CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF SAN AGUSTIN
Iloilo City

PRODUCT REPORT
on

Laundry Soap and Detergent

Title

By:

Mangadsil, Carl Joseph

Matulac, Reynee Shaira
Monroid, Kathleen Joy
Nobleza, Ma. Janicelle

BS Chemical Engineering 4

In connection with the course

ChE 427
SOAPS AND COSMETICS

SUBMITTED TO
ENGR. CHAMAIGNE LUZ D. JAMANDRE, ASEAN Eng, FPIChE
Asst Professor

April 18, 2022

 Table of Contents

Page
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RAW MATERIALS
3. MANUFACTURING FLOWCHART
4. MANUFACTURING EQUIMENT
4. QUALITY STANDARDS AND ANALYSES
5. PACKAGING
6. DIFFERENT PRODUCTS IN THE MARKET
7. REFERENCES
 DISHWASHING PASTE

Introduction

A dishwashing paste is comprised of an anionic surfactant, a salt of a saponificated fatty

acid, and a translucency agent, wherein the dishwashing is a paste and is translucent.
Dishwashing pastes are a type of dishwashing composition that are used in some regions of the
world, such as Latin America. These paste products have not undergone much change.
Generally, they are currently sold as opaque solids. It would be desirable to increase the
consumer appeal of these products.

Raw Materials

The main materials used in making dishwashing paste are sulfonic acid, caustic soda,
sodium silicate, water, translucency agent like urea, etc., fatty acids, soda ash, glycerin, sodium
lauryl ether sulfate, betaine, and lauryl propyl dimethyl amine oxide, and aluminum silicate.
Fragrance and colorings are also mixed in.

Manufacturing Flowchart

Manufacturing Equipment

 Sulfonator unit - The main reaction, as mentioned previously, occurs in the sulfonator
unit. Alkyl benzene and oleum are added to the sulfonator unit where the reaction takes
place and alkyl benzene sulfonate is formed. As the reaction is exothermic, cooling coils
are integrated with the reactor to cool off the excess heat.

 Sulfator unit - The secondary reactions take place in the sulfator and disulfonate and
sulfone are formed. Oleum and the alkyl benzene sulfonate, from the sulfonator, are
added to the sulfator unit and maintained at operating temperature of 55°C.
 Mixer - The product streams from the sulfonator and the sulfator are properly mixed in a
mixer and passed on to the surge tank.

 Surge Tank and Cooler - The product from the mixer is pumped into the surge tank. The
surge tank’s function is to mitigate pressure variations that occur due to rapid changes in
the velocity of the mixer product stream. Once the required pressure condition is
obtained, the product stream is passed on to the cooler where it is cooled down to a
specified temperature. After cooling, the product stream is passed on to the neutralizer.

 Neutralizer - Sodium hydroxide is added to the neutralizer to neutralize the surfactant

mixture stream and this process also helps to clean the mixed stream. Any unprocessed
or un-neutralized product is recycled to the mixer and follows through the surge tank
and back into the neutralizer. After the neutralization, the newly made surfactants are
sent to a warehouse or a storage building to be stored as raw material for detergent
manufacture.

 Crutcher - The crutcher is a mixing unit that is steam and water jacketed from inside and
is incorporated with agitators for homogenous mixing. Raw materials for detergents
which include surfactants, builders, and additives are added to the crutcher. Various
other chemicals such as colour pigments, naphthalene and TiO2 are added to the
crutcher unit. Naphthalene acts as a germicide. During the crutching process, water is
removed from the detergent mixture and a thick paste is formed which is then
forwarded to a drop tank, which is also used for pressure adjustment of the detergent
paste being pumped into the tank. From the drop tank, the detergent mixture is passed
on to the spray tower.

 Spray Tower - The spray tower is usually a 24 m high column-shaped vessel which is
primarily used for granulating the detergent paste/mix. A furnace is integrated with the
spray tower and the temperature inside the spray tower is maintained at 115°C for
proper/optimum granulation. Dried granules of acceptable size, density and shape are
obtained at the optimum operating conditions. The spray tower is also integrated with a
cyclone separator and a stack removal system in order to remove light weight impurities
and flue gases, thus forming an environmental protection approach.

