately. Law enforcing agencies, RAJUK and DWASA can work as a team to
achieve this goal.
P a g e | 190
Figure 61 : Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Purbachal Zone
P a g e | 191
8.9 Structural achievement in Master Plan

Pumpstation:
Six pump stations with total capacity of 220 m3/s have been proposed at five zones in the master plan area,
out of which five pump stations are located in eastern of part of the city. Table 56 shows the information on
the proposed pumpstation in master plan area.The location of proposed pumpstation is shown in Figure 62
Table 56: The Proposed Pumpstation in Drainage Master Plan

Id Phase Zone Location Name Coordinate Capacit Implementation
Longitude Latitude y plan
1 phase-1 UTK Bhatira near Turag 90°28'3.01"E 23°51'23.75" 15 m3/s 2015-2020
river in Uttarkhan
2 phase-2 KML Near Norail khal and 90°28'51.70"E 23°45'30.05" 60 m3/s 2020-2030
Balu river. Nasata N
Jame Mosque
3 phase-2 PRB Naor Rupgonj, 90°30'1.11"E 23°44'24.70" 9.9 m3/s 2020-2030
Kayeta para, Near N
Balu and
Shitalakhaya River
4 phase-2 BDD Bara Beraid, Madani 90°28'47.74"E 23°48'24.03" 60 m3/s 2020-2030
Avenue near N
shutivola, Dumni
khal and Balu river.
5 phase-3 DND Pump station Adamji 90°31'37.16"E 23°40'17.38" 50.2 2030-2040
N m3/s
6 phase-3 DND Pump station Pagla 90°27'12.32"E 23°40'12.68" 24.9 2030-2040
N m3/s
P a g e | 192
Bhatira near Turag River

in Uttarkhan (15 m3/s)
Bara Beraid, Madani

Avenue Near shutivola,
Dumni khal BADDA (60
m3/s)
Near Norail khal and Balu

river. Nasata Jame Mosque
(60 m3/s)
Naor Rupgonj, Kayeta

para, Near Balu and
Shitalakhaya River (9.9
m3/s)
Adamji (50.2 m3/s)

Pagla (24.9 m3/s)
Figure 62: The Location Map of Proposed Pumpstation in DMP Area
P a g e | 193
Proposed Flood Flow zone and Retention area
 Flood Flow Zone: Annual place of inundations are thus flood flow zones. A river in its flow regime
maintains a width within which the flows occur during flooding time. Main flood flow zone is the
cross sectional area of a river that carries the dominant flood flow whereas sub flood flow zone is that
area which conveys the floodwater only during high tide and storms (RAJUK, 2011).
 Retention Pond: A retention pond is designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely
(Brownstown Charter, 2009).
 Retention Area/Basin : A retention basin is used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding
and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay.
Sometimes called a wet pond or wet detention basin, it is an artificial lake with vegetation around the
perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design (USEPA, 1999). The total proposed
retention area in master plan is 47.98 km2 where as retention pond has been proposed is 33.34 km2.
The maximum retention pond area has been proposed in Gazipur zone. On the other hand, the total
area of 136.47 km2 has been kept for flood flow zone in keranigonj zone. The total land proposed for
keeping flow zone in master plan area is 308.6 km2.
 Table 57 shows the proposed flood flow zone and retention area including retention pond. DAP
proposed retention area and flood flow zone about 22.30 km2 and 318 km2 respectively. Table 58
gives the informartion on the proposed retention area and flood flow zone in DAP and DMP
Table 57: Proposed flood flow zone and retention area in study area
Zone Proposed Retention area Proposed retention pond Proposed flood flow zone
(km2) (km2) (km2)
GCB 3.11 2.45 1.34
KLN 1.929 1.33 4.65
DHK 0 0 .22
DND .46 0 5.92
KML 3.24 1.54 0
RMP 0 0 0
BDD 8.24 1.78 .70
UTK 3.30 .875 1.25
GZT 11.54 10.34 52.71
SVR 5.686 5.68 42.41
KRN 3.96 3.44 136.47
NRN 2.819 2.27 7.33
PRB 3.7 3.7 55.6
Total 47.98 33.34 308.6
Table 58: Proposed retention area and Flood flow zone by DAP and DMP
Proposed DAP DMP
Retention area 22.30 km2 47.98 km2
Flood flow zone 313.41 km2 308.6 km2
The proposed retention area and flood flow zone in drainage master plan area is given in Figure 63. Also
Figure 64 represents the retention pond proposed by DAP and DMP
P a g e | 194
Proposed Flood Flow Proposed Retention area

Zone (308.6 km2) (47.98km2)
Figure 63: Propsoed Retention Area and Flood Flow Zone by DMP
P a g e | 195
Figure 64: Proposed Retention Pond By DAP and DMP in DMDP Area
P a g e | 196
Proposed GPT:
Two types of GPT have been proposed in master plan area. The total number of major GPT is127. On the
other hand, 255 numbers of minor GPT have been proposed at different locations in DMP area. The map
shows below indicates the location of proposed major and minor GPT in DMP area. Figure 65 shows the
location map of GPT proposed in DMP area
Figure 65: The Location Map of Proposed GPT in the DMP area.
P a g e | 197
Major GPT:
The total 127 number of Major GPT has been proposed in master plan area. 67 and 60 number of
major GPT have been proposed in phase 2 and phase 3 respectively.The coordinate of Major GPT in
phase 2 and 3 has been given in Table 59 and Table 60. Figure 66 shows the location map of Major GPT
proposed in this master plan
Table 59: Major GPT Phase 2

SL. Zone Name X Y SL. Zone Name X Y
1 BDD 548251.5 630768.7 35 KML 547145.5 627246.3
2 BDD 546250.7 635132.8 36 KRN 546137.2 616515
3 BDD 544805.6 633560.3 37 KRN 530192.5 632201.4
4 BDD 547134.6 633204.1 38 KRN 527617.2 632907.6
5 BDD 545170.5 630936.5 39 KRN 536286 616202.5
6 BDD 545057.6 628881.2 40 KRN 536442.7 623141.6
7 DHK 539903.8 622236.5 41 NRN 554216.8 619513.2
8 DHK 540544.7 622195.5 42 NRN 553571.4 621083.3
9 DHK 541339.2 621987.2 43 NRN 551916.9 623265.4
10 DHK 542887.5 620874.2 44 NRN 552991.9 609313.1
11 DHK 543182.3 620589.6 45 NRN 554228.8 611180.9
12 DHK 543510.4 620155.7 46 NRN 553463.5 613552.4
13 DHK 541064.7 624764.2 47 PRB 551884.2 649279.6
14 DND 549692.6 620488.6 48 PRB 548787.9 637391.1
15 DND 551814.7 621056.5 49 PRB 556998.9 641263.7
16 DND 552975.2 620936.7 50 RMP 539100 625887.6
17 DND 552427 620097.9 51 RMP 542985.3 634119.7
18 GCB 537052 637214.6 52 RMP 541929.7 633624.5
19 GCB 540205.5 640722 53 RMP 543573.2 630642.1
20 GCB 537021.2 640906.6 54 RMP 542764.1 629734.3
21 GCB 536698.1 637560.7 55 RMP 542274.1 627932.4
22 GCB 539628.6 631715.1 56 SVR 533957.4 632075.5
23 GZT 539561.2 646997.8 57 SVR 530597.1 633109.2
24 GZT 541018.5 645905.8 58 SVR 532359.9 634839.4
25 GZT 548648.4 648121.7 59 SVR 528961.9 636131.1
26 GZT 549137.7 648850.8 60 SVR 534972.1 639110.6
27 GZT 546815.1 650207.5 61 SVR 530914 640904.7
28 GZT 550733.1 652582.8 62 SVR 526559.4 650729.9
29 KLN 536183.4 629301.9 63 UTK 543421.3 641457.5
30 KLN 535930.6 630311.4 64 UTK 546735.3 639944.4
31 KML 544720.1 624379.8 65 UTK 547517.7 639523.9
32 KML 544631.6 625310.8 66 UTK 546947.5 637204.4
33 KML 549251.5 627291.8 67 UTK 544405.7 636621.4
34 KML 548971 627509.1
Table 60: Major GPT Phase 3

