Urea from Ammonia and

Carbon Dioxide
Group 1: Celiz, Flame, Burgos, Matulac, Abbas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction

2. Market Feasibility Study

2.1 Import and Export data
2.2 Projections (2022-2051)
2.3 Market share
2.4 Availability of Raw materials
2.5 Prevailing prices of raw materials and product with Projections
2.6 Conclusion

3. Process Description and Process flow Diagram

3.1 Partial Recycle Process
3.2 Total Recycle Process
3.3 Flow Diagram of Urea Production Process

4. References
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1.1 Export and Import Data: Urea (Deficit)
Figure 2.2 Projected Data versus Time: Urea
Figure 2.3.1 Market Share by Application
Figure 2.3.2 Market Share by Region
Figure 2.5 Prices for Raw Materials and Products

Figure 3.1 Once-through recycle Process

Figure 3.2 Partial Recycle Process
Figure 3.3 Total Recycle Process
Figure 3.4 Snamprogetti Urea Process
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.1 Export and Import Data: Chlorobenzene
Table 2.2.1 Projected Data: Chlorobenzene
Table 2.1.2 Export and Import Data: Urea
Table 2.2.2 Projected Data: Urea
Table 2.5.1 Prevailing Price of Ammonia
Table 2.5.1.1 Forecasted Price of Ammonia
Table 2.5.2 Prevailing Price of Carbon Dioxide
Table 2.5.2.1 Projected Price of Carbon Dioxide
Table 2.5.3 Current and Projected Price of Urea
Table 2.5.3.1 Projected Price of Urea
1. INTRODUCTION
The goal of this study is to choose a topic based on export and import statistics, deficits,
product supply and demand, and market projections. We will look into two topics: the
production of chlorobenzene from chlorine and benzene, and the production of urea from
ammonia and carbon dioxide.
Introduction of Products
1.1 Definitions of terms:
► Chlorobenzene is a colorless, mobile liquid with a strong almond like odor; it is
a member of the organic halogen compound family and is used as a solvent
and starting material in the production of other organic compounds (Britannica,
2022).
► Urea, also known as carbamide, is an organic compound with the chemical
formula CO(NH2)2. Urea belongs to the amide functional group because it
contains two NH2 groups that join with the (C=O) carbonyl functional group.
Urea is a well-known organic compound in everyday life. In biological terms,
urine plays an important role in nitrogen excretion in the human body,
combining two ammonia molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide (CO2)
molecule in the urea cycle. In agriculture, urea is widely used in fertilizers as a
nitrogen source for plants, whereas in the chemical industry, it serves as a raw
material for most of the other chemical production (Noorsham, Saberi,
Mustaffa, & Pahmi, 2014)
2. Market Feasibility
Data
PHILIPPINE MERCHANDISE IMPORTS FROM THE WORLD BY PRODUCT AND PRODUCT CODE
FOB VALUE IN US $
QUANTITY IN GROSS KILOS (KG)
FY 2006 TO 2021
Product Description: CHLOROBENZENE, O-DICHLOROBENZENE AND P-DICHLOROBENZENE
Product Code: 290361
NOTE: Based on international trade data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 03 March 2022

Year Quantity (Import) Value Quantity (Export) Value Trade Deficit ($)
2006 646,853 539,944 0 0 539,944
2007 543,891 404,889 0 0 404,889
2008 341,510 260,860 0 0 260,860
2009 420,328 290,769 0 0 290,769
2010 1,077,390 997,384 0 0 997,384
2011 1,156,211 1,744,401 0 0 1,744,401
2012 1,032,759 1,488,800 0 0 1,488,800
2013 1,036,881 1,397,720 0 0 1,397,720
2014 986,008 1,303,412 0 0 1,303,412
2015 981,779 1,009,835 0 0 1,009,835
2016 1,364,549 1,418,797 0 0 1,418,797
2017 1,400,506 1,477,576 0 0 1,477,576
2018 1,562,057 1,745,684 0 0 1,745,684
2019 1,940,031 2,014,522 0 0 2,014,522
2020 1,943,628 2,007,336 0 0 2,007,336
2021 2,315,471 2,602,196 0 0 2,602,196

Table 2.1.1 Export and Import Data of Chlorobenzene

 Table 2.2.1 Projected Data: Chlorobenzene

Year Quantity (Import) Value Quantity (Export) Value Trade Deficit ($) Year Quantity (Import) Value Quantity (Export) Value Trade Deficit ($)

2038 3,844,701.61 4,338,177.37 - - 4,338,177.37

2022 2,099,176.15 2,350,148.27 - - 2,350,148.27

2023 2,208,271.49 2,474,400.09 - - 2,474,400.09 2039 3,953,796.95 4,462,429.19 - - 4,462,429.19

2024 2,317,366.83 2,598,651.91 - - 2,598,651.91 2040 4,062,892.29 4,586,681.01 - - 4,586,681.01

2025 2,426,462.17 2,722,903.73 - - 2,722,903.73 2041 4,171,987.63 4,710,932.83 - - 4,710,932.83

2026 2,535,557.51 2,847,155.55 - - 2,847,155.55 2042 4,281,082.97 4,835,184.65 - - 4,835,184.65

2027 2,644,652.86 2,971,407.37 - - 2,971,407.37 2043 4,390,178.31 4,959,436.47 - - 4,959,436.47

2028 2,753,748.20 3,095,659.19 - - 3,095,659.19 2044 4,499,273.66 5,083,688.29 - - 5,083,688.29

2029 2,862,843.54 3,219,911.00 - - 3,219,911.00

2045 4,608,369.00 5,207,940.10 - - 5,207,940.10

2030 2,971,938.88 3,344,162.82 - - 3,344,162.82

2046 4,717,464.34 5,332,191.92 - - 5,332,191.92
2031 3,081,034.22 3,468,414.64 - - 3,468,414.64
2047 4,826,559.68 5,456,443.74 - - 5,456,443.74
2032 3,190,129.56 3,592,666.46 - - 3,592,666.46
2048 4,935,655.02 5,580,695.56 - - 5,580,695.56
2033 3,299,224.90 3,716,918.28 - - 3,716,918.28
2049 5,044,750.36 5,704,947.38 - - 5,704,947.38
2034 3,408,320.24 3,841,170.10 - - 3,841,170.10
2050 5,153,845.70 5,829,199.20 - - 5,829,199.20
2035 3,517,415.59 3,965,421.92 - - 3,965,421.92
2051 5,262,941.04 5,953,451.02 - - 5,953,451.02
2036 3,626,510.93 4,089,673.74 - - 4,089,673.74

2037 3,735,606.27 4,213,925.55 - - 4,213,925.55

PHILIPPINE MERCHANDISE IMPORTS FROM THE WORLD BY PRODUCT AND PRODUCT CODE
Freight on Board (FOB) VALUE IN US $
QUANTITY IN GROSS KILOS (KG)
FY 2006 TO 2021
Product Description: UREA, whether or not in aqueous solution
Product Code: 310210
NOTE: Based on international trade data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as of 03 March 2022

Quantity
Year Quantity (imports) Value $ (Import) Value (export) Trade deficit ($)
(exports)
2006 525,858,688 109,634,459 24,926,600 6,292,205 103,342,254

2007 506,093,509 112,324,077 0 0 112,324,077

2008 200,686,463 200,686,463 24,716,522 7,414,957 193,271,506

2009 690,407,873 183,021,871 0 0 183,021,871

2010 574,748,390 161,645,704 0 0 161,645,704
2011 578,505,778 213,290,220 6,000 6,953 213,283,267
2012 618,932,092 231,202,505 0 0 231,202,505
2013 638,175,175 199,482,289 0 0 199,482,289
2014 773,505,046 228,863,650 0 0 228,863,650
2015 683,958,236 194,132,820 0 0 194,132,820
2016 974,825,499 210,214,995 0 0 210,214,995
2017 1,027,864,569 235,996,472 96 96 235,996,376
2018 937,834,419 258,816,839 5,747 5,747 258,811,092
2019 967,257,958 266,277,118 350 204 266,276,914
2020 1,151,239,216 290,008,446 0 0 290,008,446
2021 807,624,990 308,544,507 0 0 308,544,507

Table 2.1.2 Export and Import Data: Urea

Table 2.2.2 Projected Data: Urea

Year Quantity (imports) Value $ (Import) Quantity (exports) Value (export) Trade deficit
2022 1,088,049,046.83 301,764,539.57 0 0 301,764,539.57
2023 1,130,337,773.65 312,235,791.03 0 0 312,235,791.03
2024 1,172,626,500.47 322,707,042.49 0 0 ,707,042.49
2025 1,214,915,227.30 333,178,293.95 0 0 333,178,293.95
2026 1,257,203,954.13 343,649,545.40 0 0 343,649,545.40
2027 1,299,492,680.95 354,120,796.86 0 0 354,120,796.86
2028 1,341,781,407.77 364,592,048.32 0 0 364,592,048.32
2029 1,384,070,134.60 375,063,299.78 0 0 375,063,299.78
2030 1,426,358,861.42 385,534,551.23 0 0 385,534,551.23
2031 1,468,647,588.25 396,005,802.69 0 0 396,005,802.69
2032 1,510,936,315.08 406,477,054.15 0 0 406,477,054.15
2033 1,553,225,041.90 416,948,305.61 0 0 416,948,305.61
2034 1,595,513,768.72 427,419,557.06 0 0 427,419,557.06
2035 1,637,802,495.55 437,890,808.52 0 0 437,890,808.52
2036 1,680,091,222.38 448,362,059.98 0 0 448,362,059.98
Year Quantity (imports) Value $ (Import) Quantity (exports) Value (export) Trade deficit ($)

2037

2038
1,722,379,949.20

1,764,668,676.02
458,833,311.44

469,304,562.89
0

0
0

0
T 458,833,311.44

469,304,562.89

2039 1,806,957,402.85 479,775,814.35 0 0 479,775,814.35

2040 1,849,246,129.67 490,247,065.81 0 0 490,247,065.81

2041 1,891,534,856.50 500,718,317.26 0 0 500,718,317.26

2042 1,933,823,583.33 511,189,568.72 0 0 511,189,568.72

2043 1,976,112,310.15 521,660,820.18 0 0 521,660,820.18

2044 2,018,401,036.97 532,132,071.64 0 0 532,132,071.64

2045 2,060,689,763.80 542,603,323.09 0 0 542,603,323.09

2046 2,102,978,490.63 553,074,574.55 0 0 553,074,574.55

2047 2,145,267,217.45 563,545,826.01 0 0 563,545,826.01

2048 2,187,555,944.27 574,017,077.47 0 0 574,017,077.47

2049 2,229,844,671.10 584,488,328.92 0 0 584,488,328.92

2050 2,272,133,397.92 594,959,580.38 0 0 594,959,580.38

2051 2,314,422,124.75 605,430,831.84 0 0 605,430,831.84

 Export and Import Data
350,000,000

300,000,000

250,000,000

200,000,000

150,000,000
USD ($)

100,000,000

50,000,000

0
0 6 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Year

Figure 2.1 Export and Import Data: Urea (Deficit)

 Projected Export and Import Data
700,000,000.00 $700,000,000.00

600,000,000.00 $600,000,000.00

500,000,000.00 $500,000,000.00

400,000,000.00 $400,000,000.00

300,000,000.00 $300,000,000.00

200,000,000.00 $200,000,000.00

100,000,000.00 $100,000,000.00

- $-
0 22 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050 051
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Figure 2.2 Projected Data versus Time: Urea

2.3 Market Share

• Global Urea Market Trends:

• Significant growth in the agriculture industry across the globe is one of the
key factors driving the market growth. In comparison to traditionally used
ammonium nitrate, urea is more cost-effective and offers higher crop yield
in lesser time. This has resulted in the widespread adoption of urea as a
fertilizer and animal feed additive. Furthermore, the increasing utilization
of urea in the automotive industry is also contributing to the market
growth. 
2.3 Market Share

• b
 • Market Analysis

• The growing agriculture sector is driving the global urea market growth.
Urea and its derivatives are widely used as fertilisers in most of the markets,
including North America, Brazil, and India. The growing demand for N-
fertilisers is providing a push to the growing demand for the product in the
market. Thus, the rising fertilizer market, as well as nitrogen application, is
driving the urea market growth further.
2.4 Raw material Availability

► Nitrogen-based fertilizers (urea and ammosul) are virtually all imported as

they are not domestically produced. On the other hand, there is a sizable
domestic production of complete fertilizer (although the raw materials are
also largely imported); in 2017 though imports had mostly caught up with
domestic production. (Issues Paper on the Fertilizer Industry in the
Philippines Roehlano M. Briones, Philippine Institute for Development Studies
With contribution from Peter S. Turingan, Senate Economic Planning Office
2021). Therefore, ammonia, which is a raw material for Urea production is
widely available in the Philippine market from imports as we do not have a
domestic production plant for it here in the Philippines.
► A ton of Refrigerant Grade Anhydrous Ammonia 99.8% for the Philippines
manufactured by Shandong Everlast AC Chemical Co., Ltd – A liquid ammonia
manufacturer- is listed at $1,900/ton with a minimum purchase of 10 tons on
the made-in-China website. 
2.5 Prevailing Prices of
Table 2.5.1 Prevailing Price of Ammonia
AMMONIA Year Ave. Price per ton $ per kg Php per kg
1980 227 0.25022 12.839024
Year Ave Price per ton $ per kg Php per kg
1981 247 0.27227 13.9702156
1960 140.5 0.15487 7.94662059 1982 244 0.26896 13.8005368
1961 139.5 0.15377 7.89006101 1983 233 0.25684 13.1783815
1962 135 0.14826 7.60726313 1984 266.5 0.29377 15.0731273
1963 127.5 0.14054 7.21134609 1985 244.25 0.26924 13.8146767
1986 199.5 0.21991 11.2836356
1964 124 0.13669 7.01338757 1987 183.5 0.20227 10.3786824
1965 121 0.13338 6.84370884 1988 199.5 0.21991 11.2836356
1966 117.5 0.12952 6.64575032 1989 202 0.22267 11.4250346
1967 111 0.12236 6.27811306 1990 195 0.21495 11.0291175
1991 199 0.21936 11.2553559
1968 88.5 0.09755 5.00552258
1992 198.5 0.21881 11.2270761
1969 74.2 0.08179 4.19672062 1993 207 0.22818 11.7078325
1970 75.9 0.08367 4.29287191 1994 252.5 0.27833 14.2812932
1971 79.3 0.08741 4.48517447 1995 330 0.36376 18.6646605
1996 303 0.334 17.1375519
1972 80.4 0.08863 4.54739
1997 303 0.334 17.1375519
1973 90.05 0.09926 5.09318992 1998 253 0.27888 14.309573
1974 206 0.22708 11.6512729 1999 211 0.23259 11.9340708
1975 242 0.26676 13.6874177 2000 227 0.25022 12.839024
1976 186.5 0.20558 10.5483611 2001 399 0.43982 22.5672713
2002 250 0.27558 14.1398943
1977 180.75 0.19924 10.2231436 2003 373 0.41116 21.0967223
1978 168 0.18519 9.50200896 2004 379 0.41778 21.4360797
1979 186.5 0.20558 10.5483611
Table 2.5.1.1 Projected Price of Ammonia