 Cyclone Separator, Screening and Filtration - The granules from the spray tower are
passed on to the cyclone separator which separates the heavy granules from the light
ones on the principle of centrifugal forced separation. The product from the cyclone
separator is subjected to a screening chamber where granules of required size pass
through and the remaining are sent to the filter unit. The light weighted granules from
the cyclone separator are also sent to the filter unit, in order to separate granules of
required size.

 Perfume addition and Packing - Finally, perfume and fragrant smells are added to the
detergent granules. Afterwards, the granules are forwarded to the packing section for
sale and distribution.
Packaging

Packaging of dishwashing paste detergent is important to protect the contents from

moisture, vapor, odor, light, and even puncture. Dishwashing pastes are often packed in a
circular plastic container and is either color yellow or green depending on the perfume added in
the dishwashing paste. The product can be packed in different sizes to meet the varying
demands of consumers.

Different Products in The Market

1. Axion Ultra

AXION Dishwashing Pastes powerful grease-stripping formula eliminates dirt and tough

grease from your plates, pots, and pans. Its formula contains a special antibacterial agent that
kills 99.9% of common household surface bacteria in the sponge for up to 24 hours.

2.

Smart Anti-Bacterial
dishwashing detergent is
tough on grease and germs, but
gentle on your budget. Smart is
highly recommended for manual dishwashing, pots and pans and cleaning kitchen lavatories
and floor.

3. Dazz

Dazz

Dishwashing aids are packed with powerful ingredients that scrub off stubborn dirt,
grime, grease and stains. It has an enhanced anti-bacterial agent that makes dishes,
glassware, silverware and other kitchen utensils germ-free. It has moisturizers that help
keep your hands protected. 

LAUNDRY SOAP

Introduction

Laundry soap is an oil-based soap and used widely for washing clothes as well as
for bathing in rural area in many countries. The demand of this soap is very high in many
countries.

Raw Materials

Generally main raw material used for making laundry soap is palm oil or fatty
acid or acid oil, palm kernel oil or coconut oil or fatty acid, caustic soda, water etc. If
required then desired color and perfume can be added.

Manufacturing Flowchart
 Laundry soap making process can be divided in mainly seven following process :

» Soap Saponification (Raw soap production)

» Soap Cooling/Drying

» Soap Mixing

» Soap Rolling

» Soap Double extrusion (Plodding)

» Soap cutting

» Soap Stamping

Soap Saponification (Raw Soap Production) Process Flow Chart

MANUFACTURING EQUIMENT
 The process is started from soap saponification vessel. Oils/fats are fed by pump from
storage tanks and the process is started. Required quantity of caustic lye (water) of required
concentrated is added during the process. At the same time solution is heated (boiled) by using
steam of steam boiler. After process of few hours, neat soap will be ready in saponification
vessel which is transferred in to cooling moulds. After cooling and drying of the same soap for
few hours, the same soap is converted in soap chips by using soap chips making machine that is
for fast and better drying. The dried chips are used for finishing of soap and that process is
started from soap mixer machine where desired color and perfume can be added if required. A
process flow chart is given above for more understanding.

Soap Saponification (Raw Soap Production)

Process Flow Chart Equipment:

Soap saponification process is done in a specially designed heavy-duty vessel. This vessel is
specially designed to keep all the points in mind for better convenience in operation and better
saponification process. In this process oils are heated in vessel by the steam of boiler and
proper quantity of caustic soda (NAOH) is added for full saponification.

Steam boiler:

Steam boiler is used for generating of steam from water. Steam is required for heating of
oils in soap saponification vessel.

SOAP COOLING/DRYING EQUIPMENT:

Soap Mixer Machine:

This is a latest and specially designed soap mixer to mix soap noodle or soap chips with
other ingredients like color, perfume, preservatives, additives etc. Mixing is done by the specially
shaped "Z" blades set on parallel shafts mounted with close clearance in a double 'U' shaped
trough

Soap Roller Machine:

For the manufacture of high-quality toilet soap a homogeneous soap structure is

needed. For homogenization of the soap mixture, roller mills are especially well suited.

