STUDIES ON STRENGTH ENHANCEMENT OF CONCRETE

BY COIR FIBRE
 ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 1

1.1 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 1

1.2 GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 2
1.3 POLYMER FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 3
1.4 NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
3 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 8
3.1 MATERIALS 8
3.2 TESTING METHODS 9
3.3 MIX PROPORTIONING 10
3.4 METHODOLOGY 11
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12

4.1 EFFECT OF COIR FIBRE ON WORKABILITY 12

4.2 EFFECT OF COIR FIBRE ON COMPRESSIVE 12

STRENGTH
4.3 EFFECT OF COIR FIBRE ON SPLIT TENSILE 12
STRENGTH
4.4 EFFECT OF COIR FIBRE ON COMPRESSIVE 13
STRENGTH AND SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
 5 CONCLUSION 16

6 REFERENCES 17

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

3.1 Physical Properties of Cement 8

3.2 Physical Properties of fine aggregates 8

3.3 Physical Properties of coarse aggregates 8

3.4 Mix proportion 10

 LISTS OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Steel fibres 1

1.2 Glass fibres 3

1.3 Polymer Fibers 3

1.4 Natural Fibers 4

3.1 Compressive Strength test on cube 9

3.2 Split Tensile strength test on cylinder 10

4.1 Slump value of coir fibre reinforced concrete. 12

4.2 Compressive strength development of coir fibre 13

reinforced concrete

4.3 Split tensile strength of coir fibre reinforced concrete after 13

28 days curing

4.4 Comparision between compressive strength and Split 14

tensile strength of coir fibre reinforced Concrete

4.5 Elastic Modulus of coir fibre reinforced concrete after 28 14

days curing

4.6 Comparision between compressive strength and Elastic 15

modulus of coir fibre reinforced Concrete
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The concrete made from Portland cement is relatively strong in compression but weak in tension
and tends to be brittle.
(1).The weakness in tension can be overcome by the use of conventional steel bars reinforcement
and to some extent by the mixing of a sufficient volume of certain fibers
(2). The use of fibers recalibrates the behavior of the fiber-matrix composite after it has cracked
through improving its toughness
(3). A fibre is a small discrete reinforcing material produced from various materials like steel,
plastic, glass, carbon and natural materials in various shapes and size
(4). A numerical parameter describing a fibre as its aspect ratio, which is defined as the fibre
length divided by an equivalent fibre diameter [l/d]. Typical aspect ratio [l/d] range from 30 to
150 for length dimensions of 0.1 to 7.62 cm typical fibre diameters are 0.25 to 0.76 mm for steel
and 0.02 to 0.5 mm for plastic (5-7). The plain concrete fails suddenly when the deflection
corresponding to the ultimate flexural strength is exceeded, on the other hand fibre reinforced
concrete continue to sustain considerable loads even at deflections considerably in excess of the
fracture deflection of the plain concrete.

1.0 FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

1.1 STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Steel fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material which is made up from cement concrete
mix and steel fibres as a reinforcing. The steel fibres, which are uniformly distributed in the
cementations mix .This mix, have various volume fractions, geometries, orientations and
material properties. It has been shown in the research that fibres with low volume fractions
(<1%), in fibre reinforced concrete, have an insignificant effect on both the compressive and
tensile strength.
Fig.1.1 Steel fibres
The types of steel fibres are defined by ASTM A820
 Type I : cold-drawn wire
 Type II : cut sheet
 Type III : melt-extracted
 Type IV : mill cut
 Type V : modified cold-drawn wire

Generally SFRC is very ductile and particularly well suited for structures which are required to
exhibit:-
 High fatigue strength resistance to impact, blast and shock loads
 Shrinkage control of concrete
 Tensile strength, very high flexural, shear
 Erosion and abrasion resistance to splitting
 Temperature resistance, high thermal
 Earth quake resistance

The degree of improvement gained in any specific property exhibited by SFRC is dependent on a
number of factors that include:-
 Concrete mix and its age
 Steel fiber content, volume fraction
 Fiber geometry, its aspect ratio and bond characteristics volume fraction

1.2 GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

Glass fibre–reinforced concrete is (GFRC) basically a concrete composition which is composed
of material like cement, sand, water, and admixtures, in which short length discrete glass fibers
are dispersed. Inclusion of these fibres in these composite results in improved tensile strength
and impact strength of the material. GFRC has been used for a period of 30 years in several
construction elements but at that time it was not so popular, mainly in non-structural ones, like
facing panels (about 80% of the GRC production), used in piping for sanitation network systems,
decorative on-recoverable formwork, and other products.