1 BDD 547487.6 627968.8 31 KRN 545079.7 612788.6
2 BDD 549696.6 634042 32 KRN 535225.1 621950.6
3 BDD 549492 632450.9 33 KRN 525177.6 624142.9
4 BDD 549563.3 633296.5 34 KRN 526419.9 624739
5 DHK 538515.4 623387.3 35 KRN 527496.7 627841.4
6 DHK 543521 621927.6 36 NRN 553601.3 615493.9
7 DHK 542144.6 623333.1 37 NRN 559844.7 628956.6
8 DHK 541089 623437.7 38 NRN 554028.2 631407.1
9 DHK 541575.4 623515.2 39 NRN 552790 626067.7
10 DND 546776.1 616641 40 NRN 554711.7 618316.6
11 DND 548631.7 614276.4 41 NRN 557977.8 630235.4
12 DND 551664.5 610731.4 42 NRN 560594.5 623189.4
13 DND 551663.2 609483 43 PRB 555481.3 635700.7
14 DND 550863 608270.2 44 PRB 549825.9 635635.7
15 DND 552254.6 616548.4 45 PRB 553498.4 633257.9
16 GCB 542868.7 636042.3 46 RMP 542126.7 627501.5
P a g e | 198
17 GCB 539364.4 633245.8 47 RMP 543294.8 628061.1

18 GZT 536676.8 642526 48 RMP 542612.5 630989.8
19 GZT 535246.4 649337.1 49 RMP 543325.1 632174.9
20 GZT 533985.9 652264 50 SVR 524823.6 638962.5
21 GZT 538166.7 654100.9 51 SVR 525295.4 636182.2
22 GZT 542416.2 655341.7 52 SVR 526314.5 634380.8
23 GZT 544459.2 643012.2 53 SVR 534580.2 636455.1
24 KLN 538259.4 627904.2 54 SVR 534921.4 635860.9
25 KML 550710.7 624316.5 55 SVR 525027.3 648141.9
26 KML 547443.5 626439 56 UTK 548344.9 638207.5
27 KML 545808 624177.9 57 UTK 546922.4 641361.9
28 KML 543993.1 623455.2 58 UTK 541654.7 640843.4
29 KML 547254.5 625494.8 59 UTK 548620.4 635970.3
30 KRN 540226.3 615377.8 60 UTK 541664.1 639399.4
P a g e | 199
Figure 66: Proposed Major GPT in all phases
P a g e | 200
MINOR GPT: The total 255 number of Minor GPT has been proposed in master plan area. 128 and
127 number of Minor GPT have been proposed in phase 2 and phase 3 respectively.The coordinate of
Minor GPT in phase 2 and 3 has been given in Table 61 and Table 62. Figure 67 shows the location map of
Minor GPT proposed in master plan.
Table 61: Minor GPT Phase 2

1 BDD 547725.8 630930.2 62 KML 543171 624490.6
2 BDD 547232.2 632737.7 63 KML 542088.8 624509.1
3 BDD 547718.3 634405.6 64 KML 541704.1 624138.1
4 BDD 547989.4 629587.7 65 KRN 530943.7 632050.5
5 BDD 546079.3 628415.3 66 KRN 531221.3 631735.4
6 BDD 548001.3 627785.2 67 KRN 529871.9 630022.2
7 BDD 545388.3 630419 68 KRN 529649.6 629450.7
8 DHK 542911.9 621425.8 69 KRN 529035.8 629505.7
9 DHK 543057.2 621812.4 70 KRN 533787.7 629082.9
10 DHK 543245.8 621771.9 71 KRN 526699.3 633771.6
11 DHK 543994 621380.4 72 KRN 525789.4 633014.1
12 DHK 540756.1 623837.2 73 KRN 533243.5 625047.3
13 DND 547960.4 620218 74 KRN 532839.9 624886.9
14 DND 549016 618629.6 75 KRN 528582.9 624269.4
15 DND 551254.9 621604.9 76 KRN 528309.1 623229.6
16 DND 550387 622336.5 77 KRN 534323.5 621302
17 DND 548714 622722.3 78 NRN 553484 608416.2
18 DND 552610.8 618619.7 79 NRN 557071.5 629153.6
19 DND 551362.2 618905.5 80 NRN 554030.9 623247.8
20 GCB 538567.2 632445.2 81 NRN 555828.9 621274.4
21 GCB 539844 633068.8 82 NRN 558124 616406.5
22 GCB 539267.1 634453.3 83 NRN 558781.8 618175.3
23 GCB 538628.7 637076.2 84 NRN 559819.7 613497.4
24 GCB 537875 637199.2 85 NRN 556077.4 610106
25 GCB 538951.8 640222 86 NRN 557685.4 614710.7
26 GCB 539913.2 641852.7 93 PRB 551574 643996.7
27 GZT 543103.2 642681.5 94 PRB 550807.6 645428.8
28 GZT 538321 649462.4 95 PRB 550090.5 643483.5
29 GZT 537344.4 652027.8 96 PRB 550523.8 640157.5
30 GZT 536556.2 652034.8 97 PRB 549399.2 639387.9
31 GZT 535420.2 652777.6 98 RMP 539406.7 624359
32 GZT 536557.1 655033.6 99 RMP 539301.6 625192.1
33 GZT 537391.6 645716.4 100 RMP 540984.7 629955.6
34 GZT 537073.4 643720.2 101 RMP 542430.8 631402.6
35 GZT 539788.2 645731.2 102 RMP 542684.8 629116.6
36 GZT 536763 654709.4 103 RMP 543108.5 630811.3
37 GZT 541193.3 655195.3 104 RMP 543145.2 632978.2
38 GZT 542502.2 655173.8 105 RMP 542247.4 632961.6
39 GZT 541557.4 657005.7 106 RMP 542940.7 627777.1
40 GZT 538834.7 658129.5 107 SVR 529910.5 633761.5
41 GZT 537479 656676.7 108 SVR 530103.3 636536.5
42 GZT 543427.9 655390.6 109 SVR 531262.8 635093.6
43 GZT 543640.4 654643.7 110 SVR 530652.3 638499.1
44 GZT 545304.3 655385.8 111 SVR 529818.8 637930.3
45 GZT 547275.3 656100.1 112 SVR 525690.1 638790.6
46 GZT 547790.3 655942 113 SVR 525795.9 640199.4
47 GZT 548829.4 655502.5 114 SVR 527366.9 639306.5
48 GZT 549153 654258.2 115 SVR 525170.7 642756.6
49 GZT 546210.5 654031.3 116 SVR 527052.4 641718.7
50 GZT 546484.3 653477.7 117 SVR 525244.6 639283.1
51 GZT 546641 652303 118 SVR 523773.2 646278.7
52 GZT 547472.8 651456.8 119 SVR 525237.1 646297.8
53 GZT 546044.9 651904.8 120 SVR 525261.2 647461.9
54 GZT 546026.9 652525.4 121 SVR 525960.9 647725.2
55 GZT 544240.6 653368.1 122 UTK 545622 635714.7
56 GZT 542920.9 652892.4 123 UTK 542801.2 637615.7
57 KLN 536967.5 625729.7 124 UTK 541776.8 638321.7
P a g e | 201
58 KLN 538744.2 630243.8 125 UTK 546742.7 638443

59 KLN 536259.3 631527.9 126 UTK 545291.5 641358.6
60 KLN 537059.2 629646.6 127 UTK 546511 635387.6
61 KML 543233.2 623950 128 UTK 545913 637773.2
Table 62: Minor GPT phase 3