Soap Duplex Plodder Machine:

The modern soap making uses a duplex vacuum plodder for the final refining,
compacting & air free extrusion of a continuous bar especially in toilet soap.

Soap Circular Bar Cutting Machine:

 This Machine is kept immediately after plodder machine and which is used to cut soap in
to bar form. The bar coming continuously from the end mouth (mouth die), enter in to this
machine and which cut the same bar in to fixed length. The next process of this bar is to cut in
to tablet (cake) form.

Soap Cutting Machine for Soap Cakes :

The bars cut in to small soap cakes (tables) by using this soap cutting machine. The final
size of cake is adjusted here according to the weight of final soap. Distance between thin wires
can be set according to final weight need of soap. This is a reciprocating type wire cutting
machine which is hand operated as well as motorized. That is as per buyer's choice.

Soap Stamping Machine :

This is a ideal foot operated soap stamping machine where soap cakes are stamped.
Soap stamping die (mould) (upper part and lower part) is fitted in the soap-stamping machine
and both the parts (dies) movement up and down by rams.

Automatic Soap Stamping Machine :

Automatic soap stamping machine is required in bigger capacity of soap plant. Generally
500 kg./hour and above capacity of toilet soap plant is advisable with automatic soap stamping
machine. Approximate speed of automatic soap stamping machine is 100-350 soap per minute.

QUALITY STANDARDS AND ANALYSES

Key Learnings and Principles

• Only a representative set of stains can give a consumer relevant assessment of a

product’s performance – drive towards use of stains that represent consumer problems
in the most realistic way.

• Stains should be commercially available.

• Include (body) soil source since testing without soil can lead to seriously misleading
results as (body) soil has a significant impact on the absolute level of performance and
can also impact the relative performance and ranking of products

 Select most consumer/market relevant dyes for Dye Transfer and Color Maintenance.

• Select the most consumer relevant wash temperature for the product categories that are
tested.

• For additives, select detergents as “base” that are representative of additives user
habits.

Quality Assurance
• Reliable washing machines, representative for local market

• Fuzzy logic disabled to ensure equal program length/rinse cycles for all test products (to
avoid suds interference with washing cycle length)

• Calibration of machines and yearly validation

• Purchase of stains and other test materials from same production lots

• Adherence to expiry date/recommended storage conditions

• NO drying of test fabrics in tumble dryer and ensure constant exposure conditions to light

Dosage/Usage

• Dosages should be based on manufacturers’ recommendation:

•Generalists: normal soil/medium water hardness.

•Additives: a harmonized dosage (when not clear from the instructions); mechanical
action (rubbing) and exposure time should be selected according to test objective

• In case the manufacturers’ dosage instructions lead to large differences between products,
it should be highlighted.

• Dosage of powders is according to the declared grams on the package. For liquids it is ml.

Stain Set – Principles

• A representative set of stains should typically comprise a minimum of about 15 stains. Size
of stain should permit accurate reading (minimum diameter about 50 mm).

• The total amount of soil coming from ballast soil and stains should be consistent with
consumer habits.

• Stains should cover all consumer relevant stain categories for the products that are tested.

• Stains should be produced in a reproducible quality.

• Select suitable stain candidates from available suppliers - use mix of “natural” and
“standard” stains.

• Remove stains with artifacts e.g. high T aging or presence of foreign pigments/carbon
black, soot etc. which can alter the chemical behaviour of the “stain”

• Low variability (before and after wash)

• High discrimination

Classify a Stain Set

Example:

Evaluation

Stain removal:

• The evaluation of the degree of stain removal can either be assessed via suitable
instrumental measurements such as reflectance (Y-value, SRI) or image analysis, as long as
these methods are fully validated.

• Important is a statistical evaluation to arrive at meaningful conclusions.

• Reflectance via spectrophotometer, using the Y-value of the Y, x, y colour coordinates

measurement, light source D65 with a UV cut-off filter at 420 nm. Aperture used for real
stains 15 mm (minimum 12 mm). Stains are measure unfolded, 2 measurements per stain
(in the center of the circular area, or closest homogenous area).

• Measurements are taken on each stain BEFORE wash (to verify quality of stains) unless
there is a quality control in place and AFTER the wash and to evaluate standard deviations
and are reported.

