Student Name: Azmat Guldasta

Student ID: LS2102205

Subject: Microwave Engineering
Dated:14th, October. 2021 Day: Saturday
Q. Please give some examples of application of quarter-wave transformer?
Ans: QUARTER-WAVE TRANSMISSION LINE:

 DEFINITION:
“A quarter wavelength transmission line is one whose electrical length is one quarter
wavelength (λ/4) long, or an odd multiple of a quarter wavelength long.”

The Quarter wave length transmission line circuit may be open circuit or closed circuit. The length of
transmission line is valid only for some specific frequency at which λ/4 of transmission line is
calculated other than that frequency the transmission line will not behave as a quarter wave
transmission line.

 QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:

 DEFINITION:

The quarter-wave transformer is a useful and practical circuit for impedance matching
and also provides a simple transmission line circuit that further illustrates the properties of
standing waves on a mismatched line.
OR
A quarter-wave transformer is a simple impedance transformer which is commonly used in
impedance matching in order to minimize the energy which is reflected when a transmission line is
connected to a load. The quarter-wave transformer uses a transmission line with different
characteristic impedance and with a length of one-quarter of the guided-wavelength to match a line to
a load. A basic schematic is shown in Fig.
  INPUT IMPEDANCE:

The input impedance Zin can be found by following formula

Z 1 R L+ j Z 1 tan β l
Zin =
Z 1+ j R L tan β l
To evaluate this, take βℓ = (2π/λ) (λ/4) = π/2, we can divide the numerator and denominator by tan
βℓ and take the limit as βℓ→ π/2 to get
2
Z1
Zin =
RL

In order for Γ = 0, we must have Zin = Z0, which yields the characteristic impedance Z1 as
Z1 = √ Z o R L
Which is the geometric mean of the load and source impedances. Then there will be no standing
waves on the feedline (SWR = 1), although there will be standing waves on the λ/4 matching section.
In addition, the above condition applies only when the length of the matching section is λ/4 or an odd
multiple of λ/4, long, so that a perfect match may be achieved at one frequency, but impedance
mismatch will occur at other frequencies.

 APPLICATION/ USE OF QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:

The quarter-wave transformer is very useful for following purposes.

1. A quarter-wave impedance transformer is used for impedance matching in circuits where the
load impedance is real. It is particularly suitable for impedance matching in the following
cases:
a. Impedance matching between a resistive load and transmission lines.
b. Impedance matching between two resistive loads.
c. Impedance matching between two transmission lines of unequal characteristic
impedances.

2. Transmission lines are used when the frequency of the electromagnetic signals is so high that
the wave nature of the signals must be taken into account.

3. A quarter-wave transformer is a component that can be inserted between the transmission line
and the load to match the load impedance to the transmission line’s characteristic impedance.

4. Quarter-wave transformers are used to match a load impedance with a transmission line in
order to minimize reflections.

5. Transmission lines are used to propagate digital and analog signals, and as frequency domain
components in microwave design

6. It must be understood that a quarter-wave transformer has a length of λ/4 at only one frequency.
It is thus highly frequency-dependent, and is in this respect similar to a high-Q tuned circuit.
This property of the quarter-wave transformer makes it useful as a filter, to prevent undesirable
frequencies from reaching the load, often an antenna.
7. Quarter-wavelength sections of transmission line play an important role in many systems at
radio and optical frequencies.

8. A transmission line of length λ/4 is sometimes referred to as a quarter-wave inverter or simply

as an impedance inverter.

9. They have the useful attribute of transforming small impedances into large impedances, and
vice-versa 

10. If the transmission line characteristic impedance and load impedance match then all power is
delivered to load.

11. The quarter wave transformer provides simple means of matching any real load impedance to
any line impedance. For applications requiring more bandwidth than a single quarter wave
section can provide, multi-section transformer can be used than.

 Transmission lines are used for varied applications, including:

1. Power transmission line
2. Telephone lines
3. Traces on Printed Circuit Boards
4. Traces on Multi-Chip Modules
5. Traces on Integrated Circuit Packages
6. medical ultrasonic transducers

 APPLICATIONS FLOWCHART

The analysis of transmission line nets requires multiple steps. These steps are given in the
following flowchart:
            Figure 1. Analysis flowchart for transmission line nets