FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

OF HIGHER EDUCATION «BASHKIR STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY»

OF MINISTRY OF HEALTHCARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DEPARTMENT OF HYGIENE WITH COURSE OF PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE

Specialty 31.05.01 General medicine

Full-time form education
Discipline «Hygiene»

1. History of hygiene. The most important persons in hygienic science (PC-21).

The word hygiene comes from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health, who was the
daughter of Aesculapius, the god of medicine. Since the arrival of the Industrial
Revolution (c. ... 1550-1200 BC – The Ancient Israelites took a keen interest in
hygiene. Moses gave the Israelites detailed laws governing personal cleanliness
Three individuals, Ignaz Semmelweis, John Snow, and Thomas Crapper, are
attributed for initiating our daily lifestyle practices of handwashing, drinking clean
water and toilet flushing.

2. Subject, contents and problems of hygienic science. Hygiene methods. Primary, secondary
and tertiary prophylaxis of health disorder. Hygienic diagnostics. Importance of hygiene for
doctors (PC-21).
hygiene, the science of preserving health. The subject embraces all agencies
affecting the physical and mental well-being of humans. It involves, in its personal
aspect, consideration of food, water and other beverages; clothing; work, exercise
and sleep; personal cleanliness; and mental health.
Signs of bad hygiene

body odor from not showering regularly. unwashed or disheveled hair. bad breath,

food between teeth, or signs of tooth decay and gingivitis. wearing soiled clothing.
 Methods Personal hygiene. ... 
 Environmental Hygiene. ... 
 Safe disposal of human excreta: ... 
 Control of disease vectors in the community:

3. Environment: types, objects, factors. Specific and nonspecific action of factors of the
environment on a human health. Remote effects (PC-21).
Types of Environment - Geographical, Man-made, Inner and Outer Environment.
Environmental objects are static entities that are parts of the environment.
Environment objects can be classified according to two properties: intelligence and
initiative
Environmental factors include temperature, food, pollutants, population density,
sound, light, and parasites.
Diminished Carbon Footprint and Emissions
Remote work not only reduces downtime and increases the number of working hours, but
it also benefits the environment with less greenhouse gas emissions. 

4. A concept of ecology. Fundamental laws of ecology. Causes of environmental crisis.

Environmental pollution and health of the population. A concept about ecological diseases
(PC-21).
Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including
humans, and their physical environment
the four informal laws of ecology: Everything is connected to everything
else, Everything must go somewhere, Nature knows best, and.

Pollution of air, land and water through excessive deforestation, industrialization

and overfilling landfills which emits CO2 and adds to greenhouse gas emissions are all
topmost causes of these environmental issues.
Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. It
increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Both short and
long term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts. More
severe impacts affect people who are already ill.
Disease ecology is a rapidly developing subdiscipline of ecology concerned with
how species interactions and abiotic components of the environment affect
patterns and processes of disease. To date, disease ecology has focused largely on
infectious disease.

5. Cancerogenic factors of the environment. Classification of carcinogens of the environment.

Reasons for increasing the level of cancer and their prevention (PC-1, PC-21).
Environmental factors that cause cancer

 Lifestyle factors (nutrition, tobacco use, physical activity)

 Natural occurring exposures (ultraviolet light, radon gas, infectious agents)
 Medical treatments (radiation and medicine)
 Workplace and household exposures.
 Pollution.
The majority of carcinogens are of environmental origin and most of them can cause cancer after
prolonged and high levels of exposure. The first environmental carcinogens were connected
with various occupations where workers were exposed during their working lives (such as
asbestos, benzene, leather products, etc)
The most common risk factors for cancer include aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation
exposure, chemicals, and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain
hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, or being
overweight.
 6. Climate, climatic zones, their effect on health. Using of climate in the medical and
recreational purposes. Weather, types, influence on health (PC-1, PC-21).
climate is the description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area.
Climatic zones (5)
Climate Zones: Tropical Zone. ... 

Climate Zones: Temperate Zone. ... 

 Climate Zones: Polar Zone. ... 

 Climate Zones: Dry Zones. ... 
 Climate Zones: Cold Zones. ... 
Changes in the climate affect the air we breathe both indoors and outdoors. Warmer
temperatures and shifting weather patterns can worsen air quality, which can lead to
asthma attacks and other respiratory and cardiovascular health effects
Weather : the state of the air and atmosphere at a particular time and place :

The six common types of weather create all weather conditions. With the right
humidity, wind, atmospheric pressure, temperature, clouds, and precipitation, a
rainstorm happens.
Weather has a profound effect on human health and well-being. It has been demonstrated
that weather is associated with changes in birth rates, and sperm counts, with outbreaks
of pneumonia, influenza and bronchitis, and is related to other morbi dity effects linked to
pollen concentrations and high pollution levels.

7. Acclimatization and its hygienic importance. Acclimatization in hot and cold climate.
Measures of prevention of adverse effects (PC-1, PC-21).
Acclimatization is the beneficial physiological adaptations that occur during
repeated exposure to a hot environment. These physiological adaptations
include: Increased sweating efficiency (earlier onset of sweating, greater sweat
production, and reduced electrolyte loss in sweat).

8. Hygienic importance of temperature, humidity and air movement, its complex effect on a
human organism. Measures of prevention of adverse effects (PC-1, PC-15).
Air temperature affects the growth and reproduction of plants and animals, with warmer
temperatures promoting biological growth. Air temperature also affects nearly all other weather
parameters. For instance, air temperature affects:
 the rate of evaporation
 relative humidity
 wind speed and direction
 precipitation patterns and types, such as whether it will rain, snow, or sleet.

Thermometer measurs the temperature ,thermoregulation

In high temperature

 Stay in an air-conditioned indoor location as much as you can.

  Drink plenty of fluids even if you don't feel thirsty.
 Schedule outdoor activities carefully. ... 
 Take cool showers or baths to cool down.
In low temperature

1. Wear several layers of loose fitting, lightweight, warm clothing rather than one layer
of heavy clothing. The outer garments should be tightly woven and water repellent.
2. Wear mittens, which are warmer than gloves.
3. Wear a hat. Cover your mouth with a scarf to protect your lungs.

9. The diseases bound to influence of the high and low atmospheric pressure, prophylaxis (PC-
1, PC-15).
Atmospheric pressure is an indicator of weather. When a low-pressure system
moves into an area, it usually leads to cloudiness, wind, and precipitation. High-
pressure systems usually lead to fair, calm weather.