• Rank products based on statistic evaluation (95% confidence level). An approach for how
to do this for a multitude of test products is recommended.

• Rank products on all stains, and if desired per consumer relevant stain classes. An
approach for how to do this for a multitude of test products is recommended.

PACKAGING
Packaging is one of most important steps in soaps and detergents manufacturing and hence
should be given prime consideration by soap and detergents manufacturers. Some of the
important benefits of soap packaging includes:

• Enhances the marketability of product

• Improves the appearance and attractiveness of product

• Increases the shelf appeal of product

• Increases the shelf life of product

• Reduces the waste during production

• Makes the product easy and convenient to use

• The product can be packed in different sizes to meet the varying demands of
consumers

The mixed soap is then fed to the soap plodder machine which used for
compression and better finishing of soap and which produced final output of soap in bar
form. Automatic soap stamping machine is fitted next to the plodder outlet and which stamp
the soap bar. The stamping dies of stamping machine are made specially according to
buyer's selected logo, design, brand name so buyer will get final laundry soap bar with
desired logo, design and brand name. This type of stamping is used for rectangular and
cube shape soap. Automatic soap bar cutting machine is kept after stamping machine and
which cut soap in bar form. The next process is soap cutting in cake (tablet) and which is
done by soap cake cutting machine. The cutting will be with necessary length for required
weight of final soap.

Soap Packaging - Factors to Consider

The selection of products and materials for packaging depends on the consideration of
several factors, which include - product compatibility and stability, cost, package safety,
solid waste impact, shelf appeal and ease of use. Due to some regulatory measures of
governing bodies and authorities, some of the factors that manufacturers consider these
days for packaging are:
 • Use of packaging material made from recyclable, reusable or bio-degradable
material.

• The label on the package is provided with information regarding the soap and
detergents ingredients used. The package labels now days are generally
accompanied by detailed instructions for proper use to maximize the performance
and minimize wastage.

DIFFERENT PRODUCTS IN THE MARKET

TOP 3 LAUNDRY SOAPS IN PHILIPPINES

1.PERLA

Tough on Stains But Gentle on Hands

Mention laundry bar soap to any Filipino household, and chances are, Perla would be
part of that list. This has been one of the old reliables in handwashing laundry. Some
people have even found uses for this outside of their handwashing chores. That is because this
soap is made from 100% natural ingredients, including coconut oil.

2.TIDE
Fresh Smelling Laundry With Every Wash

Struggling with sweaty odors that you can't seem to remove from your clothes? This
laundry soap bar is exactly what you need. The mild citrusy scent of lemon
and kalamansi can easily remove foul odors with your every wash. Scrub the soap
thoroughly on affected areas and hang to dry to leave your clothes smelling clean and fresh
after wash.

3.SURF

Enjoy the Softness of Fabric Conditioner With Every Wash

Save time as you hand wash your laundry as this soap already comes with fabric
conditioner. Now you don't have to worry about your clothes coming out rough and dry after
your wash. This soap is infused with "freshness petals" to your clothes for that thorough clean.

LAUNDRY SOAP
Introduction

Laundry powder

Detergent powders are laundry detergents that are created with a synthetic surfactant
rather of the metal fatty acid salts found in soaps. These detergents are available in powder
form and are offered as laundry powders, hard surface cleaners, and other products. The
majority of powder detergents have soap in their component list; however it mostly serves as a
foam depressant rather than a surfactant. Similarly, detergent powders are often created
utilizing a batch or continuous soap-making method. Surfactants, optical brighteners, chelating
agents, detergent builders, fabric softeners, enzymes, and other ingredients are commonly used
in these formulations. Hence, detergent powders are simple to use and effectively remove dust,
filth, grease, oil, and other pollutants from the environment. Detergent powders can be used for
both hand washing and machine washing.

The major surfactant in powdered detergents is linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. It's known
as LAS, and it's a cheap component that works well on dirt but not so well on grease or oily
stains. Furthermore, it is one of the most conventional washing options, with two major
benefits: low cost and stain removal power. These benefits, among others, have led to a
resurgence in the popularity of detergent powder over the world, and its cost makes it an
especially attractive market commodity for developing countries.

