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TOPIC:CONTROL OF GROUND
WATER IN EXCAVATION

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 DEWATERING
• Dewatering means removal of excess water from saturated soil.
• Dewatering is a necessary process when it comes to many 1
construction projects, particularly when the construction is for
underground projects

• Factors such as the type of soil and the nature of the

construction
site will all influence which dewatering method will be best
suited
to the project.
1. Sumps And Ditches
2. Shallow Well System
3. Deep Well System
4. Well Point System
5. Vacuum Method
6. Cement Grouting
7. Chemical Process
8. Freezing Process
9. Electro-Osmosis Method

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Sumps and ditches
It is the simplest and most commonly used form of dewatering.
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• In this method, shallow pits, called sumps are dug along the
periphery of the area and connected by
drains.

• The water from the slopes flows under

gravity and is collected in sumps from
which it is pumped out.

If the seepage of water is significant, it may cause softening and ravelling or sloughing of
the lower part of the slop.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Shallow well system

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• A hole of 30 cm diameter or more is bored into the ground to a
depth not more than 10 m below the pump level.

• A strainer tube of15 cm diameter is lowered in the bore hole having a casing
tube.

• A gravel filter is formed around the strainer tube by gradually removing the
casing tube
and simultaneously pouring the filter well
so formed.

• The suction pipe from a number of such wells may be connected

to
one common header connected to the pumping unit.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Applications for Shallow Well Dewatering
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• Shallow wells can be installed with effective
filters which can allow
them to pump ‘clean’ water with much lower
levels of suspended
solids compared to sump pumping. This makes it
easier to meet
water quality limits at the discharge point.

• Shallow wells, if installed to sufficient depth,

can act as a form of
pre-drainage dewatering, where groundwater
levels are lowered in
advance of excavation and can be held
significantly below current
dig levels.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Deep well system

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The system is more suitable when the depth of excavation is more than 16cm or where artesian
water is present.
In this system a 15 to 60cm diameter hole is bored and a casing with a long screen is provided .

A submersible pump with a capacity to push the water up to a height of 30m or more is
installed near the bottom of the well.

Along with the deep wells arranged on the outer side of the area under excavation, row of well
points is frequently installed at the toe of the side slopes of the deep excavation.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Applications for Deep Well Dewatering
• Deep well dewatering is normally suited to relatively deep
excavations where permeability is between moderate (e.g. sands) to
high (e.g. gravels).
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• Deep wells can be less effective is in low permeability soils. In these

cases the well yields can be very low. Such low well yields can
make it difficult to select suitable submersible pumps that can
operate reliably and efficiently at low flow rates.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Well-point system
This is a method of keeping an excavation area dry by intercepting the flow of ground water with
pipe wells drivers into the ground. 1

• The main components of a well-point system are:

1. well points
2. Riser pipe
3. Swinger arm
4. Header pipe
5. pumps

Installation is very rapid. The equipment is reasonably simple and

cheap.
• As water is filtered while removing from the ground, soil particles
are not washed away. Hence, there is no danger of subsidence of the
surrounding ground.
• As the water is drawn away by well points from the excavation, the
sides of excavation are stabilized and steeper side slopes can be
permitted.
NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 • A well point is a proffered pipe 5 to 8cm in diameter and about 1m long covered by a
cylindrical wire gauge screen known as strainer
• These pipe are jetted into a ground 1 to 2m apart
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• A ball apart valve is provided near the lower end of the well point which permits flow of
water only in the downward direction during installation.
• The well point is connected to the bottom of the riser pip of the same diameter
• Riser pipe is connected to a horizontal pipe known as swinger arm.
• Swinger arms of different well points are connected to a horizontal pip o 15 to 30 cm
diameter known as header.
• Well points can be installed in a drilled hole, but generally these are installed by jetting.
• water is pumped through the riser pie in the downward direction.
• As it discharges through the nozzles it displaces the soil below the tip.
• Jetting is continued till the required penetration of the tip is achieved.
• The away soil fins near the tip and leaves a relatively coarse material.
• It forms a natural filter around the tip.
NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 VACUMM SYSTEM
WELL POINT CANNOT BE USED SUCCESSFYLLU FOR DRAINING
SILTY SANDS AND OTHER FINE SANDS WITH AN EFFECTIVE SIZE
LESS THAN LESS THAN ABOUT .05 mm. THE COEFFICIENT OF 1
PEREMEABILITY OF SUCH IS GENERALLY BETWEEN 1 X 10^-5 TO
1 X 10^-7 M/SEC. THE SOIL CAN BE EFFECTIVELY DRAINED BY
USING VACUUM WELL POINTS.
INSTALLATION
A HOLE OF ABOUT 25 cm DIAMETER IS FORMED AROUND THE WELL POINT.
THE WELL POINT AND THE RISER PIPE BY JETTING WATER UNDER PRESSURE .
WHEN WATER IS STILL FLOWING MEDIUM TO COARSE ITS FILLED INTO THE HOLE UPTO ABOUT 1 m
FROM THE TOP
THE TOP 1 M PROTION OF THE HOLE IS THEN FILLED BY TAMPING CLAY INTO IT.
IT FORMS A SORT OF SEAL. ANY OTHER MATERIAL CAN ALSO BE USED INSTEAD OF CLAY.
WELL POINT SPACING IS GENERALLY CLOSER THEN THAT IN A CONVENTIONAL METHOD.

