Student Name: Azmat Guldasta

Student ID: LS2102205

Subject: Microwave Engineering
Dated:13th, Nov. 2021 Day: Saturday
Q1: A load impedance ZL =100 +j 80 Ω is to be matched to a 75 Ω line using a single shunt
tuner. Find wo designs using short circuited stubs.
Ans: SOLUTION BY HELP OF SMITH CHART
ZL=100+j80 Ω
ZO= 75 Ω
Step # 1
ZL(norm) = ZL/Zo
100+j80
ZL(norm) =
75

ZL = 1.33+j0.94
Step #2
Draw the normalize impedance on Smith Chart

The SWR circle is drawn which cuts the circle 1+jX at two points P3 and P4
Solution # 1
At point P3
YA1 = 1+0.96j
Suspactance is X = -0.96j
For short circuit the distance is
d1= (0.161- 0.434) λ
d1= -0.273 λ ( distance not possible to be -ve)
d1=(-0.273+0.5) λ
d1= 0.227 λ
For short circuit the Length of stub is
Lsc= (0.389- 0.25) λ
Lsc = 0.139 λ
Solution #2
At point P4
YA2= 1-0.96j
Suspactance is X '= +0.96j
For short circuit the distance is
d2= (0.339-0.434) λ
d2= -0.095 λ ( distance not possible to be -ve)
d2=(-0.095+0.5) λ
d2= 0.405 λ
For short circuit the Length of stub is
Lsc= (0.122- 0.25+0.5) λ ( length not possible to be -ve)
Lsc = 0.372 λ
SOLUTION BY ANALYTICAL METHOD
ZL=RL+jXL
ZL=100+j80 Ω
From equation 1 and 2
RL=100
XL= 80
ZO= 75
It is required to find d and L for short circuit single shunt stub
  X  R [( Z − R ) 2 + X 2 ] / Z
 L L 0 L L 0
, RL  Z 0
t= RL − Z 0
 − X L / 2 Z 0 , RL = Z 0 -----------------------(a)


As we know that RL> ZO , so to find “t” fist formula should be used

XL ±√RL [(ZO − RL )2 +X2L ]/ ZO

t=
RL −ZO

Putting values to find “t” , get two solutions from here

80±√100[(75 − 100)2 +802 ]/ 75

t=
100−75

80±√100[(−25)2 +6400]/ 75
t=
25

80±√100[625+6400]/ 75
t=
25

80±√100[7025]/ 75
t=
25

80±√702500/75
t=
25

80±√9366.667
t=
25
80±96.78
t=
25
80+96.78 80− 96.78
t1 = , t2=
25 25

t1= 7.0712 , t2= -0.6712

The two principal solution for “d” is

 1
d  2 arctan t , t  0
= -----------------------(b)
  1 ( + arctan t ), t  0
 2
Put the value of “t” in formula to get two solutions for distance
For t1= 7.0712, t>0
𝑑1 1
= tan-1(t1)
𝜆 2𝜋
𝑑1 1
= tan-1(7.0712)
𝜆 2𝜋
d1
= 0.2276
λ
d1= 0.2276 λ
For t2 = -0.6712, t<0
𝑑2 1
= (π +tan-1(t2))
𝜆 2𝜋
d2 1
= (π +tan-1(-0.6712))
λ 2π
d2
= 0.405
λ
d2=0.405 λ
The length “l” formula for short circuit sing stub is

ls −1 Y 1 Y
= arctan( 0 ) = arctan( 0 )
 2 Bs 2 B -----------------------(c)

𝑅𝐿2 𝑡 − (𝑍𝑂 −𝑋𝐿 𝑡)(𝑋𝐿 +𝑍𝑂 𝑡)

B= -----------------------(d)
𝑍𝑂 [𝑅𝐿2 +(𝑋𝐿 +𝑍𝑂 𝑡)2 ]

First, we have to find “B” and” YO” and then put in length formula to find length for stub
t1= 7.0712

(100)2 (7.0712)− (75− 80(7.0712))(80+75(7.0712))

B1=
75[(100)2 +(80+75(7.0712))2 ]

B1= 0.0129
Now for t2 = -0.6712

(100)2 (−0.6712)− (75− 80(−0.6712))(80+75(−0.6712))

B2=
75[(100)2 +(80+75(−0.6712))2 ]

B2 = -0.0129
As we know that, the admittance is reciprocal of impedance. So,
1
YO =
ZO

1
YO =
75

YO = 0.0133
Now to find the length for shunt single stub short circuit, put the values of YO, B1 and B2 to find two
solutions of length
For B1 = 0.0129
𝑙𝑠1 1 Y
= tan−1 ( O)
𝜆 2π B1

ls1 1 0.0133
= tan−1 ( )
λ 2π 0.0129
ls1 𝜆
= 0.1274 ( length is not possible to be negative so add 2)
λ
ls1 = 0.1274λ
ls1= 0.1274 λ
Now for B2 = -0.0129
𝑙𝑠2 1 𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑂 )
𝜆 2𝜋 𝐵2

𝑙𝑠2 1 0.0133
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝜆 2𝜋 −0.0129

ls2 λ
= -0.1274 ( length is not possible to be negative so add )
λ 2
λ
ls2 = -0.1274λ +
2

ls2= 0.3726 λ
The solutions for two designs are that
d1= 0.2276 λ , ls1= 0.1274 λ
d2=0.405 λ , ls2= 0.3726 λ

Q2. A load ZL = 200+ j100 Ω is to be matched to a 40 Ω line, using a length l of lossless

transmission line of characteristics impedance Z1. determine what type of load impedance can
be matched using such a circuit. find l and Z1?

Ans: We have to match the load impedance with characteristic impedance of transmission line, so we
have
ZL + jZ1 tan βℓ
Zin = Z1
Z1 +jZL tan βℓ

ZL + jZ1 t
Zin = Z1 --------------(a) ⸪tan ꞵℓ = tan 𝜃= t
Z1 +jZL t

Zl = 200 +j 100Ω
Zo = 40Ω
Put values in equation (a)
(200 +j100)+ jZ1 t
40 = Z1
Z1 +j(200 + j100)t

40(Z1 +j(200+j100) t) = Z1[ (200 + j100) +jZ1t]

40Z1 +j8000t -4000t = 200Z1 + j100Z1 + jZ12t
40Z1 -4000t +j8000t = 200Z1 + j100Z1 + jZ12t -------------------(b)
The real part from above equation is
40Z1-4000t = 200Z1
40Z1 - 200Z1 = 4000t
-160Z1 = 4000t
Z1 = 4000t/ -160
Z1 = -25t ------------- (c)
The imaginary part from equation (b) is
j 8000 t= j100Z1 +jZ12t
Put value of Z1 from equation (b)
j8000 t= j100(-25t) + j (-25t)2t
j8000 t= j ( -2500t +625 t3)
8000t = t ( -2500+ 625t2)
8000 = -2500+ 625t2
625t2 = 8000 +2500
625t2 = 10500
t2 = 10500/625
t2 = 16.8

√𝑡 2 = √16.8
t = ± 4.099
Put value of “t” in equation (c) to find two solutions for Z1
For t = 4.099
Z1 = -25t
Z1 = -25( 4.099)
Z1 = -102.475 ( negative impedance not possible so we will not taking this “t”)
For t = -4.099
Z1 = -25(-4.099)
Z1 = 102.475 ( we chose t= -4.099, as it gives positive impedance)
Now to find ℓ , we use following formula
tan ꞵℓ = t
ꞵℓ = tan-1 t
 1
ℓ= tan-1 t
𝛽

put the value of “t” and “ꞵ” to get two solutions for ℓ
λ 2π
ℓ= tan-1t ⸪ꞵ=
2π λ
λ
ℓ= tan-1(-4.099)
2(180)

λ
ℓ = -0.212λ ( length is not possible to be negative so add )
2
λ
ℓ = -0.212λ +
2
ℓ = 0.288λ
So, the length and impedance matched for this problem is
ℓ = 0.288λ
Z1 = 102.475
Not all local impedance can be matched by using this way, the negative one is neglected.