At the beginning age of the GFRC development, one of the most considerable problems was the
durability of the glass fiber, which becomes more brittle with time, due to the alkalinity of the
cement mortar. After some research, significant improvement have been made, and presently, the
problem is practically solved with the new types of alkali-resistant (AR resistance) glass fibers
and with mortar additives that prevent the processes that lead to the embrittlement of GFRC.
 Fig. 1.2 Glass Fibres

1.3-POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE:-

Civil structures made of steel reinforced concrete normally suffer from corrosion of the steel by
the salt, which results in the failure of those structures. Constant maintenance and repairing is
needed to enhance the life cycle of those civil structures. There are many ways to minimize the
failure of the concrete structures made of steel reinforce concrete. The custom approach is to
adhesively bond polymer fibre composites onto the structure. This also helps to increase the
toughness and tensile strength and improve the cracking and deformation characteristics of the
resultant composite. But this method adds another layer, which is prone to degradation. These
fibre polymer composites have been shown to suffer from degradation when exposed to marine
environment due to surface blistering. As a result, the adhesive bond strength is reduced, which
results in the de-lamination of the composite.

Fig. 1.3 Polymer Fibres

 1.4 - NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE –The first use of fibre in reinforced
concrete has been dated to 1870‟s. Since then, researchers around the world have been interested
in improving the tensile properties of concrete by adding, iron and other wastes. Local interest
has been demonstrated through research work performed. In addition to industrial fibers, natural
organic and mineral fibres have been also investigated in reinforced concrete. Wood, sisal, jute,
bamboo, coconut, asbestos and rock wool, are examples that have been used and investigated.

Fig. 1.4 Natural Fibres

Water and admixtures - The water to be used for the mix should be clean and of good quality.
Admixtures such as accelerating agents may be used in order to decrease the influence of the
glucose retardant.

Fibres - The length of fibres may vary from 1 to 2 in. (25 to 500 mm). Because natural fibres are
naturally available materials, they are not uniform in diameter and length. Typical values of
diameter for unprocessed natural fibres vary from 0.004 to 0.03 in. (0.10 to 0.75 mm).
Methods of mixing- The two methods of mixing and placing are:-
1. Wet mix
2. Dry-compacted mix.
In the wet mix, a low volume fraction of fibres is used. The water to be added to the mix has to
take into account the high natural water content in the natural fibres

1.5 SYNTHETIC FIBRE- Synthetic fibres are no substitute for primary reinforcement in
concrete because they add little or no strength. But structural reinforcement doesn’t provide its
benefits until concrete hardens. That’s why some contractors add synthetic fibre to concrete as
secondary. Unlike structural reinforcement, synthetic fibres provide benefits while concrete are
still plastic. They also enhance some of the properties of hardened concrete.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. A.A.Hussien etal (2015) conducted investigation on forty mixes divided into two phases: phase-
I of cement content 400 kg/m for normal strength concrete and phase-II of cement content 3
600 kg/m for high strength concrete. Four recycled aggregate replacement percentages of (0%,
25%, 50% 3 and100%) with different types and volume fractions of synthetic fibers of (0.05%,
0.1% and 0.2% Fibermesh 300 and 0.1% polypropylene fiber) are used in the both phases. The
experimental program included assessment of fresh and hardened concrete properties using tests
of workability, air content, compressive strength, indirect tensile (splitting tensile) strength,
flexural strength, static modulus of elasticity, impact resistance, abrasion resistance and drying
shrinkage. Based on the findings, it was found that both normal and high strength recycled
aggregate concretes, as the replacement percentage of recycled aggregate increases, the
mechanical properties of concrete with and without fibers decrease. Also, the used synthetic
fibers with volume fraction up to 0.2% enhanced the mechanical properties of both types of
normal and high strength concrete mixes

2. Rai and Joshi(2014) conducted investigation on properties of Fibre reinforced concrete and
suggested the micro-cracks developed in conventional concrete before the structure is loaded
because of drying shrinkage and other causes of volume change. When the structure is loaded,
the micro cracks open up and propagate because of development of such micro-cracks, results in
inelastic deformation in concrete. Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is cementing concrete
reinforced mixture with more or less randomly distributed small fibres. In the FRC, a numbers of
small fibres are dispersed and distributed randomly in the concrete at the time of mixing, and
thus improve concrete properties in all directions. The fibers help to transfer load to the internal
micro cracks. FRC is cement based composite material that has been developed in recent years.
It has been successfully used in construction with its excellent flexural-tensile strength,
resistance to spitting, impact resistance and excellent permeability and frost resistance. It is an
effective way to increase toughness, shock resistance and resistance to plastic shrinkage cracking
of the mortar. These fibers have many benefits. Steel fibers can improve the structural strength to
reduce in the heavy steel reinforcement requirement. Freeze thaw resistance of the concrete is
improved. Durability of the concrete is improved to reduce in the crack widths. Polypropylene
and Nylon fibers are used to improve the impact resistance. Many developments have been made
in the fiber reinforced concrete.

3. Aishwarya and Elson John (2014) mentioned that Fibers are generally used as resistance of
cracking and strengthening of concrete. In this project, I am going to carry out test on steel fiber
 reinforced concrete to check the influence of fibers on strength of concrete. According to various
research papers, it has been found that steel fibers give the maximum strength in comparison to
glass and polypropylene fibers. Hence, in this project I was interested in finding the effect of
steel fibers in concrete. An experimental investigation on the behavior of concrete specimens
reinforced with steel fibers and subjected to compressive and flexural loading is presented. Tests
were conducted on specimens with three different fiber volume fractions.

4. S.Mindess researched on FRC and mentioned the better ways of characterizing the effects of
fibres on the toughness of concrete; the properties of FRC under impact loading; and the use of
hybrid fibre systems; Future developments of this technology.These research areas were
discussed largely in terms of the work carried out by their many graduate students over period of
time.

5. Faisal Fouad Wafa Mentioned that Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is a new structural material
which is gaining increasing importance. Addition offiber reinforcement in discrete form
improves many engineering properties of concrete. Currently, very little research work is being
conducted within the Kingdom using this new material.

6. A.M.Shende etal conducted investigation investigation for M-40 grade of concrete having mix
proportion 1:1.43:3.04 with water cement ratio 0.35 to study the compressive strength, flexural
strength, Split tensile strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibers of 0%,
1%, 2% and 3% volume fraction of hook tain. Steel fibers of 50, 60 and 67 aspect ratio were
used. A result data obtained has been analyzed and compared with a control specimen (0%
fiber). A relationship between aspect ratio vs. Compressive strength, aspect ratio vs. flexural
strength, aspect ratio vs. Split tensile strength represented graphically. Result data clearly shows
percentage increase in 28 days Compressive strength, Flexural strength and Split Tensile strength
for M-40 Grade of Concrete.

7. V. S. Parameswaran etal Mentioned that Cement and concrete matrices reinforced with
randomly oriented short fibers are finding increasing applications in both precast and in situ
concrete construction. Fibers made of steel, polypropylene, and glass are already being used in
load-bearing structural members; attention is turning now to using organic and natural fibers as
macroreinforcement in cement and concrete matrices. Research and developmental work in fiber
reinforced concrete composites began in India in the early 1970s. Fiber concrete technology is no
longer confined to laboratory experiments-it is used in the production of precast concrete
components and for in situ strengthening and repairs of concrete structures. Current applications
are for flooring and roofing components, pipes, manhole covers and frames, precast thin-wall
elements, construction of blast-resistant structures, and currency vaults.

