RESTORATION OF JAISALMER FORT

RAJASTHAN, INDIA

WORLD MONUMENTS FUND

SECOND TECHNICAL MISSION
ASSESSMENT OF OUTER FORT WALLS

DECEMBER 2-7,1999

World Monuments Fund

New York
May 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgements 1

2. Preface 2

3. Executive Summary 4

4. World Monuments Fund Technical Mission #2 5

Introduction
Background Information on Jaisalmer
Existing Conditions and Problems
Emergency Recommendations
Immediate Considerations
Pilot Project
Long Term Considerations
Proposal
Conclusion

5. Participants' Reports
Summary of Previous Reports 22
Water Seepage (PP Oza) 31
Stakeholders (Amita Baig) 35
Structural Analysis (Predrag Gravilovic and John Sanday) 39

6. Statistical Data
Rainfall (1980-1999) 54
Temperature (1980-1999) 74
Tourist Arrivals (1981-1998) 77

7. Appendices
Mission Statement 79
Mission Agenda 80
World Monuments Fund Team Members 82
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The World Monument Fund's emergency mission to Jaisalmer in December 1999 was made
possible through the generous support of the Peter Norton Family Foundation, whose
immediate response greatly expedited the undertaking. Thanks in advance goes to Robert W.
Wilson, whose challenge grant could be used for conservation purposes in Jaisalmer Fort
allowed WMF to arrive with something concrete in hand to offer.

In India WMF team was warmly received on two occasions by Mr. SB Mathur, Additional
Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, who made available two of ASF s
engineers in Jaisalmer, Messrs. Sant Lai and Alok Tripathi.

INTACH (Indian National Trust for Architecture and Cultural Heritage) Member-Secretary
Mr. Ashis Banerjee and Director General Mr. OP Agrawal reaffirmed their commitment to
Jaisalmer and a willingness to work with WMF. Bindu Manchanda, INTACH's Jaisalmer
project director, accompanied WMF team to Jaisalmer, where she was most helpful in
providing an up-to-date account of recent activities.

Maraharwal Shri Brijraj Singh of Jaisalmer made himself available in New Delhi and offered
his support as director of the Giridhar Smarak Trust. In Jaisalmer, the Kanwarani of
Kasmanda, the Maharawal's sister, graciously welcomed WMF team at the Jawahar Niwas
Palace. She also joined her mother, Her Highness the Rajmata of Jaisalmer, in hosting a
memorable dinner at Moolraj Sagar. Jaisalmer Heritage Trust provided another unforgettable
evening with dinner and entertainment under the stars in the dunes of the Thar Desert.

Mr. Raj at Mishra, Collector (Administrator) was most helpful in making a slide presentation
of critical issues facing the citizens and physical structure of Jaisalmer Fort at which he also
brought together a number of concerned parties from various public departments who are
responsible for the fort. The Collector also provided important data on rainfall, temperature
and tourist arrival statistics, photographs of historic Jaisalmer and a soil test. His enthusiasm
and commitment to action that would help to alleviate existing problems were most
encouraging. The Collector also arranged a meeting with a group of community members
who were able to give their perspective into the conditions of their city.

Gratitude goes to Bonnie Burnham and John Stubbs of WMF. Their previous expeditions to
Jaisalmer gave insight into issues at hand, and their help in preparing this mission and report
were most appreciated. Amita Baig, WMF's representative in India, has been actively
involved with Jaisalmer over the years and was a tremendous aid both in organizing this
mission and guidance in Jaisalmer. Sue Carpenter, chairman of the British organization
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy, which has several on-going projects in Jaisalmer, has been most
generous in sharing her valuable experience.

Finally, special thanks to architect Kulbhushan Jain, whose dedicated work for more than
two decades to identify and understand the causes of Jaisalmer's precarious situation and to
recommend solutions resulted in a several in-depth reports than helped tremendously in
preparing for this mission. His participation as a team member also greatly assisted in
understanding the vast array of forces that shape the fort today.

I
PREFACE

Founded in the twelfth century by Bhatti king Jaisal, Jaisalmer flourished because of its
location along caravan routes from Persia, Egypt, Arabia and Central Asia to Delhi and
Gujarat. Forebears of the Bhatti Rajputs still own the fortress walls and bastions in addition
to ancestral palaces, and direct descendents of original settlers continue to live within the
citadel. After many years of decline, Jaisalmer is currently experiencing resurgence as a
major tourist destination. The fortress itself is one of India's most magnificent and cherished
historic sites and the only living fortress in India today. The Archaeological Survey of India
acts as custodian of the citadel and is responsible for its protection and maintenance.

In 1995, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Architecture and Cultural Heritage), motivated
by serious concerns over an inadequate drainage system, the collapse of buildings within the
fort and the need for a conservation plan, successfully nominated Jaisalmer Fort for the
World Monuments Watch List. American Express Company came forward with a grant to
restore the Rani Ka Mahal, the Queen's Palace, and turn it into a conservation resource
center.

The WMF mission that generates this report was in Jaisalmer in December 1999 in response
to several collapses that are part of the fort structure itself during the July 1999 monsoon.
This was a fact-finding assignment whose purpose was to gain an understanding of existing
problems and to come up with possible next steps. This report will set the context for further
involvement of WMF in Jaisalmer, which should be limited to a period between three to five
years.

This report does not propose specific solutions. Problems are complex and demand proper
analysis and further investigations before interventions are carried out. The structural
analysis included in this report indicates standards expected. Based upon assessment of the
fort by the WMF mission team and discussions with stakeholders, this report proposes a pilot
project that will demonstrate first-hand procedures and methodologies to be undertaken after
immediate stabilization to safeguard precarious structures during the 2000 monsoon is
addressed.

It is important that WMF enter into a partnership with ASI in order to work for the
stabilization of Jaisalmer Fort. Together they would identify the specific scope for the pilot
project to stabilize an actual section of the fortification walls/slope. Guidelines for further
interventions would be developed from the pilot project.

This report also makes suggestions for a comprehensive conservation action plan calling for
a holistic approach that would coordinate all conservation efforts. WMF could act as
facilitator between all stakeholders and offer its experience in dealing with complex
conservation projects worldwide.

2
World Monuments Fund

World Monuments Fund is a New York-based nonprofit organization that safeguards the
heritage of mankind by supporting the conservation and preservation of art and architecture
worldwide. Founded in 1965, WMF has brought international attention and funding to more
than 165 conservation projects in 52 countries including the Temple of Preah Khan, Angkor,
Cambodia; Tintoretto's paintings for the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, Venice; the Tower of
Belem, Lisbon, Portugal; and the Paradesi Synagogue, Cochin, Kerala, India.

In 1995, WMF launched World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites to
identify and help save historic sites around the world in significant peril. Every two years, a
panel of international experts chooses from nominations submitted by governments, non-
governmental organizations and qualified specialists. Sites on the 2000 List include:
Pompeii, Machu Picchu, Petra, Temple of Agriculture in Beijing, and the Valley of the Kings
in Luxor. In India, five sites include: Basgo Gompa (Maitreya Temples), Ladakh; Champaner
Archaeological Site, Panchmahal; Metroploitan Building, Calcutta; Saint Anne Church,
Talaulim; and Jaisalmer Fort.

3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

World Monuments Fund's fact-finding technical mission to Jaisalmer in December 1999

observed first-hand the detrimental effects that an inadequate drainage system, compounded
by increased rainfall due to climatic changes, has had on the structural stability of the fort.

Emergency action to repair two bastions and pitching that collapsed during the July 1999
monsoon, along with strengthening surrounding walls as a safeguard against progressive
collapse of vulnerable adjacent structures, is critical.

Special precautions to prepare for the 2000 monsoon need to be taken. These include:
• Methods such as shoring and netting to stabilize precarious structures
• Cleaning of outer bastion wall/mori outlets to insure maximum possible drainage

Immediate consideration should be given to provide general stability for all fort structures in
order to prevent further failures and to retard deterioration. WMF proposes a pilot project be
undertaken that would demonstrate procedures and methodologies and stabilize several
critical areas of the fort structure including pitching, slope, mori, bastion wall and plateau.
Because of the high level of interaction between these features, a multifaceted and
multidisciplinary approach is called for. The exact scope of the pilot project would be
determined by WMF and ASI, who would work in partnership.

Causes of problems must first be understood and treated before obvious effects are remedied.
Existing documentation of fort conditions should be carefully reviewed and augmented. All
implementation for stabilization and repair of structures must start with careful analysis of
materials and conditions, and be based upon precise drawings and specifications.

The Robert W. Wilson Challenge Grant Program would finance the pilot project, along with
an engineering-geological survey of the entire fort. This grant of up to 500,000 US dollars is
a matching fund that requires an equal amount to be raised from non-USA based private
donors, corporations or NGOs, and a 1:2 match toward local and national government
contributions.

Long term consideration should be given to a Conservation Action Plan that would examine
the fort holistically along with the city below. Upon successful completion of the pilot
project, WMF could act as facilitator between all stakeholders in an effort to coordinate all
conservation efforts in Jaisalmer Fort.

4
WORLD MONUMENTS FUND TECHNICAL MISSION #2
JAISALMER FORT
RAJASTHAN, INDIA

DECEMBER 1999 MISSION

1. Introduction

Jaisalmer Fort has been on World Monuments Watch List in 1996, 1998 and 2000. Over
the years 87 of 469 structures within the fortress have collapsed. It was the collapse of
two bastions and pitching during the )u)y J 999 monsoon that created both an urgency
and opportunity for immediate action to stabilize the fort. In December 1999, World
Monuments Fund sent an emergency technical mission to Jaisalmer to gain a compre-
hensive understanding of issues and to meet with all concerned stakeholders in order to
assess the situation.

Fig. 1
Photo of two bastions
on west wall of fort
taken 2 August 1999,
two days after collapse

Fig. 2
• Photo of pitching wall
k ^ at east corner of fort,
*«**«?- § taken 2 August 1999,
.«¿:- two days after collapse

5
Fig. 3
Plan of Jaisalmer Fort with city below to north
and exposure to Thar Desert to the south

WMF's first mission to Jaisalmer was in January 1997. John Stubbs, vice president for
programs, was there to select a visible, public building in urgent need of help to receive
a $100,000 American Express grant. Restoration of the Rani Ka Mahal, the queen's
palace, was chosen as WMF's initial project in Jaisalmer. Ahmedabad-based conserva-
tion architect Kulbhushan Jain was contracted as project architect and INTACH (Indian
National Trust for Architecture and Cultural Heritage) to facilitate implementation and
provide monitoring. This has been a very satisfying start. The second phase, which will
reconstruct a collapsed facade of the Rani Ka Mahal and bring this building into active
public use as a heritage center, has now commenced.

6
 On this five-day mission, John Stubbs combined forces with Sue Carpenter, chairman of
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy, a British organization established in 1996 to raise international
awareness and funds to protect and preserve the city's heritage. Together they identified
priority projects that would help local property owners with their problems. This led to a
model program to restore two streetscapes, which is currently in progress. WMF and
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy have merged ideologically and procedurally to realize actual pro-
jects that have demonstrated the seriousness of their commitment to conservation of
Jaisalmer and have succeeded in bringing public awareness to these important issues and
evidence that something concrete is being done to address their problems.

The fundamental problem of drainage in Jaisalmer Fort was obvious to both John Stubbs
and Sue Carpenter. The widespread threat of differential settlement is cause for grave
concern. For this reason, among others, Jaisalmer Fort has been retained on World
Monuments Watch List a rare three times.

The second WMF mission spent from 2 - 7 December 1999 in Jaisalmer. The team
included WMF technical expert and team leader Mark Weber, conservation architect
John Sanday, structural engineer Predrag Gavrilovich, rapporteur and architect James
Belluardo, WMF's India representative Amita Baig, professor/architect Kulbhushan Jain,
and civil engineer PP Oza. INTACH was represented by Bindu Manchandra.

Extensive surveys of the fort and observations of on-going work were carried out by the
WMF team. In Jaisalmer, the WMF team had opportunities to meet at length with the
Collector (Administrator), Public Works Department engineers, local residents and ASI
(Archaeological Survey of India) engineers. In New Delhi, there were meetings with
officials at ASI and INTACH. There was general consensus regarding issues facing the
fort and the need for timely action. The WMF team came away with an all-round feeling
of support.
2. Background Information on Jaisalmer

Jaisalmer Fort is built upon a sedimentary rock mass that is the same type of stone used
to construct its structures. This living fortress city, with 2,500 residents on a plateau ele-
vated 250 feet above the surrounding landscape, is circumscribed by a retaining wall
with 99 bastions, mori, slope and pitching. Below lies the city of Jaisalmer, with a popu-
lation of 38,000, and beyond the plains of the Thar Desert. Because of Jaisalmer's desert
location, dry masonry was employed for construction. The distinctive golden-colored
sandstone that gives Jaisalmer its celebrated glow is still locally quarried and continues
to be used as a building material.

Fig. 6
General view of Jaisalmer Fort from the city below

In 1987 the 649-kilometer long Indira Gandhi Canal, which delivers water from the
Punjab to Rajasthan, was opened. Both the ecology of The Great Indian Desert and the
lives of its people changed dramatically. Irrigation was brought to once sandy plains.
Farms have sprung up along with trees from keekan seeds planted by the Indian govern-
ment in a program to 'green' the desert. Records show that annual rainfall over the past
decade increased substantially as the climate changed. To the residents of Jaisalmer Fort,
the Indira Gandhi Canal has brought a direct supply of water. Centuries-old need to
fetch water from three pumps that served the entire fort, and to wash clothes and bathe
in the tank located two kilometers outside the fort's walls were made obsolete. As a
result of the canal, the lives of these people have significantly changed for the better.
However, there have been costs and the greatest has been to the physical condition of
Jaisalmer Fort itself.

8
3. Existing Conditions and Problems

3.1. In several days surveying Jaisalmer Fort, the WMF team witnessed many signifi-
cant and disturbing problems. Degradation of the fort structure and its natural base has
been caused by both natural and man-made factors that have seriously disturbed the sta-
bility of the complex. The extent of deterioration of the fort as a whole has now entered
a critical phase that is reflected in the collapse of bastions, pitching and other structures,
and in considerable erosion of the slope.

3.2. While five centuries of continuous human occupation and the natural wear of mate-
rials have certainly contributed to the physical deterioration of Jaisalmer Fort, this
process has been dramatically accelerated over the past decade. The main culprit has
been water - storm, supply and waste.

3.3. Major problems face the fort due to water supply and drainage. Exposed plumbing
conduits swarm about the streetscape and leaks abound. Each morning, water gushes
uncontrolled from municipal standpipes with missing shut-off valves into public areas
and without provision for adequate run-off. Open storm water drains are stagnant due to
blockage. Buildings along the bastion wall discharge sewerage in an ad hoc manner onto
the mori and slope. There is no survey that accurately locates the sewerage system that
was installed without proper documentation, water storage tanks used by hotels, or the
major water main from the Indira Gandhi Canal that passes through the fort to supply
water to the city below. Nor are conditions of these subterranean entities known.