1 BDD 545835.1 632174.1 58 KML 546893.5 624948.3
2 BDD 545545.4 631908.2 59 KML 547511.7 625580.7
3 BDD 547412.5 635502.5 60 KML 549799.6 624273.3
4 BDD 548764.3 635907.8 61 KML 544882.8 623278.6
5 BDD 545882.6 635135.7 62 KML 545948.5 623349.7
6 DHK 541521 623362.3 63 KML 543517 628159.6
7 DHK 540844.3 623087.7 64 KRN 534672.8 620460.6
8 DHK 539809.4 623424.8 65 KRN 537824 620643.2
9 DHK 537337 624431.8 66 KRN 535767.2 618129
10 DHK 537711.2 623915 67 KRN 537139.6 618237.9
11 DHK 540542.3 624402.7 68 KRN 537100.9 616665.6
12 DHK 540678.2 625377.3 69 KRN 540025.9 616644.4
13 DND 548687.2 616397.3 70 KRN 540506.1 615430.5
14 DND 550823.3 614525.9 71 KRN 534651.3 615757.9
15 DND 550139.1 609679.8 72 KRN 529799.3 617583.7
16 DND 545745.7 618707.2 73 KRN 543503.9 615314.9
17 DND 549032.2 611742.2 74 KRN 543129.6 619077.4
18 GCB 540197.8 641068.1 75 KRN 542770.2 620317.4
19 GCB 535598.2 635122.5 76 KRN 534235.1 615081
20 GCB 535167.5 632538.1 77 KRN 541224.1 621644.4
21 GCB 540651.6 632199.7 78 KRN 528582.5 621546.8
22 GCB 539681.9 631135.6 79 KRN 531717.9 616680
23 GZT 542872.3 652406.5 80 KRN 525630 626925.3
24 GZT 542050.5 656518.8 81 KRN 523924.2 628420.9
25 GZT 545364.6 657247.8 82 NRN 555799.7 623701
26 GZT 550218.7 653650 83 NRN 556983.8 625557.5
27 GZT 550498.2 652574.9 84 NRN 560637.5 633231.2
28 GZT 551251.1 649450.8 85 NRN 560602 633957.9
29 GZT 547561.5 648250.8 86 NRN 559132.9 631160.5
30 GZT 548738.9 645115.6 87 NRN 558254.9 630987.6
31 GZT 535579.7 651051.7 88 NRN 558378.5 628251.9
32 GZT 536643.2 647217.8 89 NRN 553111.4 628153.6
33 GZT 536509.4 643666.9 90 NRN 554852.5 631806.9
34 GZT 537190.2 642603.4 91 NRN 559594.1 623772.7
35 GZT 545193.5 644996.5 92 NRN 560070.5 624215.9
36 GZT 544594.9 646141.3 93 NRN 559219.7 625189.4
37 GZT 544174.8 646352.5 94 NRN 558514.8 619610.2
38 GZT 541394.8 647623.8 95 NRN 555860.4 619583.9
39 GZT 541683.3 647972 96 NRN 555567.3 617515.1
40 GZT 547956 649579 97 NRN 554492.4 615924.9
41 GZT 543214.4 644722.1 98 NRN 555527.5 607520.5
42 GZT 541012.5 648325.3 99 PRB 548970.8 638244.4
43 GZT 541575.4 652464.7 100 PRB 551503.5 637355.3
44 GZT 539590.1 657213.4 101 PRB 549233.3 642927.8
45 GZT 550203.7 647652.8 102 PRB 552484.4 650107.9
46 GZT 547737.7 650921.7 103 PRB 554489.9 639918.2
47 GZT 543287.3 648344.9 104 PRB 553618.5 641077.1
48 GZT 540502.1 650843.1 105 PRB 556052.7 643632.3
49 GZT 543477 653242.6 106 PRB 556964.2 645040.9
50 GZT 548054.5 647307 107 RMP 542273.9 627123.9
51 GZT 549142.8 648805 108 RMP 540408.8 626193.1
52 GZT 545381.4 649670.4 109 RMP 541926.8 627448.9
53 KLN 536154 629876 110 SVR 526903.4 648294.6
54 KLN 538170.3 626772 111 SVR 529610.7 646676.6
55 KLN 538506.3 625215.6 112 UTK 543354.8 639689.2
56 KML 543348.5 625567.2 127 UTK 544410.7 642537.9
57 KML 545515.1 626852.5
P a g e | 202
Figure 67: Proposed Minor GPT in all phases
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Proposed Drainage Network
In considering proposed drainage network, three types of Drain have been proposed in DMP area. Those are
Khal, Pipe drain and unlined drain. Table 63 shows the proposed drainage data in all zones in different phases
Table 63: Information of Proposed Drainage network of all Zone

Earthen Open (U Canal
Zone Name Phases Storm Sewer RCC Earthen secondary(m) channel, (concrete
Pipe (m) Primary RCC Block)(m)
(m) )(m)
2020-2030 10801.33 ---- -- 21460.08
GCB
2030-2040 ----- 20634 -- 13601.85 9783.91
KLN 2015-2020 -- 1874
2020-2030 29974 665 -- 5706
2030-2040 -- 9470
2020-2030 6069 -
DHK
2030-2040 20540
KML 2015-2020 ----- ----- 2922
2020-2030 23282 11401 7938
2030-2040 ---- ---- 17638
2020-2030 10981 ----
RMP
2030-2040 1380 2178
2015-2020 8914
BDD 2020-2030 3966 ---- 30019 5997
2030-2040 7742 ---- 9986
2020-2030 14632 13206 17517 6153
UTK
2030-2040 5974 5939
2020-2030 67720 37497 10769.456
GZT
2030-2040 45768 74778 57051.11
2020-2030 32696 ---- 11884.01
SVR
2030-2040 ---- 65762 33603.81
2020-2030 26491 13570 65568.19
KRN
2030-2040 ---- 28716 49686.8
2020-2030 23403 ---- 16964 43286
NRN
2030-2040 ---- 61865 75677
2020-2030 1451 ---- 43545.5
PRB
2030-2040 ---- 9780 36560 47237.7
DND 2020-2030 --- -- -- 36178 30409
2030-2040 -- --- -- 34806 18782
P a g e | 204
Proposed Sluice Gate and Apron:
The total numbers of sluice gate and apron proposed in different locations in Dhaka are 159 and 291
respectively. 78 of sluice gates and 136 apron have been proposed in phase 2. On the other hand, the total
number of sluice gate and apron proposed in phase three are 81 and 155 respectively. The information of
proposed sluice gate and apron in all phase is shown Table 64 and Table 65. Figure 68 shows the location
map of sluice gate proposed in master plan area.
Table 64: Proposed Sluice gate and Apron in phase 2

SL. Zone Name Number of Sluice Gate Number of Apron
1 GCB 2 2
2 KLN 11 3
3 DHK 6 5
4 DND 3 3
5 KML 0 2
6 HTJ 2 2
7 BDD 3 3
8 UTK 3 2
9 GZT 0 30
10 SVR 0 28
11 KRN 16 17
12 NRN 30 30
13 PRB 2 9
Total = 78 Total = 136
Table 65: Proposed Sluice gate and Apron in phase 3

SL. Zone Name Number of Sluice Gate Number of Apron
1 GCB 3 3
2 KLN 8 3
3 DHK 6 7
4 DND 2 2
5 KML 0 3
6 HTJ 3 3
7 BDD 2 2
8 UTK 2 3
9 GZT 0 32
10 SVR 0 34
11 KRN 20 19
12 NRN 32 32
13 PRB 3 12
Total = 81 Total = 155
P a g e | 205
Figure 68: Proposed Sluice Gate at Different Location in Master Plan Area
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Structural Proposal in Phase one:
The rehabilitation of three khals named as Katasur main khal, Manda main khal and Sutivola main khal
having length of 1874m, 2922m and 8914m respectively, have been proposed in phase one. The proposed
average width of katasur, Manda and Sutivola are 10, 15 and 12 m respectively. There is no proposal for
retention pond, GPT, apron and sluice gate in any zone in phase 1. One pumpstation having capacity of 15
m3/s has been proposed in Uttarkhan zone. The Table 66 shows the structural achievement in the project at
Phase-1. The proposed drainage system in phase one is shown Figure 69 .
Table 66: Structural Achievement in the project at Phase-1

Total Length/ Total
SL. Projects
Capacity/ Total Area
1 Khal 13710 m
a) Open 13710 m
b)Canal N/A
2 Pipe line N/A
3 Unlined Drain N/A
a)Primary N/A
b)Secondary N/A
4 Pump Station (1) 15 m3/s
Bhatira near Turag river in Uttarkhan 15 m3/s
5 Retention Pond N/A
6 Sluice Gate N/A
7 Apron N/A
8 Weir N/A
9 GPT N/A
a)Major N/A
b)Minor N/A
P a g e | 207
Bhatira near Turag river in

Uttarkhan, Capactiy 15 m3/s
Rehabilitation of
Rehabilitation of Shutivola khal
Katashur khal
Rehabilitation of
Manda khal
Figure 69: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Phase 1
P a g e | 208
Structural Proposal in Phase Two:
The total length of khal proposed in phase 2 is 336430.3 m., the length of pipeline is 251465.23 m and the
total length of earthern drain is 108411 m. 78 number of sluice gates have been proposed in phase 2. Three
pump stations have been proposed in three zones which are Badda, purbachal and kamlapur zone. The total
capacity of those pumpstations is 129.9m3/s. The proposed structural achievement in phase 2 is given in Table
67. The proposed drainage system in phase two is shown Figure 69.

