Lecture 4

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬
Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

AL-Karkh University of Sciences ‫كليــة علــوم الطاقة والبيئة‬
College of Energy and Environment Science
Department of Energy science
‫قسم علوم الطاقة‬
Energy Storage and

Transmission
Second Semester
2021-2022
Lecture ﴾4﴿
Dr. Firas A. Hadi

Heat Storage
1. Heat capacity storage
Heat capacity provides the ability to store energy before converting it to another
form. Store kWh can be done by raising one metric ton of water to 314m height or
raising the temperature of one metric ton of water to 0.86 degrees Celsius.
Thermal storage can be achieved through two basic methods:-
- Latent heat storage

- Sensible heat storage
1.1. Latent heat storage
Energy is stored by latent heat storage related to changes in energy phase is an
important method of heat storage. There are many types of phase changes that have
large enough amounts of beneficial internal heat. The greatest change in phase is
that which occurs in water turns into steam And in general, we want a change the
phase changes from solid to liquid rather than changing from liquid to gaseous.
Phase changes from solid to liquid require less energy than that from liquid to
Gaseous state, but some solid-to-liquid transitions still provide useful amounts of
potential Storage
1.2. Sensible heat storage

This storage includes materials that fall within the range of no phase change with
temperature, where the storage is within the material. The amount of heat stored in
a mass of a substance (material ) is given by the following equation:-
Where
m = mass of substance (kg),
Cp = the specific heat capacity of the substance at constant pressure (kJ/kg · Cº)
∆T = the difference in degrees (Cº)
If we have a specific volume of container for a substance, then energy is calculated
by :
Where
𝐕= the volume of the container (m3)
ρ = the density of water (kg/m3)
ρCP = Represents the ability to store sensible heat in a known container volume.
Important Notes
 The material used in thermal storage should not be expensive.
 The material must have a good heat capacity.
 Water is cheap, available, good heat storage material (highest specific heat
capacity value), and liquid in a wide range of temperature, thus it is used in
the heating system (such as solar heating systems).
 Stone is another good heat storage material in terms of cost, but its heat
capacity is about half that of water.
 The advantage of rocks over water that it can be easily used to store heat
over (100cº).
Some of the material values that its potential utility for storage applications is
shown in the table below
Thermal Conductivity k, Heat Capacity c, Density Thermal ρ, and

Diffusivity of Various Materials
Now,
Represents the amount of energy stored by heating a piece of material has mass
(m) in order to change its temperature from (T1) to (T2).
Energy storage in renewable energy systems such as a solar collector is a required
work where heat or hot water is delivered to the house during the night after
absorbing solar energy during a sunny day.
 Renewable Energy Storage:

The storage of energy in its various forms is essential in renewable energy systems,
because renewable energy forms are irregular with time and its availability changes
during the day. There are several ways to store energy, they are:
1. Thermal storage
2. Mechanical storage
3. Magnetic storage
4. Electrical storage
5. Chemical storage
2. Mechanical storage
In this way, the redundant energy is transferred to mechanical energy, and there are
several methods for this conversion, including:
2.1. Storage lakes
This method is considered one of the most efficient methods of mechanical

storage, in which a redundant energy is used to pump water from one lake to
another, and there are two types of these lakes:
A. Above-ground storage lake:
The excess energy is used to pump water from a lower lake to an upper lake by
means of special pumps (Figure below), and in times of increased demand for
energy, it is allowed to water in the upper lake to flow down and spin water
turbines tied to electrical generators located at the bottom.
Above-ground storage lake
B. Under-ground storage lake:

Caves are used in some areas or old mines to create a lake. and the surplus electric
energy is used to pump water from the lower lake to the upper one. At peak times,
the water in the upper lake is allowed to flow downwards to pass on a water
turbine connected to electric generators (as in Figure below), and this method is
suitable for areas that do not contains natural elevations.
The power generated by the water flow is calculated from the following equation:
P= η*γ*Ǫ*H
Where, η = efficiency , γ = water density, H=water elevation, Ǫ= water flow

volume.
Under-ground storage lake
2.2. compressed air storage:
This method involves using the excess energy to compress air in large tanks under
the ground to high pressures of hundreds atmospheric pressures, and then the
compressed air is used to drive turbines connected with electric generators.
Capacity of these tanks is usually large enough, thus there can be enough energy
storage to run a turbine for a long period of up to a week.
During a period of low energy demand, the excess energy in the electrical grid is
used to operate the compressor (C) and compress the air to a borehole (R) and
during the compression process the air temperature rises according to the following
law:
T(ºC) = temperature
P (Pa) = pressure
1,2=case before and after compression

n= polytropic index
- The amount of heat gained during the compression process is kept by

passing compressed air over a rocked storage tank to store heat in a rocked;
- At peak times, air is allowed to flow through a turbine attached to a motor
and generator. for the purpose of generating electricity;
- The hole contains an amount of water in order to get a constant air pressure
inside the hole and thus obtain a stable electrical generation.
Scheme of a power plant that uses compressed air to store energy

2.3. Fly Wheel Storage
Fly wheel was used on some of the larger engines to maintain rotational speed
almost constant in magnitude, so small external moments do not change the
amount of rotational speed of these motors. Fly wheel is used for the purpose of
energy storage where the energy stored is proportional to the square of speed as
follows:
1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑣 = 𝑓𝑙𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 2𝜋𝑅𝑛
1
Thus , 𝐸 = 𝑚 (2𝜋𝑅𝑛)2
2
The amount of energy stored or released when there is a change in the rotational
speed of flywheel equal to:
∆𝐸 = 2𝑚𝜋 2 𝑅2 (𝑛22 − 𝑛12 )
Where,
E = energy storage in J
m = fly wheel mass in kg
R= fly wheel radius in m
n= rotational speed in revolution/sec
n2 = final fly wheel speed
n1= initial fly wheel speed

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific ‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

Research ‫جامعة الكرخ للعلوم‬

Energy Storage and

Dr. Firas A. Hadi

Thermal storage can be achieved through two basic methods:-

- Latent heat storage

1.2. Sensible heat storage

Thermal Conductivity k, Heat Capacity c, Density Thermal ρ, and

 Renewable Energy Storage:

2.1. Storage lakes

This method is considered one of the most efficient methods of mechanical

A. Above-ground storage lake:

Above-ground storage lake

B. Under-ground storage lake:

Where, η = efficiency , γ = water density, H=water elevation, Ǫ= water flow

Under-ground storage lake

2.2. compressed air storage:

1,2=case before and after compression

- The amount of heat gained during the compression process is kept by

Scheme of a power plant that uses compressed air to store energy

2.3. Fly Wheel Storage

You might also like