Fig. 7
Typical plumbing connec-
tion at a private residence

3.4. There have been several commendable efforts to redress this situation. For over
twenty years, architect Kulbhushan Jain has been involved with issues relating to the
conservation of Jaisalmer as a whole. His numerous in-depth studies and reports, funded
by INTACH, have included a Water Management Proposal (1986). In 1996, an under-

<>
ground sewerage system was installed. Work has commenced on paving streets and
chowks (squares) in the fort plateau with dressed stone. Jaisalmer in Jeopardy's
Streetscape Project includes concealing plumbing connections and providing toilets to
individual houses, which is ultimately a necessity. The Collector has initiated a clean-up
of the mori. These activities certainly contribute to slow down the progress of deteriora-
tion, but in themselves are not sufficient to stop it. A concerted action plan, along with
support from community groups, is required.

Fig.8
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy's
Streetscape Project concealing
plumbing connections to
private residences

3.5. Visible evidence of the dire condition of masonry is overwhelming. Major vertical
cracks in stone appear. Large blocks of stone have shifted. Undressed stone that is meant
to be covered at the base of bastions and walls, is often exposed. Portions of pitching
have collapsed. There are areas where stone bulges. Wide gaps exist between stones.
Walls with crenellated profiles have many displaced and lost stones. Patches of once
strikingly beautiful golden stone are discolored and exfoliated due to water infiltration.

P Fig- V
Pitching with bulging
and recessed stone

1(1
 3.6. WMF's team had occasion to observe first hand repair work of a collapsed section
of pitching being carried out by a crew under contract from ASI. The method typically
employed is to replace original stone with new stone that is strengthened with extensive
use of cement. In many instances new stone coursing and profiles are not aligned to
original. These procedures should be replaced by new approaches and technologies that
will continue to maintain the unique quality and identity of Jaisalmer.

Fig. 10
New stone pitching
adjoining existing with
non-aligned coursing

4. Emergency Recommendations

4.1. Collapsed bastions and pitching: there is an immediate need for urgent short-term
action to repair the collapsed bastions and pitching, and to strengthen surrounding
walls as a safeguard against progressive collapse of vulnerable adjacent structures.

'¿*9* .

r
• C^ Fig. 11
I Outer mori wall at
I collapsed bastions

11
 Fig. 12
Collapsed pitching detail
at east wall corner

4.2. Effects of the monsoon: special precautions need to be taken to prepare for the
2000 monsoon. Work that has begun to clean the mori must be continued so that all out-
lets are opened to ensure maximum possible drainage. Interim interventions, utilizing
measures such as shoring and netting, to stabilize precarious structures are imperative.
If not acted upon promptly, there could again be loss of human life.

Fig. 13
Slope erosion

12
5. Immediate Considerations

5.1. General stability: the main objective is to provide general stability for all fort
structures in order to prevent further failures and to retard deterioration. Causes of
problems must first be understood and treated before obvious effects are remedied. Not
treating causes can likely lead to reappearance of problems as is evident in a crack that
has appeared in a recently repaired section of pitching at the southwest corner of the
fort. Comprehensive measures must be undertaken for complete protection. At present
work is limited to repair of damaged structures. Remedial preventative measures are
much less costly to undertake than rebuilding after failures, not to mention loss of irre-
placeable original materials and even potential harm to individuals. Minimal interven-
tion with maximum public safety should be the overall guide. WMF is confident that
relatively inexpensive, appropriate technological solutions can be found to stabilize fort
structures.

5.2. The problem of water: there needs to be a proper understanding of the way all
sources of water flow through the fort. Percolation of water into soil has induced settle-
ment and the loss of structural integrity. Because the fort was originally built for arid
conditions utilizing dry construction, water seepage is a particularly acute problem.
Borings should be made to determine the extent of water penetration into bedrock. All
conduits for water supply and drainage, and water storage tanks must be made water-
tight. The original storm drainage system should be made operational. The sudden rush
of storm water into soil that is already weakened by percolation of supply and waste
water leads to conditions ripe for structural failure.

5.3. Preliminary measures: all implementation for stabilization and repair of structures
must start with careful analysis of materials and conditions, and be based upon precise
drawings and specifications. Current procedure where standard soiutions are being
applied to address diverse situations should be revised. The following preliminary mea-
sures should be realized before any work is undertaken:

• A survey of the entire fort to produce an engineering-geological map that identifies

priority areas of risk.
• Installation of a monitoring system to gauge the movement of stone and soil.
• Studies and analyses of soil and ston e samples taken from specific locations to be
worked upon, along with testing in order to evaluate change in property when these
samples come in contact with other materials.
• Field investigations to determine construction materials and methods of original fort
components.
• Archival research of historical records to trace the progress of deterioration.

13
 6. Pilot Project

6.1. To develop a program to protect the entire fort, individual features and zones of
the fort wall/slope area need to be analyzed separately in order to determine their
particular characteristics and relationship to one another. From a cross section of the
fort, a general model of its geological structure with its main features can be per-
ceived. A pilot project is proposed to analyze, make recommendations, and where
necessary, make treatments to each of the following features starting at the road
where the base of the fort meets the city below:

Fig. 14
Section at fort base with pitching, slope, outer bastion wall,
morí and bastion wall on which pilot project will be based

Fig. 15
Cross section at fort base

14
6.1a. Pitching. Over the years, the base wall of the fort has sustained several collapses,
some of which resulted in human casualties. The condition of the pitching structure is
alarming - many sections show major cracks, bulging, cave-ins and wide gaps. In recent
years repair of pitching has been extensive, as is evident in the significant amount of
new stone that has been introduced. No effort is being made to save the fort's historic
fabric through consolidation of original stone. Failed sections are being rebuilt as a
retaining structure and not in accord with original pitching, which was not intended as a
retaining wall. However, because of deterioration of the slope, it now must act as such.
This urgent solution does not address causes - increased pressure on pitching due to
water saturation of soil and erosion of the slope. The slope must be stabilized before
pitching can be properly restored.

15
 6.1b. Slope. The exposed embankment is severely eroded and highly unstable. This has
led to consequential slides. While the slope has the same geophysical make-up as other
fort structures, its different mechanical characteristics result in markedly distinct proper-
ties. Components in the clay-rich soil change dramatically when in contact with water -
some hard substances disintegrate when wet causing erosion and bentonite expands
increasing pressure upon pitching. The physical composition and contour of the slope
varies greatly about the fort. Research into the landscape of the slope should be under-
taken to check into precedent for plantings that might help to stabilize soil. Desert wind-
storms that deposited a layer of sand providing protection no longer occur due to eco-
logical change. Like their ancestors, residents jettison debris over the slope - but today's
debris is not easily degradable. This practice should cease once the fort has a compre-
hensive rubbish removal system. As a preliminary measure, sand filters to discharge
water through weep holes in pitching may be used to relieve some pressure. The slope
must be stabilized for proper drainage. In addition, the original grade needs to be main-
tained in order to abut the pitching and outer mori wall at proper levels. Undressed stone
should be covered and parts meant to be exposed should not be buried, much of which is
the result of residents dumping refuse that needs to be carefully removed without dis-
turbing the slope beneath

Fig. 18
I Slope with build-up
B i of debris

~^,^ BH

^^3
*u
3'wSi .'

w 1

m~ HIES F
'g-19
v j Erosion of slope at
r
• "h mf°
%. *: outer bastion wall

16
6.1c. Mori. The main function of the walled passageway that surrounds the fort is to
drain (from which it derives its name) surface water. Due to settlement of existing
paving and soil beneath, and buildup of considerable debris, outlets along the outer mori
wall to emit water onto the slope are ineffective. Cohesive stone paving that will resist
seepage must be maintained at correct grade and be pitched to drain. Once the public
drainage system is expanded to serve adjacent buildings, there will no longer be sewer-
age discharged onto the mori. Seepage from this discharge contributes to destabilization
of the mori, which also acts as a stiffening force between bastion wall and outer mori
wall. Use of the mori as a public latrine, which creates an unbearable stench, will be
outmoded once toilets are available to all fort residents. This will make the mori attrac-
tive as public space where one can circumambulate the fort. Missing stones that form
the crenellated cap to the outer mori wall and are a salient visual feature of the fort
should be replaced.

17
6.Id. Bastion Wall. The fort's innermost wall with 99 integrated bastions is highly sus-
ceptible to failure, as was born out in last year's collapse. Seepage of wastewater into
soil has reached surface layers of bedrock on which the bastion wall is founded.
Weakening of this contact zone, together with increased pressure from soil behind the
bastion wall, seriously threaten the stability of this retaining structure. Heavy down
pours of rain, as during monsoons in recent years, into soil already weighed down with
wastewater, can lead to structural failure. Restoration of the mori and extension of the
drainage system to include occupied bastions and buildings along the bastion wall will
contribute much to protect the bastion wall. Uncontrolled building additions must stop.
This not only destroys Jaisalmer Fort's vivid silhouette but also increases pressure onto
already weakened foundations not intended to carry such loads.

^^—^ ^•^•^•B ^^M T ! ___••—

M
E
^JH »* firen
4- '
* ' T M f H •"".-'• m *
llll Illicit ' ' W

J ' . Jüi.
1• \!

•i 1~ Ü
H ~^'
<r
v*> Pr. '• / : ' •'••r ? - . « - ' i

---. Y~ IP*"
. • -

F/g. 23
Additions to bastions that compromise the fort's profile and increase pressure on foundations

6.1e. Plateau. The elevated plain that is the living fort has suffered collapse of 87 of its
469 structures. A major factor contributing to this is seepage of water into the soil medi-
um, which needs further investigation. Leaks in the water supply and drainage systems
should be repaired, and the use of excess water curtailed. The paving program should
cover all fort streets in stone with tight joints and appropriate pitching to the original
open storm drainage system that must be cleaned and maintained. Maintenance is a vital
part of the conservation process and awareness of its importance should be raised within
the community.

is
 6.2. As is obvious from above, there is a high level of interaction between the fort's
structural components and the geological medium of the soil and bedrock. To consider
the above features in isolation would be misguided. While each component is analyzed
separately, measures to stabilize the fort must carried out in an integral manner, which
calls for a multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach.

6.3. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of individual features and their

interrelationship, a pilot project that would highlight specific issues should be undertak-
en before extensive restoration of the fort commences. WMF and ASI would work out
the exact scope of work of the pilot project in the field. Methodologies determined on
the pilot project would be used as guidelines for further interventions.

7. Long Term Considerations

7.1. Stabilization of the fort structure is paramount and the focus of this report. In the
future, a long term Conservation Action Plan that would examine the fort holistically
along with the city below and the outlying region should be considered. This would
include:

• Declaration of clearly defined conservation zones with restrictions on construction

activity.
• Ecological study of local desert environment.
• Burial of the network that discharges sewerage from the fort's plateau to conceal
exposed conduits and dispenser chambers on the slope.
• Construction of a sewerage treatment plant to serve the region.
• Guidelines for precautions to be taken at the onset of monsoon season.
• Program for maintenance and garbage collection/disposal on a regular basis.

19
 • Underground placement of the panoply of electrical and telephone wires that festoon
the streetscape.
• Regulations for commercial signage.
• Program to reduce excess water usage in the fort.
• Plan for tourism management and development.
• Public education program for residents to help maintain the traditions of Jaisalmer's
rich architectural heritage.

8. Proposal

8.1. WMF would like to offer ASI technical assistance for its on-going repair of col-
lapsed bastions and pitching, and to find solutions for temporary stabilization of areas
susceptible to immanent collapse, which should be implemented before the 2000 mon-
soon. WMF would seek funding to cover its expenses for this endeavor. ASI would use
its own funds for implementation of this work.

8.2. WMF has offered a matching grant of up to $500,000 from its Robert W. Wilson
Challenge Grant Program for conservation efforts in Jaisalmer. This grant is a matching
fund that requires an equal amount to be raised from non-USA based private donors,
corporations or NGOs, and a 1:2 match toward local and national government contribu-
tions. WMF would assist by contacting foundations and other potential donors in the
USA and Europe. WMF's representative in India would assist with fundraising in India.
ASI, Jaisalmer Collector, INTACH, Jaisalmer Heritage Trust, local property and hotel
owners, and others in India would need to help generate funds to meet the matching
requirements of the Wilson challenge grant. These funds would not have to be raised at
one time, but could be phased over time according to the scheduled demands of pro-
posed projects and available non-Wilson funding.

8.3. WMF would like to see this money used to produce an engineering-geological sur-
vey of the entire fort and to implement a pilot project that would finalize appropriate
designs and stabilize several critical areas as indicated in Section 5. This pilot project
would bring together an international team that would collaborate to establish a working
methodology that could be used to approach the entire fort perimeter and other situa-
tions at Jaisalmer Fort. The aim would not be to create a single solution, but rather to
propose a limited number of viable strategies for intervention by creating guidelines for
methods and materials. An international team of experts, including conservation archi-
tects, archeologists, and structural and civil engineers would be paired with their coun-
terparts at ASI and PHED (Public Health and Engineering Department). All work would
be implemented by ASI and PHED accordingly.

8.4. Upon successful completion of the pilot project, any remaining Wilson Challenge
Grant money could be used for further agreed upon projects to stabilize and conserve
Jaisalmer fort. For all work utilizing Wilson funds, WMF would provide technical assis-
tance as necessary and an on-site local (Indian) conservation architect/engineer to moni-
tor all work. Funding for both of these would come from the Wilson Challenge Grant.

20
9. Conclusion

WMF is firmly committed to working collaboratively to provide for the conservation of

Jaisalmer. A total effort is needed to ensure that Jaisalmer as a living heritage site will
continue as such, reflecting, as it has for centuries, the values of its inhabitants and at
the same time retain its historic character. This can only happen through an integrated
approach with coordination between ASI and PHED, along with community participa-
tion and support. WMF, with its experience in working on endangered sites around the
world, is pleased to offer technical assistance and commit financial resources to this sig-
nificant example of India's rich cultural heritage.

Fig. 24
Jaisalmer Fort

Fig. 25
World Monuments Fund Team:
Predrag Gavrilovic, Pushpak Oza,
John Sanday, Mark Weber,
Kulbushan Jain, Amita Baig and
James Belluardo

21
SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS REPORTS
KB Jain

January 2000

Introduction

The famous citadel of Jaisalmer is located in the and plains of west Rajasthan in the midst
of the vast Thar Desert. It has been a region of deficient rainfall averaging only 15
centimeters a year and therefore only sparse vegetation was found. However, the last
decade has seen much ecological change, with increased precipitation and greenery in the
area.

Jaisalmer is the only living Fortress City in India and its architecture is of outstanding
quality. Its value lies not only in the palace or the fortwall, but also in each and every
house. Jaisalmer does not consist of just a single monument or even a group of them. It
represents a total concept in urban architecture. It therefore calls for a different approach
to conservation. The city as a whole has to be guided so as to retain both its historic
character and its present-day inhabitants. Jaisalmer cannot be a dead monument; its value
is enhanced by its people. This calls for a multi-pronged approach to conservation. Certain
areas, certain buildings and certain features have to be preserved per se. However, change
has to be allowed in some areas in order to accommodate new development in a controlled
manner. The attempt in this report is to identify and highlight some such areas and also the
actions that would help the cause of conservation without necessarily uprooting people.