Total Length/ Total
SL. Projects
1 Khal 336,430.3 m
a)Open 162,363.6 m
b)Canal 174,066.7 m
2 Pipe line 251,465.23 m
3 Unlined Drain 108411 m
a)Primary 77876.7 m
b)Secondary 30534.25 m
4 Pump Station (3) 129.9m3/s
Bara Beraid, Madani Avenue
60 m3/s
Near shutivola, Dumni khal and Balu river. Also jolshiri Abason
Near Norail khal and Balu river. Nasata Jame Mosque 60 m3/s
Naor Rupgonj, Kayeta para, Near Balu and Shitalakhaya River 9.9 m3/s
5 Retention Pond 3 km2
6 Sluice Gate 78
7 Apron 136
8 Weir 3
9 GPT 150
a)Major 67
b)Minor 128
P a g e | 209
Figure 70: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures in Phase 2
P a g e | 210
Structural Proposal in Phase Three:
The total length of khal proposed in phase 3 is 377324.2 m., the length of pipeline is 81404.74m and the total
length of earthern drain is 315068.69 m. 155 number of sluice gates have been proposed in phase 3. Two
pump stations have been proposed in one zone which is DND zone. The total capacity of those pump stations
are 75.1m3/s. The proposed structural achievement in phase 3 is given in Table 68. The proposed drainage
system in phase three is shown in Figure 71

Total Length/ Total
SL. Projects
1 Khal 377,324.2 m
a)Open 132,739.6 m
b)Canal 244,584.6 m
2 Pipe line 81,404.74 m
3 Unlined Drain 315,068.69 m
a)Primary 115549.59 m
b)Secondary 199519.10 m
4 Pump Station 75.1 m3/s
Pump station near Adamji 50.2 m3/s
Pump station in Pagla 24.9 m3/s
5 Retention Pond 30.33 km2
6 Sluice Gate 81
7 Apron 155
8 Weir 3
9 GPT 135
a)Major 60
b)Minor 127
P a g e | 211
Figure 71: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Measures Phase 3
P a g e | 212
All structural Achievement in All Phases
The project will achive the improvement of 727.5 km khal by means of rehabilitation. 517.77 km piped drain
and 423.48 km unline drain will be covered in the project from year 2015 to 2040. Also 220 m3/s capacity of
pumpstation will be achived in project area within the project time period.
Table 69: All Structural Achievement in the Master plan
Items Capacity/Length/ Total Grand total

area/ number
Area(km2) 1435.89 1435.89 1435.89
Pump Existing pump 5 140.5 m3/s 140.5 m3/s 360.5 m3/s
station Proposed pump 6 220 m3/s 220 m3/s
Zone name of UTK(1), BADDA(1), PRB(1), KML(1), DND(2)
Proposed pump
Pipe drain RCC concrete Phase 1 N/A 517770 517770
(m) Phase2 251466
Phase 3 266304
Unlined Primary Phase 1 N/A 193390.28 423443.63
drain(m) Phase2 77840.70
Phase 3 115549.58
Secondary Phase 1 N/A 230053.35
Phase2 30534.25
Phase 3 199519.10
Khal (m) Open (U channel) Phase 1 13710 308813.2 727464.5
Phase2 162363.61
Phase 3 132739.59
Canal Phase 1 N/A 418651.3
Phase2 174066.66
Phase 3 244584.64
Retention pond( km2) Phase 1 N/A 33.3397 33.3397
Phase2 3.0097
Phase 3 30.33
Phase2 67
Phase 3 60
Minor Phase 1 255
Phase2 128
Phase 3 127
Sluice gate Phase 1 N/A 159 159
Phase2 78
Phase 3 81
Aprons Phase 1 N/A 291 291
Phase2 136
Phase 3 155
Weirs Phase 1 N/A 6 6
Phase2 3
Phase 3 3
Flood Flow zone (km2) 308.63 308.63 308.63
Inlets 19485 19485 19485
P a g e | 213
Figure 72: Proposed Structural Drainage Improvement Meaasure in all phase
P a g e | 214
8.10 Capital Improvements Program

8.10.1 Cost Modeling
Development of cost estimates is an important component of the master planning process. Costs have been
compiled to assist in the evaluation of drainage alternatives and to provide for systematic capital budgeting for
future improvement programs. Bid schedule has been obtained from the DWASA for the period 2011 to 2014
and statistically analyzed to derive regression equations that reflect typical construction practices within
Dhaka City. A detailed tabulation of all unit costs and a listing by project is shown in Annex-I (Financial and
Economic Analysis).
General unit costs in BDT (in 2014) are summarized below in Table 70:
P a g e | 215
Table 70: Unit Costs by Item of Works

DIRECT COST (In BDT)
1 Pipe Storm Sewer RCC Pipe 600 mm and smaller (Dia) Per linear meter 22,000
600mm-1300mm (Dia) Per linear meter 30,800
1300mm-1830 mm (Dia) Per linear meter 44,000
1830mm and above (Dia) Per linear meter 61600
2 Stom Sewer PC Pipe 1830mm and above (Dia) Per linear meter 132000
3 Brick Sewer(Circular & Elliptical) 3100mm-4500mm(Dia) Per linear meter 22,000
4 RCC Stom Sewer(Circular & Elliptical) 3100mm-4500mm(Dia) Per linear meter 176000
5 Canal RCC Open Drain(U-chanel,RCC)/Pre-cast Width 2-5 m , Depth 2-3 m Per linear meter 70,400
Open Drain(U-chanel,RCC)/Cast-in-situ Width 5-10 m , Depth 3-5 m Per linear meter 96,800
Width 10-15 m , Depth 3-5 m Per linear meter 114,400
6 UDD Unlined drain Width 2-5 m , Depth 2-3 m Per linear meter 17,600
7 Canal Earth Canal (Concrete Block) Width 2-5 m , Depth 2-3 m Per linear meter 25,800
Width 16-20 m, Depth 3-5 m Per linear meter 66,000
8 Asphalt Patch and Pavement works Per linear meter 36,000
9 Pump Station( Civil ) Cumec 26,400,000
10 Pump(Machine & Equipment plant) Cumec 61,600,000
11 Inlets vertical(Sump/Manhole) Each 528,000
12 Pond(Retention/Detention) Hectare-meter 44,000
13 Inlets(Lateral) Each 8,800
14 Sluice Gates Each 1,056,000
15 Weirs Each 1,056,000
16 Apron Each 1,056,000
17 Land Acquisition For Fringe Area Hectare 90,000,000
18 Land Acquisition For Core Area Hectare 450,000,000
19 Major GPT Each 880,000
20 Minor GPT Each 352,000
P a g e | 216
8.10.2 Summary of Capital Costs

Cost by Project
A summary of costs for all basins and all projects within those basins is presented in Table 71 sorted first by
basin, and then sorted by project. Costs are tabulated through master planning routines and are based upon
unit prices developed in 2014. In some cases, multiple alternatives are proposed which have been designated
in the Basin ID. There is not sufficient information at this time to select a preferred alternative, so all
alternatives have been shown for comparison. This Drainage Master Plan does consider new development cost
and upgradation cost. In particular, capital improvements have been shown for retrofit improvement of
existing developments, although their funding will certainly be borne by DWASA and budgets than for new
developing areas whose cost will be borne by different entities.
Cost by Basin
For purposes of developing an overall drainage infrastructure, capital improvement cost for the core City &
fringe area, costs are summarized below by basin. In some cases, several different alternatives are shown for
basins, usually based upon conveyance only, detention, or conveyance plus detention. The following table has
been compiled by selecting the least cost alternative; however, due to external factors such as land acquisition,
a preferred alternative cannot be selected at this time. The total project cost to upgrade the City’s storm
drainage infrastructure to meet minimum current drainage criteria for the entire City is estimated to be about
BDT 16000 crore (2015 million US dollars) in Table 71
Table 71: Summary Capital Cost by Basin

Total Cost
SL Zone ID
(Mil. Tk)
1 GCB 8753.52
2 KLN 6051.04
3 DHK 3604.02
4 DND 22269.43
5 KML 13808.17
6 RMP 1763.55
7 BDD 16627.92
8 UTK 10380.13
9 GZT 21531.65
10 SVR 10105.23
11 KRN 13522.11
12 NRN 16841.56
13 PRB 14598.04
Total Cost (BDT) 159856.37
P a g e | 217
8.10.3 Phase wise investment plan:

A drainage development budget allocated is shown in Table 72 for use in soliciting capital investment in
drainage-related projects. Capital should be made available to the local capacity level and zonal management
level through central authority of DWASA. Except for recurrent expenditures, allocation of fund, solicitation
of capital infrastructure and procurement of fixed assets are short- to medium-term ventures.
Table 72: Budget 2015–2045
Drainage projects should address financial sustainability. This will be achieved by ensuring that the user
charge should cover the operation and maintenance costs; O&M costs are clearly defined; and Drainage
service charges are collected and used transparently. Around 10% cost of total investment has been kept for
operation and maintenance purpose. The total cost for O&M are 15346.21 million BDT. The Table 73 shows
the phase wise cost being described in Annex-J.
Table 73: Phase wise investment cost
Year 2015-2040
Strategy Budget (Million BDT)
Phase I Phase II (10 Phase III (10
(5Years) years) years)
Institutional arrangements 4795.69 ------------- ------------- 4795.69
Infrastructure Development 2680.100 66520.42 58684.58 127885.1
Operation& Maintenance 321.61 7982.451 7042.149 15346.21
Training and Capacity

176.0156 4368.728 3854.109 8398.854
Building
Research and Development 71.893 1784.41 1574.213 3430.517
Total 8045.31 80656.01 71155.05 159856.37
P a g e | 218
8.10.4 Financial planning

The financial support can be derived by the following approach
 Impose drainage service charge (.20 paisa/sq. ft).

 Sharing tax with other agency (Such as 10% holding tax sharing with DCC)
 Impose penalty for misuse or encroachment
 Impose building development fees
 Income for recycled stormwater
 Income generation by fisheries/irrigation/ tourism
At the same time, to lessen a financial burden on small local operator, monetary support should be considered
through the provision of government subsidies. Drainage management team (DMT) can improve the problem
of small service charges and low collection rates of building development fee, as an increase in stormwater
drainage charges is the marked outcome of management transfer. Therefore, financial support, even if it is
substantially lower after DMT, or cost-sharing arrangements between the government and the private
operator, will be needed for sustainable drainage services. In estimating the ability to pay and to set the fee
levels, a balance between sustainability and affordability of the local middle income people needs will be well
managed. It is crucial to include a sustainable O&M plan in the project design with community based
participation. Transparent fiscal management should be in place to ensure accountability and sustainability.
Implementation of “Storm Drainage Service Fees”, say annual fee of Tk 0.20/sft for impervious area, which to
be collected in four monthly installments during monsoon. For a 2000 sft impervious area (IA) it will be Tk
100/month. On the other hand, if any property owner leaves 50% or more of his/her/their plot pervious then
he/she/they will have reduced drainage fee of Tk. 0.15/sft IA. Such contribution from the property owners
would help generate maintenance fee for the storm sewers. If there are 200,000 property owners, it will
generate Tk. 80, which would be sufficient for cleaning, at least, the roadside drains and inlets which is one of
the common problems. See the detail (Annex-D)
8.10.5 Financial Sustainability and Return to Investments in Drainage

Good leadership and political will are fundamental to motivating stormwater drainage system. Parliament
must pass a law that supports the tenets expounded in the DMP—tenets that should ultimately become
ingrained and protected in drainage development plans. These plans should have budget estimates that can be
used for disbursements and monitoring. These estimates, presented using financial and economic tools such as
cost -benefit ratio and net present value, are important for responsible financial management as depicted in the
Table 74 and Table 75
Table 74: Financial Return

Taka in Lac
Total Cost Benefit
Year Capital Cost Operating Cost
(cash outflow) (cash inflow)
2015-2016 586 40 626 288.0
2016-2017 586 42 628 302.4
2017-2018 44.1 44.1 317.5
2018-2019 46.3 46.3 333.3
2019-2020 1728 48.6 1776.6 350.0
2020-2021 51.1 51.1 367.5
2021-2022 53.6 53.6 385.9
2022-2023 56.3 56.3 405.2
P a g e | 219
2023-2024 59.1 59.1 425.4

2024-2025 3300 62.1 3362.1 446.7
2025-2026 65.2 65.2 469.1
2026-2027 68.4 68.4 492.5
2027-2028 71.8 71.8 517.1
2028-2029 75.4 75.4 543.0
2029-2030 3300 79.2 3379.2 570.1
2030-2031 83.2 83.2 598.6
2031-2032 87.3 87.3 628.6
2032-2033 91.7 91.7 660.0
2033-2034 96.3 96.3 693.0
2034-2035 3300 101.1 3401.1 727.7
2035-2036 106.1 106.1 764.0
2036-2037 111.4 111.4 802.2
2037-2038 117.0 117.0 842.4
2038-2039 122.9 122.9 884.5
2039-2040 3300 129.0 3429.0 928.7
2040-2041 135.5 135.5 975.1
2041-2042 142.2 142.2 1023.9
2042-2043 149.3 149.3 1075.1
2043-2044 156.8 156.8 1128.8
2044-2045 164.6 164.6 1185.3
Total 16100 2657.6 18757.6 19131.7
Table 75: Economical Return

Taka in Lac
Total Cost Benefit
Year Capital Cost Operating Cost
(cash outflow) (cash inflow)
2015-2016 586 40 626 500.8
2016-2017 586 42 628 525.8
2017-2018 44.1 44.1 552.1
2018-2019 46.3 46.3 579.7
2019-2020 1728 48.6 1776.6 608.7
2020-2021 51.1 51.1 639.2
2021-2022 53.6 53.6 671.1
2022-2023 56.3 56.3 704.7
2023-2024 59.1 59.1 739.9
2024-2025 3300 62.1 3362.1 776.9
2025-2026 65.2 65.2 815.8
P a g e | 220
2026-2027 68.4 68.4 856.5

2027-2028 71.8 71.8 899.4
2028-2029 75.4 75.4 944.3
2029-2030 3300 79.2 3379.2 991.5
2030-2031 83.2 83.2 1041.1
2031-2032 87.3 87.3 1093.2
2032-2033 91.7 91.7 1147.8
2033-2034 96.3 96.3 1205.2
2034-2035 3300 101.1 3401.1 1265.5
2035-2036 106.1 106.1 1328.8
2036-2037 111.4 111.4 1395.2
2037-2038 117.0 117.0 1465.0
2038-2039 122.9 122.9 1538.2
2039-2040 3300 129.0 3429.0 1615.1
2040-2041 135.5 135.5 1695.9
2041-2042 142.2 142.2 1780.7
2042-2043 149.3 149.3 1869.7
2043-2044 156.8 156.8 1963.2
2044-2045 164.6 164.6 2061.4
Total 16100 2657.6 18757.6 33272.6
For details information please check the Annex- I.
8.11 Screening and Evaluation of Measures

In order to identify potential measures and screen alternatives for selection of a preferred approach, a set of
specific goals and objectives needs to establish first for assessing performance of such alternatives. This was
accomplished in the second Stakeholders Workshop for finalization of the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan
for Dhaka. The main theme of the workshop was then to discuss and confirm the following:
 specific evaluation goals

 viable alternatives or measures
 achievement grade or ranking
In order to identify potential solutions and to screen alternatives for selection of a preferred approach,
technical working groups were challenged with establishing specific goals and objectives against which
alternatives could be measured for achievement. The proposed alternative matrix showing the achievement
(high, moderate, and low) is shown in the Table 76 on the following page.
P a g e | 221
Table 76: Potential solutions and to screen alternatives for selection of a preferred approach
P a g e | 222
8.12 DAP Strategic Drainage Planning

The Detailed Area Plan of the Grater Dhaka City assessment of drainage demand indicates that the city has a
potential of about 1528 sqkm, taking into consideration runoff, canal, lake, small reservoirs and large water
bodies. Following the keenness of DWASA to transform the drainage demand into reality in order to achieve
water logging free Dhaka city, a number of interventions have to be initiated to develop short-, medium- and
long-term strategic drainage plans. These include:
 Financial and investment mechanisms

 Policy and legal issues
 Institutional arrangements
 Socioeconomic issues
 Environmental issues
Table 77: Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) of drainage infrastructures for prioritization
New Upgrading Open canals Retention Outfall

Pipe drain Pipe drain area Minor Major
Investment
Heavy Moderate Moderate Low Low V.High
cost
Management
High High Low Low Low High
skills
Infrastructure
High High Low Low Low High
Skills
Time for
Long Long Medium Short Short Long
implementation
Revenue
Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate High High
collection
Preventing
Moderate Moderate Moderate High High High
Water logging
Energy
Moderate Moderate Low Low Low V. high
Requirement
Table 78: Ranking of drainage infrastructures from multi criterion analysis (MCA) sources
System oriented New Upgrading Open canals Retention Outfall

Pipe drain Pipe drain area Minor Major
Investment cost 2 8 8 10 10 4
Preventing Water 6 6 6 10 10 10
logging
Revenue collection 4 4 4 4 8 8
Time for 1 1 2 3 3 1
implementation
Infrastructure Skills 3 3 1 1 1 3
Management skills 1 1 6 6 6 1
Energy 3 3 4 4 4 1
Requirement
Total scores 20 26 31 38 42 28
Details has been given in annex D
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8.12.1 Implementation plan