Raw materials for laundry powder

 Surfactants and anti-redepositing agents

 Optical brighteners
 Fabric softeners
 Enzymes
 Protease - degrades protein-based soils
 Amylase - degrades starch-based or carbohydrate soils
 Cellulase - breaks down cotton fibers to release soils
 Lipase - degrades fat-based soils
 Mannanase - degrades food-based stains
 Pectinase - degrades fruit-based stains

 Detergent builders
 Bleaches and compounds
 Synthetic perfumes
 Fragrances
 Colorant or Dyes


Manufacturing Flow Chart

 POWDERIZATION
RAW MATERIALS MIXING UNIT DRYING UNIT COOLING PACKAGING
VESSEL

The raw materials are collected and placed in a vessel where the raw materials will be
broken down, as shown in the above figure. To proceed to the following step, the raw materials
will be placed in the mixing unit in the exact amount and sizes that may be mixed, in order to
produce a homogeneous mixture. The well mixed raw ingredients are then placed in a drying
device to remove any residual moisture. After that, it is placed in a cooling vessel to cool and
prepare for powderization. Packaging is the final step in the powdered detergent manufacturing
process. The product will have a longer shelf life as well as be easier to use and store as a
result of the packaging.

Manufacturing Equipment

In the spray drying process, dry and liquid chemicals are mixed together in a crutcher to
form a slurry, or thick suspension. The slurry is heated before being pumped to the top of a
tower, where it is sprayed via nozzles at high pressure, resulting in minute droplets. As the
droplets descend through a circulation of hot air, they dry and create hollow granules. The dried
granules are collected from the bottom of the spray tower and screened to ensure that they are
of a consistent size. Heat sensitive components that are not compatible with the spray drying
temperatures (such as bleach, enzymes, and scent) are added after the granules have been
cooled. Powders produced by traditional spray drying have a low density. To blend dry raw
materials, dry mixing or dry blending is utilized. Liquids in small amounts can also be added.
Quality Standards and Analysis

Lightweight puffed powders with good free-flowing qualities are the best powder
detergents. Their average bulk density is 250-500 g/l, with hollow particles ranging in size from
0.2 to 2.5mm. The spray drying tower is the most dependable method for obtaining such a bulk.

ASTM D501 - 03(2016) Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Alkaline
Detergents
Sampling and chemical analysis of inorganic alkaline detergents covering the following: caustic
soda, soda ash, modified soda (sequicarbonate type), sodium bicarbonate, sodium metasilicate,
trisodium phosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, borax, and sodium triphosphate. The
standard also provides test methodologies for determining the properties of detergents.

ASTM D502 - 89(2016) Standard Test Method for Particle Size of Soaps and Other Detergents
Assures that the particle size of soaps and detergents conform to density, packaging and
particle sizespecifications. The standard includes both hand sieving and machine sieving
methods.

ASTM D820 - 93(2016) Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing
Synthetic Detergents
Methods for performing chemical analysis of soaps containing detergents, including the
following:  Moisture and Other Matter Volatile at 105°C (Oven Method); Free Alkali or Free Acid;
Anhydrous, Salt-Free, Soda Soap; Alcohol-Soluble Matter; Matter Insoluble in Water; Total
Alkalinity of Matter Insoluble in Alcohol (Alkaline Salts); Sodium Silicate; Phosphates; Phosphate
(Colorimetric Method Using Molybdenum Blue); Unsaponified and Unsaponifiable Matter; Free
Fatty Matter; Chlorides in Alcohol-Soluble Matter; Rosin (McNicoll Method); and Synthetic
Detergent (by Difference); Neutral, Inorganic Salts.

ASTM D1768 - 89(2016) Standard Test Method for Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Synthetic
Detergents by Ultraviolet Absorption
Test methodology for commercial synthetic detergents and built detergent formulations that do
not contain organic additives. The standard also involves testing of the measurement of the
ultraviolet absorbance of the sample at the maximum absorbance point for sodium alkylbenzene
sulfonate and at a selected background point in order to determine the amount of active
ingredient present.

