Human Behavior: Cepro Ii - Crim 3

CEPRO II – Crim 3 | 1
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Objectives of Studying Human Behavior
 Aims to understand others;

 To determine how and why people behave the way they do;
 Is a complicated phenomenon influenced by many factors; and
 A collection of activities influenced by culture, attitude, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport,
hypnosis, persuasion and coercion.
Human Beings
 are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.
Behavior
 It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
 anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation.
 the sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human beings act
Criminal Behavior
 Is the intentional behavior that violates a criminal code; intentional in that it did not occurs accidentally
or under duress.
Deviant Behavior
 It is a behavior that deviates from the norms and standards of the society. It is NOT criminal behavior
but it has the tendency to become abnormal behavior, it will become criminals when it violates the provision of
the criminal law.
Copycat Crime - is a crime inspired by another crime that has been publicized in the news media or fictionally
or artistically represented in which the offender incorporates aspects of the original offense.
Criminal Psychiatry
 It is a branch of psychiatry that deals with the evaluations, prevention and cure of criminal behavior.
Criminal Psychology
 It is a branch of psychology that deals with the study of behavior and mental processes of the
criminal. It deals with aspects of criminal behavior. It is the study of the wills, thoughts, intentions and
reactions of criminals, all that partakes in the criminal behavior.
Criminal Sociology
 It is a branch of sociology that studies about the criminal and to its relation to the social structure or
organization of society as well the process on how the criminal learn the behavior, both criminal and non-
criminal.
Structural - studies crime as its relatives to the social structure/organization of society.
Processual - the process on how people become criminal.
VIEWS or BASIS OF STUDY IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Human Behavior and Victimology
Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes, Inc
Prepared by: Instructor Betina Tomagan
Exclusive for CPIC AY 2022(Second Semester) Only
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1. Neurological - emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body,
especially the brain and nervous system.
2. Behavioral - focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be observed and
measured.
3. Cognitive - concerned with the way brain processes and transforms information in various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical - emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and
aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic - focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation towards self-
actualization.
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR
 Self-preservation - is keeping you alive, either physically or psychologically.

 The reason for self-preservation, reproduction; and
 A method to enhance self-preservation and reproduction, greed.
Stages of Growth - At birth, man is considered as blank except for reflexes which are necessary for survival.
A. The Pre-Natal Period

1. Ovum - first two (2) weeks
2. Embryo - from the second (2nd) week to the second (2nd) month
3. Fetus - second (2nd) month to birth
B. Infancy - first two (2) weeks after birth.
C. Babyhood - second (2nd week) to the second (2nd) year.
D. Childhood - which is divided into two (2):
1. Early Childhood - which is from two (2) years to six (6) years old
2. Late Childhood - which is from six (6) to eleven (11) or twelve (12) years old
E. Puberty - which marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adolescence
1. Early Adolescence - which from puberty to about seventeen (17) years old.
2. Late Adolescence - which from seventeen (17) to twenty-one (21) years old
F. Adulthood - which is from twenty-one (21) to forty (40) years
G. Middle Age - from forty (40) to sixty (60) years.
H. Old Age - from sixty (60) years and above.
PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN ADJUSTMENT
Adjustment = It is defined as the satisfaction of a need.
Most of man’s behavior can be trace to his attempts to satisfy his needs. All of us have certain
fundamental needs that we seek to satisfy. These needs create tensions in the human body. When we are able
to satisfy our needs, the tension disappears, adjustment has been made.
Three (3) Elements of the Adjustment Processes

1. a need which arises-
2. purposive behavior- leading towards
3. a goal- which satisfies the need
THE NEEDS ACCORDING TO ABRAHAM MASLOW

Notes in Crim 3: Human Behavior and Victimology
Christian Polytechnic Institute of Catanduanes, Inc (CPIC)
AY 2022(Second Semester)
Soli Deo Gloria!
Hierarchy of Needs Theory - It is human nature for people to seek to know more about themselves and
to strive to develop their capacities to the fullest. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology
proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation”.
1. Physiological Needs - The basic physiological needs are probably fairly apparent – these include the
things that are vital to our survival, such as air, food, water, shelter, rest, sleep, activity and
temperature maintenance are crucial for survival.
2. Safety and Security Needs - The need for safety has both physical and psychological aspects. The
person needs to feel safe both in the physical environment and in relationship.
3. Love and Belonging Needs - The third level needs include giving and receiving affection, attaining a
place in group, and maintaining the feeling of belonging.
4. Self-Esteem Needs - The individual needs both self-esteem (ex. Feelings of independence,
competence, and self-respect) and esteem from others (ex. Recognition, respect, and appreciation). It
is the need for appreciation and respect. When the needs at the bottom three levels have been
satisfied, the esteem needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior.
5. Self-Actualization - When the need for self-esteem is satisfied, the individual strives for self-
actualization, the innate need to develop one’s maximum potential and realize one’s abilities and
qualities. It is a term that has been used in various psychology theories, often in slightly different ways.
The term was originally introduced by the organism theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize
one's full potential.
Two Basic Types of Behavior
1. Inherited (Inborn) = refers to any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of
their inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.
2. Learned (Operant) = involves knowing or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope
with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival. It may be acquired
through environment or training.
Classifications of Human Behavior
1. Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

2. Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen
among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
3. Symbolic – substitute; it is “a person’s capacity to respond to or use a system of significant
symbols” (Faules & Alexander, 1978, p. 5 ). It is a behavior that are usually carried out by means of
unsaid words and shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex – two or more habitual behavior occur in one situation. A complex is a core pattern of
emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a
common theme, such as power or status ( Schultz, D. & Schultz, S., 2009).
Characteristics of Human Behavior

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1. Primarily negative and primarily learned

2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need
3. Automatic, voluntarily, conscious, motor or international.
Attributes of Human Behavior
1. Duration - length of time

2. Extensity - spatial characteristics
3. Intensity - magnitude
4. Quantity - amount
Classifications of Human Behavior
1. Conscious - State of awareness of thoughts, feelings, perception and what is going on in the
environment. It is any behavior that the person is aware of.
2. Unconscious - State of unawareness of thoughts, feelings, and perception. It is any behavior that
the person is not aware of.
3. Overt - Open to public observation. Or it is a behavior that is observable by others and can be seen
readily.
4. Covert - Unseen objects such as thoughts, feelings or responses which are not easily seen. Or a
behavior that is internal therefore not observable and cannot be seen.
5. Rational - Pertaining to reason influenced or guided by reason rather than emotion.
6. Irrational - Illogical.
7. Voluntary - Intentional
8. Involuntary - Doing something against your will, action made without intent or carried out despite
an attempt to prevent them.
9. Simple - What you see is what you get.
10. Complex - compound complicated behavior.
CAUSATION OF BEHAVIOR
1. Sensation - feeling or impression of stimulus; the goal of sensation is detection. Sensations are the
first stages in the functioning of senses to represent stimuli from the environment
a. Visual - sight
b. Auditory - hearing
c. Olfactory - smell
d. Gustatory – taste
e. Cutaneous - touch
2. Perception - refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine
the actual behavioral response in a given situation. It is the conscious recognition and
interpretation of sensory stimuli that serve as a basis for understanding, learning, and knowing or
for motivating a particular action or reaction.
The goal of perception is to create useful information of the surroundings. Perception is a

higher brain function about interpreting events and objects in the world.

Soli Deo Gloria!
3. Awareness - it is a psychological activity. It is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be

conscious of events, objects, or sensory patterns. It is based on interpretation of past experiences
with a given stimulus or object.
Factors that affect Human Behavior
1. Heredity - it is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent or ancestors). This is the process by
which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its
parent cell or organism.
2. Environment - refers to surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions and factors that
surround and influence behavioral pattern.
3. Learning - is the process by which an individual’s behavior changes as a result of experience or
practice.
Two (2) Classifications of Behavior
1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior ) is the standard behavior, the totally accepted
behavior because they follow the standard norm of the society.
Characteristics of Normal Person:

 Efficient perception of reality
 Self-knowledge
 Ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior
 Self-Esteem and Acceptance
 Productivity Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
Social norms - rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs,
attitudes and behaviors.
2. Abnormal Behavior (Maladaptive/ Maladjusted Behavior ) - Literally means ‘away from the normal’.
It implies deviation from some clearly defined norm. In the case of physical illness, the norm is the
structural and functional integrity of the body. Abnormal behavior is a group of behaviors that
are deviant from social expectation because they go against the norms or standard behavior of
society. A maladaptive (abnormal) person may be understood by the following criteria are used to
determine whether a person’s behaviors behavior is abnormal or not:
a. Deviation from Statistical Norm - The word abnormal means away from the norm; many
population facts are measured such as height, weight and intelligence, but a few are
abnormally stupid, but according to this definition, a person who is extremely intelligent
would be classified as abnormal. Thus in defining abnormal we must consider more.
b. Deviation from Social Norms - Every culture has certain standards for acceptable behavior;
behavior that deviates from that standard is considered to be abnormal behavior. But those
standards can change with time and vary from one society to another.
c. Maladaptiveness of Behavior - This third criterion is how the behavior affects the well-
being of the individual and /or social group.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
It is formerly referred to as character disorders, are a class of personality types and behaviors defined
as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the
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culture of the individual who exhibits it ”. This category includes those individuals who begin to develop a
maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social, and cultural influences.
Types of Personality Disorders
1. Paranoid Personality - this is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,