WHEN THE VACUUM IS CONNECTED TO THE VACUUM PUMP, IT CREATES A VACUUM IN THE SAND
FILTER AROUND THE WELL POINT.
THE PRESSURE ON THE WATER TABLE IS EQUAL TO THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, THE HEAD
CAUSING THE FLOW IS INCREASED BY THE AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE VACUUM PRESSURE.
AS THE EFFECTIVE PRESSURE ON THE SOIL IS INCREASED , CONSOLIDTION TAKES PLACE. IT MAKES
THE SOIL STIFF ENOUGH FOR CARRYING OUT THE EXCAVATION WORK.
NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 CEMENT GROUTING
• Grouting solidifies and strenghtens the formation to increase its load
bearing capacity.
• It also reduces or eliminates the flow of water through a formation. 1
Grouting also reduces the hydraulic uplift pressure.

• MATERIAL used are:-

• Cement and water
• Cement, rock flour and water
• Cement, clay and water
• Cement, clay, sand and water
• Asphalt
• Clay and water
• Chemicals, etc. Grouting in Progress Grouting Completed

• Jet grouted columns can be formed in almost all types of soil ranging
from sandy gravels to clays. Sands are best suited for treatment yielding
the largest diameter of columns. Presence of inter particle attractive
forces reduces the erosive efficiency of the jets. Hence diameter of
grouted columns are progressively smaller in sandy silts, silts, clayey silts
and clay. Gravels do not respond well to jet grouting both because of loss
of water or grout through its voids and the difficulty in removing gravel
particles. COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
 Freezing process
• This process is suitable for excavation in water logged oils like and, gravel and silts.
• It is advantageously used for dip excavation such as for bridges etc.
• The process consist in forming a wall of ice by freezing the soil around the area 1to be excavated.
Freezing pipes encasing smaller diameter inner pips are sunk about on water centre to centre along
it periphery of the area to be excavated.

• The layout of the pipes should preferably such that

the area enclosed is circular in plan.
Freezing liquid is hen supplied to the freezing pipes by
refrigerator plant.
• This makes the ground around the dip to freeze
and form a thick wall of frozen earth around the
area to be excavated.
• This process can b used to 30m depth of
excavation.
• The freezing process is suited for work of
comparatively short duration.
This is because of the fact that the working are heavy
and also the stability of frozen earth is not reliable for
a long time.
NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Electro osmosis method
• Electro osmosis method of drainage is used for the fine grained cohesive soils which
can be drained or stabilized using electric current. 1
• If direct current is passed between two electrodes driven into natural soil mass ,the soil
water will travel from thee positive electrode to the negative electrode .
• The cathode is made in the form of well point or metal tube for pumping out he
seeping water
• A steel road, a pipe or steel pilling of excavation can serve as the cathode.
• The arrangement of electrodes away from the excavation thereby increasing the
strength of the soil and stability of the slope.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 VIBRO FLOTATION
Vibro flotation is a technique in which granular soil is vibrated, extra granular soil is added and
density of soil is increased.
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VARIOUS STEPS IN VIBRO FLOTATION PROCESS ARE :
• Step-1 : vibroflot is lowered and placed on the ground where soil is to be compacted.
The lower water jet is opened.
• Step-2 :the vibroflot is sunk in to the loose ground up to the desired depth using the
lower water jet. As water comes out of the jet, it creates a momentary quick sand
condition. The vibroflot settles due to its own mass.
• Step-3 :when the desire depth is reached, the vibrator is activated. The vibroflot then
vibrates laterally and causes the compaction of the soil in the horizontal directions to a
radius of about 1.5 m. the water from the lower jet is transferred to the top jet, and
pressure is reduced. Now granual soil is produced around the vibroflot.
• Step-4 :powring of sand bacfill is continued and the vibroflot in stages and simultaneously
backfilling the entire depth of the soil is compacted.The spacing of the holes is usualy
kept between 2 to 3 m on a grid pattern.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Advantages of vibro floatation:
I. Density of soil and bearing capacity increases.
II. Settlement of foundation reduces. 1
III. The liquefaction potential of soil reduces.
IV. No noise is produced, hence suitable for hospitals, schools, colleges.
V. Size of footing is educed
VI. No formwork is required during excavation of foundation.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
 Method Condition for suitability
Sumps and ditches For hallow excavation in coarse grained oil.
Shallow well system For coarse grained soil and hallow depth of excavation.

Bored well system

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For coarse grained soil and depth of excavation more
than 16m or whir artisan water is present.

Well point system Well point are suitable for lowering water table by 5 to 6
m in soils with a water table of permeability .
Multi tag well point system I suitable for excavation up to
15m.

Vacuum method Suitable for draining silts sand and fin and with an
effective size is than about 0.05 mm.

Cement grouting For coarse material or rock with figure or crack.

Chemical process Useful in clean and relatively homogenous and having

effective size grater than 0.1mm.

Freezing process Suitable for excavation in water logged soils like sand ,
gravel and silts. It is advantageously used for d excavation
such as for bridges, etc.

Electro osmosis method It is suitable for fin grain cohesive soils which can b
drained or stabilized using electric currant.

vibroflotation Suitable for clean sands and gravel.

NAME:TEJANI MANAS CODE:163531050074 SUBJECT:ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE COLLEGE:BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE