STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC

(SCE)
DEPT.OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not
to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge
that everything mentioned in the report is true.

_________________
Student Signature

Name : …………………………………………

Matric No. : …………………………………………

Date : …………………………………………
 GEOTECHNICS LAB

GROUP REPORT
Code of Subject BFC 31901
Code of Experiment
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment
Session/ Group No.
Name of Group Leader
Members of Group 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lecturer/Instructor/Tutor
Date of Submission
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

 Report is not  Report is lacks  Good representation  Accurate  Accurate

well precision of the report using representation of representation of the
represented tables and/or graphs the report using report using tables
 Precision of report is tables and/or and/or graphs
acceptable graphs  Graphs and tables are
Report  Report is fairly labeled and titled
precise  Report is precise
6

 Trends/  Trends/  Trends/patterns are  Trends/ patterns are  Trends/ patterns are
patterns are patterns are not logically analyzed for logically analyzed logically analyzed
not analyzed analyzed the most part  Questions are  Questions are
 Questions are  Answers to  Questions are answered in answered thoroughly
Analysis questions are answered in complete sentences and in complete
not answered
incomplete complete sentences sentences 6
 Analysis is not  Analysis is
relevant  Analysis is  Analysis is general thoughtful  Analysis is insightful
inconsistent

 No discussion  A discussion  A discussion  Accurate discussion  Accurate discussion

and conclusion statement and statement and statement and statement and
were included conclusion of conclusion of the conclusion of the conclusion of the
or showed little the results is results of the results of the results of the
effort and incomplete with experiment indicates experiment experiment indicates
reflection on little reflection whether results indicates whether whether results
Discussion & the experiment on the support the results support the support the
Conclusion 8
experiment hypothesis hypothesis hypothesis
 Possible sources of  Possible sources of
error identified error identified and
lesson learnt from
the experiment was
discussed and
concluded

Name of Accessor: Signature: Date: Total Score

/100

Comment by Assessor Acknowledgement of Receive

 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

1.0 OBJECTIVE: To Determine the Lowest Moisture Content at Which the Soil Behaves Plastically.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
 Conduct the plastic limit experiment.
 Identify the plastic limit value for soil.

 Identify the importance and application of plastic limit test.

3.0 THEORY

Plastic limit ( P w ) of soil is defined as the water content at which a soil will just begin to crumble when
rolled into a thread of approximately 3 mm in diameter. It is water content at the boundary between the
plastic and semi-solid states of consistency of the soil. Plasticity index (PI or I P) is the numerical
difference of the liquid and plastic limit, and indicates the range of water content through which the soil
remains plastic.
PI = LL – PL

For fine grained soils, determining the natural water content (the water content of a soil in an
undisturbed condition in the ground) and relating it to the plastic and liquid limits can provide an
indication of the soil’s consistency and/or sensitivity potential. One such relationship is the liquidity
index.
w−PL
I L=
PI
Consistency index is defined as the ratio of the liquid limit minus the natural water
content to the plasticity index of a soil.
LL−w
Cr =
PI
Table 2.1 : Classification of soil according to plasticity.

Plasticity Index (IP or PI) Degree of Plasticity Type of Soil

0 Non-Plastic Sand
<7 Low-Plastic Silt
7-17 Medium Plastic Silty clay or clayey silt
> 17 Highly Plastic Clay

Table 2.2 : Classification of soil according to liquidity indices.

Liquidity Index (IL or LI) Consistency

< 0.0 Desiccated (dry) hard soil
0.0-0.25 Stiff
0.25-0.50 Medium to soft
0.50-0.75 Soft
0.75-1.00 Very soft
>1.00 Liquid
 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

4.0 APPARATUS:

1. The most important piece of apparatus for this test is the hand of operator, which should
be clean and free from grease.
2. Evaporating dish.
3. A separate glass plate reserved for rolling of threads. This should be smooth and free from
scratches, and about 300 mm square and 10mm thick. The surface condition of the plate
can affect the behaviour of rolled threads, and the use of unscratched glass reduces the
likelihood of discrepancies. An alternative is to reserve one side of the mixing plate for
thread rolling, and avoid mixing the soil on this area.
4. Two palette knives or spatulas.
5. A short length (say 100 mm) of 3mm diameter metal rod.
6. Standard moisture content apparatus (container, balance and oven)

Figure 2.1 : Apparatus for plastic limit test

5.0 PROCEDURES

i) Selection and preparation of sample

(a) Take about 20 g of the prepared soil paste and spread it on the glass mixing plate.
(b) Mix occasionally to avoid local drying out.
(c) It is convenient to set aside this sample just before carrying out the liquid limit test.

Figure 2.2 : Prepared soil paste.

 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

ii) Rolling Into a Ball

(a) When the soil is plastic enough, it is well kneaded and then shaped into a ball.
(b) When slight cracks begin to appear on the surface, divide the ball into two portions each of
about 10 g.
(c) Further divide each into four equal parts, but keep each set of four parts together.

Figure 2.3 : Rolling into ball and four equal part of soil after divide.

iii) Rolling Into a Threads

(a) Using a steady pressure, roll this mass into a thread between the fingers of one hand and
the surface of the glass plate.
(b) The pressure should reduce the diameter of the thread from 6 mm to about 3 mm after
between five and ten back-and-forth movements of the hand.
(c) It is important to maintain a uniform rolling pressure throughout; do not reduce pressure as
the thread approaches 3 mm diameter.
(d) Dry the soil further by moulding between the fingers again, not by continued rolling which
gives a dried crust.
(e) Form it into a thread and roll out again as before.
(f) Repeat this procedure until the thread crumbles when it has been rolled to 3 mm diameter.
(g) The metal rod serves as a reference for gauging this diameter.
(h) The first crumbling point is the plastic limit

Figure 2.4 : The soil specimen is rolled under the fingers into a thread 3 mm diameter.
 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

iv) Moisture content measurement

This is placed in a numbered moisture content container, which is weighed, oven dried and weighed as
in the standard moisture content procedure according to BS 1377: Part 2: 1990.
(a) Weight the empty moisture content container
(b) Take a moisture content sample of about 10 g from the area penetrated by the cone, using the
tip of a small spatula.
(c) Weight the wet sample
(d) Dry in the oven for about 24 hours (overnight)
(e) Weight the dry sample

(a) (b)

(c)

(d) (e)

Figure 1.10: Process to take a moisture content.

 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

6.0 CALCULATION EXAMPLE

i) Results Calculation
(a) Calculate the moisture content of the soil in each of the two containers. Take the average of
the two results.
(b) If they differ by more than 0.5% moisture content, the test should be repeated.

Table 1: Example of Data Sheet.

Location : RECESS Loc. No. : 00123
Soil description: Silty CLAY Sample No. : 6
Sample type : Undisturbed Depth of Sample : 1.5 m
Operator: A . Z. S Date Started :

Test Number Units 1 2 3 4

Can Number 11 21 32 41
Mass of can + moist soil (Mcws) gram 46.76 57.20 63.60 71.72
Mass of can + dry soil (Mcs) gram 32.51 38.31 41.64 45.78
Mass of can (Mc) gram 8.31 8.35 8.26 8.29
Mass of dry soil (Ms) gram 24.20 29.96 33.38 37.49
Mass of water (Mw) gram 14.25 18.89 21.96 25.94
Water content % 58.88 63.05 65.79 69.19
Plastic limit % 64.27

Calculation of moisture content;

mw 14 . 25
w= = =0 .5888 or 58 . 88 %
ms 24 . 20

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

DATA SHEET
Location : Loc. No. :
Soil description: Sample No. :
Sample type : Depth of Sample :
Operator: Date Started :

Test Number Units 1 2 3 4

Can Number
Mass of can + moist soil (Mcws) gram
Mass of can + dry soil (Mcs) gram
Mass of can (Mc) gram
Mass of dry soil (Ms) gram
Mass of water (Mw) gram
Water content %
Plastic limit %
Plastic limit = %
Liquid limit = %
Plasticity index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit = %
 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

8.0 DEMONSTRATION

A detailed procedure of Plastic Limit Test can be seen in this video. Click this link to watch the
related video.

1. Plastic limit test:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9HvDB8G90k

2. Plastic limit test:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfTSbm36EjA

3. Plastic Limit Test for soil:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj0kXdAvUEQ

9.0 CALCULATIONS

10.0 DISCUSSIONS

11.0 CONCLUSION
 FACULTY: CIVIL ENG. & BUILT ENVIRONMENT PAGE NO.:
EDITION:
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.:
EFFECTIVE 14/5/20
TEST TITLE: PLASTIC LIMIT TEST DATE:
AMENDMENT 14/5/20
DATE:

12.0 QUESTIONS 1

(a) What is the definition of plastic limit?

(b) A sample of wet clay and its container weigh 102 g.After oven drying the sample and the
container weigh 60 g. What is the water content and plastic limit for the soil?

QUESTIONS 2

(a) What is the different between liquid limit and plastic limit?

(b) A sample of wet clay weighs 176 g. After oven drying the sample weigh 60 g and its container
is 7.32 g. What is the water content and plastic limit for the soil?
PLASTIC LIMIT

GROUP 1 2 3
Can No, g 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Wet soil & Can, g 47.73 20.7 45.56 49.73 46.31 40.4 45.21 42.5 20.59 20.83 21.75 20.65
Dry soil & Can, g 45.43 18.76 43.36 47.43 43.69 37.57 42.70 38.8 18.3 18.31 19.54 18.53
Can mass, g 35.77 10.44 34.87 37.77 36.24 28.86 35.25 30.96 9.38 9.14 10.62 9.25
Dry Soil, g
Mass of water, g
Moisture Content, %
Avg Plastic limit, %

GROUP 4 5 6
Can No, g 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Wet soil & Can, g 17.67 16.4 17.08 16.95 40.52 40.16 20.25 20.20 17.52 22.21 18.63 16.52
Dry soil & Can, g 17.26 15.92 16.89 16.43 38.17 37.92 18.05 18.15 15.62 18.91 16.75 14.62
Can mass, g 9.31 9.12 9.10 9.68 29.48 28.87 19.12 19.23 9.5 9.29 20.55 8.51
Dry Soil, g
Mass of water, g
Moisture Content, %
Avg Plastic limit, %