LAB CAT - 1

Name : Devang Garg

Reg. No : 20BCI0115

Slot : L 41+L 42

Subject : NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION (NETCOM- CSE1004)

Faculty : RAJKUMAR R

INSTRUCTIONS:

Save the file with your registration number

Send the word file1 and pkt file 2 with your registration nos

Example: 19BCE0001a.doc, 19BCE0001b.pkt

Common Question for all (Write it in word file)

a) Study of basic network command and Network configuration commands

b) Study of following Network Devices (Define & Mention its uses)

• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• Gate Way

Answer any one Question (use packet tracer)

1. Connect the computers in Local Area Network

ANSWERS

a)

1) ping

The ping command (named after the sound of an active sonar system) sends echo requests to the
host specified on the command line, and lists the responses received.

Syntax: ping ipAddress or hostname

e.g ping www.vit.ac.in

2) hostname

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Tells the user the host name of the computer they are logged into.

e.g hostname

3) traceroute (In Windows use tracert )

traceroute will show the route of a packet. It attempts to list the series of hosts through which our
packets travel on their way to a given destination.

Command syntax: traceroute machineName or ip

e.g traceroute www.vit.ac.in

Each host will be displayed, along with the response times at each host.

4) finger

Retrieves information about the specified user.

e.g finger bce8001

5) ifconfig ( In Windows use ipconfig )

This command is used to configure network interfaces, or to display their current configuration.

e.g /sbin/ifconfig

/sbin/ifconfig -a

6) dig

The "domain information groper" tool. If a hostname is given as an argument, it outputs information
about that host, including it's IP address, hostname and various other information.

e.g dig vitlinux

7) ftp

To connect to an FTP server.

Syntax: ftp ipaddress

e.g ftp 192.168.0.15

8) telnet

telnet allows you to log in to a computer, just as if you were sitting at the terminal. Once your
username and password are verified, you are given a shell prompt. From here, you can do anything
requiring a text console.

e.g telnet bce8001

b)

Repeater

Repeater is a network hardware device that is worked at the physical layer of OSI model, and it helps
to amplify or regenerate the signals before retransmitting it. Repeater is also known as “Signal
Boosters”. A repeater has ability to extend the data signal from one network segment and then pass
it to another network segment, thus scaling the size of network. The repeater allows to transfer the

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data through large area distance, and it can ensure for security and quality of data as well as
retransmitting the data with securely preserving the signals.

Uses

 Repeater simply allows to facility for making network interconnection.

 The primary function of repeater is to receive the signals for one LAN terminal cable and
then to regenerate and retransmit the all signals as its original form over other cable
segments.
 A repeater ensures that the amplified signals are not discard or weak before arriving the
destination point.
 Mostly, repeater is capable to regenerate the signal strength but it is done before
broadcasting.
 A repeater works at the physical layer of OSI model and transparent to all protocols which
are operating in the layer above the physical layer.
 With using of repeater, network can be scaled the size limit of a single, physical, cable
segment.
 The number of repeaters that can be used intended is generally limited by a particular LAN
implementation. Using a repeater between two or more LAN cables segment requires that
the same physical layer protocol be used to send signal over all the cable segments.

Hub

A hub is a common connection point, also known as a network hub, which is used for connection of
devices in a network. It works as a central connection for all the devices that are connected through
a hub. The hub has numerous ports. If a packet reaches at one port, it is able to see by all the
segments of the network due to a packet is copied to the other ports. A network hub has no routing
tables or intelligence (unlike a network switch or router), which is used to send information and
broadcast all network data across each and every connection.

Uses

 Hub is used to create small home networks.

 It is used for network monitoring.
 They are also used in organizations to provide connectivity.
 It can be used to create a device that is available thought out of the network.

Switch

In a network, a switch is a hardware device that filters and forwards network packets from one
networking device (switch, router, computer, server, etc.) to another. It is widely used in local area
networks (LANs) to send each incoming message frame by looking at the physical device address,
known as the Media Access Control address (MAC address).

Uses

 Connect multiple hosts: Normally, a switch provides a large number of ports for cable
connections, allowing for star topology routing. It is usually used to connect multiple PCs to
the network.
 Forwards a message to a specific host: Like a bridge, a switch uses the same forwarding or
filtering logic on each port. When any host on the network or a switch sends a message to
another host on the same network or the same switch, the switch receives and decodes the
frames to read the physical (MAC) address portion of the message.

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  Manage traffic: A switch in networking can manage traffic either coming into or exiting the
network and can connect devices like computers and access points with ease.
 Keep electrical signal undistorted: When a switch forwards a frame, it regenerates an
undistorted square electrical signal.
 Increase LAN bandwidth: A switch divides a LAN into multiple collision domains with
independent broadband, thus greatly increasing the bandwidth of the LAN.

Bridge

A bridge in a computer network is one kind of network device, used to separate a network into
sections. Every section in the network represents a collision domain that has separate bandwidth. So
that network performance can be improved using a bridge. In the OSI model, a bridge works at layer-
2 namely the data link layer. The main function of this is to examine the incoming traffic and
examine whether to filter it or forward it.

Uses

 A bridge in a computer network connects with other bridge networks that utilize a similar
protocol.
 These network devices work at the data link layer in an OSI model to connect two different
networks and provide communication between them.
 Similar to hubs and repeaters, bridges broadcast data to each node.
 But, maintains the MAC (media access control) address table to find out new segments. So
following transmissions are transmitted to the preferred receiver only.
 A bridge utilizes a database to determine where to transmit otherwise remove the data
frame.

Routers

Router is a network hardware device that allows to make communication in between the internet
and all devices which are linked to the internet in your house and office.Router has responsible to
receives, analyze, and forward the all data packets from the modem and transfer it to the
destination point. After reaching the data packets, the router monitors the destination address; get
to make consultation its routing table that take the decision which is the best route for transferring
the data packets.

Uses

 First, to make ensure that data is flowing with correct destination, like as uses sends the
emails to correct internet provider and recipient.
 Second, Routers provide the protection from unwanted data, like as enlarge file is
distributed to each machines over the network and improve the network performance.
 Third, router plays the role as a buffer in between the modem and network, and it also
allows the software security to diminish the risk of viruses or other malware.
 Four, to share the information with other connecting routers in the networking.

Gateway

Gateway is a network hardware device that is used for making communication in between two
networks with different transmission protocol together, and it is an entry and exit “Gate” for the
networks that helps to bypass the all data with the gateway prior to being routed. Gateways can be
used for both WAN and LAN interconnects.

Uses

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  It allows to move the all information over the Web and provides the entry gate for several
networks then users are able to perform many tasks like as send email, navigate the Web
Page, buy any product and services over the Web, etc.
 It plays the role as bridge in between the sensors internet devices.
 With using of gateway, battery life of sensors and other devices is getting to boost up.
 With using of gateway, it allows to make communication with sensors and internet devices
over the various protocols and then translate data into standard protocol that to be
transmitted to the cloud.
 It helps to reduce the latency while preparing the information.
 It allows to get reduction of the number of sensors and devices connected to the web.

Drive Link for the Cisco packet tracer file

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1w_S7vkZwmJ7EY9R6jGtJKZCzVbW-Pkdw?usp=sharing

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