10. Electromagnetic fields and an electric condition of the atmosphere, influence on an

organism, prevention of adverse effects (PC-1, PC-21).
Atmospheric electricity is the study of electrical charges in the Earth's
atmosphere (or that of another planet). ... Atmospheric ions created by cosmic
rays and natural radioactivity move in the electric field, so a very small current flows
through the atmosphere, even away from thunderstorms.

Low-frequency electric fields influence the human body just as they influence any other
material made up of charged particles. When electric fields act on conductive
materials, they influence the distribution of electric charges at their surface. They
cause current to flow through the body to the ground.

11. Natural radiation, types. Radio pollution, sources. Measures to reduce environmental
pollution by radioactive materials (PC-1, PC-21).
The amount of ionising (electromagnetic) radiation to which a person is
exposed from natural sources, including terrestrial radiation due to natural
radionuclides in the soil (e.g., radon), cosmic radiation and fallout in the
environment from anthropogenic sources.

The three most common types of radiation are alpha particles, beta particles, and
gamma rays.

Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and electromagnetic
spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities. It is of
particular concern to radio astronomers. Radio spectrum pollution is mitigated by effective
spectrum management.
during nuclear explosions and nuclear weapons testing, production and decommissioning
of nuclear weapons, the mining of radioactive minerals, the handling and disposal of
radioactive waste and accidents at nuclear power plants.
Solutions to Radioactive Pollution
 Proper Method of Disposing of Radioactive Waste. Radioactive waste still has some level of
radiation. ... 
 Proper Labeling. ... 
 Banning of Nuclear Tests. ... 
 Alternative Energy Sources. ... 
 Proper Storage. ... 
 Reusing. ... 
 Precautions at the Personal Level.
12. Solar radiation. Hygienic characteristic of its components. Measures of prevention of
adverse effects (PC-1, PC-16).
Solar radiation, often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term for the
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and
turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of
technologies.
the three main components of solar radiation are the direct, the diffused and the
reflected solar radiation

Use fixed overhangs on south-facing glass to control direct beam solar radiation.
Indirect (diffuse) radiation should be controlled by other measures, such as low-e glazing.
To the greatest extent possible, limit the amount of east and west glass since it is harder
to shade than south glass.

13. Hygienic requirements to natural lighting, standards (PC-1, PC-15).

overall dimension of the space, the color choices, the furniture and materials, the
surface finishes and the time of the day – every single element influences and effects
the way light reacts in a living space.

14. Hygienic artificial lighting requirements, standards (PC-1, PC-15).

The illuminating source should have sufficient light. (ii) The illuminating source
should not strike the eyes. (iii) The illuminating source should have suitable shades
and reflectors. (iv) The illuminating source should be installed at such a place so as
to give uniform light.

15. Hygienic importance of natural components of atmospheric air. Causes and consequences of
destruction of an ozone layer (PC-1, PC-21).
The atmosphere protects life on earth by shielding it from incoming ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, keeping the planet warm through insulation, and preventing extremes between
day and night temperatures. The sun heats layers of the atmosphere causing it to convect
driving air movement and weather patterns around the world. Without the atmosphere,
Earth would look a lot more like the Moon. Atmospheric gases, especially carbon dioxide
(CO2) and oxygen (O2), are extremely important for living 

The main effect of ozone depletion is an increase in UV-B rays reaching the earth's
surface. Causes : chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), halons, and other compounds deplete
the ozone layer. ... CFCs and halons break down into chlorine and bromine which in turn
destroy the ozone layer.
Ozone layer depletion causes increased UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface,
which is damaging to human health. Negative effects include increases in certain types of
skin cancers, eye cataracts and immune deficiency disorders.

16. Gaseous impurities (pollutants) in the air, their effects on the human body. Air protection
measures (PC-1, PC-21).
The gaseous criteria air pollutants of primary concern in urban settings
include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide; these are
emitted directly into the air from fossil fuels such as fuel oil, gasoline, and natural
gas that are burned in power plants, automobiles, and other combustion sources.
 Check daily air pollution forecasts in your area. ... 
 Avoid exercising outdoors when pollution levels are high. ... 
 Always avoid exercising near high-traffic areas. ... 
 Use less energy in your home

17. Dust in atmospheric air, main sources, influence on health. Measures for protection of the
atmospheric air from dust pollution (PC-1).
Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter. On Earth, it generally consists of
particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind
(an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Dust in homes is composed of
about 20–50% dead skin cells.
Sources of dust particles can be natural (volcanic eruption, sea aerosols, spores,
pollen, soil erosion,...) or man-made (vehicular traffic, industrial emissions and
combustion processes).
Dust aerosols can directly interact with radiation, modifying the thermal and dynamical
structure of the atmosphere. ... Moreover, dust impacts air quality both in local source
regions and in large areas downwind, due to long-range transport.

18. Hygienic requirements for planning and maintenance of residential buildings and premises.
Hygienic requirements for building materials (PC-1, PC-15).

19. Principles of a balanced diet. A concept about the nutritional status. Consequences of an
insufficient and excessive nutrition for a human body, their prevention (PC-1, PC-16).
 The main principles of health are a healthy diet, regular exercise, work, rest, and
positive thinking. A healthy diet consists of the following nutrients: carbohydrates,
fats, fibre, minerals, proteins, vitamins, and water.

Nutritional status has been defined as an individual's health condition as it is

influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients 

Malnutrition results when someone has insufficient nutrients for their needs. Symptoms
of malnutrition include weight and muscle loss, a weakened immune system, falls and hair
loss. Treatment involves ensuring the person's diet contains enough energy, protein,
vitamins and minerals.

If we get too much food, or food that gives our bodies the wrong instructions, we
can become overweight, undernourished, and at risk for the development of diseases
and conditions, such as arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease. In short, what we eat is
central to our health.

20. Proteins, importance for human health, hygienic norms, sources. Problem of lack of proteins
in diet, its prevention (PC-1, PC-16).
Every cell in the human body contains protein. The basic structure of protein is a
chain of amino acids. You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells
and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and development in
children, teens, and pregnant women
,
between 10 and 35 percent of their daily energy intake from protein. Most people
can safely eat between 2 and 3.5 g per kg of body weight daily, especially those
who need more protein than others, such as: athletes.

Animal-based foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods) tend to be good
sources of complete protein, while plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and
seeds) often lack one or more essential amino acid.
Serious protein deficiency can cause swelling, fatty liver, skin degeneration, increase
the severity of infections and stunt growth in children. While true deficiency is rare in
developed countries, low intake may cause muscle wasting and increase the risk of bone
fractures.
Prevention: try to get protein at every meal.

21.Fats, types, importance for human health, hygienic norms, sources. The importance of
animal, vegetable and mixed fats (PC-1, PC-15).
There are four major dietary fats in food:

 Saturated fats.
 Transfats.
  Monounsaturated fats.
 Polyunsaturated fats.
Fat is a source of essential fatty acids, which the body cannot make itself. Fat
helps the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. These vitamins are
fat-soluble, which means they can only be absorbed with the help of fats
.
That is about 44 grams to 77 grams of fat per day
 Avocados.
 Cheese..
 Dark Chocolate.
 Whole Eggs.
 Fatty Fish.
 Nuts.
 Chia Seeds.
Butter ,fatty meat products
Importance of vegetable fats the major source of energy and a carrier of essential
nutrients which are vital for growth and metabolism, protecting brain cells, reducing the
risk of heart diseases, 

Importance of meat fats energy, contribute to the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and act
as structural elements of cell walls. As a carrier of flavors and aromatic substances, fat
also plays an important part in cooking.

22. Carbohydrates, types, importance for human health, hygienic norms, sources (PC-1, PC-15).
Types sugars(fruits ,vegetables. ,milk)
Starches (potatoes ,peans ,corn)
Fibers(fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains)

Normal amount (250-500g per day)

They provide you with energy for daily tasks and are the primary fuel source for your
brain's high energy demands. Fiber is a special type of carb that helps promote good
digestive health and may lower your risk of heart disease and diabetes

23. Minerals, classification. Trace minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se), importance for human health,
hygienic norms; sources of these minerals (PC-1, PC-16).

There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals. You need
larger amounts of macrominerals. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,
sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur.
Trace minerals, also called micro minerals, are essential minerals that the human body
must get from food, but, unlike macro minerals, we only need a very small amount. Even
though trace minerals are needed in tiny doses, they are still crucial to our health and
development.

They're also responsible for supporting your blood system and are necessary for the
healthy growth of certain hormones. Trace minerals also ensure the proper development
of neurological functions and enzymes throughout the body.

24. Macrominerals (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cl), importance for human health, hygienic norms;
sources of these minerals (PC-1, PC-16).
Macro minerals are key to the success of almost every aspect of your health.
Perhaps one of the most familiar macro minerals, calcium is also one of the most
necessary. It is responsible for bone development and maintenance, as well as
blood clotting and heartbeat regulation.

Mineral salts: Calcium is mainly found in milk and other dairy products, but also in leafy
green vegetables, egg yolk and seafood. It is needed by the organism to ensure solid
bones and teeth. Chlorine and sodium serve, amongst other roles, to keep the body
hydrated.

25. Importance of vitamins for human health. Influence of external and internal causes on the
need for vitamins. Hypo- and hypervitaminosis, their prevention (PC-1, PC-16).

Vitamins are vital for good health, but needed in much smaller amounts than
macro-nutrients, like carbs and fats. They're important for many daily bodily
functions, such as cell reproduction and growth, but most importantly for the
processing of energy in cells.
Hypervitaminosis can cause toxicity
Symptoms hypovitaminosis
include changes to vision, bone pain, and skin changes. Chronic toxicity can lead to
liver damage and increased pressure on your brain. Hypervitaminosis A can be diagnosed
using blood tests to check your vitamin A levels. Most people improve simply by
decreasing their intake of vitamin A.
Prevention to get the proper and required amount of vitamins
26. Fat-soluble vitamins, importance for the human health, norms,
sources (PC-1, PC-16).
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and are stored in the
body's fatty tissue and in the liver. They are found in many plant and animal foods
and in dietary supplements. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.
 oily fish and fish oils.
 fortified dairy products, plant-based milks, and cereals.
 beef liver.
 eggs.
 27. Water-soluble vitamins, importance for the human health, norms, sources (PC-1, PC-16).

The water-soluble vitamins include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamin, riboflavin,

niacin, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine), folacin, vitamin B 12,
biotin, and pantothenic acid

Sources include eggs, organ meats (liver and kidney), dark green vegetables, milk, and
whole and enriched grain products.

28. Hygienic characteristic of meat and meat products; importance in the diet of the healthy and
sick person (PC-1, PC-16).
Visual Identification. The visual identification of quality meat is based on colour,
marbling and waterholding capacity. ... 
Smell. Another quality factor is smell. ... 
Firmness. Meat should appear firm rather than soft. ... 
Juiciness. ... 
Tenderness. ... 
Flavour.

29. Hygienic characteristic of fish; value in a diet of the healthy and sick person (PC-1, PC-16).

Meat is a valuable source of high biological value protein, iron, vitamin B12 as well as
other B complex vitamins, zinc, selenium and phosphorus.

30. Plant products, classification, importance in diet. Hygienic characteristics of bakery and
flour products from cereal products (PC-1, PC-16).

Plant-based or plant-forward eating patterns focus on foods primarily from plants.

This includes not only fruits and vegetables, but also nuts, seeds, oils, whole
grains, legumes, and beans. It doesn't mean that you are vegetarian or vegan and
never eat meat or dairy.
Below, we've crafted a guide that describes five of the most important qualities you
should be looking for in a great loaf of bread.

 Crust. A bread without a nice, crispy crust isn't a bread that's worth your time. ... 
 Air Pockets. ... 
 Glossy Interior. ... 
 Flavor. ... 
 Finish.
 31. Vegetables and fruit, types, the hygienic characteristic, importance in the diet of the healthy
and sick person (PC-1, PC-16).
Types of fruits and vegetables

 Apples and pears.

 Citrus – oranges, grapefruits, mandarins and limes.
 Stone fruit – nectarines, apricots, peaches and plums.
 Tropical and exotic – bananas and mangoes.
 Berries – strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, kiwifruit and passion fruit.

 Fruits and vegetables should be attractive, fresh, nutritive and with a good
appearance and presentation. Besides these characteristics, their consumption
should not put health at risk.

 diet rich in vegetables and fruits can lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of heart
disease and stroke, prevent some types of cancer, lower risk of eye and digestive
problems, and have a positive effect upon blood sugar, which can help keep
appetite in check.

32. The foodborne disease transmissed through the meat and meat products, fish and fish
products, milk and dairy products, vegetables and fruit, prophylaxis (PC-1, PC-16).

The largest fish outbreaks are associated with Salmonella. Proper processing,

refrigeration, cooking temperatures (145°F) can prevent prevent Salmonella
contamination.

Food-producing animals are the major reservoirs for many foodborne pathogens such
as Campylobacter species, non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-
producing strains of Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes.

The pathogens of most interest to us are Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Listeria and

Hepatitis A-all of which can be transmitted by food, water and/or dairy products. For more
information about our foodborne illness investigation, foodborne disease epidemiology
and consulting services please contact us.

Most cases of foodborne illness caused by Campylobacter are sporadic, and not part of
outbreaks. Campylobacter can enter your body through contaminated water,
unpasteurized milk or cheese, and raw or undercooked poultry (and sometimes other
kinds of meats and seafood).
 33. Food poisonings, their classification. A role of the doctor in investigation and prophylaxis
of food poisonings (PC-1, PC-15).
Food poisoning, also called foodborne illness, is illness caused by eating
contaminated food. Infectious organisms — including bacteria, viruses and
parasites — or their toxins are the most common causes of food poisoning

Foodborne diseases can be classified into two main types: food infection and food
poisoning. Food infections are classified as bacterial, viral, parasitic or fungal.
Food poisoning is classified according to the type of toxin that causes it which may be
natural, bacterial, fungal or chemical.

If your symptoms are mild and last only a short time, you typically won't need tests. In
some cases, a medical history, a physical exam, stool tests, and blood tests can help
diagnose food poisoning.

the body can manage food poisoning on its own by expelling the toxins that are making
you sick. If you become severely dehydrated from vomiting or diarrhea, you may need to
receive IV liquids (through a vein) at the hospital. Doctors may prescribe antibiotics to
treat food poisoning caused by certain bacteria.

34. Alimentary toxic infections and their prophylaxis (PC-1, PC-16).

These infectious agents enter the human body through the digestive tract. They are
caused by the consumption of contaminated food with infectious agents, which
leads to food poisoning. These infections lead to gastroenteritis that typically
involves diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

35. Alimentary bacterial toxicoses and their prophylaxis (PC-1, PC-16).

Food poisoning is an illness caused by eating contaminated food. It's not usually
serious and most people get better within a few days without treatment. In most
cases of food poisoning, the food is contaminated by bacteria, such
as salmonella or Escherichia coli (E. coli), or a virus, such as the norovirus.

36. Mycotoxicoses, types, prevention (PC-1).

Mycotoxicosis is the consequence of ingestion of grains or forage containing

toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi. Fungi that produce toxins often do
so only under specific conditions of warmth, moisture and humidity.
 Aflatoxins: Aflatoxins can occur in all regions across the globe as a result of
changing weather patterns, agricultural practices and more. ... 
 Other Aspergillus mycotoxins: ... 
 Trichothecenes: ... 
  Zearalenone: ... 
 Fumonisins: ... 
 Ochratoxins/Citrinin: ... 
 Other Penicillium mycotoxins: ... 
 Patulin:

1. Stop growth of infested fungi by re-drying the products;

2. Removal of contaminated seeds;
3. Inactivation or detoxification of mycotoxins contaminated;
4. Protect stored products from any conditions which favour continuing fungal growth.

37. Foreign chemicals in food (toxic chemicals, mineral fertilizers, nutritional supplements),
influence on health, prevention of poisonings (PC-1, PC-21).
Foreign compounds in foods include heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes, α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and
mycotoxin. Drugs are chemical substances for a living organism to affect how the
body works. Drugs are such as acetaminophen, xanthine, terfenadine, menadione,
and diazepam.

Keep chemical products in their original bottles or containers. Do not use food
containers such as cups, bottles, or jars to store chemical products such as cleaning
solutions or beauty products. Never mix household products together. For example,
mixing bleach and ammonia can result in toxic gases.

38. Food poisoning with salts of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg), their prevention. Hygienic
requirements for dishes (PC-1, PC-15).

 Heavy metal poisoning may occur as a result of industrial exposure, air or water pollution,
foods, medicines, improperly coated food containers, or the ingestion of lead-based
paints.

Wear masks and protective clothing if you work around heavy metals. Since many
metals accumulate in dust and dirt, keep these out of your home as much as possible
(remove shoes before entering the house). Pay attention to local fish advisories regarding
mercury levels.

39. Value of water for the person. Norms of water consumption; the factors defining them (PC-
1, PC-21).
Domestic-drinking and cooking
Personal hygiene
Environmental sanitation
Industrial and agriculture
The Safe Drinking Water Foundation's opinion is that 235 litres per person per day is a
perfectly adequate amount of water to use. This reduction in water consumption can easily
be achieved through water conservation measures.

Factors :deep groundwater ,open sources Rivers ,lakes

40. Water sources, their characteristic. Self-cleaning of water sources (PC-1, PC-21).

Seas. ,rivers , Oceans ,lakes , groundwater , rains water

When polluted, fresh water basins have the capacity to self-clean their water, i.e. to make
the water return to its original quality and purity. This self-cleaning phenomenon is
provoked by bacteria that, in the presence of oxygen, degrade and transform the polluting
substances into inert inorganic compounds.

41. Indicators of quality of water and their influence on health of the population (PC-1, PC-16).

Physico-chemical indicators are the traditional 'water quality' indicators that most
people are familiar with. They include dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature,
salinity and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)

42. Features of rural water supply. Hygienic requirements for the placement and arrangement of
wells (PC-1, PC-21).
Water supply to such rural communities can be sourced from rainwater, groundwater or
spring/surface water. Through simple rainwater harvesting techniques, household as well as
community needs for water in arid and semi-arid regions, where no other water sources are
available or feasible, can be met.

43. The centralized water supply, advantages. Types and elements of a water supply system.
Zones of sanitary protection of sources of water supply (PC-1, PC-21).

Centralised (drinking) water supply refers to the centralised treatment and

purification of water sources and subsequent distribution to different water
users (households, industry, agriculture) through a large water distribution network.

This approach is well developed and can effectively removes practically any range of
raw water turbidity, along with harmful pathogens, including bacterial, virus, and
protozoa. ... For smaller water systems for a surface source, it is still the preferred method
of treatment.

Fundamentally, a water supply system may be described as consisting of three basic

components: the source of supply, the processing or treatment of the water, and the
distribution of water to the users.
sanitary protection zone of any industrial enterprise, in general, is established in. order
to exclude the harmful effects on the population of adjacent territories of emissions
of. harmful substances into the atmosphere, industrial noise, electromagnetic fields, as
well as. to protect the water basin.

44. Water purification methods at the centralized water supply, their hygienic assessment (PC-
1).
A centralized water treatment system, also known as conventional treatment, is a
combined process of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation (or clarification),
filtration, and disinfection. ... Primary and secondary disinfection with chlorine is
most cost effective.

45. Chemical methods of a decontamination of water at the centralized water supply, hygienic
assessment (PC-1).
Chlorination, ozone, ultraviolet light, and chloramines are primary methods for
disinfection. However, potassium permanganate, photocatalytic disinfection,
nanofiltration, and chlorine dioxide can also be used.

46. Physical methods of a decontamination of water. Special methods of improvement of

quality of water. Hygienic characteristic (PC-1).

Physical methods to disinfect water include UV irradiation, heat, sunlight

exposure, sonic or hydrodynamic pressure and radiation

Implement rainwater harvesting systems to collect and store rainwater for drinking or

recharging underground aquifers. Build wells to extract groundwater from underground
aquifers. Provide home water-treatment capability through the use of filters, solar
disinfection, or flocculants, to make drinking water safe

47. Hygienic and epidemiological value of the soil. Pollution and self-cleaning of the soil.
Indicators of a sanitary condition of the soil, their value (PC-1, PC-21).

Soil carries out a range of functions and services without which human life would not be
possible. It provides an environment for plants (including food crops and timber wood) to
grow in, by anchoring roots and storing nutrients. It filters and cleans our water and helps
prevent natural hazards such as flooding.

“Self-cleaning” of soils from PP is caused with both microbiological processes of

oxidative degradation of the se- pollutants and evaporation of light-end split products, with
their filtration into the low layers of soil section etc.
Indictor of soil pollution
They include temperature, color, odor, aggregate stability, available water capacity,
bulk density, infiltration rate, slaking, crusts, structure, and macro-pores. Only, the
most distinct and reliable physical pollution indicators with the actual wide practice were
designated.

48. Natural and artificial biogeochemical provinces, influence on health of the population,
 prophylaxis of diseases (PC-1, PC-21).
49. Classification of waste from populated areas. Sanitary and epidemiological characteristics
of waste. Types of sanitation of populated areas (PC-1).

For the purposes of this review these sources are defined as giving rise to four major
categories of waste: municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste and
hazardous waste

To make a reasonable inference of causation in environmental epidemiology, eight basic

characteristics of the findings should be considered: the strength, specificity, and
consistency of the association; the period of exposure; the biologic gradient or the
relationship between the dose and the response;
Types

 3.1 Basic sanitation.

 3.2 Container-based sanitation.
 3.3 Community-led total sanitation.
 3.4 Dry sanitation.
 3.5 Ecological sanitation.
 3.6 Emergency sanitation.
 3.7 Environmental sanitation.
 3.8 Improved and unimproved sanitation.

50. Hygienic assessment of removal and sewer system of cleaning of the inhabited places from
a liquid wastage (PC-1).
Sewage is disposed of in several ways, mainly two: removal in a waterborne
sewer systems (sewerage) or disposed via an on-site sanitation system (pit
latrines or septic tanks). The former has become standard practice in built-up
areas, most cities and industrial complexes.

51. Occupational hazards, occupational diseases. The factors promoting the occupational
diseases (PC-1, PC-21).

Occupational hazards are risks associated with working in specific occupations. The

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) describes five categories of
occupational hazards: physical safety hazards, chemical hazards, biological hazards,
physical hazards, and ergonomic risk factors.

An occupational disease is a health condition or disorder (e.g., cancer, musculoskeletal

disorders, post-traumatic stress, etc.) that is caused by your work environment or activities
related to your work.
occupational disease, any illness associated with a particular occupation or industry. Such diseases
result from a variety of biological, chemical, physical, and psychological factors that are present
in the work environment or are otherwise encountered in the course of e

52. Standing and sitting posture at work place. Overstrain of individual organs and systems.
Impact on the human body, disease prevention (PC-1, PC-15).

Always face the object of work. Keep body close to the work. Adjust the workplace to
get enough space to change working position. Use a foot rail or portable footrest to shift
body weight from both to one or the other leg.

The environment of space is lethal without appropriate protection: the greatest threat in the vacuum of
space derives from the lack of oxygen and pressure, although temperature and radiation also pose
risks. The effects of space exposure can result in ebullism, hypoxia, hypocapnia, and
decompression sickness.

Disease prevention is a procedure through which individuals, particularly those with risk
factors for a disease, are treated in order to prevent a disease from occurring.
Treatment normally begins either before signs and symptoms of the disease occur, or
shortly thereafter.

53. Industrial poisons, classification, influence on human health. Preventive measures (PC-1,
PC-15).
Industrial poisoning is a situation that occurs when someone comes in contact
or breathes in toxic waste substance that has been produced by mines, mills,
and factories. Industrial by-products are often dumped into the air, and water
which might or might not cause health diseases.

Four Types of Industrial Poisoning:

 Carbon Tetrachloride: It is a clear liquid that has a sweet smell. ... 

 Methylene Chloride: This chemical is commercially produced in vast quantities by
direct chlorination of methyl chloride or methane. ... 
 1-Bromopropane: ... 
 Pigment Violet 29

Poisoning can cause toxicity,

short-term effects, like a skin rash or brief illness.
serious cases, it can cause brain damage, a coma, or death.
Prevention :
Avoid touching contaminated clothing.
 Keep food, coffee mugs, and other nonessential items out of the work area.
 Wash thoroughly before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the toilet if they've been
working where they could have been exposed to hazardous substances.
Wear masks. ,gloves ,eye glasses during contact with chemicals
 54. Industrial metals (Pb, Hg, Mn, Cr, Be), influence on a human health, measures of
prophylaxis of diseases (PC-1, PC-15).

Heavy metal toxicity can either be acute or chronic effects. Long-term exposure of
the body to heavy metal can progressively lead to muscular, physical and
neurological degenerative processes that are similar to diseases such as
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and Alzheimer's
disease.

Wear masks. ,gloves ,eye glasses during contact with metals industry
Keep a safety distance.

55. Industrial toxic gases (CO, SO 2 and oxides of nitrogen), influence on human health.
Preventive measures (PC-1, PC-15).

A toxic gas can cause damage to living tissue, the central nervous system, severe
illness, or even death. Some toxic gases are not visible, cannot be smelled, and/or they
may not have an immediate effect but can be the cause of death.

Prevention

Train workers on carbon monoxide hazards. Provide a separate room for

asbestos containment equipment. Create a decontamination area with a
separate area for employees to shower and remove their work clothes before
leaving the work site. Ensure employees did not consume beverages inside an
asbestos containment area.

56. Industrial dust, classification, impact on a human health. Prophylaxis of dust pathology
(PC-1, PC-16).

Industrial dust, also known as process dust, is generated during a facility's

manufacturing or processing operations such as cutting, drilling, grinding, or sawing.
Process dust can also come from materials, chemicals, or ingredients used in the
production process such as flour, sugar, and pharmaceuticals
Classification
L Class (Low Risk), M Class (Medium Risk) and H Class (High Risk).

The prolonged exposure of industrial dust can lead even to lung cancer. Some dust
particles are so small that they directly absorb themselves in the bloodstream eliminating
some of the common symptoms and instead lead to nausea, loss of balance and other
symptoms, usually typical for poisoning.
 Prevention
• Personal hygiene
• Preventive nutrition
• Medical examinations (initial and periodical)
• Monitoring of the concentration of chemical substances in workplace air • Hygienic
regulation

57. Industrial microclimate, types, influence on human health. Preventive measures (PC-1, PC-
15).
Industrial microclimate its acondition in a factories and industrial
environment , within a few metres or less above and below the Earth's surface and
within canopies of vegetation.

58. Occupational noise, influence on a human health, measures of protection.

Occupational noise is the amount of acoustic energy received by an employee's
auditory system when they are working in the industry. Occupational noise, or
industrial noise, is often a term used in occupational safety and health, as sustained
exposure can cause permanent hearing damage.

Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Loud noise can
create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with
communication and concentration, and contribute to workplace accidents and injuries by
making it difficult to hear warning signals. ...

59. Occupational vibration, influence on a human health, measures of protection (PC-1, PC-15).

Occupational noise is the amount of acoustic energy received by an

employee's auditory system when they are working in the industry.
Occupational noise, or industrial noise, is often a term used in occupational safety
and health, as sustained exposure can cause permanent hearing damage.

Exposure to high levels of noise can cause permanent hearing loss. Loud noise can
create physical and psychological stress, reduce productivity, interfere with
communication and concentration, and contribute to workplace accidents and injuries by
making it difficult to hear warning signals. ...

Solutions for Reducing Noise in the Workplace

 Buy Quiet – select and purchase low-noise tools and machinery.

 Maintain tools and equipment routinely (such as lubricate gears)
 Reduce vibration where possible.
  Isolate the noise source in an insulated room or enclosure.
 Place a barrier between the noise source and the employee.

60. Occupational ultrasound and infrasound, influence on a human health, protection measures
(PC-1, PC-15).
61. Hygiene requirements when working with the opened and closed sources of ionizing
radiation (PC-1, PC-15).
Use time, distance, shielding, and containment to reduce exposure. 
Wear dosimeters (e.g., film or TLD badges) if issued. 
Avoid contact with the contamination. 
Wear protective clothing that, if contaminated, can be removed. 
Wash with nonabrasive soap and water any part of the body that may have come in
contact with the contamination. 
Assume that all materials, equipment, and personnel that came in contact with the
contamination are contaminated. Radiological monitoring is recommended before
leaving the scene. 

62. Occupational health of doctors who use lasers and in altitude chambers (PC-1, PC-15).
63. Occupational health of doctors of a surgical profile (PC-1, PC-15).

64. Nosocomial infections and their prophylaxis (PC-1, PC-16).

any clinically significant infectious disease that affects the patient as a result of hospitalization or
a visit to a hospital for treatment and medical staff, whether manifest or not the symptoms of the
disease at the time of staying in the hospital.
Caused by large hospital complexes and large number of infection of the hospitals

Prophylaxis:-

• Forming an artificial mechanism of transmission of infectious agents.

• Activation of the natural mechanisms of transmission of infectious agents.
• Formation a large number of hospital strains of microorganisms resistant to
antibiotics, disinfectants, ultraviolet radiation.
• The appearance a wide range of disinfectants.
• The difficulty of the disinfection and sterilization of modern medical equipment.
• Violation of sanitation in hospitals.

65. Hygienic requirements to the choice and planning of the hospital site. Systems of
construction of hospitals, their advantages and disadvantages (PC-1).

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO HOSPITAL WARD. natural illumination (FNI) -

1 %. Artificial illumination: common illumination in ward not less than 50 lux, local -
 100 lux, on duty (at night at an exit) - 3 lux. The distance between beds not less
than 0 8 - 1 m and between beds and external walls is not closer than 0 9 - 1 m.

66. Hygienic requirements to receptions of hospitals, department of an anesthesiology and

reanimation, reanimation and an intensive care (PC-1).
The reception should be placed on the first floor, in the isolated part of the building, and
whenever possible near the main entrance on the territory of a hospital site.
It is impossible to place under windows of ward.
For children's, obstetric, gynecologic, infectious, dermato-venereologic, tubercular,
psychiatric departments receptions have to be separate.
For the entrance of ambulance cars there should be a place with a canopy for 1-2
ambulances.

department of an anesthesiology and reanimation

 Before entering should be located gateway.
 The number of beds in the department should not exceed 25.
 To accommodate patients with purulent-septic infections in large departments, a
separate ward section should be organized, in small departments - a separate boxed
chamber.
The composition and set of premises depends on the type and capacity of the hospital.

2
 The reanimation hall (36 m - all-profile hospitals,
2
48 m - the hospitals that provide emergency medical care)
2 2
 Pre-reanimation (18 m - for one reanimation bed, 27 m - for two bed s)
2
 Intensive care wards (13 m per bed)
 Surgical dressing wounds
 Hemoabsorption room
 Equipment storage room
 Facilities for disinfection of anesthesia and respiratory equipment
 Sterilization room
 Warehouses (for storage of blood, dirty linen, etc.)
 Laboratory of urgent analyzes
Facilities for staff, etc.

67. Ward section, types, characteristic. Hygienic requirements to treatment and dressing room,
bedside corridor (PC-1, PC-15).

Ward section is the main functional structural element of hospitals. It carries

out the diagnosis of diseases, treatment, care for the sick.
 The ward section is created to improve the provision of specialized medical
care.
Types ;
 Usual
 Section with subsections
 Section with two corridors
Section with chambers, mainly around the perimeter of buildings
Characteristic

 Grouping of patients according to the nature and severity of the disease

 Organization of service of patients with the same staff
Reduction of movements of personnel.

Types of coridor

• one sided
• two-sided (central)
two-sided with partial building
68. Hygienic requirements to wards (types, sizes, improvement, furniture, microclimate,
lighting) (PC-1).

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO HOSPITAL WARD. natural illumination (FNI) -

1 %. Artificial illumination: common illumination in ward not less than 50 lux, local -
100 lux, on duty (at night at an exit) - 3 lux. The distance between beds not less
than 0 8 - 1 m and between beds and external walls is not closer than 0 9 - 1 m.