excessive self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one's own
mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
2. Schizoid Personality - Individuals with this personality disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close
relationship. They live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted affect. This is characterized by a lack of interest in social
relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.
3. Schizotypal Personality - Individuals with this type of personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors based
on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.
4. Histrionic Personality - this is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention through the use of
theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships are
stormy. It is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, including an excessive
need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness, usually beginning in early adulthood.
5. Narcissistic Personality - Individuals with this type of personality have a pervasive sense of self-
importance. A disorder and its derivatives can be caused by excessive praise and criticism in
childhood, particularly that from parental figures.
6. Antisocial Personality - This is characterized by a lifelong history of inability to conform to social norms.
They are irritable and aggressive" and may have repeated physical fights. These individuals also have
a high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.
7. Borderline Personality - This is characterized by instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior
problems. Individuals with this type of personality are acutely sensitive to real or imagined
abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that
alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation. Such individuals may abuse substances or
food, or be sexually promiscuous.
8. Avoidant Personality - Individuals with this personality are fearful of becoming involved with people
because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.
9. Dependent Personality - This is characterized by inability to make even daily decisions without
excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to assume responsibility for most
major areas of his or her life.
10. Compulsive Personality - This is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency, and
work coupled with insistence that everyone do things their way and an inability to express warm
feelings.
11. Passive-Aggressive Personality - The individual with personality disorder is usually found to have
overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate
that his needs will always be met and gratified.
Soli Deo Gloria!
PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Extroversion - characterized by interests directed toward the external environment of people and things
rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2. Introversion - characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.
3. Ambiversion - is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally

comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the
crowd.
4. Neuroticism - persons high in neuroticism react intensely and are generally moody, touchy, depressed,
sensitive and anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to environmental stress, and are more
likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult.
5. Psychoticism - is characterized by cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards unusual. A person high on psychoticism tends to
be impulsive, aggressive individual without appreciable concern for others.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
 It is an integrative approach to the theory of psychology and psychotherapy;

 It is described as integrative because it has elements of psychoanalytic, humanist and cognitive
approaches;
 TA was first developed by Canadian-born US psychiatrist Eric Berne, starting in the late 1950s.
 It is the study of social interactions of people. Its objectives are the following;
a. Provide better understanding of how people relate to each other;
b. Improve communication; and
c. Improve human relationship.
EGO STATES
It is a metaphor for a collection of behaviors. Because we can’t see inside our heads we need to find
ways of labeling clusters of related behaviors and the term ’Ego State’ does that for us.
Transactional Analysis Ego States - it is how people interacts.
1. Parent-ego State - an ego state that incorporates the feelings and behavior learned from parents or
other authority figures; a part of the self that offers advice like that of one's own parents, containing
messages that emphasize what one "ought to" or "should not" do.
2. Adult-ego State - a part of the self that analyzes and solves problems, using information received from
the parent ego and child ego states. It is assumed to be fully developed in a normal individual at the
age of 12.
3. Child-ego State - refers to the collection of experiences we logged as a young person and which we
now use as we make our way through life. Some estimates suggest that about 80% plus of our current
behavior is a repetition of our development up to the age of 5 or 6.

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How People Transact?

1. Complimentary - if stimulus and response patterns from one ego state to another is parallel.
2. Non- Complimentary - if stimulus and response patterns from one ego state to another is not parallel.
THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. Pavlov Classical or Respondent Theory

A common method applied in behavioral training in which a response is paired with a naturally
occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously occurring neutral stimulus comes to suggest the response in the
absence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned response and
the conditioned stimulus.
2. Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

This is another frequent method of learning that takes place through punishments and rewards for
human behavior. During operant conditioning, an association is made between a human behavior and
immediately a consequence for that behavior.
It is a form of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior
may change in form, frequency, or strength. Operant conditioning is a term that was coined by B.F Skinner in
1937. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (or respondent conditioning) in that
operant conditioning deals with the ‘modification of voluntary behavior’ or operant behavior. Operant behavior
operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the
conditioning of reflexive (reflex) behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions. Behaviors conditioned
via a classical conditioning procedure are NOT maintained by consequences.
It refers to how an organism operates on the environment, and hence, operant conditioning comes from
how we respond to what is presented to us in our environment. It can be thought of as learning due to the
natural consequences of our actions.
3. Thorndike’s Connectionism Theory – This theory states that learning is the outcome of the relationships
between stimuli and responses. These relationships become habits and may be strengthened or
weakened depending on the nature and the frequency of stimuli and responses themselves.
Thorndike's Three (3) Laws of Learning
a. Law of Readiness - refers to a preparatory set on the part of the organism to learn.
b. Law on Effect - what is learned under satisfying circumstances will be learned faster and
retained longer.
c. Law on Exercise - It means the frequent repetition will make the lessons better mastered.
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING
1. Motivation - is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and
elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.
2. Reinforcement - is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency.
3. Extinction - is caused by the lack of any consequence following a behavior. When a behavior is
inconsequential
4. Association - connections with other.
5. Interest - A state of curiosity or concern about or attention to something
6. Rewards or Punishment - is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency.
Soli Deo Gloria!
7. Recency - learning should always be recent in the mind of learners.
FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Frustration - It occurs when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of his needs. Sustained frustration may
be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
Main Sources or Causes of Frustration
1. Environment - The workplace environment and natural environment both may frustrate the employees.
2. Co-workers - Co-workers may be a major source of frustration. They may place barriers in the way of
goal attainment by delaying work, withholding work inputs, poor presentation of work, affecting its
quality, etc.
3. Employee Himself - The employee himself is rarely recognized as a source of frustration. The
employee may set higher goals than his abilities.
4. Management - Management may act as the source of frustration, they may block the promotion of an
employee due to change in organization’s promotional policies.
Reasons why Some People Fail to Reach their Goal
1. Unrealistic Goal - when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher than his level of achievement, he
is bound to fail.
2. Harmful or Anti-Social Goal
3. Environment Difficulties, including force majeure;
4. Conflicting Goal
THREE (3) BASIC FORMS OF CONFLICT
1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable object,
only to have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that object push back against the
closing behavior.
2. Approach-Approach Conflict - This is a conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two
desirable alternatives. There are usually two desirable things wanted, but only one option can be
chosen.
3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive

alternatives where a person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things.
COPING MECHANISM
 It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ in the way they react to frustration. This
could be attributed to individual differences and the way people prepared in the developmental task
they faced during the early stages of their life.
FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE

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 It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of response such as being
emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or becoming aggressive.
Broad Reactions to Frustration
1. Fight - is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking
down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
2. Flight - it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
1. Direct Approach - can be seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective way. They
identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve it, and proceeded with the
constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the best results.
2. Detour - when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always ends
up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and find
out if the solution or remedy is there.
3. Substitution - most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve
the problem did not produce the intended result, thus the most practical way to face the problem, is to
look for most possible or alternative means.
4. Withdrawal or Retreat - is corresponding to running away from the problem or flight which to some is
the safest way.
5. Developing Feeling of Inferiority - comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which
gives a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way to handle a frustration could result
to diminishing self-confidence, until the time when inferiority complex sets in.
6. Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in

physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the personal and
professional aspect.
7. Use of DEFENSE MECHANISM - is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last
result when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event. It is an
unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that provides relief from emotional
conflict and anxiety.
Primitive Defense Mechanisms
a. Denial - is the refusal to accept reality or fact, acting as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not
exist. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic
of early childhood development.
b. Regression - is the reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of unacceptable thoughts or
impulses.
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c. Acting Out - is performing an extreme behavior in order to express thoughts or feelings the person feels
incapable of otherwise expressing. When a person acts out, it can act as a pressure release, and often
helps the individual feel calmer and peaceful once again.
d. Dissociation - is when a person loses track of time and/or person, and instead finds another
representation of their self in order to continue in the moment.
e. Compartmentalization - is a lesser form of dissociation, wherein parts of oneself are separated from
awareness of other parts and behaving as if one had separate sets of values.
f. Projection - is the misattribution of a person’s undesired thoughts, feelings or impulses onto another
person who does not have those thoughts, feelings or impulses.
It is characterized by projecting or assigning individual’s problem, impulses, desires or thoughts to

other people in order to reduce the feeling of anxiety.
g. Reaction Formation - is the converting of unwanted or dangerous thoughts, feelings or impulses into
their opposites. It is defined as the development of a trait/s which are the opposite of tendencies that
we do not want to recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the
opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.
Less Primitive, More Mature Defense Mechanisms
Less primitive defense mechanisms are a step up from the primitive defense mechanisms in the previous
section. Many people employ these defenses as adults, and while they work okay for many, they are not ideal
ways of dealing with our feelings, stress and anxiety. If you recognize yourself using a few of these, don’t feel
bad – everybody does.
h. Repression - is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses or it is

unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences are completely
prevented from entering consciousness. The key to repression is that people do it unconsciously, so
they often have very little control over it.
i. Suppression - which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a conscious activity by which an
individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of
his mind.
j. Displacement - is the redirecting of thoughts feelings and impulses directed at one person or object, but
taken out upon another person or object. People often use displacement when they cannot express
their feelings in a safe manner to the person they are directed at.
k. Intellectualization - is the overemphasis on thinking when confronted with an unacceptable impulse,

situation or behavior without employing any emotions whatsoever to help mediate and place the
thoughts into an emotional, human context.
l. Rationalization - is putting something into a different light or offering a different explanation for one’s
perceptions or behaviors in the face of a changing reality. It is the defense mechanism that enables
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individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating
fictitious, socially approved arguments to convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical
and acceptable.
m. Undoing - the attempt to take back an unconscious behavior or thought that is unacceptable or hurtful.
Mature Defense Mechanisms or Compromise Reactions
Mature defense mechanisms are often the most constructive and helpful to most adults, but may
require practice and effort to put into daily use. It involves acceptance of a substitution for one that is desired.
An individual might give in to the frustrating obstacles but it is only partial. An individual does not give up
completely to his/her original goal.
n. Sublimation - simply the channeling of unacceptable impulses, thoughts and emotions into more
acceptable ones.
i. Humor - when used as a defense mechanism, is the channeling of unacceptable impulses or

thoughts into a light-hearted story or joke. Humor reduces the intensity of a situation, and
places a cushion of laughter between the person and the impulses.
ii. Fantasy - when used as a defense mechanism, is the channeling of unacceptable or
unattainable desires into imagination.
o. Sublimation - is considered as redirection of unacceptable impulses to socially acceptable patterns

while Substitution is considered as a form of defensive mechanism where frustrated impulses are
indirectly satisfied, that is without changing the quality of the desires. It is through this defense
mechanism; the individual seeks to overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate
goals and gratifications.
p. Compensation - is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by

emphasizing strength in other area or by concentrating on another area where they can excel.
q. Assertiveness - is the emphasis of a person’s needs or thoughts in a manner that is respectful, direct
and firm.
Aggressive Reaction Defense Mechanisms
r. Identification - an individual who is threatened merges into own self the qualities of the aggressor
s. Introjections - an individual incorporates into his/her personality the achievements as well as the
qualities of the aggressor.
Aggressive Reaction Defense Mechanism
An individual that is suffering from frustration might attack upon people or things. These might be done
by expressing it verbally as in chastisements and physically as in assault. It can be involved in a direct or
indirect attack in another individual’s character or possessions, or can be expressed in passive ways such as
obstructing the works of others through inattention, inaction or uncooperative behavior.

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t. Suicide - is a kind of aggressive behavior wherein an individual kills him/herself because of frustration.
It is a self-directed displacement of aggression.
u. The Free-Floating Anger - is another aggressive behavior wherein there is a prolong reaction of
extreme anger.
v. Scapegoating - is also a kind of an aggressive behavior characterize by blaming another person or

object for the own failure or fault.
w. Displaced Aggression - is a kind of defense mechanism from where a frustrated individual transfer
his/her aggressive behavior against other person, him/herself or to the objects that may be the cause of
frustration.
Withdrawal Reaction Defense Mechanism
An individual that is suffering from frustration simply retreat from the source of frustration either the
source is a threatening obstacle or a painful dangerous situation.
x. Fantasy - is a defense reaction that provides harmless respites from the sometimes conflict realities of
life.
y. Nomadism - is another withdrawal reaction wherein in an individual who suffered from frustration has a
tendency to wander from place to place as the individual desires to escape from a certain frustrating
condition.
MENTAL DISORDERS
When a person is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to difficult situation over a long period of
time, he may try to escape from conflicts by suffering from any of the following mental disorders:
1. Neurosis - a condition where a person compromises with reality by developing imaginary ailments,
phobia, obsession or compulsion.
Some of the more common neuroses are:
a. Anxiety - manifested through apprehension, tension, and uneasiness from anticipation of danger
the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized.
b. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - people who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive and
repetitive thoughts or behaviors.
2. Obsession - This is an anxiety provoking thought that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which
occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do
not belong to the individual's mind.
3. Compulsion - It is an urge wherein a person is compelled to perform some actions against his free will
and with duress as a result of external factors. This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain pattern of
behavior.

C D I 1 | 14
Examples of Compulsion
i. Arithomania - the impulse to count anything.

ii. Dipsomania - the impulse to drink liquor.
iii. Homicidal mania - the impulse to kill.
iv. Kleptomania - the impulse to steal.
v. Megalomania - the impulse for fame or power.
vi. Pyromania - the impulse to set fire.
vii. Suicidal mania - the impulse to take one’s life.
Phobia - an irrational fear which is fixed, intense, uncontrollable, and most of the time has no
reasonable foundation.
Types of Phobia
a. Acrophobia - high places

b. Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
c. Malgophobia - pain
d. Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
e. Gynophobia - fear of dogs
f. Claustrophobia - closed places
g. Hematophobia - blood
h. Mysophobia - contamination or germs
i. Monophobia - being alone
j. Nyctophobia - darkness
k. Ochlophobia - crowds
l. Hydrophobia - water
m. Pathophobia - disease
n. Pyrophobia - fire
o. Syphilophobia - syphilis
p. Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals
4. Depression - extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity, despair, rejection, boredom
and pessimism; a person is said to be depressed if these feelings become pervasive and can already
affect all aspects of a person’s life.
5. Psychosis - a mental condition where the person may withdraw from the real world into the world of
fantasy and make-believe, where a person’s hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled.
Delusion - false belief

Hallucination - false sensory perception
PSYCHOANALYTIC DEVELOPMENT THEORY
This theory explained that human behavior is motivated by an inner force called the human mind. This
theory was introduced by Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