ASTM D2023 - 89(2016) Standard Test Method of Analysis for Sodium Toluene Sulfonate in
Detergents
Test methods that cover the analysis for the apparent sodium toluene sulfonate (NaTS) content
of detergents.

ASTM D3598 - 89(2016) Standard Test Method for Citrate in Synthetic Detergents
Test method that covers the enzymatic determination of citrate in both liquid and solid synthetic
detergents.

Packaging
 Powder detergent packaging, which is a type of industrial packaging in which safety and
quality are vitally crucial, must have a high level of resilience once the product has been
packaged. These items must ensure that powder detergents do not come into touch with the
outside environment and that the inside of the packaging is completely isolated from the
outside. This basic feature safeguards the chemical components in the package from reacting,
especially in the face of changing external conditions. Furthermore, powder detergents are
typically packed in zip/vacuum bags, as well as containers and labels with flexo printing. Powder
detergent packages, which are made with extra care to protect the powder detergent product
inside, transport it safely and without damage, store it, and deliver it to the end user, are made
and presented individually as a label coil, that is, in rolls or bulk labels, depending on the
customers' preferences. To gain more information on industrial packaging and other packaging
solutions, or to contact us, please use our contact form.

Examples of powdered
laundry packaging

Different Products in the Market

Tide

Tide, the first synthetic heavy-duty detergent, was

not only a new product, but a new type of product.
Rather than natural products, it was based on
manufactured molecules. Synthetic detergents, led
by Tide®, quickly supplanted conventional soaps
across the United States, despite being initially
focused for marketing in areas with hard water.

Ariel

Ariel is one of the most popular detergent brands. It

is not only one of the best-selling detergents. Ariel
is one of the more expensive detergents on the
market because it is a premium laundry brand. The
nicest part about Ariel detergent is that it requires
less of it to clean more clothes. Ariel is available in
a variety of configurations to meet a variety of
requirements.

Surf

Surf (known as Sunil in German-speaking countries

and the Netherlands) is a laundry detergent brand
held by Unilever in most of the world except the
United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, where it
has been owned by Sun Products (now Henkel
Corporation) since 2008. Surf powder cleans
brilliantly and has a pleasant scent, and it works
well even in cold water. It has excellent cleaning
properties and is especially effective on white
clothing. To use Surf powder efficiently, place it in
HERBAL
your washing machine's dispensing drawer, add the
laundry, and start the cycle.
Introduction

Organic/ herbal products are trending; whether it the makeup industry, the food industry
or the laundry industry, the trend of using natural ingredients has really caught up. The main
reason behind this is that they are good for the environment as they are biodegradable and do
not contain any harmful chemicals. 

Natural or herbal laundry detergent is a cleaning agent used to wash

clothes, bedding and other fabrics. It comes in liquid, powder or pods and consists of all (or
mostly) earth-sourced ingredients. While the recipe varies among brands and formulas, you'll
often find options containing naturally derived surfactants, emulsifiers and stain-fighting
enzymes. Organic/ herbal laundry detergents are made with natural ingredients that still do the
hard work of removing tough stains.

Raw Materials

 Decyl glucoside- (a gentle, plant-derived surfactant)

 Lauryl glucoside- (a natural surfactant found in palm or coconut oil)

 Subtilisin, amylase, lipase or protease enzyme blends- (naturally derived stain-lifters)

 Coconut acid- (a cleansing agent)

 Lactic acid- (a softening agent found in natural sugars and corn)

 Citric acid - (a water softener found in sugar, corn or wheat)

 Sodium citrate- (a plant-derived cleaning aid and water softener)

 Sodium oleate - (an emulsifying organic compound)

 Sodium chloride- (a mineral-based gentle washing agent)

 Essential oils- for fragrance

Manufacturing Flowchart

Manufacturing Equipment
1.New 85D detergent production equipment, high-middle and low-end detergent production
machines

This machine is a combination of domestic washing industry and the actual needs of
the market, absorbing the essence of domestic and international detergent products, research
and development of liquid washing supplies special equipment, alias: detergent production
equipment, shampoo production equipment is mainly used for production A series of liquid
detergents such as detergents, shampoos, shower gels, laundry detergents, hand sanitizers,
glass water, and antifreeze. It is a special washing equipment for various medium-sized
investors.