Requirements to a microclimate

Air temperature depends on a profile of patients:

20 °C (pulmonary, surgical, gastroenterology, etc.);

•
25 °C (endocrinological ward for patients with a hypothyroidism);
•
15-16 °C (endocrinological ward for patients with hypertiroidism).
•
• Air movement speed – 0,1-0,2 m/s
Relative humidity of air – 40-60%

Natural illumination
• Optimal orientation of windows: south, south-east, east
• Lighting coefficient – not less than 1:5-1:6
• Coefficient of natural lighting – not less than 0,5%
 Artificial illumination
• general, local, combined
• light sources: incandescent and fluorescent lamp
• light intensity - at least 100 lux

69. Hygienic requirements to surgical department of hospitals. Operating block, structure,

planning, improvement, equipment (PC-1, PC-15).
Requirements

This is the most complex element of a functional hospital.

Operating units are divided into:

1. General

2. Specialized (cardiac,

     burns, etc.).

Requirements for operating room

Number of operating room should be at the rate – 1 operating room at 25-30 surgical beds.
Operating room should be designed on the 1 operating table.
Operating :
   Area of operating room in general surgical profile is not less than 36 m², to complex operations -
42-48 m²

Indicators of microclimate
Temperature - 21-24 ̊C.
Relative humidity - 55-60%.
Speed of air - not more than 0.15 m / s.
The content of harmful substances in the air
shall not exceed the maximum permissible concentration.
The permissible level of microbial contamination of the air
3
   before the start of - less than 200 / m
3
   during operation - no more than 500 / m
Recommended panel heating system
 70. Hygienic requirements to maternity hospitals (maternity units of hospitals) (PC-1, PC-15).
Organization :
 reception (filter)
 physiological department
 postnatal physiological department
 department of newborn
 observation department
 the department of pathology of pregnancy

 In the physiological department there are 3 groups of rooms::

1. For childbirth
2. Operating unit
3. Auxiliary
Requirements
 Should be placed either in a separate compartment of the building or above
all compartments
 Prenatal wards are calculated for 1-2 beds
 Birth rooms are calculated for 1 bed
 Mandatory presence of a separate box for women with HIV infection,
hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases. It must have an external entrance
through the vestibule and the entrance from the section through the
gateway.
The department has its own operating room, its own department of newborns.

71. Hygienic requirements to children's and infection hospitals (department) (PC-1, PC-15).
Children's departments with 60 beds or more is recommended to be placed in a
separate building, with 30-60 beds - on a separate floor of the main building, 30
beds and less - on the first floor of the main building in an isolated ward section.
Children's section should have separate entrances and to be impassable for patients
and staff from other departments.
Hygienic requirements to radiological departments of hospitals (PC-1).
• The admission department (reception) must be separate.
• For admission of sick children to the hospital, examination boxes should be organized.
2
• The area of examination box is 15 m .
  Ward section for children under 1 year old - no more than 24 beds.
 Ward section for children over 1 year old - no more than 30 beds.
r of beds in the wards
 for children under 1 year old - 2
 for children over 1 year old - 4.

Requirements
Should be organized:
• place for walking
• playroom (for children under 3 years old),
• day room for children,
• canteen only for children over 3 years old,
• personal hygiene room (for girls over 7 years old).
• rooms for mothers.

• For infectious diseases hospitals, a decentralized system is

recommended.
• Around the infectious buildings, a strip of shrub plantations with
a width of at least 5 m is provided.
Requirements
• For infectious diseases hospitals, a reception and isolation
building should be provided, for departments - their own
admission department.
• In infectious diseases hospitals, reception and observation
boxes should be equipped.
• The total area of the reception and observation box is 15 m².
• There should be premises for disinfection of the transport on
which the patient was delivered, a room for storing
disinfectants.

72. Disinfection and sterilization in prophylaxis of nosocomial infections. Characteristic of

methods and agents (PC-1, PC-15).
Sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial
lifeand is carried out in health-care facilities by physical or chemical methods. ...
Disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms,
except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects

73. Sanitary measures in the prevention of nosocomial infections (the sanitary cleaning and
ventilation of rooms; change of linen; personal hygiene of patients and staffs) (PC-1, PC-
16).

Organization measures
Hygienic measures
Antiepidemic measures
Disinfection and sterilization
increasing the body's resistance
introduction of new medical technologies.
• Hospitals must have an infection control and prevention program
to identify and reduce the risks of acquiring and transmitting
infections among patients, healthcare personnel, and visitors.
• The hospital should have an infection control manual which
includes infection prevention and control program.
• The infection control and prevention program should have
procedures that meet international infection control and
prevention guidelines
• The infection control program shall support safe practice and
ensure a safe environment for patients, healthcare workers
(HCWs) and hospital visitors.
The hospital has a designated and qualified infection control
professional(s)/committee to oversee the infection and prevention control
program.
 74. Hygienic characteristics of the waste of medical organizations (PC-1).
Sharp , infectious , poison ,harmful and dangerous
different units within a hospital would generate waste with the following
characteristics: – Medical wards: mainly infectious waste such as dressings,
bandages, sticking plaster, gloves, disposable medical items, used
hypodermic needles and intravenous sets, body fluids and excreta, contaminated ...

types of medical waste: General, Infectious, Hazardous and Radioactive.

75. Use of polymeric materials in medicine, their hygienic characteristic (PC-1, PC-15).

Biological, synthetic and hybrid polymers are used for multiple medical applications such
as surgical sutures, implants, scaffolds in regenerative medicine, dental devices,
hearing aids, biosensors, and drug delivery systems.

The characteristic fields of polymeric materials application in medicine are analyzed. The main
elements of the medical services generalized classification with a description of the certain polymers
application for specific fields of medicine with a direct indication of their name are considered. It is
pointed out the importance of taking into account the physical and mechanical polymers properties as
the basis for their application in medicine.

76. Main problems of hygiene of children and adolescents. Indicators and groups of health of
children and adolescents (PC-1, PC-21).

Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea,

dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio and exacerbates stunting. Poor sanitation
reduces human well-being, social and economic development due to impacts such as
anxiety, risk of sexual assault, and lost educational opportunities.

Description. This composite indicator measures a government's commitment to child

health as measured by child mortality, the sound management of water resources and
water systems, and proper sewage disposal and sanitary control.
 77. Physical development of children and adolescents. Main indicators and methods for their
study. A concept about acceleration and deceleration (PC-1, PC-21).

In child development

Physical development includes both growth and the ability to use muscles and body
parts for particular skills. Both gross (large muscle movements) and fine (small
movements) motor skills contribute to physical development, and children often learn a set
of skills by a certain age.