• A CASE FOR URBAN CONSERVATION - PHASE I (1985)

The Master Plan (Draft)

A draft Master Plan has already been prepared for Jaisalmer. Since Jaisalmer is a living
town, a plan controlling and guiding its development is an urgent need. However, this is a
very special situation and plan inputs have to focus on conservation as the main theme.
The draft plan has to address this aspect.

Recommendations on the Draft Master Plan

1. The directions of town growth require a very clearly defined conservation zone.
Such a zone must have restrictions on all construction activity, including additions
and alterations to existing buildings.

2. The Master Plan does not appear to reflect the needs of tourism as an industry.
The so-called industrial area earmarked for development should be reserved for
tourism related activities. Hotels may be integrated within this area, as well as
carefully distributed at reasonable distances away from the walled city and
outside the conservation zone.

22
3. The direction of town growth should respect the need to ensure that the famous
views of Jaisalmer and its skyline are not obstructed. A buffer zone should be
created between the fortress and the city on the one hand, and newly developing
areas on the other, so as to allow unimpeded views of the Fort and the city. New
areas for development must be carefully identified keeping in mind this important
aspect of visitors' needs.

4. Locations of hotels, industries, and other structures and the manner of their
construction and design must be regulated so as to maintain the harmony and
consistency of Jaisalmer's architectural traditions.

5. Special building regulations must be framed as part of the Master Plan, to respect
height and built volume considerations. Within the built areas, height controls
must relate to existing structures in the vicinity of the proposed construction. On
the periphery of the city, two-storey structures may be permitted. However, on
higher altitudes (including the ridges) only single-storey structures should be
permitted so that the classic skyline of Jaisalmer is not altered.

6. Discussion with scientific authorities suggests that considerable care must be

exercised before any activities are undertaken which could change the basic
quality of Jaisalmer's natural ecology. These activities include developments on
or near the sand dunes at Sam.

7. The Master Plan must clearly spell out provisions for sewerage, drainage as well as
water supply. These should be so considered, as a support to specific conservation
needs. For example, the unrestricted supply and use of water in the Fort is resulting
in excessive discharge of liquid waste, now a serious threat to the very existence of
this historic structure.

8. The present scheme for open drains is likely to encounter blockage by sand
deposits, and will require regular cleaning. Instead, covered drainage systems
should be developed. It is also important to bear in mind the need to maintain a
clean, aesthetic environment in a destination increasingly dependent on visitor
satisfaction.

9. Due to the increase in population and tourism, open areas which were once used
as toilets have now lost their privacy and residents have been forced to start
constructing closed toilets in front of their homes or on rooftops. These must be
replaced. Demonstration projects are required, showing the proper internal
placement of these facilities. Unless this is done, the magnificent skyline and
street facades in the Fort and in the city will be destroyed forever. Public toilet
facilities need to be incorporated and maintained, possibly in cooperation with
institutions such as Sulabh International (Patna) and Safai Vidyalaya
(Ahmedabad).

23
10. Just as it is important to have an underground network for sewerage and water
supply, it is equally important to have the electrical network placed underground.
Electrical apparatus and wiring are now obstructing the view of several
environments. To restore harmony, electric wires and electric poles will have
to be removed from many important areas of the Fort and elsewhere.

11. Specific regulations should also be framed for signage systems, the placement of
advertisement hoardings in the town. This should form a part of the Master Plan
provisions, to avoid the unsightly visual pollution, which is now encroaching upon
Jaisalmer.

Action Programme

The following tasks lie ahead for action. The action to be taken over a five-year period
should be laid down in detail, so as to achieve the desired results by 1991.

a) Declaration of a conservation area with a view to protecting and prohibiting

development in certain areas. Besides specific protected monuments and sites, an
overall prohibited area must be declared at the earliest. It is desirable to include
this in the Master Plan.

b) Starting repair and restoration work on the outer city wall. If this is not started
immediately, this wall with its gates and bastions will be lost forever. A belt at
least 10 meters wide on either side of this wall should form part of the protected
area, though the actual prohibited area would extend far beyond it.

c) Infrastructure development should be taken up on a top priority basis and in a

coordinated manner so that the damage caused due to dampness could be
checked. Also, the unsightly electric wires could be removed.

d) The good work done on the slopes of the hill should be continued. Old pitching
work done in some parts is giving way. It should be examined and redone, if
necessary.

e) The paving work between Akhay Prol and Dussera Chowk is nearing completion.
This should be extended to Dussera Chowk and other lanes within the fortress.

f) The fortwall. and bastions are already under repair. This also needs to be extended
further.

g) Some of the bastion houses are collapsing. These may be taken up for repair and
for preservation as demonstration houses for tourists another unique feature seen
only in Jaisalmer.

h) The palace complex within the fortress is in urgent need of repair, and
systematically planned repair work must be undertaken urgently.

24
 i) Some sort of checks and controls should be exercised on encroachments and
changes in land use in certain areas. The growth of curio shops, snack bars and
small hotels must be properly guided and must follow a plan.

j) A plan for city graphics for signboards, hoardings, posters and other forms of
advertising must be prepared. The painting and colouring of houses and other
basic elements in the city should be checked.

k) Landscaping in the conventional sense is out of place in Jaisalmer. It is a desert

town and that is its dominant quality. Patches of garden, large-scale plantations
and other forms of landscape development would go against the very essence and
spirit of this place. Everything here revolves around sand and stone.

1) Restoration and repair work on havelis may be extended to cover more of them.
Some smaller houses should also be included in this effort.

m) The granary damaged due to the construction of the new water tank is in a very
precarious condition. This unique structure should be taken up for restoration at
the earliest.

n) Once the sewerage system is laid, people would like to locate toilets within their
houses or perhaps adjacent to their houses. Some prototypes should be made to
demonstrate how this could be done without disturbing the house facades. If this
is not done in advance, people would start doing this just as they like and this may
hurt the quality of streets and facades.

o) Exploration and excavation work in the region around Ludherva should be

initiated so as to present a more complete historic picture.

p) A small action committee may be constituted to ensure speedy and planned work
in an integrated manner.

• A CASE FOR URBAN CONSERVATION - PHASE II (1986)

Pitching

The triangular hill on which Jaisalmer is built consists mostly of soft rock. The outer
slopes have, in parts, some soil and loose rock. These slopes, pitched with dressed stone,
have been dry for centuries, as the quantity of water discharged from the city has been very
nominal. But due to increasing population and a larger supply of water, substantial amount
of water is discharged on these slopes causing damage to the pitched surfaces. Also, in
certain portions, due to looseness of soil, the pitching is falling apart. Excessive flow of
water is also causing undesirable growth of plants.

25
Repairs, in some portions, carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India have also
been well executed. This work of stone pitching should be immediately restarted.

In any case, the drainage and the sewerage system must be taken up at the earliest. All
conservation efforts can be ruined by this constant percolation of water in the sub-soil.
Builders in the earlier times adopted dry joint construction, which was appropriate for this
desert area. Constant flow of liquid waste was never visualised. This is causing severe
damage to all earth retaining structures.

Paving

Most of the paved areas in Jaisalmer have used cobblestone for the purpose. Chisel dressed
stone, so that no portion of the dressed face is more than 5 mm in or out of the straight
edge laid along the face of a stone, should be used. Accompanying plan shows the streets
that should be taken up for paving along with the Dussera Chowk.

Action Programme

Conservation of Jaisalmer, the town as a whole, is no small task. While in some areas it
requires architectural conservation, in some other areas it is a question of providing proper
services and amenities. Certain tasks can be accomplished by laying down proper policies
and guidelines in the Master Plan. Preventive measures are as important as the curative
measures are.

a) Declaration of a conservation zone. Refer Phase I report for plan.

b) Declaring outer city wall, gates and bastions as protected monuments. Initiating
repair and restoration work on the outer city wall.

c) Extend pitching work in the critical areas.

d) Extend paving work in upper streets and Dussera Chowk.

e) Drainage and sewerage scheme should be taken up immediately. The threat of

destruction, which is being caused by dampness, is most serious.

f) Incomplete repair of the western bastions should be completed.

g) Damaged granary should be restored and put to adaptive re-use as identified

earlier in the report.

h) Unsightly structures consisting of the jail and its staff quarters should be removed
and the area between Akhey Prol and Sura Prol cleared for better view of the
original setting.

i) Repair work on the palace building should be started at the earliest.

26
• AN ASSESSMENT OF TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY (1987)

Manila Declaration on World Tourism, 1980

The satisfaction of tourism requirements must not be prejudicial to the social and
economic interests of the population in tourist areas, to the environment or, above all, to
natural resources, which are the fundamental attraction of tourism, and historical and
cultural sites.

Joint Declaration, World Tourism Organisation/United Nations Environment

Programme, 1983

The protection, enhancement and improvement of the various components of man's

environment are among the fundamental conditions for the harmonious development of
tourism.

Major Recommendations

1. Tourist traffic to Jaisalmer is estimated at 1,00,000 annually. Of this figure 22,000

are foreign tourists, with Germany and France as the major generating centers. The
majoritiy (60,000) of domestic visitors (80,000) visiting Jaisalmer are Jain pilgrims.
Traffic to Jaisalmer is estimated to rise to 3,00,000 by the year 2000. (The
projections match the present figures.)

2. Earnings from foreign tourism alone at Jaisalmer are estimated at over Rs. 110
lakhs. In view of the limited infrastructure now available at Jaisalmer, the
potential for tourism activity is enormous, and its substantial potential (both direct
and indirect) is relatively untapped. To exploit this potential, professionalism in
Jaisalmer's tourism management will be essential.

3. The walled city of Jaisalmer has reached saturation point in terms of tourism
carrying capacity, primarily because of unplanned, ad hoc growth, which today
threatens irreversible damage to Jaisalmer's architectural wealth, particularly
within the Fort.

4. Jaisalmer's main treasure is the living environment of its great Fort. The Fort and
its surroundings are being devastated by the reckless use of water, excessive
disposal of liquid waste without proper sewerage and drainage systems, and the
proliferation of unauthorised constructions and obstructions.

5. There is an immediate need to modify the Draft Master Plan for Jaisalmer in the
context of conservation and planned infrastructure for tourism.

6. The planning approach must place the long-term conservation needs of Jaisalmer
and its residents before all other considerations, and tourism growth must be

27
 planned, as a support to conservation needs. The concept of quality before quantity
must prevail.

7. A conservation zone needs to be urgently defined, supported by a buffer zone and

strict regulations on construction and on industry. Recommendations already
made by INTACH for such a zone should be accepted. These recommendations
have been forwarded to the State authorities by INTACH. The recommended
conservation zone includes the Fort, the lower city with its walls, and the Gadisar
Lake and its surrounds.

8. The conservation approach must extend beyond the Fort and city to the outlying
archaeological sites as well as to the natural ecology of the desert.

9. A series of recommendations have been made in this report to adjust the existing
Draft Master Plan to the long-term requirements of conservation and tourism.
Foremost among these are recommendations on a conservation zone, buffer
zones, sewerage/drainage/water supply factors, and the location of hotels, tourist
services and non-polluting industries, and ecological factors.

10. Controls on the unrestricted supply/use of water to the Fort could be an immediate
step to protect it against further damage.

11. Existing tourist accommodation in the Fort needs to be urgently relocated outside
of it. The Fort must not be utilised for tourist lodgings, which are detrimental to
both its physical and social preservation.

12. Future accommodation planned in Jaisalmer should be of the youth hostel, yatri
nivas and upto the 3-star categories. The five-star luxury facility should be
avoided as incongruous and impractical.

13. Accommodation requirements at Jaisalmer by the year 2000 are estimated at

1,500 beds (from the current level of 600). This will require about 40 hectares of
land, an investment at current prices of about Rs. 11 crores.

14. Standards laid down by the Government of India on tourism services

(accommodation, catering, guide services, transportation) must be extended to
Jaisalmer to upgrade the quality of its infrastructure.

15. A circuit approach to future tourist traffic is recommended, linking Jaisalmer

more effectively with Jodhpur, Bikaner and adventure tourism in the Thar Desert.

16. Transportation linkages need to be significantly improved in future planning. The

present air link is largely notional and requires to be regularised. Air-conditioned
rail coaches as well as other additional capacity will be essential during the hot
season. Similarly road transport facilities within and to Jaisalmer and its environs

28
 need to be upgraded, with the inclusion of air-conditioned coaches and
additionalcapacity.

17. The ecology of the sand dunes at Sam and the desert environment around
Jaisalmer are endangered. There is urgent need for immediate steps to control
tourist movements intelligently, while scientific studies are needed to understand
the wider ecological forces at work. Camel rides, desert festivals and other uses
of the dunes should be under the supervision of scientific opinion to avoid the
possibility of irreparable damage to these delicate natural assets.

18. A levy should be considered on visitors/cars/cameras at Jaisalmer. This could

raise almost Rs.30 lakhs at the current level of traffic, and this fund could be
directed toward local conservation and welfare needs.

19. Conservation and tourism at Jaisalmer require a strong administrative structure.

The present Notified Area Committee is unlikely to be able to cope with the
complex task ahead. Strengthening the local management base for a Master Plan
is an immediate need.

20. Providing simple guidelines to visitors on norms of dress and behaviour,

particularly for visits to the Fort can ease any negative impact of tourism on
Jaisalmer's culture and traditions. Visitors should be encouraged to participate in
the conservation of Jaisalmer, and to play their role responsibly in the effort to
protect its beauty and traditions. A positive response is certain to such an appeal.

• WATER MANAGEMENT PROPOSAL (1986)

Construction And Aesthetic Considerations

1. Sewers: For underground drainage network on fort, 150 mm dia pressure PVC
pipes have been preferred over stoneware pipes for they are available in longer
length (over 4 in), so there will be fewer joints. They are light in weight, easy to
handle and jointing with the help of chemicals is quick. This will facilitate early
execution of the scheme.

2. Manholes: Precast concrete manholes with cast iron covers are to be used for
underground drainage network on the fort. Natural slopes being good make it
possible the use of a standard size manhole. This will help quicken the pace of
work and ensure quality control. They can be cast some where on the top of the
fort. Proper care has been taken to match manhole cover and paving pattern.

3. Ventilating shafts: A number of ventilating shafts are to be provided along the

drainage line. Adequate care has been taken in fixing up the position to ensure
that they do not disturb the existing streetscape further. PVC ventilating pipe is
enclosed in a stone (local) faced shaft to match with existing structures.

29
4. Public toilets: A toilet block is provided for visitors. Its placement has been
done keeping in view that the aesthetics of this place are not disturbed.

5. Maintenance cell: For the continued maintenance and up keeping of sewerage

system a maintenance store cum office will be constructed on the fort itself. It will
have place for storage of spares, cleaning kit, garbage disposal equipment, etc.

• FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR STREETSCAPE PROJECT (1986)

Aims And Objectives Of Streetscape Project

The aim of this project is to demonstrate the integration of modem amenities with traditional
streetscape in an inconspicuous manner and simultaneously upgrade the general
environment of the street by proper conservation measures and cleaning up of facades, etc.

The selected residential areas for this project will be such that it will offer ample chances to
address a complete range of conservation issues like restoring facades, addition of toilets
within the existing houses, reconstructing collapsed houses with sympathetic construction to
the existing streetscape, cleaning and upgradating street flooring, concealing unsightly
cables, etc.

The project is aimed to serve as a demonstration for the people of Jaisalmer, officials, visitors
as well as craftsmen, as an integrated approach to conservation work.

30
WATER SEEPAGE
PPOza

December 1999

WATER SEEPAGE

a. Water Supply and Its Contribution to Leakage

The town of Jaisalmer has constructed a service or distribution reservoir in the Fort area to
avail of natural elevation. The length of distribution network in the Fort Area is estimated to
be 5,000m (in absence of available data) with total water consumption of about 3,00,000
L/day. The whole area has sloping gradients. The normal figure of leakages through
distribution networks varies between 15 to 33% on level/flat terrain. Considering a
conservative figure of 20%, leakage through distribution networks is estimated at 60,000
L/d.

The rising main brings water from the source to the distribution reservoir to supply water to
the flat terrain on the foot hills of the Fort area. The difference in elevation is 40m, and the
length of the rising main passing through the Fort area will be at least 500m with about 100
joints through which water under pressure may leak through. Using the empirical formula

L = ND x sg root P
C

Where L = Litre/hour, N = Number of joints, D = Diameter in mm, and C = 326 (constant),

the estimated leakage in the Fort area will be

L = 100 x 200 x sg root 400 IA

326

65 x 20 = 1300 L/h

The pumps may be working for about 10 hours. Thus the leakage from rising main may be
at least 13,000 L/day if the laying is perfect and when newly laid. The rising main is old and
hence this leakage may be estimated at 30,000 L/d.

In fine, the total leakage may amount to 60,000 + 30,000 = 90,000 L/day

b. Sewerage System

The sewerage system designed and constructed by the AAWAS VHKAS SANSTHAN, has
since been closed. The feasibility report for the sewerage system was prepared by Dr. P.P.
Oza with Jain Associates in 1992. Total length of sewerage system was estimated about
2500m with 125 manholes and 20 ventilators. Uniform diameter of 150mm of PVC
nonpressure pipes was proposed for the Fort Area. Community views expressed explicitly

31
about the poor quality of construction. Ventilators have not been provided at all.
Nonetheless, leakages from sewerage system including manholes may be marginal. Under
worst circumstances of blockages maximum subsurface leakage may be 3000 L/d.

c. Impact of Rain Water

Even in arid zones of India, occasionally it rains heavily, though not frequently. Most of
the lanes, bylanes and streets are paved and the gradients are easy for quick runoff. The
mori area is not paved well and could be a source of percolation. The perimeter of the mori
area is estimated to be 1200 m with a maximum width of 10 m from which downward
percolation is possible. So the area of percolation is 12,000 m2 with an imperviousness
factor of 0.6. Assuming a maximum precipitation of 210 mm in 3 hours, which occurred in
August 1999, the amount percolated is calculated as:

Flow = 12000 x 210 x MxMxM x 0.4

3 x 60 10000 mm

= 0.56 x 0.56 x 0.56 /min for 3 hours

= 0.56 x 300 mxmxm
= 168 mxmxm
= 168000 L in one worst shower

The slope of the existing material (soil and disposed solid wastes is steep enough to walk
uphill. Hence the possibilities of percolation of rain water are less. Nonetheless, rills and
gullies increase chances of percolation. The area of possible percolation through slopes is
2000m x 40m = 80,000 mxm, almost 7 times that of the mori area. But effective percolation
could be one-third of it. The amount percolating into the soil of the slopes of the Fort area
could thus be about 3,50,000 L on a worst rainy day.

d. Open Defecation

There are 99 bastions and each one has a hole of about 100 - 150 mm diameter.
Somehow, these sites are used as public toilets for open defecation and water used for
ablution, say 2 L /user percolates into the soil and slopes below (no loss). The water/
wastewater percolating through these holes may amount to about 2000 - 3000 L / day
(Assuming about 10-15 users / day - hole)

e. Hotels and Guest Houses

There are presently about 30 hotels and guest-houses on the Fort area, having an average
10-bed accomodation amounting to 300 floating population. These places are unauthorised
and not connected to sewerage. The sewage formed here, averaging 15,000 L/d at least is
discharged outside the bastions, which in turn percolates into the soil.

32
f. Water Quantity Percolation Estimates

Leakage through distribution networks 60,000 L/d

Leakage through rising mains 30,000 L/d

Leakage through sewerage networks 3,000 L/d

Sewage from open defecation along MORI 3,000 L/d

Hotels and guest house discharges 15,000 L/d

Total estimated percolation 1,11,000 L/d

Say 1,15,000 L/d

g. Rain Water Percolation Estimates

(on a high intensity rainfall day)

Rainwater 1,68,000 L

Surface runoff including MORI area and slopes 3,50,000 L

Total 5,18,000 L

Say 5,20,000 L
This water seeps into the bentonite clay and exerts pressure on the breast walls and
retaining walls, engendering collapses particularly on a high intensity rainy day.

h. Prevention of Percolation and Seepage

Open defecation needs to be prevented immediately, not only for the safety of the Fort
structure but also for considerations of personal hygiene of tourists and residents and
sanitation in general. All houses must have toilets connected to sewerage. UNICEF, India
could be approached for possible incentives and cost-sharing.

It is advisable to have pay-and-use toilet blocks with bathrooms and cloakrooms on the
lines of Sulabh Shauchalya, Patna of Bindeshar Pathak or Safai Vdyalaya of Ishwarbhai
Patel in Ahmedabad. The final discharges should be connected to the sewerage.

It is high time that Jaisalmer Municipality has Building Byelaws, on the lines of maybe
Jodhpur or Phalodi, which have monuments of archaeological importance.

33
All hotels and guest-houses in the Fort area may be regularized as they existed, say in
1997, so that they could be enforced to take sewerage connections (1000 - 5000 L) into
the network. No more authorization of hotels and guest-houses is suggested.

Water pumped into service reservoir should be only for the Fort Area and not for the
whole of the township with a view to minimizing leakage through rising mains.

Sewerage system could be upgraded by providing necessary ventilators, so as to minimize

damage to the stone structures caused by anaerobiasis in absence of ventilators.

Garbage collection would not exceed 200-250 kg/day. The inorganic solid wastes may also
amount to 200-250 kg/day. If these are taken out of the Fort Area and disposed of at landfill
sites, surcharge load on retaining structures could be minimized significantly. The
Municipality could take up the responsibility.

Cattle sheds could be provided by the community and their liquid wastes could be
discharged into the sewerage systems which could lead to better safety and clean
sanitation.

34
STAKEHOLDERS
AmitaBaig

January 2000

The following report on Jaisalmer Fort aims to identify the key stakeholders, roles of the
various responsible agencies and most importantly the views and aspirations of the people:

Archaeological Survey of India

The first Ancient Monuments Preservation Act was passed in 1904. This was modified and
incorporated into the Constitution of India in 1950 covering all monuments and
archaeological remains deemed to be of national importance. About 450 monuments were
included at this stage but subsequently under section 26 of the States Reorganization Act
1956, many more monuments and sites were declared to be of national importance; amongst
these was Jaisalmer Fort, divided into those sections which were contiguous with the
property of the Maharawal while that which was excluded was protected by the ASI.

The Ancient Monuments Preservation Act was amended in 1958 and became the Ancient
Monuments and Archaeological Sites Preservation Act 1958 ( AMSR) to bring it into
conformity with the development changes which were taking place throughout the country.
This Act had a critical amendment in 1993 which prohibits all new construction within 100
metres of a protected monument or site and further, controls development within 300 metres
of the site. The ASI is the nodal agency responsible for the conservation and protection of
about 5000 monuments and sites covered under this act.

In recent years there has been a substantive effort by the ASI to monitor the developments in
Jaisalmer Fort which have caused collapses of the built fabric and even deaths. The Director
General ASI established a steering Committee in 1997 to review on an ongoing basis works
within the Fort. This committee comprising officials of the District Administration, NGOs
and local representatives who would monitor and evaluate the requirements of the residents,
conservation imperatives and inevitably the tourism industry.

Amongst the many aspects of work in the Fort reviewed while the WMF team was in
Jaisalmer was the emergency repairs being undertaken by the Archaeological Survey of
India. Extensive work was ongoing in three places in the lower pitching. This work is an
almost continuous process which has been undertaken for the last twenty years. The section
outside the front gate and to the east where repairs are ongoing is more recent and is as a
result of a collapse caused by an illegal restaurant located in the Bastion above discharging
waste into the Mori. The ASI's prohibition of new development within 100 metres of a
protected monument in Jaisalmer is fraught with complexity as all buildings inside the Fort
fall within the 100-metres zone and most of the householders do seek to upgrade the quality
of their homes. There is a critical issue at the moment with some of the larger householders
letting their buildings decay to the extent that they have to be designated unsafe by the
administration. Redevelopment then becomes much easier. The ASI is certainly not equipped
to deal with what is effectively a civic issue. The recent spate of illegal conversion of homes
to guest houses only exacerbates the problems.

35
The District Administration (the Collectorate) and Municipality
The District Administration (the Collectorate) and Municipality together constitute a
powerful body which could influence and indeed control the trajectory of change. All public
works including roads, sewerage, sanitation, solid waste disposal, electricity and water
supply comes within their purview. Equally all growth sectors like tourism, craft, industry
and communications is also within their ambit. The Collectorate is a fine balance of elected
representation and administration. These agencies have only recently begun to dialogue on
issues such as the preservation of the historic fabric of Jaisalmer and to arrive at mutually
agreed resolutions.

The Collector's office is responsible for the management and maintenance of Jaisalmer Fort,
upgrading existing systems and creating new programmes.

The Municipality makes efforts to achieve a level of hygiene. Unless maintenance is

expanded, the Fort cannot sustain the quantum of waste generated. Non-degradable garbage
has become a huge waste management problem that should be addressed in a creative manner
so that collection and incineration (generating electricity) can become an economically viable
proposition.

Municipal Councilor
Amita Baig also held detailed discussions with the Municipal Councilor and read his
manifesto from his recent election. The Manifesto promised improvement of tourism
facilities for national and international visitors; encouraging the residents of the Fort with
growing families to move to new colonies outside the Fort; opening a tourist centre in the
Fort and the Mori to be renovated and opened as tourist circuit; locating appropriate stalls
and shops in the mori; seeking early resolution on the issue of illegal hotels; a time-bound
strategy for the maintenance of the historic houses; signage policy; action on endangered
properties; cleanliness of the wards; improving conservancy; providing visitor amenities such
as drinking water, toilets, etc. and not least providing employment opportunities to people
within the Fort in the tourism service industry.

Community Representatives
The WMF team held lengthy meetings with members of the community in a group and
individually. The community was initially extremely diffident about interventions in the Fort
as it really had little impact on their lives but it is clear that they have changed their attitude
with the implementation of the streetscape upgradation project especially as it began in the
economically challenged communities living on the edge of the fort of bastions.
The community felt very strongly that there has been failure in the administration as well as
the Archaeological Survey of India which is responsible for collapsed bastions. The residents
were clear that the problem was caused because of faulty drainage, water tanks over-flowing
at night, excessive water consumption and not least poor maintenance.

The tourism boom has also resulted in a number of people moving into the Fort from the city
with the objective of converting small houses or havelis into bed and breakfast. This invisible

36
conversion has gone largely unnoticed and has added to the burden of consumption of water
and civic amenities.

Essentially the concerns raised by the citizens were on the lack of maintenance of water
supply lines, poorly constructed and inadequately maintained manholes, faulty paving and
jointing. Most of the community feel that the work undertaken in the Mori was slow, it has
created deep hollows which act as ponds and need to be rectified in the next six months prior
to the onset of the next monsoon.

Interestingly they were also of the view that the Fort could sustain more people as earlier it
had 5000 occupants and today there are only 2500. Some of the elders recalled that in early
1970s the slope of the fort wall was covered with trees which served to consolidate the slope
and there was much less erosion. There was a lengthy discussion on species which could
serve to check erosion without affecting the overall visual quality of the Fort. It is clear that
the community's participation is essential to the success of any project.

Girdhar Samarak Trust

The Girdhar Samarak Trust was established by the royal family of Jaisalmer in the 1950s at
the time of the amalgamation of the Princely States into the Union of India. Similar trusts
were set up in most of the princely states in India in an effort to secure their assets and
properties. The Trust is responsible for the management and maintenance of the properties of
the former State of Jaisalmer, especially the temples and palaces. The objectives of the Trust
were amended three years ago to include conservation and preservation.

In addition to cooperating on the restoration of the Queen's Palace and committing to

opening it to public as a Heritage Centre, a project of the World Monuments Fund. It is
presently undertaking the repair of the King's Palace and a museum designer has been
commissioned to renovate /redesign sections of the museum. The Maharawal, Chairman of
the Trust, is presently overseeing the project and hopes to open the main sections of the
Museum by September 2000. The major portion of the building on the left of the entrance is
endangered and could in fact prove to be a critical safety concern for the nearby residents and
children.

Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has since its inception 15
years ago been involved in the battle to preserve the heritage of Jaisalmer for its people.
Several reports were written over the years to identify problems faced in the Fort and
perspectives for the future. The most important amongst these has been its Waste Water
Management Plan commissioned by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. The plan
was implemented in principle but because of government policies of not investing in private
housing, the economically challenged sections of the Fort residents did not connect to the
system.

INTACH highlighted the critical problems of Jaisalmer Fort through national and
international forums which included the World Monuments Fund, PATA and the Ministry of

37
Tourism and raised global awareness. The reconstruction of the collapsed Rani Ka Mahal is
an important project. Raised from rubble this Palace will now serve as a Heritage Centre on
the Thar Desert.

INTACH has also conducted over the last few years several public awareness programmes.
One which has had the maximum impact is the Theatre Workshop funded by an the Unniti
Foundation and the Government of Rajasthan to highlight the importance of the cultural
heritage of Jaisalmer, its rich history, its ecological fragility and citizens role as a stakeholder
in the protection of this heritage.

In addition, INTACH's sustained work in Jaisalmer over the last twelve years has brought
considerable awareness amongst the local residents who have begun to believe that some of
the global concern this Fort has garnered will also benefit them. The Gala event Passage to
the Golden City brought Jaisalmer into the international agenda for conservation highlighting
not only the work that needs to be done but also what can be achieved.

Jaisalmer in Jeopardy
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy a UK-based trust founded by journalist Sue Carpenter deeply
concerned about the future of Jaisalmer was established in 1997 and in addition to
nominating Jaisalmer to the World Monuments Watch list of 100 most endangered sites in
the world; quickly identified one of the most critical problems in the Fort. In a few years
Jaisalmer in Jeopardy raised funds to provide toilets in two padas, or wards, resulting in a
substantial improvement in the quality of life of the residents of the 2 padas.

Jaisalmer Heritage Trust

Jaisalmer Heritage Trust was formed in 1999 with the objective of establishing a focus
towards sustaining the efforts of multiple agencies working in Jaisalmer. It was based on the
premise that a Regional NGO could achieve far more for the preservation of the heritage as it
would be focussed.

38
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Predrag Gavrilovic
John Sanday

December 1999 - January 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GENERAL STATEMENT

2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

2.1. Analysis and Structural Stability of the Jaisalmer Fort Complex (General
Analysis)
2.2. Characteristics of Materials
2.3. Fort Walls, Bastions and Mori
2.4. Slopes
2.5. Pitching Walls
2.6. Paving
2.7. Retaining Wall of the Palace Complex
2.8. Buildings in the Citadels
2.9. Special Structures and Their Treatment

3. LONG TERM ACTIVITIES

3.1. Basic Investigations and Monitoring Systems

3.1.1. Engineering Geological Investigations
3.1.2. Geomechanical Investigations
3.1.3. Testing of Characteristics of Basic Material
3.1.4. Geophysical Investigations
3.1.5. Monitoring Systems

4. SHORT TERM ACTIVITIES

4.1. Bastion Walls

4.2. Slopes of the fort
4.3. Pitching Walls
4.4. Guidelines

5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

39
 1. GENERAL STATEMENT

The Jaisalmer fort is located on an isolated hill about 100 meters above the Thar desert.
Jaisalmer is a living fortress city located on a plateau of this prominent hill, surrounded by
ramparts and bastions. The slopes of the hill run from the ramparts and are protected at their
base with pitching walls (see fig. 6, p. 8 and fig. 14, p. 14).

The fort's ramparts, bastions and pitching walls are all constructed of yellow sedimentary
sandstone. The same material excavated from a nearby quarry and below a sandy sub-soil has
also been used for the structures within the fortress. The fortress and the town are constructed
on a bedrock of yellow sedimentary sandstone, whereas the slopes of the hill and probably
the plateau are capped with small pieces of the same material and/or hardened sandy masses.

The front wall of the Jaisalmer fortress with its 99 bastions is constructed as a dry masonry
retaining wall structure founded on a bedrock surface. The pitching walls at the base of the
hill are also constructed of dressed stone dry masonry not as a retaining wall but as a
protection to the base of the slope. Stones are laid dry against the slope to prevent erosion
and to help with the flow of storm water. Hence their description of pitching walls.

Following a general assessment of the fortress, ramparts and bastions, of the hill slopes and
the pitching walls and the hill as a geological structure all are in an extremely unstable
condition and the structures as such are hardly useable.

The extent of structural degradation caused by different natural and man-made factors, has
disrupted the basic stability of the complex, and in several instances this degradation has
giving way ultimately to a state of collapse. Already three bastions have collapsed, and the
pitching walls have failed (2nd August 1999) There is also evidence that a large number of
houses in the town within the fortress have also collapsed.(Photos 2, 3, 4). These are
indications that the extent of deterioration as a whole has reached a critical phase and that a
multi -faceted approach is essential for the complete protection of this historic complex (see
fig. 23, p. 18).

It must be stressed that one of the basic principles to be followed concerning the protection
against any further degradation, is that there should be a fully integrated plan of action, as
opposed to the present ad hoc approach, to resolve the issues of stability of the hill and the
structures. The stability of the buildings and the methods of consolidation should be treated
integrally for the whole complex. These altogether represent a system requiring a high level
of interaction, which means that any isolated treatment of individual problems, for instance,
treatment of only ramparts and bastions or only pitching walls etc. is inadvisable. It may fail
lead to the desired effect of complete protection. Such failed attempts at ad hoc repairs are
best illustrated with the newly constructed pitching wall on the south side where new cracks
occurred only after a short period of several years. Such types of interventions are only
effective to provide temporary support or to prevent progressive collapse.

Generally it may be said that ecological conditions and ecological imbalance, combined with
uncontrolled waste water and sewerage disposal, lack of maintenance etc., combined with

40
characteristics of natural materials - sedimentary sandy rocks with clayey mass used as a
binder, have caused an extensive erosion of the slopes. This is especially evident on the
south and the east side, and is the principal cause for the disturbed stability of the ramparts,
the failure of the bastions and the pitching walls.

The interventions of the last few years to correct the defective sewerage and drainage
systems, attempts at the removal of solid waste and other waste, and the recent paving of the
streets, have contributed considerably to slowing down the progressive process of
degradation, but have been insufficient to prevent the underlying process of
dec ay/deteri orati on.

To be successful, it is essential that these problems are addressed in a holistic and

multidisciplinary way, giving priority to investigations, maintenance and the elaboration of a
Disaster Management Plan.

Suggested investigations to better understand the surveys such as:

Engineering geological surveys with elaboration of an engineering geological map,
Geotechnical investigations of soil and soil conditions,
Geophysical surveys,
Investigations of characteristics of main materials,
Monitoring systems and the compilation of data

Once this overview has been developed designs can be prepared to conserve and protect this
unique and complex monument.

2. IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Previous analyses prepared by Professor KB Jain, in which he studies the effects of the
introduction of a water supply system; climatic changes and shifts in environmental and
ecological conditions; interventions to provide water and sewerage disposal systems and the
recent street paving are indicative of the problems besetting the Fort. His comments
regarding the lack of solid waste disposal, general lack of maintenance, etc. and their
identification indicate problems and analyses of the hill's geological stability and the stability
of the structures. A general materials analysis of the bastion/slope follows.

2.1. Analysis and Structural Stability of the Jaisalmer Fort Complex

It is recommended that the stability of the complex be treated integrally and that the
interaction factors be analyzed separately for the integral structure and for each sub-system
separately. Jaisalmer Fort cross-section, shows the general model of the geological structure
and the main structures - the retaining walls, the bastions, the pitching walls and the
buildings. This model shows that there is an interaction between the structures and the
geological structure, i.e., the soil medium.

41
 y 6 0 m' U.SL
'• Mori 'I 'I

Fig. I. Jaisahnar fort - cross section

-General model for analysis

The bedrock of the hill represents a sedimentary rock defined as carbonate hard sandstone,
whereas the crushed material over the slopes has the same geological structure and
composition but is characterized by considerably changed mechanical characteristics. It is
evident that the material is weak, contains dusty matter and is unstable when in contact with
water. It may be concluded that the layer over the slopes is different. On the south east side,
this layer represents a loose sandy rock, which is hard under dry conditions but which loses
its strength when it comes in contact with water. This layer is found over the bedrock and is
relatively thin, and has been washed out over the course of time. In the upper parts of the
slope, it has completely disappeared due to erosion to such an extent that the foundation of
the walls of the bastions are exposed and can be seen resting directly on the bedrock. On the
other sides, conditions are different. For example, on the south-west side, crushed stone,
waste materials and debris dominate.

42
These observations indicate the seriousness of the problem and the effect of ecological
factors and the present level of "ecological imbalance". This has resulted in the complete
instability of the whole complex and of each of its elements.

Analyzing the model presented in Fig. 1 (p.42) and the factors that have led to this level of
degradation, it is easily perceived that the main failures have been caused by the changes
upon the surfaces and the upper layers of the slope's geological structure as well as around
the structures. It must be noted that the erosion along the slopes and the change of the
characteristics of materials have directly resulted in increase of pressure upon the lower
walls, which were originally envisaged and constructed not as retaining but as pitching walls.
The increase of loose mass of the surface layer and its contact with water has led to an
increase of the earth pressure and hence massive failure.

On top of the hill, as a result of water precipitation from the upper surfaces, fine and sandy
components have been washed out giving rise to conditions causing the settlement and
failure of the walls of the bastion as well as an increase in earth pressure upon the retaining
walls. This has caused overloading due to presence of water and increased mass, and has
eventually resulted in the failure of the walls.

On the hill plateau, where the structures are located, it might be expected that the
modification of the conditions and the arrival of a constant water supply, (considering that
the same rock mass is in question), has modified the characteristics of surface layers on
which the structures are located. This has lead to relative soil settlement and failure of
buildings of weaker structure and lower rigidity.

Considering the above, it is necessary to analytically check the stability of the model as a
whole and all the elements separately. Such an analysis requires the collection of data from
engineering-geological investigations, geotechnical investigation of soil media, geophysical
investigations and investigations of the characteristics of main materials.

Rock samples were taken during the mission (in the absence of available data) to enable a
preliminary analysis of the principal materials used for construction as well for geological
analysis. It will then be possible to identify further needs for investigations and take
measures for complete protection. Results of these analyses are presented in the following
Section 2.2. and represent the basis for analysis of the state of the ramparts, the bastions, the
hill slopes, the pitching walls etc.

2.2. Characteristics of Materials

The main material used for the construction of the walls and structures in Jaisalmer is yellow
sandstone which is still used for construction today. The material is excavated from nearby
deposits of rock mass covered with sand layers extending to about several metres. Basically,
the hill represents the same rock massif but with other characteristics. To obtain basic
preliminary data samples were taken and exposed to mechanical tests as well as microscopic
and macroscopic geological analyses. Three characteristic samples of materials were taken:

43
a) The first sample of yellow sandstone was taken from the material that is currently used
for reconstruction of the Queen's Palace. The sample was taken from a fresh rock mass
and was proportioned 4 x 4 x 16 cm. After testing the mechanical characteristics of the
prism under bending and compression, the following characteristics were obtained:

- The bearing capacity under compression up to failure is (co = 42 MPa;

- The bearing capacity under bending tension is (tb = 16.3 MPa;
- The bulk density of dry fresh mass is ( = 2.55 t/m3;
- The bulk density of water saturated mass is ( = 3.225 t/m3
- Water impermeability is (wimp = 0.675 t/m3.

The analysis of the mechanical characteristics proved the material to be a sedimentary

sandstone with a moderate bearing capacity and high level of water absorption. The bearing
capacity under compression of (co = 42 MPa and the bearing capacity under bending tension
of (tb = 16.3 MPa indicate good characteristics as a construction material (very similar to the
commonly used classes of concrete) and that the material itself cannot be the reason for
failure or instability.

The microscopic and macroscopic analysis of the samples yielded the following results:

Sample 1:
Macroscopically, the rock is of a yellow colour, relatively hard and with a small grain size
structure. Its reaction with HC1 is intensive which means that most of the rock is of a
carbonate composition.

Microscopically, noticeable is the presence of clastic fragments that prevail and are cemented
with a lower quantity of cement mass of a carbonate composition and with some clayey
components. The clastic fragments (the grains) belong to remains of microfossil forms,
considerably altered calcitic and feldspathic grains and, to some extent, to quartzitic and
altered micaceous fragments. It is interesting to note that the microfossil remains almost
prevail compared to the remaining clastic fragments wherefore the rock could be defined as
carbonate sandstone but it also correct to define it as a sandy organogenic limestone.

b) The second sample was taken from the bedrock below the slope. It is a hard sandy rock
of a yellow-gray colour. Pieces of irregular shape were taken from the upper surface and
exposed to macroscopic and microscopic analyses. When dry, the mass is hard and not
fragile in human hands, however, after a longer exposure to water, it becomes very fragile.

Sample 2
Macroscopically, the rock has the appearance of a fine grain size sedimentary rock which
intensively reacts with HC1 which means that the carbonate component prevails in its
composition.

Microscopically, it has a powder-pelitic structure of a carbonate-clayey composition in which

are observed contours of grains which are thoroughly calcified and carbonized, most

44
probably representing formerly existing feldspars. In some parts of the sample, microfossil
remains are noticeable.

c) The third sample was taken from the very surface of the slope and represents a sandy rock
of a gray colour. When dry, it is very fragile. While in contact with water, it turns into sand
within a short period of time.

Sample 3
Macroscopically, the rock is extraordinarily loose. It disintegrates into tiny grains followed
by a powdered matter.

Microscopically, the rock is composed of moderately-shaped grains of feldspar, quartz and

rarely calcite, cemented with a clayey-carbonate mass. Noticeable in this sample is a zone of
quartzitic grains, which may represent a calcitic vein of a secondary origin. The reaction of
the rock with HC1 is not so strong.

Although all the samples are of different mechanical characteristics, they belong to the same
sedimentary series, most probably from the more recent part of the stratigraphic column
(perhaps, Cenozoic)

Although the taken samples do not belong to the representative types, it can probably be
concluded that it is a complex belonging to the group of psammitic-pelitic sedimentary rocks
with an uneven presence of the clastic component in respect to the cement mass, which is
extensively present and of a clayey-carbonate composition, with domination of the clayey or
the carbonate component, whatever is the case. The clasts are mainly represented by
quartzitic grains, feldspars and calcites, the feldspars and quartzites being extensively altered.

In addition to the above mentioned composition, the samples also contain remains of
microfossil forms which are most extensively present in the relatively most fresh sample (no.
1) where it may be said that their presence is dominant in respect to the other clastic
components.

From the engineering-geological aspect, the complex belongs to the type of rocks that are
very susceptible to exogeodynamic phenomena in the form of slides, falls as well as intensive
surface and linear erosion.

Taking into account the geological characteristics of the material, it may be concluded that
erosion, degradation and all other changes are expected with the change of the ecological and
other factors, by which the process of fast alterations can be explained. This points out once
again to the necessity of performing detailed engineering-geological and geomechanical
investigations as well as investigations of the mechanical-physical and chemical
characteristics of the materials and the soil media.

2.3. Fort Walls, Bastions and Mori

Structurally, the fort walls and the bastions represent independent retaining wall structures
constructed of yellow sandstone dry masonry blocks and with fine stone finishing on the

45
visible sides. The external masonry is composed of large stones, whereas the inner side is
filled with small pieces and clayey sandy mass (whether this is mortar or or whether the earth
has penetrated in the course of time is a question to be resolved from further analysis.)

The retaining walls are founded from the surface layers of the bedrock. The walls and the
bastions are of different height and probably different thickness.

In the course of time, the walls of the fort and the bastions have suffered extensive
deterioration, starting with vertical cracks, displacement of the masonry blocks at different
places as well as opening of gaps at the contact zones with the bedrock. This is especially
evident and pronounced at places where the upper layer of the slope has disappeared (see fig.
13, p.12).

The change of colour of the facade stones is very noticeable. This graphically points to the
presence of moisture and an uncontrolled pooling of water leaking from defective water
supply and sewage pipes.

An analysis of the structural failures indicates the undermining of the foundations due to the
presence of water. This has created instability in the walls due to:
(i) The undermining at the contact zone creates conditions for uneven settlement
demonstrated by vertical cracks,
(ii) The disturbed contact of a larger area leads to loss of stability and partial
failure by overturning.

From the analysis of the collapsed walls of the two bastions {see figs. 1&2, p. 5, fig. 11, p. 11
and fig. 12, p. 12), it may be concluded that the collapse has occurred with the combination of
the above mentioned two factors. Namely, according to the mode of failure, it is clearly
concluded that undermining has induced settlement and loss of structural integrity, which in
the second phase, in conditions of increased earth pressure, has led to failure with "out of
face overturning".

The Mori, which is the space between the walls of the fort and the bastions, is of great
importance to the stability of the whole structure, particularly for the walls of the fort and the
bastions.

Previous reports clearly indicate the necessity of a detailed analysis and computation of the
characteristic cross-sections and parts of the walls for the purpose of defining necessary
interventions to make them safe. Interventions at the contact zones, particularly where stones
are missing and where there are other gaps in the masonry (viz. on the south and the east-
side) are essential. The stone lining of the floor to the whole area of Mori and appropriate
management of surface and waste waters away from the structure is also a necessary
measure. It is also important to complete the paving of the plateau and ensure proper
drainage of surface and waste waters.

Prior to the beginning of the monsoon period, urgent interventions to sections of the walls
where two out of 99 bastions and one pitching section have failed are necessary. Their

46
reconstruction is not only an essential part of the maintenance of the Fort but there is also the
issue of protection against progressive collapse following further water percolation through
cracks. This intervention should be considered within the urgent short term activities.

As to the mode of reconstruction of the collapsed walls and strengthening of the surrounding
walls whose stability is disturbed, a survey should be made and a method proposed that, apart
from the structural requirements, shall also satisfy the conservation-architectural criteria.

2.4. Slopes
The analysis of the main model presented in Fig. 1 (p. 42) {see figs. 18&19, p. 16) clearly
indicates that the slopes should be treated integrally. Following a visual assessment, an
analysis of materials and their characteristics, the extent of degradation expressed through
erosion (south-east and east side) as well as the landslides (on the south and the south-west
side). This analysis dictates a need for further detailed studies to enable a solution to be
developed for the stabilization of the slope and at the same time giving due consideration too
the architectural conservation requirements. A compilation of data on the possible "original"
- initial state of the slopes and the changes in the course of time shall perhaps provide
directions for a more appropriate solution to the problem. In any case, detailed investigations
of the geological media, geophysical and geotechnical investigations could enable an
elaboration of a variety of solutions in with architects, conservators, archaeologists and other
participants.

2.5. Pitching Walls

Massive pitching walls are constructed along the whole perimeter of the base of the hill. It is
this part of the Jaisalmer fort that has suffered the most massive failure and other forms of
deterioration in the past and especially during the heavy rains in August 1999. The reason
for failure is straightforward. The massive walls built as pitching walls were never intended
to act as retaining walls. Subsequent to the deterioration of the slopes and the ramparts and
the resultant increased earth pressure and presence of moisture in the soil their role has
become that of a retaining wall. Since they were not designed to serve as a retaining wall
they are collapsing {see fig. 2, p. 5 and fig. 1, p. 12).

All interventions to the pitching walls are useless and ineffective unless measures to stabilize
the slopes are taken first. The entire problem has to be treated integrally. The best example
of a partial response to this problem can be seen is the in the section of newly constructed
pitching wall on the southeast side, which has failed {see fig. 16, p. 15) within a very short
time and has not stopped further erosion of the slopes.

The method of repair has attempted to provide a retaining wall by increasing the section of
the wall and by using cement mortar and in some cases concrete to bind the stones.
However, no attempt was made to stabilize the slopes. Eventually the wall will fail as before
due to slope movement. Under present conditions, the extent to which the walls shall and
can remain as pitching walls or need their need to be designed as retaining walls should be
explored. Interventions required to strengthen the sections of newly constructed pitching
walls are straightforward. Simple interventions requiring minimal funding can also be made

47
to the existing deformed pitching walls to consolidated them in their present condition if their
present appearance is acceptable.

2.6. Paving
The recently completed paving of the fort plateau has contributed greatly to the stabilization
of the rock mass. The remaining exposed sections should also be completed, taking into
consideration the proper direction of surface and waste water drainage.

The cleaning out of the Mori, its proper contouring for proper drainage and complete paving
is also a necessary measure.

Prior to completing the paving, it is recommended to carry out bore-hole investigations in

certain zones in order to assess the damage caused by water penetration to the bedrock and
the foundations. It is anticipated that the surface layer of the bedrock at the plateau level is
affected by disintegration and that certain penetration along the depth of the rock mass is
present. This is particularly important for the assessment of the stability of the structures,
particularly structures with more than one storey.

2.7. Retaining Wall of the Palace Complex

The wall on the north side of the Fort is both a retaining wall and a load bearing wall of the
Palace Complex. As this wall is of considerable height and is supporting one of the most
significant structures, i.e., the King's Palace, it is recommended that a detailed survey and
analysis of its stability is carried out taking particular note of the initial changes in the form
of cracks, displacements and changes in colour.

2.8. Buildings in the Citadels

The buildings within the Fort are all of domestic character other than the main palace
structure over the entrance. They all represent an integrity and are part of the cultural
heritage of the Fort. So far these domestic structures have not been surveyed as part of the
Mission's brief. However it is anticipated that it will be necessary to address this problem
and to respond to some of the basic issues.

The extensive number of buildings (87) that have collapsed within the Fort indicate the
severity of this issue. It is for certain that these collapses are due to a variety of factors. One
of the more influential factors is the soil medium and the change of its characteristics in the
course of time, as well as deterioration of the structures themselves.

To make a proper evaluation, it will be necessary to select typical samples of structures and
elaborate detailed studies with evaluation of stability and anticipation of measures for
consolidation. These samples could be used as a basis for evaluation of all other domestic
structures in respect to both long-term planning for developing suitable conservation and
repair techniques for their future rehabilitation.

2.9. Specific Structures and Their Treatment

Within the fortress, particular attention should be given to the Palace Complex. Structural
damage is evident in the Queen's Palace and the King's Palace is in a state of collapse. This

48
report does not evaluate the stability or the suitability of the works being undertaken at
present, but identifies the following considerations:

Queen's Palace: This building to the east of the entrance was originally constructed as a
royal residence with moderate live loads. Considering its new function as a museum and
gallery, the structure changes its function and thus there is a likely increase of live load. It is
therefore recommended, if it has not already been done, that the whole structure is checked
for its bearing capacity under the new loading requirements. It is recommended that:

The existing floor slab, the slender beams, the staircases and the columns with a high
concentration of loads all need careful structural analysis. On the west side the parts where
cracks are visible a proper analysis is undertaken to assess the cause of failure and
appropriate measures are taken for the urgent repair and strengthening using appropriate
techniques and materials.

King's Palace: A large section of this building to the west of the entrance has fallen inwards
and is now threatening to burst the outer walls. As a matter of priority, it is urgent that a
management decision is made as to the future of this section of the palace. If its future is
assured, the debris from within should be carefully removed to relieve the pressure on the
extant structure, after which a programme of conservation and repair can be developed.

3. LONG TERM ACTIVITIES

3.1. Basic Investigations and Monitoring Systems

The most urgent of the long-term activities is too carry out a series of basic investigations
and to set up a simple monitoring system. For all the following proposed investigations,
detailed programmes with clearly defined tasks will need to be prepared by qualified
institutions and firms.

Investigation Programme: Plenty of information is already available following a number of

analytical studies already completed. However many of theses studies need further
elaboration. The following is a list of essential requirements for the proper analysis of the
structures and the hill:

• The development of an engineering-geological map of the hill and its immediate

surroundings,
• Geotechnical investigations of soil and soil media,
• Investigations into the characteristics of the basic material (sandstone) both of fresh
masses that are presently used and materials built-in structures,
• Geophysical measurements and investigations of the hill rock mass should also be
planned as necessary, depending on the results from the engineering geological and
geotechnical investigations.

4')
Monitoring Programme: Separate monitoring systems for should be planned and installed
for:
• Standing historic structure,
• Rock mass slopes

3.1.1. Engineering Geological Investigations

The proposed engineering-geological investigations, to produce an engineering-geological
map (scale of 1 : 500) should cover the town area and its surroundings, with a special
emphasis on the fortress and the hill mass. The development of this map is essential
considering the long-term intensive exogeodynamic processes that have caused extreme
erosion and denudation in the modeling of the terrain. The results from these investigations
will provide, data to enable the selection of the most favourable variant for the stabilization
and repair of the slopes.

The completed survey and mapping investigations should be carried out in the following
phases
Engineering-geological mapping,
Compilation of existing data and their analysis,
Field investigation (bore holes, dynamic penetration, waste areas, etc.)
Laboratory studies (microscopic, chemical and physical characteristics).

3.1.2. Geomechanical Investigations

In places where there are variable media, the planning of the geomechanical works must be
carried out based on detailed observations. The geomechanical investigations of soils and
require both shallow and deep bore-holes, and if possible, penetration and laboratory tests of
the undisturbed samples should be taken and analyzed.

These investigations should be carried out on the plateau, the slopes and the lower parts
below the hill base, close to the pitching walls and beyond.

3.1.3. Testing of Characteristics of Basic Material

Carefully selected samples of the principal materials should be collected and tested as
follows:
New sandstone, fresh samples of material used in new construction
Characteristic samples taken from walls, bastions, pitching walls (dry, wet and coloured
samples)
Samples from typical structures (collapsed buildings, palace and temple structures etc.)

Tests should assess the mechanical-physical and chemical characteristics as well as the
stoneis reaction with adjacent new materials in contact with the stone - (cement, epoxies,
lime, acid and various emulsions).

3.1.4. Geophysical Investigations

Geophysical measurements and investigations will be useful when combined with the
proposed geological and geomechanical investigations with respect to their more rational
performance and may help to explain possible phenomena in the rock masses.

50
3.1.5. Monitoring Systems
Having witnessed the rapid progress of degradation and the recent collapses, it is strongly
recommended that a series of monitoring systems be installed to record the cause and effect
of the structural damage and deformation. From a structural perspective, the establishment of
a monitoring system to observe deformations and the development of cracks in the main
structural elements (ramparts, bastions, pitching walls, retaining walls, buildings etc.), as
well as a monitoring system for observation of changes and deformations in the soil media -
the slopes, the plateau, etc., will provide essential data and help with the design of
appropriate interventions.

These systems should be carefully designed and special equipment should be incorporated
which will record data over period of 3 to 5 years.

4. SHORT TERM ACTIVITIES

Three interventions were identified during the mission and it is recommended that urgent
measures should be put in hand to prevent further collapse. It is recommended that these
interventions are planned for and commenced at once, prior to the beginning of the monsoon
period. They are:

• Interventions on the collapsed bastion walls (see figs. 1&2, p. 5).

• Necessary interventions for the immediate stabilization of sections of the slopes;
• Interventions to prevent further collapse to the most endangered parts of the pitching
walls.

4.1. Bastion Walls

The most urgent intervention is the reconstruction of the collapsed walls of the bastions {see
fig. 1, p. 5 and fig. 11, p. 11). The walls adjacent to the collapsed section are exposed to the
monsoons and the advent of water from the coming rains is bound to cause progressive
failure. The reconstruction of the walls should be carried out following careful analysis and
the stabilization of the foundation and the necessary consolidation measures required for the
slope.

All the bastions should be inspected also and areas in a critical condition (places where the
contact between the wall and the bedrock is lost and where undermining has taken place)
should be identified. At these places, measures of urgent intervention should be taken prior to
complete stabilization by preventing the advent of water in the contact zones and, if
necessary, minimal reconstruction interventions or possibly an application of grouting by
injection.

4.2. Fort Slopes

Equally urgent is the need to stabilize the slopes where landslides are threatening as well as
in places where more intensive motion of earth mass is expected. The throwing of debris
onto the slopes should be strictly forbidden.

51
4.3. Pitching Walls
The works on renovation of collapsed walls should be resumed or continued. In places
where the greatest deformation and sliding has taken place, measures should be taken to
prevent the inflow of surface water.

4.4. Guidelines
Guidelines, including survey, analysis and performance of the works should be developed for
all the different activities proposed. Guidelines should describe the following phases:

a) Diagnosis and safety evaluation;

b) Choice of intervention;
c) Type of intervention with selection of material;
d) Checking and monitoring.

5. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

It is recommended that, in addition to the works specified in the Long and Short Term
Activities, that the following activities be carried out:

• The development of a Map of Priority, Map of Physical Risk (particularly for the fort
structures);
• Elaboration of Guidelines for a general maintenance programme which will be
complemented in the course of time;
• The training and education of a selected group of young professionals who will be
responsible for work at the Fort. This programme should start with on-site job
training, interaction training, etc.

6. POST SCRIPT - HAVALIS IN DOWNTOWN JAISALMER

The Collector of Jaisalmer asked the mission team to inspect and give an opinion on the
structures in downtown Jaisalmer regarding their stability and whether they can be repaired.
The mission spent a short time surveying the two structures. A visual inspection showed that
the building situated at the entrance of the complex had structural failure cracks in both the
columns resulting from extremely high axial loads on one hand and degradation of the
bearing capacity of the material (sandstone) on the other. Preliminary investigations indicate
that local repairs to strengthen both the columns can be easily carried out and this will re-
establish the structural integrity of the whole structure.

The second building to be inspected has become structurally unstable and is manifesting
extensive vertical fractures. The failure is most likely due to the removal of the adjacent
building which was acting as a buttress or support. To prevent further deformation and to
stabilize the structure it is necessary to prevent further movement by confining the structure
and re-establish its structural integrity. For example, one method of doing this would be to
insert ties and to prestress them.

52
Both these buildings will need to be carefully surveyed and measured drawings prepared.
Following this it will be possible to carry out simple interventions to make them safe again.

53
 RAINGAGE ^INFORMATION (IN M.M. ) FOR THE YEAH 1980

RAINGAGE STATIONS
SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

3 MARCH 7.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 APRIL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 MAY 3.00 6.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00

6 JUNE 38.00 46.00 5.00 0.00 116.50 65.00

7 JULY 78.00 46.00 5.00 0.00 116.50 65. 00

8 AUGUST 10.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 11.00 0. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 3.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 7. 00 8. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 5.00 0. 00 0.00 22. 00 16. 00

11 NOVEMBER 0.00 2. 00 0.00 0. 00 2. 00 2. 00

12 DECEMBER 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 6. 00 34. 00

142.50 108.00 10.00 . 00 281.00 190.00

TOTAL RAIN : 731.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 60.96

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

54
 RAIIvGAGE INFORMATION (IN J5.il.) FOR THE VEAK 1981

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH .POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY o.oc 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 4.5C 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00

3 APRIL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

4 MAY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 JUNE 8.00 1.00 0. 00 0.00 10.50 15.00

6 JULY 49.00 105.00 4 1 . 00 0.00 42.00 125.00

7 AUGUST 117.00 30.00 3.00 23.00 2 8 . 00 11. 0 0

8 SEPTEMBER 1 4 . 00 0.00 0 . 00 0.00 S. 0 0 0. 00

9 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

10 NOVEMBER 50.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 1 9 . 00 4 0 . 00

II DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

242.50 147.00 4 4 . 00 23.00 108.50 201.OU

TOTAL RAIN : 766.00

AVERAGE RAIN : 63.83

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

55
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 19S2

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 7.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 8.00

2 FEBRUARY 3.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 7.00

4 APRIL 5.00 0.00 35.00 0.00 33.00 8.00

5 . MAY 14.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 40. 00
6 JUNE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00 11.00
7 JULY 97.50 21.00 25.00 44.00 44.00 30. 00
8 AUGUST 52.00 39.00 67.00 35. 00 25.00 50. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 2.00 7.00 4.00 11. 00 U. 00
:i NOVEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00
12 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0. 00

178.50 72.00 134.00 83.00 135.00 167.00

TOTAL RAIN : 769.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 64. 13

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

56
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION ( I N M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1 9 8 3

RAINGAGE STATIONS

.'NO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

J JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2. 00 10.00

4 APRIL 35.00 20.00 25.00 10.00 86. 00 33.00

5 MAY 17.00 10. 00 0.00 0.00 67. 00 45.00

6 JUNE 30.00 0.00 19.00 18.00 3.00 50.00

7 JULY 111.00 46.00 69.00 20.00 152.00 85. 00

8 AUGUST 68. 00 13.00 61.00 19. 00 63. 00 47. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 6.00 47. 00 72.00 0. 00 58. 00 7 J. 00

.0 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.0 3. 00 0. 00

.1 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. CO

2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

267.00 136.00 246.00 67.00 434.00 345.OO

TOTAL RAIN 1495.00

AVERAGE RAIN : 124.58

Jaisalnier Rainfall Records

57
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1984

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 4.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0.00

4 APRIL 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 MAY 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

6 JUNE 21.30 0.00 0.00 0. 00 15.00 0. 00

7 JULY 25.00 27.00 19. 00 21. 00 63.OU 20. ÜU

6 AUGUST 45. 00 0. 00 80. 00 26.00 43. 00 4. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 41.20 39.00 . 43. 00 22. üú 5Ü. uO 64 . ÜÜ

10 OCTOMER Ü. 00 Ú. 00 Ü. 00 0. 00 Ü. Ü0 Í.UU

11 NOVEMBER 0.00 COO C. 00 0. 00 n r» ^

z.c.z
4 ¿- DECEMBER o.oc c. oc ü • nn
n \* w n no n n ii
c cc

* n ~» r n c c r\n « i -> r* n en ¡>n 1*7." r> n r c r* r.