 He was born named Sigismund Schlomo Freud, was an Austrian neurologist who became known as
the founding father of psychoanalysis or psychology.
Soli Deo Gloria!
 Freud theorized that people have two (2) basic instincts –SEXUAL and AGGRESSION. These two (2)
basic instincts are not always socially acceptable. When people exhibit behavior that is not acceptable, they
often experience punishment, guilt and anxiety.
Three (3) components of personality:
1. Id - Represents psychological energy, or libido and it operates on pleasure principles which can be
understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately. The ID only knows that what it wants and
what it wants right away regardless of the present circumstances. It does not care about morals,
society and other individual.
 It starts from birth to 6 months. (The only components of personality that is present at birth).
 Demanding, unrealistic, primitive, instinctual, uncivilized, undisciplined
 It is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends.
 The id is the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains a human's basic, instinctual
drives. The id contains the libido, which is the primary source of instinctual force that is
unresponsive to the demands of reality. The id acts according to the "pleasure principle", seeking
to avoid pain or displeasure aroused by increases in instinctual tension.
 The id "knows no judgments of value: no good and evil, no morality.... Instinctual cathexes seeking
discharge — that, in our view, is all there is in the id." It is regarded as "the great reservoir of
libido", the instinctive drive to create — the life instincts that are crucial to pleasurable survival.
Alongside the life instincts came the death instincts — the death drive which Freud articulated
relatively late in his career in "the hypothesis of a death instinct, the task of which is to lead organic
life back into the inanimate state. "For Freud, "the death instinct would thus seem to express itself
— though probably only in part — as an instinct of destruction directed against the external world
and other organisms": through aggression. Freud considered that "the id, the whole person ...
originally includes all the instinctual impulses ... the destructive instinct as well." as Eros or the life
instincts.
2. Ego
 It is the one that relates to the world or reality to satisfy the demands of the ID. The ego operates
by reality principle & uses problem solving based on how it judges reality. It controls the demands
of & mediates between the ID and the Superego according to the demands of the reality.
 It operates on conscious level.
 It begins in the first 6 or 8 months of life and fairly well developed at age 2 or 3 years.
 It serves to control and guide actions of an individual.
 It is the organized, realistic part.
 The ego acts according to the reality principle; i.e. it seeks to please the id’s drive in realistic ways
that will benefit in the long term rather than bring grief.[13] At the same time, Freud concedes that
as the ego "attempts to mediate between id and reality, it is often obliged to cloak the Unconscious
commands of the id with its own Preconscious rationalizations, to conceal the id's conflicts with
reality, to profess ... to be taking notice of reality even when the id has remained rigid and
unyielding.
3. Superego
 It plays the critical and moralizing role.
 It is the one that rewards the moral behavior and punishes actions that are not acceptable by
creating guilt. The superego is our conscience.
 It is a residue of internalized values &moral training of early childhood.
 It operates on both conscious and unconscious.
C D I 1 | 16
 It functions on MORAL PRINCIPLE.

 Develops around the age of 3-4 or 4-5 and fairly well developed at age 10 years.
 The super-ego aims for perfection.
Ego Ideal - rewards the person with feeling of well-being and pride when a person conforms to the
demands of the superego. It is concern with what is believe to be morally or basically right.
Conscience - punishes the person with guilt feelings when person deviates from the demands of the
superego. It is concern with what is believe to be morally or basically wrong.
SEXUAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR (PARAPHILIA)
A psychosexual disorder marked by sexual urges, fantasies, and behavior involving objects, suffering or
humiliation, or children or other no consenting partners. Or a psychosexual disorder in which sexual
gratification is obtained through highly unusual practices that are harmful or humiliating to others or socially
repugnant.
1. Human Sexuality – Human sexuality can also refer to the way someone is sexually attracted to another
person - which is determined by their sexual orientation – whether:
a. heterosexuality - to the opposite sex;
b. homosexuality - to the same sex;
c. bisexuality - having both these tendencies;
d. asexuality - or not being attracted to anyone in a sexual manner.
2. Abnormal or Sexual Deviancy - A sexual act that seeks gratification by means other than heterosexual
relationship.
a. Masochism - A psychological disorder in which sexual gratification is derived from being physically
or emotionally abused.
b. Sadism - is the derivation of pleasure as a result of inflicting pain, cruelty, degradation, or
humiliation, or, watching such behaviors inflicted on others.
c. Maso-sadism - combination of the first two.
d. Voyeurism - is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors,
such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be of a private nature.
e. Transvertism - is not simply a sexual disorder, but is best understood as primarily a disorder of the
sense of self buy obtaining sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.
f. Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily and exclusively from specific objects.
g. Lesbianism - is sexual activity or attraction between women.
h. Homosexuality - is romantic or sexual attraction or behavior between members of the same sex or
gender.
i. Incest - is sexual intercourse between family members and close relatives; sexual relations
between persons related by blood.
j. Pedophilia - means any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse, often termed
"pedophilic behavior"
k. Bestiality - sexual relations between a human being and a lower animal
l. Necrophilia - is the sexual attraction to corpses.
m. Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing one’s genitals to others.
n. Sodomy = sexual act through the anus of another human being.
o. Froilism = a form of sexual perversion in which three (3) persons are participating in sexual act.
p. Pluralism = a group participates in sexual orgies (sexual festival).
q. Cunnilingus = licking of woman’s genitals
Soli Deo Gloria!
r. Fellatio = sucking the men’s organ
FOUR (4) SUBFIELDS OF CRIMINOLOGY

1. Penology (and the Sociology of Law);
2. Psychological Criminology);
3. Comparative (and historical) Criminology;
4. Victimology
VICTIMOLOGY
 came from Latin word Victima, a word used to those who were sacrificed to please god and Logos
(Greek) which means a system of knowledge;
 simply the scientific study of crime victims and victimization;
 a scientific discipline which studies data that describes phenomena and casual relationships related to
victimizations;
 the scientific study of the psychological effects of crime and the relationship between victims and
offender which examines the following:
a. victim patterns and tendencies;
b. how victims interact with the Criminal Justice System
c. analyzes how different factors affect the perception of the victim
 The scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the
interactions between victims and the criminal justice system -- that is, the police and courts, and corrections
officials -- and the connections between victims and other societal groups and institutions, such as the
media, businesses, and social movements." (Andrew Karmen, author of Crime Victims: An Introduction to
Victimology in 1990)
To summarize, it encompasses the study of:

 victimization
 victim-offender relationships
 victim-criminal justice system relationships
 victims and the media
 victims and the costs of crime
 victims and social movements
Crime Victim – term used in Modern Criminal Justice System to describe a person who has been physically,
financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone committing a crime.
General Victim – refers to person who has been physically, emotionally or financially injured and/or had their
property taken or damaged by someone, an event, an organization or a natural phenomenon.
General Victimology – the study of victimization in the broadest sense including those that have been harmed
by natural disasters, accidents, wars and others.
Victimogenesis – the cause or origin of a victimization
Victimization – an event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or injured in a significant
way.
Victim Precipitation – when a crime is caused or partially facilitated by the victim himself.
Victim Prone – individuals who share a capacity for being victimized.