8. V.Jagadeesh mentioned that Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S.F.R.C) is distinguished from plain
concrete by its ability to absorb large amount of energy and to withstand large deformations prior
 to failure. The preceding characteristics are referred to as toughness. Flexural toughness can be
measured by taking the useful area under the load-deflection curve in flexure. Detailed
experimental investigation was carried out to determine flexural toughness and toughness indices
of SFRC the variables used in investigation were: reinforcement, steel fiber percentage by
volume. The aim of this project is to present the findings of the investigation and equations
obtained for predicting the desired flexural toughness and in turn the toughness indices for
SFRC. These equations are dependent on the ultimate flexural strength, first crack multiple
deflections and concrete specimen size. They are independent of the concrete matrix
composition.

9. Saiyed Faraz Abbas Zaidi etal mentioned that A Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is a composite
material consisting of cement based matrix with an ordered or random distribution of fiber which
can be steel, nylon, polythene etc. Development in technology enhances not only human
comforts but also destroy the eco-system. Fiber Reinforced Concrete is generally made with high
cement content & low water content. Plain concrete fails suddenly once the deflection
corresponding to ultimate flexural strength is exceeded, on the other hand, fiber reinforced
concrete continue to sustain considerable loads ever at deflection considerably in excess of the
fracture deflection of plain concrete. Hence an attempt has been made in the present
investigations to study the influence of addition of waste materials like waste steel powder & soft
drink bottle caps, empty waste tin from workshop at a dosage of 1% of total weight of concrete
as fibers. The present paper reviews the literature related to the utilization of waste material and
its various effects on compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability of concrete.

10. Sameer Malhotra etal mentioned The concept of using fibers in concrete to improve resistance to
cracking and fragmentation is old and intuitive. During the last 30 years different types of fibers
and fiber materials were introduced and are being continuously introduced in the market as new
applications. In this thesis, commercially available synthetic fibers namely, polypropylene, is
used to study the effects of polypropylene fiber used for reinforcing concrete mixes and to obtain
basic strength. The compressive, splitting tensile strength tests were performed by changing fiber
weight content from 0% to 1% of the cement weight content. As a result, it was found that the
use of polypropylene fiber considerably increases the tensile strength as the fiber content is
increased. The compressive strength has increasing by 10% with (0.25%) of fiber than start
decrease with increase the fiber quantities. Compared to corresponding plain concrete, there was
a favorable decrease in drying shrinkage and creep of specimens containing various fiber
contents.

CHAPTER 3
 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 MATERIALS
The materials selected for this experimental study includes normal natural coarse aggregate,
manufactured sand as fine aggregate, cement, superplasticizer,coir fibre and portable drinking
water. The physical and chemical properties of each ingredient has considerable role in the
desirable properties of concrete like strength and workability.
Cement : The cement used in this experiment is Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC). It gives low
heat of hydration.
Table 3.1 Physical Properties of Cement
Brand of cement PPC
Standard consistency 34%
Initial setting time (in mins) 147
Final setting time (in mins) 325
Specific gravity 2.91

Fine Aggregate: It should be passed through IS Sieve 4.75 mm. It should have finess modulus
2.50-3.50 and silt contents should not be more than 4%

Table 3.2 Physical Properties of fine aggregates

Specific Gravity 2.54
Water absorption 11%

Coarse Aggregate: It should be hard, strong, dense, durable and clean. It must be free from
vein, adherent coatings and injurious amount of disintegrated pieces, alkalis, vegetable matters
and other deleterious substances. It should be roughly cubical in shape. Flaky pieces should be
avoided. It should confirm to IS 2838(I). Coarse Aggregate used are of two sizes 20 mm
maximum size and 12.5 mm maximum size.

Table 3.3 Physical Properties of coarse aggregates

Specific Gravity 2.778
Water absorption 0.25%

Fibre: The fibre used in this experiment is coir fibre that is available in environment.

Water: Water should be free from acids, oils, alkalies, vegetables or other organic impurities.
Soft waters also produce weaker concrete. Water has two functions in a concrete mx. Firstly, it
reacts chemically with the cement to form the cement paste in which the inert aggregates are held
in suspension until the cement paste has hardened. Secondly, it serves as a lubricant in the
mixture of fine aggregates and cement.
3.2 TESTING METHODS
The workability of the fresh concrete was evaluated using slump cone test. The concrete
specimens of 150 X 150 X 150mm was used for compressive strength test and the surface of the
cube specimens were cleaned before placing in the compression testing machine. The
compressive strength of the concrete was determined by dividing the load applied before failure
by cross sectional area of the cube specimen. The load was applied at the rate of 2.5kN/s as per
IS:516 -1959. The testing of cube specimen in compression testing machine is shown in Figure 3.
The split tensile strength test was performed using the concrete specimens of 150 mm diameter
and 300 mm height cylinder for finding the indirect tensile strength of concrete using the formula
and the testing of cube specimen in compression testing machine is shown in Figure 3.

ft = [ ]
2P
π LD
Where:
T = splitting tensile strength.
P= maximum applied load
D= diameter of the specimen, mm.
L= length of the specimen in mm.

Fig.3.1 Compressive Strength test on cube

 Fig.3.2 Split Tensile strength test on cyinder

The Modulus of elasticity of concrete test was conducted using the concrete specimens of 150
mm diameter and 300 mm height cylinder and the deflection of specimen due to the axial
compressive load was measured by deflecto-meter. The deformation of the specimen with
respect to different load was expressed by stress-strain graph. The slope of the curve gives the
modulus of elasticity of concrete.

3.3 MIX PROPORTIONING

The details of mix proportioning of M20 grade concrete are shown in Table 2. The fibre content
varies from 0 to 2% by weight of cement used in the mix.

Table 3.4 Mix proportion

Mix ID Quantity of ingredient (kg/m3) Fibre

Cement FA CA Water % (kg/m3)

M0 350 735 1150 175 0 0

M1 350 735 1150 175 0.5 1.75

M2 350 735 1150 175 1 3.5

M3 350 735 1150 175 1.5 5.25

M4 350 735 1150 175 2.0 7.0

3.4 METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Effect of Coir fibre on workability

The workability of fresh concrete with and without coir fibre content is shown in Figure 4.1. It is
clearly shown that the addition of coir fibre is reduced the slump value in all the substitution
levels.

90
80
Slump Value (mm)

80 75
70 65
60
60
50
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Coir Fibre (%)

Figure 4.1 Slump value of coir fibre reinforced concrete.

4.2 Effect of Coir fibre on Compressive strength

The compressive strength development of the different mixes with respect to curing period is
shown in Figure 6. The substitution of coir fibre had shown increases the strength up to 1% of
coir fibre. Based on the 28 days compressive strength of 1% coir fibre mixed concrete is 18.2%
more than control concrete. However the fibre content in the concrete composition more than 1%
reduces the strength concrete due to the reduction of bond between the paste form and aggregate.

4.3 Effect of Coir fibre on Split tensile strength

The split tensile strength of 28 days cured different concrete mixes with coir fibre are illustrated
in Figure 7. The tensile strength of fibre reinforced concrete was increased up to 1% substitution
of coir fibre similar to the compressive strength. The tensile strength of control concrete is
measured as 9% of compressive strength. But the addition of 1% coir fibre increases the split
tensile strength up to 13% of compressive strength.
 35

Compressive strength (MPa)

30

25

20

15

10

3 Days 7 Days 28 Days

5
90 Days
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Curing Periods (Days)

Figure 4.2 Compressive strength development of coir fibre reinforced concrete

Spilt Tensile Strength (MPa)

4.05 3.91
4 3.83 3.88

3 2.78

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fibre Content (%)

Figure 4.3 Split tensile strength of coir fibre reinforced concrete after 28 days curing

4.4 Effect of Coir fibre on Compressive strength and Split tensile strength

The comparison of split tensile strength and compressive strength at 28 days is shown in Figure
8. It is predicted the correlation between compressive strength and tensile strength coir fibre
reinforced concrete as ft = 0.63(fck)0.54 with higher correlation coefficient.
 Split Tensile Strength (MPa)
4.1