»_• - . i- >~

T*r»T • T Ti • T "»* e *? *> r r

A. \s A a i . * W 1 J -'" •

f* £ o *

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

58
 RAINGAGI INFORMATION (IN U.ÍÍ. ) TOR THE YEAR :SC:

RAINGAGE STATIONS

;NO \»/"w*n»v',,r «JÁ1 J.T.^i>ltK RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

Jk JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 2. 00
4 APRIL 36.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.00 0.00
5 MAY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 7. 00
6 JUNE 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 JULY 30.00 70.00 0.00 17.00 159.00 75. 00
8 AUGUST 10.00 0.00 22.00 5. 00 0.00 12. 00
9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 50 0. 00
0 OCTOMER 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

.1 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 n. oo

2 DECEMBER 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 5.00 0. 00 0. 00

76. 00 70. 00 22.00 27. 00 175.50 96. OC

TOTAL RAIN : -166.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 38.88

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

59
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR TEE YEAR 1986

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY o. no 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 o. no

2 TEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.00 15.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 4.30

4 APRIL 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0.00

5 MAY 0.00 20.00 13. 50 15.00 6.00 60.00

6 JUNE 5.00 4.00 5. 00 7.00 0. 00 0. 00

7 JULY 15. 00 37. 00 55. 00 11.00 9.00 61. 00

8 AUGUST 45.00 64. 00 62. 50 4. 50 81. 00 27. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 2.30 0. 00 0. 0 0

1J NOVEMBER 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 U. 0 0

12 DECEMBER 0. 00 0.00 o. no o.no 0. 00 0. 0 0

65. 00 125.00 136.00 39.80 102.00 167.30

TOTAL RAIN 635.10

AVERAGE RAIN : 52. 93

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

60
 RAIN'GAGE INFORMATION (IN Jl.li. ) FOR THE YEAR 1987

RAINGAGE STATIONS
SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOL'H

1 JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 6.00 0. 00

4 APRIL 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

5 MAY 39.00 0.00 15. 00 33. 00 40. 00 16. 00

6 JUNE 0.00 10. 00 0. 00 0. 00 74. 50 20. 00

7 JULY 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 9. 00 8. 00

8 AUGUST 0.00 5. 00 0. 00 8. 00 1. 00 30. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. OC 0. 00

1 1
i. Á
NOVEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

i.2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

39.00 15. 00 15. 00 41. 00 130.50 7 A . 00

TOTAL RAIN : 314.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 26.21

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

61
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION ( I N M.M.) FOR THE YEAR J 9 8 8

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0.00 o.oo • 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00

4 APRIL 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3. 00 0.00

5 MAY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

Í. JUKE 0.00 6.00 35.00 0. 00 7.00 20. 00

7 JULY 57. 00 5.00 102.00 52. 00 129.50 46. 00

8 AUGUST 171.00 31.00 43.00 31. 00 40. 00 0. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

10 OCTOMER 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 e. oo
1J NOVEMBER 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0 . 00 0. 00
1 1
DECEMBER 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 C. 00

228.00 42.00 180.00 83. 00 179.50 S2. 00

TOTAL RAIN : 794.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 66. 21

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

62
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M. ) FOR TKE YEAR 1S89

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0. 00 0.00 13.00 0.00 0.00 5.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

4 APRIL 0.00 18.00 0.00 0. 00 3.00 0.00

5 MAY 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

6 JUNE 10. 00 10.00 0.00 4. 00 16.00 0. 00

7 JULY 68.00 54.00 104.00 41. 00 20. 00 63. 00

8 AUGUST 35.00 177.40 95.20 28.00 2i. no 16. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 19.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 J7. 00 13. CO

10 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

11 NOVEMBER 0. 00 5.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

12 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0. OC 0. CO

132.00 264.40 212.20 73. 00 77. 00 97. Of;

TOTAL RAIN : 855.60

AVERAGE RAIN : 71. 30

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

63
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.ll.) FOR THE YEAR 1990

RAINGAGE STATIONS

¡NO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 19.00 19.00 3.30 0.00 13.00 16.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 APRIL 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 4.00

5 MAY 6.00 0.00 42.70 0.00 1. 50 16.00
6 JUNE 0.00 26.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00
7 JULY 3.00 7.60 25. 00 65.00 29. 00 23.00
8 AUGUST 69.30 185.00 76.00 89.00 34. 00 61 .00
9 SEPTEMBER 5.00 0. 00 45. 00 49.00 33. 50 18.00
0 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 C. 00 0. 00
1 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00
2 DECEMBER 4.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

107.10 242.50 192.00 203.00 118.00 140.00

TOTAL RAIN : 1002.60

AVERAGE RAIN : 83.55

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

64
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1991

RAINGAGE STATIONS
SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 2.20 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 2.60 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 APRIL 0.00 0. 00 3.00 0. 00 J 4. 00 12. 00

5 MAY 0.00 12.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

6 JUNE 44.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 12.00

7 JULY 17.80 18. 00 15. 00 13. 00 15.00 0.00

8 AUGUST 62.70 6. 00 31. 00 67. 00 31.00 37. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 00 9. 00 36. 00

JO OCTOMER 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

11 NOVEMBER 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

L2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0. 00

129.50 36.00 63.00 81 .00 84 .00 97. 00

TOTAL RAIN : 490.50

AVERAGE RAIN : 40.88

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

65
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1992

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 4. 80 17.00 8.oo o.oo I.OO n.oo

2 FEBRUARY 3.20 n.oo 3.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

3 MARCH 3.40 5.00 4.00 0.00 3.00 0.00

4 APRIL 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 MAY 1.60 0.00 13.00 5.00 0.00 0.00

6 JUNE 1 .20 0.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 11.00

7 JULY 101.00 32.00 100.00 51.00 41.50 118.00

8 AUGUST 75.00 17.00 .40.00 2.50 16.50 87.00

9 SEPTEMBER 33. 80 83.00 130.00 47.00 43.5D ^-7.40

10 OCTOMER 3. 60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 u.00

11 NOVEMBER 5.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

'. 2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

232.60 154.00

TOTAL RAIN ¡ 137S.00

AVERAGE RAIN : 114.83

Jaisalmer Rainfall
66
 RAIN'GAGE INTORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1993

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKK

1 JANUARY 4.20 2.CO 0.00 O.OC 4. 50 0. 00

2 FEERL'ARY 3.00 2.00 5.00 0.00 1.00 0. 00

MARCH 0.00 COO COO 0.00 0.00 0.00

4 APRIL COO COO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 MAY 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00 9. 00

6 JUNE 85.00 34.30 39.00 26.00 43.00 37.00

n JULY 230.02 104.07 104.20 243.00 72.00 199.00
8. AUGUST 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00
9 SEPTEMBER 45.50 13.00 29.30 5.00 13. 00 23. 00
10 OCTOMER 0.00 COO 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00
XI NOVEMBER 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3. 00 0. 00
12 DECEMEER 0.00 COO COO 0.00 0.00 0. 00

369.52 155.37 177.50 274.00 147.50 268.00

TOTAL RAIN 13S1.89

AVERAGE RAIN : 115.99

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

67
 RAIN'GAGE INTORMATION" (IN M.M.) TOR THE YEAR 1994

RAIN'GAGE STATION'S

S.VO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM TATEHGARU POKARAN NOL'H

1 JANUARY 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 1.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 coo 0.00

O
MARCH 0.00 0. 00 4.00 0. 00 coo 0. 00

4 APRIL 14.00 2. 00 16.00 0. 00 9.00 6. 00

5 MAY 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 coo 1. 00 0. 00

G JUNE 15. 20 5. 00 5. 00 7.00 13.50 46.00

7 JULY 83. 00 222.00 115.00 58. 00 291.50 98. 00

8 AUGUST 34. 80 36. 00 28.00 72. 00 66.00 35.00

9 SEPTEMBER 44. 00 61. 60 44. 00 150.50 77. 00 43. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

1 1 NOVEMBER 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

12 DECEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

196.00 326.60 212.00 287.50 459.00 2 28.00

TOTAL RAIN 1709. 10

AVERAGE RAIN 142.42

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

68
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1995

RAINGAGE STATIONS

SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 10. 00 15.00 0.00 5. 00 0. 00

2 FEBRUARY 15.00 8.40 0.00 0. 00 13. 00 41. 00

3 MARCH 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00

4 APRIL 76.00 13.00 21.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 MAY 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 6.00 17.00
6 JUNE 34.80 0.00 17.00 7.50 1.50 0. 00
7 JULY 204.00 64. 80 120.00 165.00 104.00 186.00
8 AUGUST 34.50 25. 00 55.00 6. 70 30. 50 23. 00
9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 52. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
20 OCTOMER 22.00 2.00 26. 00 55. 00 62. 00 0. 00
11 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
¡2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

386.30 175.20 254.00 234.20 222.00 269.OC

TOTAL RAIN : 1540.70

AVERAGE RAIN : 128.39

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

69
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN H.Ai.) FOR THE YEAR 1996

RAINGAGE STATIONS

s.vo MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 1.80 0.00 0.00 0. 00 5. 00 O.OC

2 .FEBRUARY 0.00 9.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 13.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00

4 APRIL 0.00 3.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 MAY 47.70 44.00 . 20.00 29.00 30.00 40.00

6 JUNE 94.00 12.40 30.00 103.00 270.00 4 31.00

7 JULY 33.50 12.40 26.00 29. 00 92.00 28.00

8 AUGUST 7.00 32.00 30. 00 50. 00 34.00 0. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 6.00 4.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

10 OCTOMER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 u. no

11 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

12 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0

190.00 116.80 116.00 211.00 433.00 522.00

TOTAL RAIN : 1588.80

AVERAGE RAIN : 132.40

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

70
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1997

RAINGAGE STATIONS
SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH PQKARAN NOKH

I JANUARY 0.00 2. 00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 MARCH 6.00 11. 00 0.00 13. 00 1.00 0.00
4 APRIL 17.00 15. 00 11.00 13.00 10. 00 1.50
5 MAY 26.00 0.00 15.00 12.00 15. 00 0.00
6 JUNE 67.00 78.06 133.00 39. 00 68. 00 54.00
7 JULY 68.20 90.06 168.00 53. 00 110.50 97. 00
8 AUGUST 20.80 43.00 19.00 55. 00 37. 00 79. 00
9 SEPTEMBER 8.00 0. 00 10. 00 1. 00 7. 00 0. 00

¡0 OCTOMER 39.00 63.00 23.00 40. 00 30. 00 102'. 00

i I NOVEMBER 0.00 7. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 0 0

12 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 0.0

252.00 309.12 379.00 226.00 279.50 333.50

TOTAL RAIN : 1779.12

AVERAGE RAIN : 148.26

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

71
 RAINGAGE INFORMATION ( I N M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1 9 9 8

RAINGAGE STATIONS

NO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00

2 FEBRUARY 12.00 0.00 2.00 36.00 26.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 2.00 0.00 3.00 8.00 0. 00

4 APRIL 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.00

5 ' MAY 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

6 JUNE 46.00 0.00 4.00 11.00 42.50 26. 00

7 JULY 137.50 35.00 8.00 18.00 49. 00 80. 00

8 AUGUST 42.00 11.00 4. 00 56. 00 54. 50 34.00

9 SEPTEMBER 72.50 222. 00 187.00 92. 00 26. 00 66. 00

0 OCTOMER 23.00 3.00 3.00 102.00 122. 00 ¡30.00

X NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

2 DECEMBER 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00

333.00 273.00 208.00 318.00 329.00 336.00

TOTAL RAIN 1797.00

AVERAGE RAIN : 149.75

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

72
 J

RAINGAGE INFORMATION (IN M.M.) FOR THE YEAR 1999

RAINGAGE STATIONS
SNO. MONTH-NAME JAISALMER RAMGARH SAM FATEHGARH POKARAN NOKH

1 JANUARY 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0. 00 4.00 22.40

2 FEBRUARY 0.00 3.00 7.00 0.00 2.00 0.00

3 MARCH 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

4 APRIL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00

5 MAY 119.00 25.00 110.00 71.00 87.00 132.50

6 JUNE 8.00 0.00 31.00 52.00 6.00 3. 00

7 JULY 7. 00 30. 00 22.00 15. 00 12. 00 39. 00

8 AUGUST 234.00) 120.00 203.00 91.00 141.00 12. 00

9 SEPTEMBER 0.00 0. 00 0.00 0.00 0. OC 0. 00

10 OCTOMER 4.00 4.00 0.00 4.00 15. 00 0. 00

11 NOVEMBER 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 C. 00

372.00 182.00 373.00 233.00 267.00 208.90

TOTAL RAIN : 1635.90
AVERAGE RAIN : 136.33

Jaisalmer Rainfall Records

73
 m Htó ]#..
bffft ¿ ^ i s i t á i s *|¡i
STífíf ir si *m ^ " . Ht?
/í"-
MmmSmmm
l o

£ \ic«~-r-,U - < * í V *???*«* ^ ^ Í P . - r i J » ^ ^ tjiaaysy»- *

• I
38i¿¿jg»^gg^gSSgg£»jaS^saaZ
^"Z—Z ^ M>r ^i;.£^~' i^tüs i^Str *m RfF
1
i^ ^ " 1 «* -. r^r*