Ave Price per Ave. Price per

 Year ton $ per kg Php per kg Year ton $ per kg Php per kg
2026 695 0.76569 39.2877905
2005 416 0.45856 23.5287841
2006 521 0.5743 29.4675397
2027 705 0.7773 39.8831458 Forecasted values from
2028 716 0.7889 40.478501
2007 523 0.57651 29.5806589 2029 726 0.8005 41.0738563 2022 to 2051.
2008 755 0.83224 42.7024808 2030 737 0.81211 41.6692115
2009 680 0.74957 38.4605125 2031 747 0.82371 42.2645668
2010 499 0.55005 28.223229
2032 758 0.83531 42.859922 Current price of Ammonia in
2033 768 0.84692 43.4552773
2011 749 0.82563 42.3631233
2034 779 0.85852 44.0506325 United states per kg is 36.90
2012 785 0.86531 44.3992681 2035 789 0.87012 44.6459878
2013 847 0.93366 47.9059618 2036 800 0.88173 45.241343 pesos.
2014 851 0.93807 48.1322002 2037 810 0.89333 45.8366983
2015 579 0.63806 32.7388828 2038 821 0.90493 46.4320535
2039 831 0.91653 47.0274088
2016 589 0.64966 33.334238
2040 842 0.92814 47.622764 By the year 2051, the price
2017 600 0.66127 33.9295933
2018 610 0.67287 34.5249485
2041
2042
853
863
0.93974
0.95134
48.2181193
48.8134745
of Ammonia increases to 54
2019 621 0.68447 35.1203038 2043 874 0.96295 49.4088298 pesos per kilogram.
2020 631 0.69608 35.715659 2044 884 0.97455 50.004185
2045 895 0.98615 50.5995403
2021 642 0.70768 36.3110143
2046 905 0.99776 51.1948955
2022 653 0.71928 36.9063695 2047 916 1.00936 51.7902508
2023 663 0.73089 37.5017248 2048 926 1.02096 52.385606
2024 674 0.74249 38.09708 2049 937 1.03257 52.9809613
2025 684 0.75409 38.6924353 2050 947 1.04417 53.5763165
2051 958 1.05577 54.1716718
Table 2.5.2 Prevailing Price of Carbon Dioxide
[CO2] Price
Year [CO2] Price per kg ($)
(PHP)
2006 0.7 35.68
2007 0.36 18.17 The current price of Carbon dioxide is 17.81 pesos
2008 0.34 17.34 per kg.
2009 4.15 212.36
2010 4.36 223.37
2011 3.73 191.01
2012 5.15 263.78
2013 5.1 260.97
2014 4.84 247.88
2015 5.05 258.34
2016 2.31 118.04
2017 1 51.18
2018 3.68 188.27
2019 4.2 214.82
2020 4.13 211.31
2021 0.79 40.38
2022 890.638 17.81276
 Table 2.5.2.1 Projected Price of Carbon Dioxide
[CO2] Price per kg 2036 1.81 92.82
Year ($) [CO2] Price (PHP) 2037 1.79 91.44
2022 2.37 121.53 2038 1.76 90.13
2023 2.32 118.63 2039 1.74 88.87
2024 2.26 115.91 2040 1.71 87.66
2025 2.21 113.35 2041 1.69 86.51
2026 2.17 110.94 2042 1.67 85.39
2027 2.12 108.67 2043 1.65 84.33
2028 2.08 106.52 2044 1.63 83.3
2029 2.04 104.49
2045 1.61 82.31
2030 2 102.56
2046 1.59 81.35
2031 1.97 100.73
2032 1.93 98.99 2047 1.57 80.44
2033 1.9 97.34 2048 1.55 79.55
2034 1.87 95.76 2049 1.54 78.69
2035 1.84 94.25 2050 1.52 77.87
2051 1.51 77.07

By the year 2051, the price of CO2 increases to 77.07 pesos .

Table 2.5.3 Prevailing Price of Urea Table 2.5.3.1 Projected Price of Urea
Price (PHP)/
Year Price (PHP)/ 50KG Php per kg Year 50KG Php per kg Year Price (PHP)/ 50KG Php per kg
2020 922.304 18.4461 2036 668.976 13.3795
2014 1058.26 21.1652 2021 906.471 18.1294 2037 653.143 13.0629
2022 890.638 17.8128 2038 637.31 12.7462
2023 874.805 17.4961 2039 621.477 12.4295
2015 1008.89 20.1778
2024 858.972 17.1794 2040 605.644 12.1129
2025 843.139 16.8628 2041 589.811 11.7962
2016 918.06 18.3612
2026 827.306 16.5461
2042 573.978 11.4796
2027 811.473 16.2295
2017 918.86 18.3772 2043 558.145 11.1629
2028 795.64 15.9128
2044 542.312 10.8462
2029 779.807 15.5961
2018 1024.11 20.4822 2030 763.974 15.2795 2045 526.479 10.5296
2031 748.141 14.9628 2046 510.646 10.2129
The price of urea in 2018 per 50 kg is 2032 732.308 14.6462 2047 494.813 9.89626
1024.11 pesos. The current price this year is 2033 716.475 14.3295 2048 478.98 9.5796
calculated to be 906.47 pesos. By the year 2034 700.642 14.0128 2049 463.147 9.26294
2051 the price will be reduce to 431 pesos 2035 684.809 13.6962 2050 447.314 8.94628
per 50kg. 2051 431.481 8.62962
 Figure 2.5 Prices for Raw Materials and Products

AMMONIA Carbon Dioxide Urea

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
60 962 9 64 96 6 968 9 70 9 72 974 976 9 78 98 0 982 984 9 86 9 88 99 0 992 9 94 9 96 998 000 0 02 00 4 006 008 0 10 0 12 01 4 016 0 18 020 0 22 0 24 026 028 030 0 32 03 4 036 0 38 0 40 04 2 044 0 46 0 48 050
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2.6 Conclusion
We determined the deficit by looking at both the Chlorobenzene and
Urea projections. Both show a growing deficit trend, indicating a high
amount of imports vs exports. By 2051, chlorobenzene would have a
trade deficit of 5.9 million dollars, while urea would have a trade
deficit of 605 million dollars. We'll be concentrating more on urea
because demand is rising but supply (export) is limited. Since
Philippines is an agricultural country with a land area of 30 million
hectares where 47% is agricultural land. It is best to choose Urea as our
topic. According to our data, the Philippines is completely reliant on
urea imports, which will have a negative impact on the economy. We
have chosen to generate (insert value) kg of Urea in order to contribute
to the Philippines' economy.
3. PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS 
Figure 3.1 Typical once-through Urea Process
Figure 3.2 Partial Recycle Process
Figure 3.3 Total Recycle Process
3.3.1 Total Recycle Process
In total recycle process, all the unconverted NH3-CO2 mixture is recycled to the urea reactor with
99% conversion rate and no nitrogen co-product is necessary. Due to these reasons, the process is
regarded as the most flexible urea process as it is dependent on the CO2 and NH3 supply from the
supporting ammonia plant for operation. This also makes the most expensive process when it
comes to investment and operating costs. However, the pros outweigh the cons and therefore it is
preferred by many manufacturers. Moreover, this process can be further classified into five groups
according to the recycle principle:
1.) Hot Gas Mixture Recycle
2.) Separated Gas Recycle
3.) Slurry Recycle
4.) Carbamate Solution Recycle
5.) Stripping
Figure 3.4 Snamprogetti Urea Process
 4. References
Briones, R. M. (2021). Issues Paper on the Fertilizer Industru in the Philippines .

Britannica, T. E. (2022). Chlorobenzene. Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/chlorobenzene

China, M.-i. (2016). Refrigerant Grade Anhydrous Ammonia 99.8% for Philippines.

EMR. (2020). Global Urea Market: By Application: Fertilizer, Urea Formaldehyde (UF) & Melamine Resins, Melamine (Cyanurates), Animal Feed, Others;
Regional Analysis; Historical Market and Forecast (2017-2027); Market Dynamics: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analy.

Hayes, A. (2021). Trade Deficit: Advantages and Disadvantages.

LTD, S. E. (2013). The Snamprogetti Urea Technology.

Mosheim, R. (2019). Fertilizer Use and Price. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/fertilizer-use-and-price.aspx

Noorsham, R. B., Saberi, S., Mustaffa, N., & Pahmi, N. (2014). THE PRODUCTION OF UREA CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLE MINI PROJECT Chemical
Process Principle Mini Project The Production of Urea.

PSA. (2019). AIS INPUTS.

PSA. (2022). PHILIPPINES MERCHANDISE IMPORTS FROM THE WORLD BY PRODUCT AND PRODUCT CODE. Retrieved from Tradeline Philippines:
http://www.tradelinephilippines.dti.gov.ph:8080/exports

Talavera, C. (2021). Philippines to seek government to government talks to address rising fertilizer costs.

UNIDO. (2016). UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION.

Urea From Ammonia And Carbon Dioxide. (2022).