C D I 1 | 18
Victim Recovery – the presumption of the same or better level of functionality as was enjoyed prior to
victimization.
Victim Rights – refers to the privileges and procedures required by a written law which guarantee victims
specific considerations and treatment by the Criminal Justice System.
Victim Survey – a periodic data collection and analysis process conducted usually by a government entity within
the general population to study information about crime victims regardless whether they reported their
victimization to the law enforcement or not.
Victim Trauma – it includes emotional and physical experiences that produce pain and/or injuries which may
results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a specific memory which emerge
and have a long-lasting effect on the life of a person.
Vulnerability – physical, social, financial, psychological or material condition whereby a person or an object has
a weakness which could render them a victim if another person/s would recognize these weaknesses and take
advantage of them.
MODERN THEORIES OF VICTIMOLOGY
1. Victim Precipitation Theory

 This theory suggests that the characteristics of the victim precipitates the crime. Victims
themselves may actually initiate, either passively or actively, the criminal act that ultimately leads to
injury or death.
 It may contend that victims contribute to the criminal events that harm them, either though victim
facilitation or through victim provocation (Nicole V. Lasky)
a. Passive Precipitation - the victim unconsciously exhibits behaviors that encourage the attack.
b. Active Precipitation - occurs through the provocative actions of the victim.
2. Lifestyle Theory
 Lifestyle theory suggests that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices, that expose
them to criminal offenders, and situations in which crimes may be committed.
3. Deviant Place Theory

 It is well known that high rates of crime and deviance can persist in specific neighborhoods despite
repeated, complete turnovers in the composition of their populations. (R Stark, 1987)
 It states that greater exposure to dangerous places makes an individual more likely to become the
victim of a crime (Seigel, 2006).
4. Routine Activity Theory

The presence of one or more of the following factors creates a higher risk of victimization;
a. Availability of suitable targets
b. Absence of capable protectors,
c. Motivated offenders
HANS VON HENTIG – a Criminologists who found that certain victim’s characteristics did play a role in shaping
the crimes suffered (Doemer and Lab 2005; Meadows 2007). He believed that some victims contributed to their
own victimization by virtue of many converging factors, not all of which were in their control.
THIRTEEN (13) CATEGORIES OF VICTIMS ACCORDING TO HANS VON HENTIG
1. The Young – children and infants

Soli Deo Gloria!
 Physically weaker
 Less mental prowess
 Economically Dependent
 Less able to defend themselves
 Fewer Legal Rights
2. The Female – referring to all woman

 Physically weaker compared to man
 Culturally Conditioned
 Financially Dependent to man
3. The Old – referring to elderly

 Same vulnerability as children
 Mentally less facile
 May need other’s care
 Poor Memory
 Greater access to money
4. The Mentally Defective and Deranged – feeble-minded, insane, drug addicts and alcoholics
 Have an altered perception of reality
 May also suffer many of the same general kinds of exposures as children and the elderly
5. The Immigrants – foreigners or unfamiliar with a given culture

 Subject to varying gaps in communication and comprehension
6. The Minorities – racially disadvantaged

 There is some amount of bias or prejudice by another
7. The Dull Normals – simple-minded persons

 Having same types of exposure to harm as those who are Mentally Defective and Deranged
8. The Depressed – those with various psychological maladies

 May expose themselves to all manner of danger, intentional and otherwise
 May take psychotropic medication that alters perception
9. The Acquisitive – those who are greedy and looking for quick gain
 Such individuals may suspend their judgment or intentionally put themselves in dangerous
situation, in order to achieve their goals.
10. The Wanton – Promiscuous persons

 They engage in indiscriminate sexual activity with many different partners
11. The Lonesome or Heartbroken – widows/widowers and those in mourning

 Lonely
 Prone to substance abuse and can be easy prey for con men
12. The Tormentor – abusive parents, caretakers, intimates and family members
 Expose themselves to the harm they inflict, the resulting angst and the decree to which their
victims fight back
13. The Blocked, Exempted or Fighting – victims of blackmail, extortion, and confidence scams
 Still exposed to continual financial loss or physical harm
C D I 1 | 20
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN – French-Israeli lawyer who explains victims contribution through situational
factors. While working on the defense of a rape case, he became interested in the correlations between the
rapists and their victims. He found out that there was often a strong interpersonal relationship between the two,
and it could lead some victims to unknowingly invited or even cause their own victimization (Meadows 2007).
He referred to thus as Victim Precipitation. He ultimately believed that many victims shared unconscious
capacity for being victimized ( Victim Prone)
SIX (6) VICTIM TYPES ACCORDING TO BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
1. The Completely Innocent Victim – no provocative or contributory behavior to the offender’s attack
2. The Victim due to Ignorance – unintentionally does something that palces himself in a position to be
victimized
3. The Voluntary Victim – Suicides or those injured while participating in high-risk crimes
4. The Victim more guilty than the offender – victim provokes the criminal act
5. The Guiltiest victim – The initial aggressor but due to circumstances beyond his control ends up the
victim
6. The Simulating or Imaginary Victim – a pretender or false reporter
STEPHEN SCHAFER – was a professor of Sociology at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts who
proposed seven (7) Types of Victim Responsibility
1. Unrelated Victims – no victim responsibility

2. Provocative Victims – victim shares responsibility
3. Precipitative Victims – some degree of responsibility
4. Biological Weak Victims – no responsibility
5. Socially Weak Victims – no responsibility
6. Self-Victimizing – total victim responsibility
7. Political Victims – no responsibility
MARVIN E WOLFGANG – was a Criminology professor, legal studies and law at the Western School and
founding Director of the Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of
Pennsylvania. According to Doemer and Lab (2005), Wolfgang was the First to present Empirical Research
Findings as support for his Theories of Victimology or a pioneer of quantitative and Theoretical Criminology
References:
Criminology Glossary, Agas and Guevara

Human Behavior and Crisis Management, Bautista and Guevara
Human Behavior and Crisis Management (Criminology 3), Prof. Callueng, PCCr
Human Behavior and Crisis Management, Prof. John Romer L. Venturillo
Manual on Human Behavior and Crisis Management, Oscar Gatchalian Soriano
Psychology (General Psychology), Dr. Maria Lourdes V. Galindez
Wikipedia
https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780123740892/Sample_Chapters/02~Chapter_1.pdf
https://www.gcu.edu/blog/criminal-justice-government-and-public-administration/3-modern-theories-victimology
https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/pdf/RS_No70/No70_12VE_Dussich.pdf
https://www.waldenu.edu/online-masters-programs/ms-in-forensic-psychology/resource/what-is-victimology-and-why-is-it-important-in-
forensic-psychology
https://soapboxie.com/government/The-Four-Theories-of-Victimization

Soli Deo Gloria!


Human Behavior: Cepro Ii - Crim 3

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CEPRO II – Crim 3 | 1

Objectives of Studying Human Behavior

 Aims to understand others;

VIEWS or BASIS OF STUDY IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOR

 Self-preservation - is keeping you alive, either physically or psychologically.

A. The Pre-Natal Period

PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN ADJUSTMENT

Adjustment = It is defined as the satisfaction of a need.

Three (3) Elements of the Adjustment Processes

THE NEEDS ACCORDING TO ABRAHAM MASLOW

Two Basic Types of Behavior

Classifications of Human Behavior

1. Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and emotion.

Characteristics of Human Behavior

1. Primarily negative and primarily learned

Attributes of Human Behavior

1. Duration - length of time

Classifications of Human Behavior

The goal of perception is to create useful information of the surroundings. Perception is a

Notes in Crim 3: Human Behavior and Victimology

3. Awareness - it is a psychological activity. It is the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be

Factors that affect Human Behavior

Two (2) Classifications of Behavior

Characteristics of Normal Person:

Types of Personality Disorders

1. Paranoid Personality - this is characterized by suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy,

PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR

3. Ambiversion - is a balance of extrovert and introvert characteristics. An ambivert is normally

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)

 It is an integrative approach to the theory of psychology and psychotherapy;

Transactional Analysis Ego States - it is how people interacts.

Human Behavior and Victimology

How People Transact?

1. Pavlov Classical or Respondent Theory

2. Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

Thorndike's Three (3) Laws of Learning

FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING

7. Recency - learning should always be recent in the mind of learners.

FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Main Sources or Causes of Frustration

Reasons why Some People Fail to Reach their Goal

THREE (3) BASIC FORMS OF CONFLICT

3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict involves two undesirable or unattractive

Human Behavior and Victimology

Broad Reactions to Frustration

Different Types of Reaction to Frustration

6. Aggression - is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in

Primitive Defense Mechanisms

It is characterized by projecting or assigning individual’s problem, impulses, desires or thoughts to

Less Primitive, More Mature Defense Mechanisms

h. Repression - is the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses or it is

k. Intellectualization - is the overemphasis on thinking when confronted with an unacceptable impulse,

Mature Defense Mechanisms or Compromise Reactions

i. Humor - when used as a defense mechanism, is the channeling of unacceptable impulses or

o. Sublimation - is considered as redirection of unacceptable impulses to socially acceptable patterns

p. Compensation - is a process of psychologically counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by

Aggressive Reaction Defense Mechanisms

Aggressive Reaction Defense Mechanism

Notes in Crim 3: Human Behavior and Victimology

v. Scapegoating - is also a kind of an aggressive behavior characterize by blaming another person or

Withdrawal Reaction Defense Mechanism

Some of the more common neuroses are: