Scoring Checklist

Physics Practicum

SFT 3023: VIBRATIONS, WAVES & OPTICS

Experiment GGO1 GGO2 GGO3

Experiment Date 2/11/2022
Lecture Group A B C D E F
Instructor Associate Prof. Ts. Dr. Dr. Rosazley Ramly
Shahrul Kadri Ayop

Student ID Student’s Name

D20211099459 NUR FATIN ATIQAH BINTI MOHD JAMIL
D20211099467 NUR IRDINATUL NABILAH BINTI NAZARI
D20211099463 UMMI NASHATUL MUNIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD
AZMI
D20211099469 NUR HAYANI BINTI ABDUL HALIM

INSTRUCTION

1. This paper contains criteria for a formal Physics Practicum report.

2. In the CHECKLIST section, the students may refer to important criteria
needed in their laboratory report and self-mark (✔) for criteria that have been
fully met in the report.
3. In the SCORE section, the instructor must enter a score of:

0 1
The response is unclear, the Criterion is clearly met
criterion is not fully and clearly
present, or the response is 'I don't
know' or similar.
 2 Logical data /
# CRITERIA CHECKLIST SCORE 3 Consistent decimal points /
(✔) 4 Correct units /

A Title 5 Correct measurement uncertainties /

1 Correct title / b Graph/Chart

2 Name and ID / 1 Correct title or caption /

3 Experiment date / 2 Correct pair of axes and units labels /

B Abstract 3 Appropriate size/proportion /

1 Correct objective(s) / 4 Correct graph fitting with equation /

2 Summary of procedures and apparatus used / H Discussion

3 State the result(s) / 1 Recognize dependent and independent variables. /

C Keywords 2 Correct calculation/analysis. /

1 At least TWO relevant keywords stated / 3 Response to the inquiry. /

D Introduction I Conclusion

1 Relevant concept(s) / 1 Restate objective(s) /

2 Relevant formula(s) / 2 State the conclusion(s) based on objective(s). /

3 Relate experiment with concept(s) / 3 State one reasonable factor of result deviation from the /

E Materials and Apparatus theory.

1 Use own experiment diagram/photo / 4 Suggest logically how to minimize the deviation in I3. /

2 Correct labelled diagram/photo / J Reflection

F Methodology 1 At least THREE sentences for every person in a separate /

1 Write in a single paragraph / page.

2 Passive voice / 2 Correct language structure and spelling. /

3 Correct apparatus used / K Formatting

4 Correct variables / 1 Use given cover page and scoring sheet /

5 Correct experiment description / 2 Justify all paragraphs alignment with appropriate spacing /

G Results 3 Italic font for symbols and regular font for units /

a Tabulation of Data 4 Consistent font and size /

1 Table with correct caption / 5 Save file as PDF and named according to the given format /
TOTAL MARKS (40)
 SFT 3033 PROJECT REPORT

The Inverse Square Law of Sound

Nur Fatin Atiqah binti Mohd Jamil D20211099459 (AT16)
Nur Irdinatul Nabilah binti Nazari D20211099467 (AT16)
Ummi Nashatul Munirah binti Mohamad Azmi D20211099463 (AT16)
Nur Hayani binti Abdul Halim D20211099469 (AT16)

Experiment on November 2nd, 2022 Submitted on November 9th, 2022

ABSTRACT

This experiment aims to determine the relationship between the sound intensity at a point and
the distance of the point to the sound source in order to prove the Inverse Square Law of Sound.
Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite and Frequency Generator apps installed in smartphone were used
as a tool to measure sound intensity level, at different distances, r. Distance, r was taken from
fixed loudness and pitch sound source. Sound sources were measured from ten various
distances of the smartphone. Based on the experiment result, the relationship between the sound
intensity and the distance of the smartphone to the sound source is inversely proportional based
on the determination of the equation from the slope which is 𝐼 = 1 × 10−9 𝑟 −2.127

Keywords: Sound intensity, inverse square law

INTRODUCTION

Sound is a pressure wave which is created by a vibrating object. Sound intensity, also known
as acoustic intensity and useful quantity to describe the loudness of sound, it also defined as
the power carried by sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area. Power
is the rate at which energy is transferred by the wave. The formula of intensity I is

𝑃
I =𝐴

Where P is the power through an area, A. The SI unit of intensity, which includes sound
intensity, is watts per meter squared (𝑊/𝑚2 ). Therefore, the sound intensity level is a unit less
quantity that show the level of the sound relative to a fixed standard. While sound intensity, I
in watts per meter squared (𝑊/𝑚2 ), the sound intensity levels, β is in decibels (dB) which more
relevant to human perceive sounds. It also refers to logarithms expression of the sound relative
to reference intensity. The sound intensity level ,β is defined to be

𝐼
𝛽(𝑑𝐵) = 10 log10 (𝐼 )
0

Where I is sound intensity in watts per meter squared, and 𝐼0 = 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2 is a reference
intensity. The inverse square law states that the intensity of the sound decreases by
approximately 6 dB for each doubling of distance from the sound source. It state that the
intensity of sound from the sound source to the point is inversely proportional to the square of
1
distance from the point to the sound source. I ∝ . Where I is sound intensity and r is the
𝑟2

distance from the sensor sound to the sound source. This experiment is carried out to determine
the relationship between the sound intensity at a point and the distance of the point to the sound
source in order to prove the Inverse Square Law of Sound.