In adolescent development

M any young people will reach their full adult height by the end of puberty. Beyond the
growth spurts, other physical changes that happen in both males and females
include body odor, acne, and more body hair. Females will see changes in where fat
appears on their body

Methods

Measurements of physical development - height, weight, cranial circumference, and

arm measurements - are called better predictors of nutritional and developmental status
than mortality and morbidity figures.

78. Methods for the study of physical development of children and adolescents (PC-1, PC-15).

These various methods, which are generally common to the classroom research
paradigm, include: Observation, Self-Reports, Interaction with Children,
Children's Diaries, Cumulative Record, Anecdotal Record and Reflective
Journals.

79.A day regime for children of different age. Hygienic requirements for the organization of the
educational process in schools (PC-1, PC-16).

Adequate space must be provided with classrooms, special rooms, school halls, staff
room, office room, pupils' common room, library and reading room in every secondary
school. Classroom should have 600 Sq. ft floor area (30′ x 20′). The height of each room
must be more than 15 feet.
 80. Hygienic requirements to the planning of the land plot of school, to school buildings and
their planning (PC-1, PC-15).

School building should be placed in the residential area far from sources of
pollution.
The service
area has 500 m in radius, for lyceum and colleges — without limits.
School area has from 0.5 to 3 ha and is subdivided into economic zone, zone of
vegetation, zone of sports grounds and school building zone.
The built area can occupy up to 25% of school
area, vegetation takes 55% as minimum. Sports zone
takes about 30% of the area. In Ukraine it is established that maximum height
of school building is 3 floors. School building has two or more entrances.

81. Hygienic requirements to classrooms (sizes, microclimate, lighting). Hygienic requirements

to the furniture of classrooms and laboratories (PC-1, PC-15).

The main principle of building planning is

“group isolation”. It means that every age group has own set of premises.
The area is subdivided into such functional zones: economic (includes warehouses, garage, boiler building,
laundry, kitchen), the zone of
playgrounds, the zone of vegetations and zone of kindergarten building. The kindergarten area should
have 2 entrances as minimum. Percentage of building area does not exceed 25%, minimum percentage of
the area occupied by vegetations is 55%. The maximum quantity of floors for kindergarten building is 2.
Premises for children of young age should be placed at the ground floor.

They should be placed in the residential area far from sources

of
noise and pollution. Area size is determined by the
number of children. If a kindergarten has up to 160
children so area for each child should be 45 m2, if

more — 35. A kindergarten serving area has a radius of 300 m.

 Equipment of school premises must meet sanitary and hygienic
requirements, promote optimal support of teaching and
effective teaching and educational off-hour activity. That is
why classrooms and laboratories must be equipped with
furniture in accordance to normativedocuments in force. 
•Furniture is matched taking into account the body length of
pupils. It is prohibited to use benches and stools instead of chairs.
Physiological working posture for pupils is the working posture
when angle of slope of thoracic part of body to cross part
equals 145. The working posture for pupils is also inadmissible if
distance from school desk surface to pupil eyes is le

82. Hygiene regulations for computer use in educational institutions, prophylaxis of adverse
effect (PC-1, PC-15).

83. Healthy lifestyle of the person as social and hygienic problem. Personal hygiene, value,
elements (PC-16, PC-21).

Proper grooming and healthy personal habits can help you ward off illnesses and feel
good about yourself. ... Personal hygiene habits such as washing your hands and
brushing and flossing your teeth will help keep bacteria, viruses, and illnesses at bay.
And there are mental as well as physical benefits.

Personal hygiene is how you care for your body. This practice includes bathing,
washing your hands, brushing your teeth, and more. Every day, you come into contact
with millions of outside germs and viruses. They can linger on your body, and in some
cases, they may make you sick.
Personal hygiene has social and aesthetic values. An individual who follows the practice
of proper personal hygiene gains confidence, pride and dignity. Personal hygiene applies
to all parts of the body, but hand hygiene is probably the most important for public health.

Personal hygiene includes:

 cleaning your body every day.

 washing your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
 brushing your teeth twice a day.
 covering your mouth and nose with a tissue (or your sleeve) when sneezing or
coughing.
 washing your hands after handling pets and other animals.

84. Hypodynamia and its consequences. Physiological and hygienic bases of sports activities.
Hardening, value, principles, methods (PC-1, PC-16).

Hypodynamia affects the activity of the cardiovascular system, this leads to the
occurrence of arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. Hypodynamia
also affects the respiratory system, it can threaten the development of lung
diseases.
Ensure clean hands and avoid touching your face

Hand washing for at least 20 seconds, and showering at home before and after
physical activity, is crucial for good hygiene – please encourage all those taking part to do
so.

hardening is understood a system of hygienic measures aimed at increasing the body's resistance to

the adverse effects of various meteorological factors

85. Hygienic requirements for clothes and shoes. (PC-1, PC-16).

Washing dirty clothes requires adequate clean water, detergents (solid or
powdered soap) and washing facilities (Figure 3.7). If possible, the washed
clothes should be ironed to help the destruction of body lice and nits. Boiling water
or insecticides can be used to destroy clothes infestation
.
can remove the insoles and wash them separately using warm water and soap. You can
also try to add baking soda inside of the shoe, putting it all together in a plastic bag and
in the washer.
 Hygiene of teeth and oral cavity. The hygienic characteristic of oral hygiene products. Skin
hygiene and skin hygiene products. (PC-15, PC-16).

brush your teeth with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day. floss at least once a
day (one of the most beneficial things you can do to prevent disease in your oral
cavity) have your teeth cleaned by a dental professional every six
months. avoid tobacco products.
 Power Toothbrushes.
 Breath Fresheners. Mints.
 Manual Toothbrushes.
 Teeth Whitening Kits.
 Dental Floss.
 Toothpastes.
 Denture Care. Adhesives. Cleansers.
 Mouthwashes.

 Your skin is a natural barrier against abrasion, chemicals, and pathogens.
Proper skin hygiene is the best way to keepyour skin healthy. Removing dead cells,
dirt and microbes from the surface of the skin is key to good hygiene.

Skin Hygiene Tips

1. Never touch your face unless your hands are clean. Bacteria on your hands “feeds”
pimples.
2. Don't pick pimples! ... 
3. Always wash your face before bedtime no matter how sleepy you are. ... 
4. Change your pillowcase often.
5. Be consistent with your regimen. ... 
6. Use the correct products. ... 
7. Avoid strong alcohol based toners.

Head of the Department

Professor ________________/ T.R. Zulkarnaev /