The attached programme indicated that the implementation plan for the phased works, taking into
consideration the prioritisation of works, realistic opportunities for accessing capital funds, capacity of
DWASA to absorb the funds and construction programme constraints. See the detail in Annex-J.
8.12.2 Operations and Maintenance

Municipal operations cover a wide variety of activities and land uses that are potential sources of stormwater
pollutants. These include, roadways; parking lots; transportation and equipment garages; fueling areas;
warehouses; stockpiles of salt and other raw materials; open ditches and storm sewers; turf and landscaping
for all municipal properties, including parks; and waste handling and disposal areas.
There are three main components to an O&M program
 Inspections - determine what, if anything needs to do to restore the stormwater management practice to
its intended operating condition.
 Maintenance - clean, repair, or replace system components as necessary to restore the practice.
 Monitoring - evaluate is the system is meeting the performance criteria of the approved design.
8.12.3 Maintenance programme

The attached table links the key O&M activities with work procedures required for operations and
maintenance of stormwater drain, pumpstation, wetland, retention pond and canal Table 79
Table 79: O&M Activities

O&M Type Key works items Work Programmes
Storm drain
maintenance
Investigation of existing system
Investigation of location and cause of damage/
Annual system investigation under taken
blockage
covering the entire storm network. GIS
Investigation of manhole surcharges
Site investigation drawing update
Investigation of sediment deposite in drainage
Television equipment will be used to identify
line
sediment , debris and illegal connection
Inspection of Outfalls
Inspection of illegal connection
Annual pipe line cleaning program to be
implemented.
Pipe cleaning Removal of blockage and sediments Periodic cleaning programme to be undertake
based on priority maintenance areas identified
site investigation.
Annual pipe line rehabilitation plan prepared
for priority maintenance area identified from
Pipe rehabilitation Replacement and repair of damage storm drain
site investigation, including repair or
replacement of damage pipes
Regular reporting on all works item. Key
indicators include:
Operation
Length of pipe line in service
Operation man power/ 100km Annual Audit report will be an input to the
Operation cost/ 100 km DWASA management information report
Reporting Maintenance
Maintenance manpower/ 100km of storm drain Monthly audit report will be an input to the
Maintenance cost/100 km DWASA management information report
Cost compared to tariff income
No. of Blockage/ year
No. of storm drain collapse/year
Length of pipe line replace
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Length of pipe line rehabilitated

Pump station
Manual operation of pump facility
Removal of screenings
Daily work Monitoring of pup data Screening to be removed on daily basis
Reporting on breakdown
Periodic preventive maintenance programme

Removal of sediments in pump wells
Periodic work Annual pump maintenance programme
Annual overhaul of pumps
Multi-annual overhaul programme
Regular reporting on all work items. Key
indicators include
Operation
No. of units in operation or standby Annual Audit report will be an input to the
Reporting Power consumption DWASA management information report
Flow pumped
Operations Manpower/pump station
Maintenance
Wetland
Check for leaks and erosion on and around
Periodic Monthly maintenance programme
Soil banks, especially at leak collars.
Removal and replacement of all dead and

Twice a year
diseased vegetation considered beyond
treatment
Removal of cattails and other invasive species
As needed
Plants by hand or through hand application of
herbicide
Watering of plant material shall take place at
Daily
the end of each day for fourteen consecutive
days and after planting is completed by hand
Pond area Sediment in forebay has accumulated Annual
Permanent Pool Elevation returns to normal <
5-days after large storm
Khal/Canal/River
Delineation of alignment and channel width
(flood plain width) of each canal/khal/river
Identification of point sources of pollution
Siltation and Complete stoppage of pollution discharges
Annual and when is needed
Clean up from all identified point sources
Establishing procedure for excavation of
canal/khal/river beds
Clean up the encroachment
8.12.4 Proposal for improving operation and Maintenance:

Catch Basins/Drain Manholes: If sediment is allowed to build up in catch basins and drain manholes to the
extent that it discharges into water bodies, it can suffocate critical species and carry other pollutants into the
waterbody, resulting in decreased water quality. While removing sediment from catch basins, illicit discharges
would be identified and the condition of the catch basins would be reviewed. All catch basins and drain
manhole structures would be inspected at least once per year.
Pipe System: Televising storm drain system pipes on a regular basis is an efficient and effective way to
identify illicit discharges and evaluate the condition of the pipes. A regular televising and subsequent
maintenance program would minimize the potential for catastrophic events (pipe collapse, illicit discharge).
The pipes comprising the storm drain system would be televised on a ten-year rotating cycle. Cleaning would
P a g e | 225
be conducted when the inspections show sediment, debris, or roots that fill approximately one-third of the
pipe.
Pump station: DWASA to consider outsourcing operation and maintenance of pump station. In order to
maximize efficiency of operations and maintenance in the future, DWASA should consider installation of an
automated system via telecommunication to a central SCADA system.
Finanacial and personnel requirement
The operation and matainence cost is continuous process. A number of skill personnel are needed for cleaning
and maintaining the system. Dut to lake of proper maintaince of the system, the better out put of system can
be achieved in proper time. The Table 80 shows the proposal on financial and personel requirement for O &
M.
Table 80: Financial and personnel requirement for O&M

Personnel Cost (mill. BDT)
Storm drain 110 4297.398
Pump station 50 2762.613
Canal / Khal 130 4911.312
Retention pond 50 1381.31
Wetland 50 1995.22
8.13 Capacity Building, Training and Technical Assistance

Effective implementation of modern drainage infrastructures in Dhaka city will require technical capacity in
human resources and logistics. Project management personnel will need to understand socioeconomic and
environmental issues and their indicators. Even with the existence of policies and laws (such as Law on
Environmental Protection), evidence on the ground indicates significant shortcomings in the abilities of local-
and district-level stakeholders to monitor mitigate and manage drainage performance. These shortcomings are
critical because drainage projects must be implemented at the community level.
During project planning and implementation, a capacity need assessment is required to strengthen human
resources. Expanding zonal drainage management authorities into community based organizations and
empowering them with self-management and monitoring and evaluation capability is essential.
The current human resource capacity of drainage stakeholders in Dhaka city is characterized by low technical
capacity. Although staff levels appear to be sufficient for the task at hand, competence levels among staff
members in DWASA’s existing institutions vary greatly. Frequently, personnel from other departments are
assigned duties related to stormwater drainage management. As a result, there is poor drainage management in
water logged areas. In many institutions, existing staff have been retained for core activities, leaving little if
any human resources to directly oversee drainage problems. In some cases, drainage personnel are present but
the level of training and technical capacity on drainage principles and applications are insufficient.
Training and awareness creation of drainage project implementation will be undertaken at different levels.
These levels will involve the central control, zonal authorities, the private sector, NGOs and local
communities. Training exercises will be customized according to each level’s needs to ensure adequacy in the
implementation of drainage projects. Training and capacity building of various actors is essential to ensure
that the proposed interventions are understood. Training is thus a continuous venture and an integral part of
long-term strategic planning. The technical assistance required in drainage projects should focus on research
and expansion. These services address water logging issues with priority areas of drainage systems, drainage
management and intensified stormwater disposal network.
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8.14 Stakeholder Input