METHODOLOGY

The materials used in these experiments were two smartphone, marker, ruler, and an app that
being used as a sound sensor. One smartphone are used for sound source while the other one
was used as sound sensor. In this experiment, an app called Physics Toolbox Suite and
Frequency Generator are used as a sound sensor. The experiments are set up as shown in Figure
1. These experiment are carried out to find the sound intensity when the distance of sound
source and sound speaker are different. In this experiment, we use 10 different distance to
determine the relationship between sound intensity at a point and the distance of the point from
a sound source. The sound sensor and sound source are arranged in a parallel line when the
experiment are set up. The frequency of sound source used in these experiment are fixed at 450
Hz by using Frequency Sound Generator. In these experiment, the sound source are being
moved at ten distances, r start with 0.03 m and every distance are marked by using marker. The
experiment was repeated for three times to get average values of sound intensity in order to
reduce the random error that might occur during the experiment was carried out. All the data
was shown in Table 1 and the graph of sound intensity, l versus distance, r was plotted in
Graph 1. Through the graph, the illuminance was obtained from the slope and shown in Graph
1.
 Sound Sensor

Ruler

Sound Source

FIGURE 1

RESULT

No. Distance, Distance, Sound Intensity Level, dB Intensity 𝐼/𝑚/𝑚2

𝑟/𝑐𝑚 𝑟/𝑚
#1 #2 #3 average
1 3 0.03 61 60 61 61 1.26 × 10−6
2 6 0.06 55 57 56 56 3.98 × 10−7
3 9 0.09 53 54 53 53 2.00 × 10−7
4 12 0.12 51 50 50 50 1.00 × 10−7
5 15 0.15 50 48 49 49 7.94 × 10−8
6 18 0.18 46 47 46 46 3.98 × 10−8
7 21 0.21 44 44 44 44 2.51 × 10−8
8 24 0.24 43 43 43 43 2.00 × 10−8
9 27 0.27 41 41 41 41 1.26 × 10−8
10 30 0.30 40 39 40 40 1.00 × 10−8
TABLE 1
 ANALYSIS

Graph 1 shows the graph of distance versus intensity from Table1.

Graph 1: Intensity vs distance

In this experiment, the inverse square law describes the relation between sound intensity and
distance. So, the intensity of sound decreases as distance from the source increases. The
inverse square law is reconfigured into the form of a linear equation, where the intensity is
depending on the added distance.
1
I = 𝑟2

From the graph, the intensity can obtained from the slope of graph by using this formula:

𝐼 = 1 × 10−9 𝑟 −2.127

1
𝐼 = 1 × 10−9
𝑟 −2.127

1
𝐼∝
𝑟2

From the calculation, we observed sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance from the sound
CONCLUSION
The sound intensity for the sound source of smartphone is 𝐼 = 1 × 10−9 𝑟 −2.127
 REFLECTION

NUR IRDINATUL NABILAH BINTI NAZARI (D20211099467)

1) This experiment is quite easy but a bit noisy environment will effect the data and make
it a bit challenging since we need a very quite place to get a accurate data. 2) The report
help us developing new skills using excel such as converting the data into the graph. 3)
Thanks a lot to group members for 100% contribution and always help each other in
making this report together.
NUR FATIN ATIQAH BT MOHD JAMIL (D20211099459)

1) Since this experiment are held online, we are faced with several problems in order to
get a good results, but I manage to overcome these problems with several solutions with
the help of my group members. 2) I was glad to be expose with the Excel in order to
make table for result and analysis. This make me being able to explore new things as
well. 3) Thanks to my group members, our experiment went well and complete before
the submission time.
NUR HAYANI BINTI ABDUL HALIM (D20211099469)

1) This experiment is considered as a new exploration for us to know about the inverse
square law and it is also quite easy to be done even though there are a few disturbing
sounds that will affect the accuracy result of sound intensity. 2) When completing this
report, I gained a lot of knowledge about how to use the applications that we used as
tools to get the accurate result. 3) This experiment have been done perfectly, thanks to
all of the group members that give their time, attention, cooperation and always hard
working to completing this lab report.
UMMI NASHATUL MUNIRAH BT MOHAMAD AZMI (D20211099463)

1) Since this experiment was carried out online, I realize that the effective time to do this
experiment is at midnight because we can reduce the distraction that can lead to
inaccurate results and random error. 2) Through the app used, I am able to learn and
explore new things since the apps not only focus on intensity, but also light, color
detector, and so on. 3) I want to give credits to my group members that are very
supportive and kind in helping me completing these lab report. Eventhough this is our
first experiment, they are willingly to give time, help, and assisting me in using Excel
and the new app.