4 f(x) = 0.63085853134764 x^0.538768671352566

R² = 0.985490758066869
3.9

3.8

3.7

3.6

3.5
26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Figure 4.4 Comparison between compressive strength and Split tensile strength of
coir fibre reinforced Concrete

The elastic modulus of 28 days cured concrete mixes with various % of coir fibres are illustrated
in Figure 9. The elastic modulus of fibre reinforced concrete was increased up to 1% substitution
of coir fibre. The elastic modulus of control concrete is determined as 25350 MPa.The addition
of 1% coir fibre increases the elastic modulus up to 28090 MPa. The comparison of elastic
modulus and compressive strength at 28 days is shown in Figure 10. It is predicted the
correlation between compressive strength and tensile strength coir fibre reinforced concrete as f t
= 5134(fck)0.508 with higher correlation coefficient. IS:456-2000 specified correlation between the
compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete as 0.7 √ f ck and compressive strength and
elastic modulus as 5000 √ f ck . However, the results of this investigation concluded that the
substitution of 1% coir fibre had shown more than the code recommendation for normal
concrete.
Elastic Modulus (MPa)

29000 28090
28000 27080 27250
27000 26610
26000 25350
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fibre Content (%)

Figure 4.5 Elastic Modulus of coir fibre reinforced concrete after 28 days curing
 28500

Elastic Modulus (MPa)

28000 f(x) = 5133.94102295051 x^0.492723043050856
27500 R² = 0.990097599502679

27000
26500
26000
25500
25000
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Compressive Strength (MPa)

Figure 4.6 Comparision between compressive strength and Elastic modulus of

coir fibre reinforced Concrete
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The results obtained from this experimental investigation are concluded that the substitution of
coir fibre for the development of fibre reinforced concrete reduces the slump value. The
compressive strength, split tensile strength and elastic modulus of coir fibre reinforced concrete
was increased up to the substitution of 1% coir by weight of cement. The relationship between
compressive strength and tensile strength was found as f t = 0.63(fck)0.54 with higher correlation
coefficient. The correlation between compressive strength and elastic modulus was found as f t =
5134(fck)0.508.
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

[1] Amudhavalli,N K &Murthi P (2015), “Durability study on Fibre Reinforced Concrete Mineral
Admixture”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research vol.10,no.61.
[2] Amudhavalli,N K &Murthi P (2014) “Corrosion of Rebar in Polyester Fibre Reinforced Blended
Concrete using Impressed current Techniques”, Journal of Pollution Research,
Vol.33,no.2pp.493-498.
[3] Saiyed Faraz Abbas Zaidi, Mohd. Afaque. Khan,and Abhishek Kumar ,” Fiber Reinforced
concrete using waste material: A review” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology, ISSN: 2395 -0056, Volume: 03 Issue: 03, Mar-2016,pp-534-536
[4] Alshimaa A. Hussien, Ghada D. Abd El-hameed, Hamed M. Hadhood and Adel G. El-attar,”
Properties of Normal and High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete using Recycled Aggregate
and Different Fibers” World Applied Sciences Journal, ISSN 1818-4952, 2015, pp- 1676-1685
[5] M. Moradian and M. Shekarchi, “Durability and dimensional stability of steel fiber reinforced
cementitious mortar in comparison to high performance concrete”, Asian journal of civil
engineering, vol. 17, no. 4(2016) pages 515-535
[6] V.S.Parameswaran,T.S.Rishnamoorthy and Balasubramanian”, Current Research and
Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete Composites in India”, Transportation Research
Record 1226, pp-1-6
[7] Faisal Fouad Wafa,” Properties and Applications of Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, JKAU: Eng.
Sci., Vol. 2, pp. 49-63
[8] Selvarajkumar P & Murthi P (2015), “Experimental study on sandcrete blocks with Rice Husk
Ash and Eco sand as partial replacement of cement and sand”, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, Vol.10, No.47, pp. 32353 – 32358.
[9] Murthi P and Sivakumar V (2009), “Studies on the relationship between Compressive Strength
and Splitting Tensile Strength of Ternary Blended Concrete”, Journal of Institution of Engisneers
(India), Vol.89, February, pp.39 – 44.