S.
to
.£
if E§££ tc^ W* a« a=
n j - «- r ,—>«|c> £ T í ¿Til sr r r •< t~ c*
**' j - r r-V*r • rJ V*? «r^

<£
m bff Sfí u - fes ÉxS* £ssj l^^í^...
* • * n '• ¿;
n K^ég^WJCT
mim suniíSt a* g *'^C T Í — - ^ u £ fi A fr y «•
i a-1* t( «f J- n J f M j f -^
l — — — — — [• L l , ,
• . . 1 l. . . L. r i . . t , U
t^uv, p S fes? tuhb
• i í 5 5»£*.
U
• f^ri o
h h- •""'
P- n * ÍT*» «•
Is^a*
I I » I * H n a- » g n » « .yw^ * ? • ( r>
N ? r*ír ?-ÍS
• - «c
•^immhm
.. *
£ •
|¿St sssi
«¡feas c a -
£•=*-
£ H *> A ">
r r- * ^ - r - ?O?»* Hg o r-r-S «0

I
á -^M-^-'T'Í'I*;'!^^^^
"i
* - * i ? i ^ f d1 i l : ££i£ld
— ' — • ~
• j Vf
i *]

p-a**
ps» pjí **** . ^^«sV^l
í ^ fellfeilllglili
.v*^
T • • j «M S *-

Jaisalmer Temperature Records

74
 « ', íf *« .' rfÜ
fer¿Sí m A

\11 ^U»rf~^^»í?í ,
í^?3
• «.ayCTrí^v»^»!
rr£c^c*--«* &
¿ = ¿Üí3 ttziié fíi ~ *-í
« tí
H *

»• »¿¿

•" " " j

Ríí"
1
>—_- t T Í
pí r 5 i
•> »• ¿ » »
wm ilff
1
I U r, V L jst . - i
o TTrt
ittíil £¿¿¿
TS"
«-^'C^f 7"
«tfsrsi:
2~ca iíBF IW kfc*S
»=
,*!
^¿sT'S
**i$i|J2!*3i¿Hi*?
-rilsfeffr
-vfV***
?ffs¿ü si Wit
M» Jfl»
r-»-*\r
*£1» RfiF f f w if*f*-
^Tí-Í^l
;a?aartg¡aaü;
par •7SI5 • «••&•
P5T^
;«•¥» m
p * " «* ¿TU umkum
fifí p*?. fiii WIF
fc^ho.
sK.**-
>r—
pK.SiinJ
WC¿
> 9 Í T Í •

i^
^rU^ojVr.TT^W

4*f
í k - i • l^¿. cK**.» —
mmum s-^^íásSsEíysbsiSÍÍS ¿75
'•~ ¿ M (t-
tottl
2J --" ^r aJy> SIb»^s.sUn m IfR
•• c ^ ¿ «¿ am ••% •«^'*»
—•f*•| t

w ^ - v íi
íjga^MjIteagl
r .

ws
féiS gs« m& s
•^sasá
5T
^ psnfsp
IS ' 1 •• í á - •? • i - * * " í •>"T" ! t "MSÍ S -
fpffí
ír-rí-T-JMíiJí
rar.
SHt
¡¡ral
Bf?'|fsP''W«
¿ffsssa

*i¿«?éÉialteiíiIiM mm mütiiTú'
-^

f??^ |^!? » » psr iffí

: -
m hu
i i J7
i
W
. . Í ¿ ¿ J
ifíiffltr
'

,*»*? , n-»^0¿!;?i-«í^2"ÍTq- u
^ UT¿íírífi"iV2«?2Ít l¿g
g gj¿?s^£gig5|i « LÉISISELÉMÍEÍ »|gtgüg
w^rt V^Í-V»1:

^f« I^^í.5: V*is • fti?S

t^» r r r r ^ i í r T
»-.W Fnt ,
iQjgjUgjg I¿I«á aí»»^^
"• !?"*rr*.**?Ín«í'4rt í
p
í a * l^T-f ^ l

Xfcí^ri
fíí^íá

fe •ro- o
0-
^r
r
Jaisalmer Temperature Records
7?
 RSTIÜT
torn
km
M O' i oO
P «K « <.r>£ gg3^_a_i: wSrtgr-
-J 2 m '» i 3 fO — W — M -

* ••':
fttff H» ft^s

biMálll Mm mra
Sfíf JFflt-^fi? jfjEfiF ^.«Ai •
>
> 2 u *•*•«!
¿¿ÍJS3 itfH

•.fc-ÍS Pt-is
[? = * *

fe¿jSi» • t-l •* J- ->%J(

.3- f> * rtrvJl
a- o t^«.«AJ
• » '
mm
! • LJ
feMA&g IMIS
Kr*: ÍRÍ km *£?£ ffSffi
sjjjiiMifeg raía iStiti snmm
b K i OT5^ #§• &?£§

eSiiMfli^
" «• 5 7 * " — ^
&**9é$ J-f» C*«r»j

Ktt íB* SP? far Je^bv,

hM
sltíif gffifeijmc ¿ s i l l & 1 5 ? ^ £>
msP
sr*?* Í£T* t?fff fTrSÉ
ímñ W ^áswa MU nasi
1 K» ^Zr5-
i« * " * tw
g U-rTJ*. J ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ U r . ^
¿M
g
BijilIMJígglljIfe wmrm tf^T
Hff
?.-¡,T?aí>>^-?MJ * ***** crj
gfiailsiiaagls fc;?aaaa EM P¿-¿tá¿|áSr?SÍJ
i
C fj, ; r i « iJ^J-n-oi * — — >• i* • ¡ f r á S M rs¿??«
•1 ^ «HO rtS—CK

kitrff
<io

u,
Jaisalmer Temperature Records
76
Jaisalmer Tourist Arrival Records
77
Jaisalmer Tourist Arrival Records
78
 AN INTERNATIONAL
PRESERVATION ORGANIZATION
949 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10028
Telephone: 212 517 9367
Telefax: 212 517 9494
WORLD MONUMENTS FUND

Emergency Technical Mission to Jaisalmer, India

2-7 December 1999

In response to this summer's collapse of 3 of 99 sandstone bastions that

surround Jaisalmer Fort, the World Monuments Fund is undertaking an
emergency technical mission to assess the recent damage and related
infrastructure needs, particularly water drainage and sewage discharge
from the Fort.

The main charge of this mission will be to address problems in the

drainage system in order to prescribe solutions and make
recommendations for both short term emergency stabilization and
long term interventions. The World Monuments Fund sees water
management within the context of the preservation of Jaisalmer as a
whole.

The mission will also investigate other conditions that might have
played a role in the fort wall collapse. Along with this, the mission will
review deficiencies in public infrastructure relating to the collapse of 87
of 469 buildings within the citadel. The Archeological Survey of India
(ASI) will undertake the actual stabilization and restoration of the
bastions and other fort structures.

In collaboration with ASI, INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage), and Jaisalmer Heritage Trust, the WMF mission
team (comprised of local and foreign architects, building conservators,
and structural and civil engineers) will consult with local and State
government officials to identify priority needs and work towards
articulating a viable Action Plan for Jaisalmer.

Reports recommending specific treatments will be generated by the

team members during this mission. The resulting consensus will help
guide any short term interventions deemed necessary and serve to
initiate a long term strategy. A monitoring and testing program will be
considered in conjunction with emergency stabilization measures.
Restoration of the Rani Ka Mahal wing of the Royal Palace complex, an
on-going WMF project in Jaisalmer, will also be viewed.

A public roundtable is planned for March 2000. This meeting will review
recommendations set forth by the technical team, finalize treatment
interventions and address the broader issues of conserving Jaisalmer.

79
MISSION AGENDA

Monday 29 November
Arrive New Delhi (James Belluardo)
Meetings in New Delhi: The World Bank (S. Sarkar and Ellen Schaengold)

Tuesday 30 November
Meetings in New Delhi: Indian Oil Corporation (KK Jha)
Lucy Peck
Arrive New Delhi (Mark Weber)

Wednesday 1 December
Meetings in New Delhi: INTACH (Ashis Banerjee, Bindu Manchandra,
Maharawal Shri Brijraj Singh)
ASI (SB Mathur)
Arrive New Delhi (John Sanday + Pedrag Gavrilovic)

Thursday 2 December
10:00 am - Depart New Delhi for Jaisalmer
Arrive Jaisalmer 2:00 pm
Lodging in Jaisalmer at Jawahar Niwas Palace
Lunch - congregation of all team members (including KB Jain and PP Oza)
Walking tour/orientation of Fort Area led by Kulbushan Jain
Dinner at Jawahar Niwas Palace

Friday 3 December
Visit to Jain Temple at Luderva and royal cenotaphs at Bada Bagh
Field view at Fort base
Meeting with Collector (Rajat Mishra) attended by representatives of local ASI, PHED,
PWD, Municipal Board, RSEB, SDM and Additional Collector
Field review of issues
Tour of the Rani Ka Mahal
Dinner in dessert hosted by Jaisalmer Heritage Trust

Saturday 4 December
Field review of issues.
Meeting with community representatives along with ASI representatives at King's Palace
Visit to lower city and inspection of havellis, as per request of Collector
Dinner at Moolraj Sagar hosted by Her Highness the Rajmata of Jaisalmer and the
Kunswani of Kasmanda

Sunday 5 December
Field review of issues -joined by ASI representatives
Work Session: Clarification of participants' roles and discussion
Assignment of report topics to team members
Camel-ride in dessert

NO
Mission Agenda (con't)

Monday 6 December
Field review of issues
Tour of the Rani Ka Mahal
Presentation of recommendations to Collector
Visit to Amer Sagar
Brain-storm session of topics and recommendations
Dinner for Maharawal's mother and sister hosted by WMF at Jawahar Niwas Palace

Tuesday 7 December
Final team meeting including final site visit and wrap-up session to review work
assignments and plan next steps
Return to New Delhi and other destinations by participants
MW, JB stop in Jaipur

Wednesday 8 December
Meeting in New Delhi: ASI (SB Mathur).
Lunch hosted by INTACH (Bindu Manchandra and Maharawal Brijraj Singh)

Thursday 9 December
MW, AB depart New Delhi for Cochin.
Meeting in New Delhi: British Council (Sushma Bahl and Chandrika Grover Ralleigh)

Friday 10 December
Meetings in New Delhi: INTACH (OP Agrawal, Director General)
UNESCO (Prithiviraj Perera)

Saturday 11 December
Meetings in New Delhi: Bindu Manchandra (INTACH)
Nalini Thakur (Head, Dept. Conservation, SPA)

Sunday 12 December
Meeting and visit to Humayun's Tomb with Ratish Nanda (Aga Khan Trust)

Monday 13> December

MW, JB meet in Mumbai before departure to USA

si
WORLD MONUMENTS FUND TEAM MEMBERS

Amita Baig
Amita Baig is the World Monuments Fund representative in India. In addition, she is
consultant to Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Namgyal Institute for Research on Ladakhi
Art and Culture, UNESCO, Member Ministry of the Environment's Environmental Impact
Appraisal Committee on Industry and a Founding Trustee of the Jaisalmer Heritage Trust.
Mrs. Baig joined the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) at its
inception in 1984 and was Director General of the Architectural Heritage Division from 1993
until 1999. At INTACH, Mrs. Baig was involved in the restoration of major civic and historic
buildings and monuments; conservation development plans for historic cities; socio-
economic studies; and theatre workshops.

James Belluardo
James Belluardo is a practicing architect in New York. He has worked as project architect on
several Landmark buildings, inner-city projects for the New York Landmarks Conservancy
Historic Properties Fund and new construction of housing and public buildings; and as lead
surveyor of the New York City Subway System for the National Register. In addition to
teaching architecture at universities in the USA and India, Mr. Belluardo co-curated the
exhibition and co-authored the catalogue An Architecture of Independence: The Making of
Modern South Asia. In 1998, Mr. Belluardo was principal architect on a World Bank project
in southern Russia to renovate and expand eight schools. Mr. Belluardo received a Master of
Architecture from Harvard University in 1983.

Predrag Gavrilovic
Predrag Gavrilovic is professor of Structural and Earthquake Engineering at the University of
St. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, where his subjects include Repair
and Strengthening of Structures and Historic Monuments. Dr. Gavrilovic has worked as a
consultant on various international projects and missions, and participated seminars and
workshops for UNESCO, ICCROM, WHO, UNDP, and GCI (Getty Conservation Institute).
Dr. Gavrilovic has worked for WMF as consultant in the field of Consolidation of Historical
Monuments at Preah Khan in Cambodia. Dr. Gavrilovic received a diploma in Civil
Engineering from the University of St. Cyril and Methodius in 1963 and a Doctorate of
Technical Sciences from University of Belgrade in 1972.

Kulbhushan Jain
Kulbhushan Jain is an architect-urbanist based in Ahmedabad, where he is also permanent
Senior Professor at the School of Architecture. In partnership with his wife, their professional
practice has designed several residential and institutional buildings. Professor Jain has
written and worked on projects dealing with architectural heritage, tourism, conservation and
development. He is architect for conservation of the Rani Ka Mahal in Jaisalmer, which is
funded by World Monuments Fund. Professor Jain received a Bachelor of Architecture from
MS University in Baroda in 1964, a Post-Graduate Diploma in Town and Country Planning
from the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi in 1966, and a Master of
Architecture from the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.

82
Pushpak P Oza
Pushpak P Oza is a civil engineer based an Ahmedabad, where he has been Member,
Appellate Authority on Water and Air Act for the Government of Gujarat since 1978. Dr.
Oza is Founder Faculty of the undergraduate program in Environmental Engineering at
Gujarat University. He has also severed on the faculties at LD College of Engineering and
Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, both in Ahmedabad. Dr. Oza has
published papers on Environmetal Engineering, including monographs Management of
Community Water Supply and Rural Sanitation Systems. He has also presented 25 radio talks
on pollution control, ecology and environmental law. Dr. Oza received a Bachelor of
Engineering in 1954 and a Ph.D. in 1974 from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

John Sanday
John Sanday is the World Monument's Fund Field Director for the Preah Khan Conservation
Project, responsible for managing the 12th Century Preah Khan Conservation Programme at
Angkor, Cambodia and representing WMF in Cambodia. In connection with this, Mr. Sanday
has organized the program for training student on-site at Preah Khan from the Royal University
of Fine Arts in Phnom Penh and has served as a thesis advisor to some of these students. Mr.
Sanday also maintains a general architectural practice in Katmandu, Nepal specializing in
traditional architecture, planning and heritage conservation. Mr. Sanday received a Bachelor of
Architecture in 1967 from Bristol University and completed a Post-Graduate Course in
Architectural Conservation from London University in 1968.

Mark Weber
Mark Weber is the Technical Director of the World Monuments Fund based in New York
and is responsible for the technical review and project management for select WMF projects
and provides related technical assistance to WMF's World Monuments Watch Fund. Mr.
Weber is team leader on WMF's projects in India - the Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin and
the Rani Ke Mahal (Queen's Palace) in Jaisalmer. Prior to joining WMF in 1998, Mr. Weber
was Director of Technical Services at the New York Landmarks Conservancy for 12 years
where he directed technical consulting services and coordinated the Conservancy's technical
publications and workshops, Mr. Weber graduated from the Boston University Preservation
Studies Program in 1983.

83