Computer is an electronic device that processes information at high speed with accuracy. The most powerful computers can perform billions of calculations or arithmetic operations per second. This device is capable of solving problems or manipulating data by accepting the same performing arithmetical operation or logical operations of the data, and supplying the results of these operations. In general computer can process numbers, words, still pictures, movin pictures and sounds. The computer uses electronic current to carry information, To unable a computer to process information that is not numerical such as words, pictures or sounds, the information is digitized. It is necessary for us to know and understand what a computer can not do. A computer can not do thinking for us. Computers can only follow specific, logical steps based on the information we humans enter. Thus, a computer can only act on the basis of information we put in computer does only what itis told, ether by programs or by a human operator. PARTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM- A computer system consists of two basic components: 1. Hardware 2. Software 1. HARDWARE: Itis the physical part of computer system and consists of electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices. A computer system has following main hardware units 1, Central Processing Unit [CPU]: _It is the nerve centre of any digital computer system, it coordinate: nitrols the activities of all other units and performs all the arithmetical and logical process to be applied to the data. CPU has three separate hardware sections: intemal memory, arithmetic unit and a control section. Chip is the building block of a computer and performs various functions, for example, doing arithmetic operations, serving as the computer's memory or controlling other chips. 2. Visual Display Unit [VDU] or Terminal: Like Television, display unit consist of a Cathode-Ray Tiibe, which is used to display characters or graphies representing data read (rom the main memory of a computer. Input and Output Devices: input device like keyboard, is used to enter data and Programs into the computer memory. Similarly, since all the data and programsin com, ices romPuter are, Ree e devices Tike printer. Rae 8S electrical impulses in information that ¢: 4 8 coded form, output ete are ibe thee Out an be used by human ae Yel tarseribe is dal ino Storage Device: Hard Disk, 5 + Tn its Most ger computer ster yy Software refers to all programs, which can be used on a particular assist all users of e oe Pe Hcaly, software mene those programs, which in some way can rae ee ete ‘spe of computer to make the best ioe of their machine. Software & Computer system and mak . Somputer system may oe core as: ond Makes the hardware nin, The software a ® Application Software # System Software’) * Application Software:. types of application software: F; base management, business graphies ant words usiness houses and many individu: Second type of applications software provides Specific professional or technical applications for Specific kinds of busin sce: For example, software specifically designed to be uses by medical doctors, dentists, architects and engineers periorm very special tasks, ist type of application softw: processing, als, fare relates to data covering a broad range of functions The categories of broad-range applications software meant for Personal use and business include: Accounting — general ledger, payroll, invoicing, etc Communications — electronic mail interaction with central office mainframe computers, connectivity with commercial data banks, and other services offered by information utilities. * Data base management ~ organizing data files compiling statistics, plot trends and market analyses. Sing Educational Programs ~leaming through games, tutorials, simulations, et, Graphics — displaying colour graphics and charts, producing colour slides and other visual aids, nee , Programming — translating a problem from its physical environment to language theta computer can understand and obey. System Software: for central access, retrieval and update, :It signifies ce isthe eens at Fons the erating Syston em omputer 5} ew Programs consis of the flow ‘helps the applications services. Po luling, debugging, input that cone amet programmer in setae Rae aouat con he executions of compter pr , VMS [Virtual Mer rating system Sirona maearten grams and ory System, Micsof Windowsee en ‘ONIK and lows, etc. m omg py Ree [Sipe eerie tical Routin calculations. es:- Short . Before sets of ce * you use program codes the SEMMM Rec beind ais sort of he weet eons Trait som orci Cae .e useful term: mon terms used in Tram [Rand < n fom A Meme iccess Memory]:- Memory into w! “0 fnich data can be written and from which ROM [Read O: rm resent and perman nly Memory]:-M i BRON Re ry]:-Memory containing informatis i jich cannot be written but can only be ne Le ae oi aa t CACHE:- Most frequently accessed memory sites in files. we \4 unicate with one another over, Modem.- ic ‘A device that allows computer users to commu telephone lines. \Network:- A system c i ce Asy onsisting of two or more computers connecte eettpnieaton lines ry or more computers connected by high-speed _ Peripheral Equipments:- Consisting of input devices, output devices and file storage |devices. 4 istered in a central location [URL [Uniform Resource Locator]: * computer address th e:- Software that conné yr wishes to &xa tor to a URL containing Browser Softwar’ ects a computer ope! ine information that the operato ater controlled combination of text, graphies, sounds, photographs: film | yultimedia:- A comp’ {and other types ofmedia. TION OF COMP’ UTER IN DATA PROCESSING AND MAPPING:- Mapping is an mapping. has ing facilitated smputer-Aided APPLICA ut chaps, and Geography is about maps g and teaching. being extensively Us ‘Aided Design (C: Use of computer in ‘ed for map-mal AD} and Co There is a sayings Biography is abou integral part of Geography learnin! janis field. Digital methods revolutionize Py deamputereg one ener the computer Management CAM] have ged as new fields of SAY.gital techni i iques of mapping consist of following operations: 1. Data Capture or Data Acquisition Data about real world can be acquit iy a i Bere ive Plas, ae Gia various sources. Field observations by traditional yaa Beld manuscrins record lobal Position System}, Satellite Imageries, existing old etree ant eee properly verified are some of them. The hand copy, field Bere ston vec photos are converted into digital form through scanning {rasterisation] fectorisation], which can be processed further according to needs. 2. Geo-Coding or Geo-Referencing of Raster Image Scan i fieimegerh istorti ee cs and satellite imageries are corrected for distortio by matching them with oe ntrol points [GCPs] occurring in an image. GCPs ie features of known ground focation that can be accurately located on the aerial photo or satellite imagery. 3. Digital Fair Mapping Geo-coded raster image is used as a backdrop to draw point, features, line features and aerial frarures and annotate them with proper symbols oad texts, Alternatively, the above features O° the raster image may simply be digitized Fo ee it using symbols to create cartographic database. The digital map may be subjected 10 ‘natomated cartographic processes like generalization, classification, etc. 4, Map Reproduction rough digitization of raster images in computers is used either to oie through printer, or it may be used fo PrePAE colour films through printer or it may be 2 ee to prepare colour composites on films fOr eg. cyan [c], magenta (m], yellow (y] and black (K]. The colours separate on & opraphically merged fo generate the colour composites. These colours are r offset printing, ‘The digital map prepared th generate colour separates on paper composites 0! each colour, paper or films are phot used to prepare plate fo! entioned techniques have im these techniques are making in recent times. mensely contributed to map and accurate but can be The above mi Maps which are produced using not only sharp produced very quickly,|