2. JS-LF automatic vertical coding and sealing machine

JS-LF automatic vertical coding and sealing machine is a new type of packaging
machine that has been imported into foreign countries to be prototyped, digested and digested,
and redesigned according to the domestic situation. It is suitable for all kinds of heat sealing of
ordinary single-layer plastic film and composite film. Sealing and bag making of materials, such
as food, medicine, chemical, military, clothing, native products and electronic components,
which are required to package the above materials, can be used satisfactorily.

3. Detergent Powder Mixing Machine

Detergent powder mixing machines are used in detergent industries for manufacturing
free flowing detergent powders. Based on latest technology, the advanced detergent powder
mixing machines incorporate main drive system, and inclined mixer arms that make the mixer
more efficient, low power consuming, and time & labor saving. A variety of detergent powder
mixing machines are available in the industry that vary in their dimensional specifications and
characteristics, such as - construction, PAN diameter, batch capacity and power rating.

4. Soap Cutting Machine

Soap cutting machine is the equipment used in soap manufacturing process to cut soap
bars into desired lengths, sizes and forms. In these machines, soap cutters are usually placed
downstream from a plodding machine and the soap bars that come from the plodder enter the
cutter and come into contact with an incremental encoder, which sends a signal to the cutting
system.

Quality Standards and Analyses

Storage
Herbal materials must be stored under specified conditions in order to avoid contamination and
deterioration.

Containers
The container and its closure must not interact physically or chemically with the material within
in any way that would alter its quality. The following descriptive terms are used to indicate
general requirements for the permeability of containers:

 Well-closed containers- must protect the contents from extraneous matter or from loss
of the material under normal conditions of handling, shipment or storage.

 Tightly closed containers- must protect the contents from extraneous matter, from loss
of the material, and from efflorescence, deliquescence, or evaporation under normal
conditions of handling, shipment or storage. If the container is intended to be opened on
several occasions, it must be designed to be airtight after reclosure.

 Hermetically closed containers -must protect the contents from extraneous matter and
from loss of the substance, and must be impervious to air or any other gas under normal
conditions of handling, shipment or storage. In addition, a tamper-evident container is
one that is fitted with a device that reveals clearly whether it has ever been opened.

Protection from light

Herbal materials requiring protection from light should be kept in a light-resistant

container that — either by reason of the inherent properties of the material from which it is
made or because a special coating has been applied to it — shields the contents from the
effects of light. Alternatively, the container may be placed inside a suitable light-resistant
(opaque) covering and/or stored in a dark place.

Temperature

Materials that need to be stored at temperatures other than room temperature (15–25
°C or, depending on the climate conditions, up to 30 °C) should be labelled accordingly.

Humidity

Low humidity may be maintained, if necessary, by the use of a desiccant in the container
provided that direct contact with the product is avoided. Care must be taken when the container
is opened in damp or humid conditions.

Size of cut

Herbal materials are used either whole, or in cut or powdered form. Cut herbal materials
are prepared by cutting or crushing the plant into small pieces. The cut is graded according to
the aperture size of the mesh of the sieve through which the material will pass, and is indicated
as follows:

Aperture size (mm)

 coarse cut 4.00

  medium cut 2.80

 fine cut 2.00

Packaging

Packaging is key to avoid product leakage, to ensure safe use, to protect products
during transport and to enable correct dosage. However, it is essential that packaging is
correctly collected and disposed of to ensure it is properly recycled and potentially adverse
environmental impacts are avoided.

 Paper-based packaging- products like cardboard, paperboard, shipping sacks, and paper
bags — is made from renewable resources (recycled paper fiber and trees) that are
replanted to ensure a sustainable supply

 Fully compostable bottles- are made from a blend of plant-based materials that are
much healthier for the planet than traditional petroleum-based plastics. They're rigid
enough to hold their form until they reach municipal compost.
 Compostable and Biodegradable Stand Up Pouches- Compostable and biodegradable
stand up pouches are highly stable when full. Their stand-up construction offers a great
solution to retail packaging. It makes the pouches highly visible on display shelves and
retail stands. The uses of this stand up pouches are broad.

Examples of Zero-waste packaging

Different Products in the Market

1. Dropps

Ethics | Natural, eco-friendly practices, cruelty-free, made in USA, baby- & pet-safe options,
carbon-neutral shipping

Features | Plant-based formulas, recyclable packaging, HE-compatible, no dyes, chlorine,

phosphates, parabens, or phthalates

Dropps makes our lives easier and safer with plant-based laundry detergent pods. Made
without dyes, phosphates, and chlorine, this third-party tested formula is powered by botanical
ingredients and natural oils like patchouli and eucalyptus. It’s pre-packaged in a water-soluble
casing so you don’t even need to measure it; simply drop one in to the wash, add your clothes,
choose your cycle, and hit start! Dropps offers subscriptions so you never need to worry about
restocking, sent to you in compostable packaging with carbon-neutral shipping. Ideal for pets,
babies, and sensitive skin, Dropps has formulas for everyone.

2. Blueland
Ethics | Certified B Corp, natural, eco-friendly, plastic-free, baby- & pet-safe, Leaping Bunny,
Cradle to Cradle, & Climate Neutral Certified

Features | Hypoallergenic, compostable packaging, HE-compatible, no artificial dyes or

fragrances, chlorine, phosphates, or parabens

On a mission to reduce plastic and waste, Blueland’s laundry detergent pods come in
fully compostable packaging without the plastic film you may be used to. Free from allergens,
chlorine, and petroleum, these are better for the planet and your body. They’re vetted, too, with
certifications from Leaping Bunny, Cradle to Cradle, and USDA BioPreferred

3. PUR Home
Ethics | Natural, eco-friendly practices, made in USA, Leaping Bunny certified, gives back

Features | Plant-based formulas, recyclable packaging, sulfate-free, HE-compatible, no dyes,

synthetic fragrances, chlorine, phosphates, or parabens

PUR Home co-founder Angela Richardson began her journey into eco-friendly living after
making her first natural soaps; today, PUR Home is beloved by thousands, including the likes of
Beyonce and features on Refinery29 and Marie Claire. Available in both liquid and pac (pod)
styles, this natural brand turns to plant-based ingredients for a double-concentrated formula (so
less packaging and water waste!). The team transparently lists ingredients online, and are
Leaping Bunny certified. Color- and skin-safe, your clothing and the planet will thank you.

REFERENCES:
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2011084780A1/en

https://doku.pub/documents/detergents-manufacturing-process-v4lod633prqx

https://www.jagdishindia.com/laundry_soap_making_process.htm

https://www.aise.eu/documents/document/20180625164030-
laundry_detergent_testing_guidelines_v_5_2_june_2018_.pdf

http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/packaging.html

https://www.thespruce.com/how-laundry-detergent-ingredients-work-2146619

https://cen.acs.org/business/consumer-products/Almost-extinct-US-powdered-laundry/97/i4

http://www.detergentsandsoaps.com/detergent-powder.html

https://stppgroup.com/detergent-powder-ingredients-and-manufacturing-process/

https://enterslice.com/learning/detergent-powder-manufacturing/

https://www.solverchem.com/articles/detergent/powder-detergent-manufacturing-process/details

https://etki-packaging.com/powder-detergent-packaging/

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/tidedetergent.html

https://refrigeratorpro.in/ariel-vs-surf-excel/

https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-surf-powder

https://charmestrength.com/how-good-is-surf-washing-powder/

https://www.thegoodtrade.com/features/organic-laundry-detergent

https://simply-laundry.com/blog/6-great-benefits-of-using-natural-detergents-for-laundering/

https://www.parachutehome.com/blog/why-use-natural-laundry-detergent

https://www.aise.eu/our-activities/sustainable-cleaning-78/circular-economy/packaging-
2222.aspx

https://www.standuppouches.net/eco-friendly-options

https://www.tedpc.com/compostable-and-biodegradable-stand-up-pouches/

https://ueindus.en.made-in-china.com/product/usFJiGpKHlWa/China-Washing-Powder-
Production-Equipment-for-Detergent.html

http://sodis-plc.com/blog/en/what-are-the-common-types-of-soap-detergent-machinery-used-in-
soap-making/