Stakeholder of the project, along with client (DWASA) and sponsoring agency (World Bank) have played a
significant role for formulating the master plan. In course of work progress numerous opinion sharing
meetings and discussions have taken place between the study team, client andrepresentatives of World Bank.
The study teams took all their comments and opinions regarding the formulation of master plan with high
priority and highlighted the relevant issues in the report. During preparation of this master plan, a number of
field meetings, focus group discussions, interviews, rapid appraisals were performed with various project
beneficiaries, users, affected persons, key and influential personnel of the localities. Their views were
carefully examined and proper importance is given to the inputs.
Till submission of this FINAL REPORT, the study team has submitted five reports namely Inception Report
(and a Revised Inception Report), Interim Report-I, Interim Report-II, Interim Report-III and the Draft Final
Report (DFR). A Revised Draft Final Report was also submitted in December 2014. Project management Unit
(PMU) of DWASA, donor agency (World Bank) and other relevant personnel and organizations have given
their feedback after reviewing those reports. All these review comments and feedbacks are examined with
sufficient assessment and incorporated during formulation of this master plan after.
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CHAPTER 9:
Strategic Environmental Assessment
9.1 Report
The report has been prepared and submitted separately.
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CHAPTER 10:
Recommendations
10.1 General
This Master Plan report contains a study on stormwater drainage issues on Dhaka City, with structural and
non-structural proposals regarding the improvement of DWASA drainage conditions and management. The
plan focuses on the period up to the year 2040. It also contains recommendations on legal and institutional
arrangements. The study also includes a Strategic Environmental Assessment and a Social Impact
Assessment. Detailed cost estimations of the proposed structural investments and a cost recovery process have
been described in this Master Plan.
Planning, design, operation and maintenance of urban drainage systems are a challenge for urban authorities
because of unplanned development and landuse activities. The effectiveness of stormwater management
systems is largely linked to the efficacy of urban management. Therefore, to manage and operate the Dhaka
stormwater drainage system more effectively and sustainable, greater emphasis needs to place upon:
 Co-ordination between urban authorities and agencies, which are responsible for different aspects of
urban infrastructure planning, provision and management;
 Collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations and promotion of effective
partnership with civil society and the private sector;
 Training and human resource development for improved planning, design, and operation of urban
drainage systems;
 Development of an appropriate service-oriented financing and cost-recovery system for maintenance
activities;
 Increasing the awareness among city dwellers of the relation between basic hygiene, solid waste and
clogging of drainage systems.
10.2 Structural and Non-structural measures
Non-structural measures to improve the Dhaka Stormwater drainage system are mainly formulated in previous
studies on the basis of three major perspectives:
 Implementation of effective solid waste management;

 Legal and Institutional issues, and
 Socio-economic issues.
Types of structural measures will vary in accordance with the nature of the drainage problem and the location
of application. For better understanding, the whole area has been divided into the following three main
categories:
i. Core City East

ii. Core City West, and
iii. Fringe Areas
The proposed structural measures for these areas are as follows:
i. Recommendation on Core City East

 Embankment: raise to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD; This is to be maintained
for the existing as well as for new embankments.
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 New pumps: construct new pumping stations at Norail Khal, Dumni Khal and Kashaibar-Boalia Khal
outlets (Balu River);
 Existing pumps: increase capacities and improve operation; this is to be achieved through training of
staff, introducing specific operation rules and monitoring those. Also, monitor water levels, introduce
SCADA systems.
 Sluice gates: increase capacities and improve operation; this is to be achieved through training of staff,
introducing specific operation rules and monitoring those.
 Khals and Box culverts: remove obstructions, clear blockages, increase conveyance, reduce total
lengths, provide new lines, and improve conveyance of Norail, Dumni and Kashaibar-Boalia Khals;
 Storages: demarcate surface areas specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
Recomendation on Cantonment area
 Digital Elevation Model for cantonment area clearly shows that stormwater flows from east to west
towards Baunia Khal. On an average 70% of total surface runoff generates within cantonment area
ends at Baunia Khal. So the first and foremost proposal for Cantonment area is to get rid of water
logging, and to develop and protect Baunia Khal in this respect.
 A new natural connection has been proposed from Dhamal Kote Lake to Baunia Khal, which is
encroached and silted up now. Although ownership of those lands belongs to government but still it is
a challenge to recover these lands.
 Most of the runoff generates at cantonment area flows over free surface by following natural gravity.
So, proper watershed design and addressing these issues should be the prime component of the master
plan as a whole.
 Water comes from surrounding areas to cantonment area such as Nikunjo-1, Nikunjo-2, Airport,
upstream of cantonment area etc. So, before designing the drainage system, this external additional
amount run-off needs to be assessed.
 Outfall located at Banani Rail crossing carries a lot of importance for cantonment area. So, this outfall
needs to highlight more for a feasible solution.
 From MES, a network has been proposed by connecting lakes and ponds which have ultimate outfall
at Banani DOHS Lake and Banani Lake later. Now a days, in Dhaka, so many groups are protesting
drainage inlet with lakes and again the ownership of Banani Lake matters also. So, an alternative plan
can be illustrated as a narrow canal or boropit from Banani rail crossing to Kuril flyover retention
pond and thereafter it will follow the course of proposed 100 feet (Northern part) wide canal along the
Kuril-purbachal highway up to Balu River.
 Cantonment area has quite a good amount of storage facilities (lake, ponds, marsh land etc.). To find a
sustainable solution, all types of drainage interventions need to take account these storage facilities.
Using such natural facilities is sustainable and less cost involved.
 Surface run-off generation for next 20-40 years (minimum 50 years return period) need to assess
properly through computer modeling and based on those results drainage network should be
developed.
 So for the time being, a detail feasibility study including modeling for the area is very much required
to make a proper drainage system in this area. The study should include the following
 Watershed Analysis
 Hydrological Modeling (Flow identification and catchment delineation)
 Scenario development and prioritization
 Rainfall intensity & temporal analysis
 IDF Curve
 Design, construction and O&M manual
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 Implementation and Investment Plan

 Lastly, another package can be performed regarding detail design of proposed infrastructures in
feasibility study.
ii. Recommendation on Core City West
 Embankment: construct to 100-year ARI flood protection level @ ~12-13m PWD; this is to be
maintained for the existing as well as for new embankments.
 Pumps: increase capacities and improve operation.
 Sluice gates: increase capacities and improve operation.
 Khals and Box culverts: remove obstructions, clear blockages, increase conveyance, reduce total
lengths, provide new lines;
 Storages: demarcate surface areas specified by DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
iii. Recommendation on Fringe Areas

 Flood flow zones: preserve area specified in DAP, reclaim area lost to encroachment and illegal
development
 Embankment: where affected, re-construct existing embankments to 100-year ARI flood protection
level @ ~12-13m PWD.
 Pump stations: construct two new pump stations at Adamjee Nagar and Pagla. Make the ‘operation
objective’ and the water level at these pumping stations maintained clearly to the users and
beneficiaries.
iv. Recommendation on Proposed Eastern Bypass
 In 1991, JICA carried out a detailed study for the flood control of Dhaka eastern part, which is known as
FAP 8A study. In 1996, Messrs Halcrow Fox and others completed a feasibility study on the construction of
Dhaka Eastern Bypass. Considering an option of combining the Dhaka Eastern Embankment with the Bypass,
they carried out a revised study in 1997, final report of which was published in April 1998.
 The detailed area plan (DAP) proposed in the DMDP is
a step in the right direction. However, the proposed Eastern
Bypass Road Multipurpose Project as a measure of flood
control is not based on hydrologic principles, and will not be
able to reduce flood risks and waterlogging in Dhaka City.
This project is likely to create a false sense of security Existing
Embank Proposed
among the residents living on the floodplain and flood flow ment Elevated
zones of the Balu River. The embankments will not only transport route
intensify waterlogging within the embanked areas, it will

likely to increase the magnitude of flooding in areas outside
of the embankment including at Purbachal area and in
downstream locations. Water-logging and flooding
propensity cannot be reduced without facilitating proper
functioning of natural drainage network and enlarging the
drainage network in accordance with basin development
factor. Alternative approaches to flood-risk and damage
reduction will have to include in best management practices
that will help reduce surface run-off, increase infiltration
(EPA, 2000), and increase carrying capacity of natural drainage systems in Dhaka City and in catchment
areas of the Balu and Buriganga Rivers. The natural drainage network of the DMDP area needs to recover,
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excavate, and enlarge to account for basin development factor to ensure proper draining of run-off. It is
suggested that instead of constructing Eastern Embankment, the concerned authority may consider elevated
transport route option to ensure undisturbed natural conveyance of stormwater and inundation. Limited
number of pump station may have to be installed in areas that act as a flow accumulation points. Some of the
proposed residential zones in the southern parts of the DAP are located in areas of natural flow accumulation
that need to be avoided for future development. In case of not implementation of eastern bypass elevated
option, the disposal of Stormwater of that may be followed by the pump stations as proposed
10.3 Drainage Zoning and Arrangements:
The entire Master Plan area has been divided into 13 Drainage Zones, which are based on the delineation of
the catchment areas. Each drainage management zone will be served by at least one (DWASA) technical
advisor, depending on the size of the project, area involved and specific drainage requirements. Regular
operation and management activities and works of new projects have to be carried out separately. A team of
subject-matter specialists will lead and coordinate the work of drainage management zone technical advisors.
The latter will liaise with research and link up with the drainage network to be established by DWASA. The
technical advisors will follow a regular management schedule to meet the demand of local people in their
respective zone.
A number of interventions have to be initiated to develop short, medium and long-term strategic drainage
plans. These shall include:
 Financial and investment mechanisms;

 Policy and legal issues;
 Institutional arrangements;
 Socioeconomic issues;
 Environmental issues.
10.4 Recommendations on Operational System:

i. DWASA has to transform the drainage demand into reality in order to achieve a water logging free
Dhaka city.
ii. Expansion and rehabilitation of the existing drainage system is required.
iii. Sewer lines should be separated from Stormwater drainage system.
iv. Adequate solid waste disposal system should be made available to the city dwellers to prevent clogging
of the Stormwater drainage system. This should be accompanied by a public awareness campaign on
the relation between basic hygiene, solid waste and Stormwater drainage.
v. All internal drainage and flood control infrastructure should be handed over to single authority for
operation and maintenance.
vi. All the existing natural drainage routes should be kept free from encroachment immediately.
vii. A joint venture program with DCC is required. RAJUK should ensure that the development of eastern
Dhaka is carried out under a master plan, which should integrate land use development with that of
service utilities, like Stormwater drainage, water supply and sewerage system.
10.5 Data Analyses and Drainage Modelling

i. Update hydrodynamic models and complete simulations for each of the major components of the
drainage system. Model must depict scenario based results on current and future (2040) conditions.
The latter includes all the structural measures proposed.
ii. Study the diment transport capacity and geomorphic characteristics of the open water and closed elements
of the drainage system.
iii. Review Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plans (DMDP) and regional urban development plans to
assess the integration of drainage and infrastructure issues. Proposed drainage improvement projects
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must be in accordance with the findings and recommendations of the latest Structure Plan, Urban Area
Plan, and Detailed Area Plans for the area in concern. In addition, identify on-going and planned
drainage and flood protection projects of DWASA and other organizations and incorporate them into
the Master Plan.
iv. A Drainage Modelling Team (or working group), taking members from different sections, especially
from Drainage P&D Division, is to be developed and maintained within Dhaka WASA drainage
department, with a Team Leader. They may be trained further into the drainage data acquisition,
analysis and modelling techniques and utilised for the purpose, with additional incentives for additional
job. These trained staff should be provided sufficient job of this nature and should not be transferred
from drainage department until some suitable replacement is available.
10.6 Size of the Master Plan:

Details of proposed projects and their estimated costs are provided separately, in Annex-J. In all the 13 zones,
some 250 number of projects have been identified in this Stormwater Drainage Master Plan. Gazipur Tongi
zone has maximum number of projects (46 nos). Next in order are Purbachal, Keranignj, Narayanganj and
Savar zones (with 34, 27, 24 and 20 projects respectively in the list).
Total cost of the projects is estimated to be BDT 159,98,563,700 or USD 1998,204,625 (Approx. Tk. 16,000
crore). The majority of investments need to plan in DND Zone (approx. 15%) and Gazipur zone (14%).
Hatirjheel and Dholai Khal zones in the core area have least numbers of projects identified (6 nos.) and also
invest-wise these are on the bottom side (with approx. 0.7 and 2.5% investment proposal).
10.7 Recommendations on Institutional Arrangement:

 Option 1 – DCC
Like in other big cities, the solid waste as well as stormwater drainage management should be handled by one
organisation, i.e. the Municipality or the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). As the solid waste is managed by the
City Corporation, the whole city drainage management may be controlled under the City Corporation. Then
one authority might be responsible for the overall drainage management, and also for solid waste management
of the city. As for example, the solid waste as well as the sanitary sewerage system is currently being managed
by the Chittagong City Corporation (CCC), Khulna City Corporation (KCC) and Rajshahi City Corporation
(RCC) in Bangladesh. In considering worldwide practice, Storm water drainage and solid waste system are
managed by one authority such as City authority, Municipality or City Corporation. Though the Dhaka City
Corporation has presently been divided into two parts, in the north part named as DNCC and south part named
as DSCC, the tertiary and secondary drainage system with road network within the city corporation area are
presently managed by City Corporation. In addition, the city corporation manages the overall solid waste
management system in Dhaka city area. Furthermore, the two mayor of the city corporation selected by the
public can ensure the political support from down to top level regarding on development.
 Option 2 - DWASA
Presently, DWASA is in charge of water supply and sanitation in Dhaka city, along with the operation and
management of the Stormwater drainage network. It is so organised that different organs of drainage
components are placed under different units. The example is that the organs like i) Planning, ii) Design, iii)
Construction, iv) Rehabilitation & Development (R&D) and v) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) are placed
under two different Deputy Managing Directors and two different Chief Engineers. This sometimes creates
coordination and cooperation problems within the same organisation.
It is suggested that a separate unit may be set up within the existing organisation structure of DWASA,
under an exclusive DMD, with full drainage responsibilities. This unit will be independent, and could be
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named e.g. Stormwater Drainage Unit (SDU), in addition to the ‘Water Supply Unit’ and ‘Sanitation and
Sewerage Unit’. The SDU would operate under the same MD for better coordination and management.
SDU Unit WASA:
 A new DMD position has to be created

 A new Chief Engineer position has to be created
 Two Superintending Engineer position have to be created as Superintending Engineer (O&M) and
Superintending Engineer (Development)
 The drainage Division, which would be headed by Executive Engineer, would also be strengthened
with 2 additional SDE/AE positions and additional 4 SAE for each division
 The number of Pump Operators, Gate Operators, and Cleaners are increased as required.
 Option 3 - Independent Authority
A new independent authority under the same ministry (Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development
& Co-operatives) may be created for the drainage sector whose exclusive responsibility will be planning,
development, operation and maintainance of the Stormwater Drainage System of the entire Master Plan
area, in coordination with other local authorities.This organisation may be called “Dhaka Stormwater
Drainage Authority (DSDA)” and will have a separate independent office, with a specific mandate.
This study has analysed all the above three options and finds option-1 most suitable under the present
circumstances.
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Updating the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Dhaka City

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Dhaka Water Supply And

Dhaka Water Supply And

Updating/Preparation of the Stormwater

Master Plan Report

JPZ in association with FCEA and SARM

Updating / Preparation of the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan

MASTER PLAN REPORT

Dream House 2/4, (5th Floor), Block-A

MASTER PLAN REPORT CONTENTS IN BRIEF

3.3 NON-STRUCTURAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................................. 49

4.5.1 Imperviousness Resulting in Increase of Surface-Runoff ............................................................................. 92

6.8.1 Design ARI ................................................................................................................................................. 114

8.8.5 Rampura (RMP) .......................................................................................................................................... 167

FIGURE 13: EXISTING SEWERAGE NETWORK COVERAGE IN DHAKA CITY .......................................................................... 36

TABLE 21 : LIST OF WATER LEVEL AND DISCHARGE STATION ............................................................................................ 67

TABLE 62: MINOR GPT PHASE 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 202

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARI Average Recurrence Interval

DMDP Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan

SOB Survey of Bangladesh

Scope of Work Primary Output

Hydrologic and Urban Master

2. Key Planning Concepts

 Financial and investment mechanisms

3. Existance Drainage Networks

4. Proposed Drainage Measures

The structural measures for these areas are mentioned below.

Core City East

4.2 Non-Structural Measures

Other non-structural measures can be summarized as:

5. Basins and Drainage Zone Boundaries

6.1 Infrastructure Costs

6.2 Prioritization and Phasing of Investment Program

The implementation of the Master plan has been suggested in 3 phases:

1st Phase 2015 - 2020

2 Rehabilitation and Up-gradation of Drainage canal Uttarkhan 623.70

Total cost 80656.01

Total cost 71155.05

6.3 Budget and Expenditure

Institutional arrangements 4795.69 ------------- ------------- 4795.69

Infrastructure Development 2680.100 66520.42 58684.58 127885.1

Operation& Maintenance 321.61 7982.451 7042.149 15346.21

Training and Capacity

Research and Development 71.893 1784.41 1574.213 3430.517

Total 8045.31 80656.01 71155.05 159856.37

6.4 Zonal Management Structure

7.1 Option 1 - DCC

7.2 Option 2 - DWASA

1.1 Study Background

1.2 Objectives of the Master Plan Study

1.3 Scope of Study

1.3.1 Collection and Review of Data

1.3.2 Survey & Mapping

 Average bottom width (for open channel)

1.3.3 Drainage Improvement Projects

1.3.4 Data Analyses & Recommendations

1.3.5 Complimentary Projects and Programs

1.3.6 Legislative and Institutional Arrangement

1.3.7 EIA and Stakeholder Input

Table 1: List of Deliverables in Each Report

iii. Ranking methodology for prioritizing drainage improvement

1.5 Reporting Schedule