CATALYSIS AW

A catalysis may increase or decrease the rate of reaction.

S u b r e e wih altou te Yate neacken akhouk g e t l
9kel cewumed
CATALYSIS

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
Reactant.and.catalyst Reactant and catalystare
are
in same phase in different phase

| Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

foronge rer Cabalyjo

Ni@ Vegebe
gRleelo
dih59%C Gh0, + (G MaD% *)
Sucr c

Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

PROMOTERS AND INHIBITORS/POISONS

Promoters are substances that enhance the activity of a catalyst while
poisons decrease the activity of a catalyst.

For example:

I n Haber's process for manufacture of ammonia, molybdenum acts as a

promoter for iron which is used as a catalyst.

N (g)+ 3H () NH, (g)

(co) Mo (prtnsto)
O Carbon monoxide or H,Sact as þoison for Fecatalyst in Haber process
for manufacture of NH,

T Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

AUTO INDUCED
CATALYSIS CATALYSIS

One ofthe product When a chemical

of reaction begins to reaction enhances
actsas a catalyst therate of another
chemical reaction.
CH CooG CHg ot t GHo sodium sul4 LiH
(Este) Eg. hydrolysis of (catmst Oxidation of Na sO,
ester in acidic influences the
medium. oxidation of
Na,AsO Sadium azdewfe
|Download The Lecture Notes From PW App
General characteristics of catalysts W
(i) A catalyst remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition but can
changetheir physical state.
(i) Only a very small amount of catalystissufficient tocatalyse a reaction.
(ii) A catalystdoes notinitiateareaction.
(iv) Whenacatalyst is a solid, it is usually more efficient when used in finely
divided form. anlypt shid need Suece maT, RoR|
(v)Generally catalyst does notchange the naturéof products.
Xi) A catalyst does notchange the equilibrium state of a reversible reaction but
helps to decrease time toachievetheequilibrium state or position of equilibrium.
(vii) Catalysts aregenerallyspecificin nature.
(vii) Catalyst can changerate constantof the reaction.
(ix) Catalysts participatein mechanism ofreaction. AS
(x) Catalyst does not changeenthalpy of reaction, free energy and entropy because
they are state function.

I Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis W

Adsorption of
reacting molerules

Reacting
u l e s

Adsoption of
Catayat aurface havin
Vences
reacting molecules

Denorption of
product molecules
A-B

Catalyst A-B Intermedsate

Prd et

Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

Important features of solidcatalysts

(a) Activity
The activity of a catalyst depends upon the strength of chemisorption to a large
extent. The reactants must get adsorbed reasonably strongly on to the catalyst to
become active. However, they must not get adsorbed so strongly that they are
immobilised and other reactants are leftwith nospace on the catalyst's surface
foradsorption.
(b) Selectivity
The selectivity of a catalyst is its ability to direct a reaction to yield a particular
product selectively, when under the same reaction conditions many products are
possible. Selectivity of different catalysts for same reactantsis different.
Co 3G-CrD
0-Gr
CH
N
0
C o t ah,
chMD
LJVelkaradJ
Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

SHAPE SELECTIVE CATALYSIS BY ZEOLITES

The catalyticreaction that depends upon the porestructure ofthecatalyst and

sizeof reactant and productmolecules is called shape selectivecatalysis.
Zeolites are a good shape-selective catalyst because they have honeycomblike
structure.
Zeolites are microporous aluminosilicates with threedimensional network of
silicates in which some siliconatoms are replaced by aluminium.
The size of pores varies between 260 pm and 740 pm. Thus only those
molecules can beadsorbed in these pores whose size is small enough to enter
these cavities and also leave easily. It will not adsorb those molecules which are
too big to enter.

Sicate i. Sio, (Moshiecte)

 Zeolites are being very widely used as catalystin petrochemical industries
for cracking of hydrocarbons and isomerizaton.
An important zeolitecatalyst used in petroleum industry is|ZSM-5( Zeolite
o f Sieve Molecular Porosity5).
It convertsalcohol directly into gasoline by dehydrating them to give a
mixture of hydrocarbons.

ZSM-5
Mcahor

Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

ENZYME CATALYSIS
(i) Enzymes are complex nitrogenous organic compounds which are
produced from I+ving8plants and animals.
(ii) They are actually protein molecules of high molecular mass and
form colloidalsolutions in water. hzywrs biocahlyet
(ii) They catalysebiochemicalreactions.
Exumples of enzymatic reactions

Enzyme Source inzymatic reaction

Invertase Yeast SucroseGlucose and fructose

CpHO(ag) +H,o= CHO (aq) + CHiO (aq)

Cane sugar aatsugely Glee Frcto
Pymase Glucose Ethyl alcobol and carbon dioxide
CHO () +H,0() yma GHOH+ co,
Ge
nayl Akoo
Diastase Lalt Starch Mallose

Diastae a CpHO (aqa

(CHO), (aq) + nH,O )
Stac Msite

I Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

Matase Yeast MaltoseGfacose

CypHO1 (aq) + H,O(0) 2CH:0, (aq)

Mate
Urease Soyabean UreaAmmonia and carbon dioxide
NHL,CONIL g)+H,O)2) +(coss
Pepsin Stomcth ProteisAmino acids
Lacto bacilli Curd Milk Cund
Characteristics of enzyme catalysis :
(i) Highly efficient :One molecule of an enzyme may transform one million
molecules of the reactant per minute.
(ii) Highly specific nature: One catalyst cannot catalyse more than one
reaction.
(ii) Highly active under optimymtemperature (298 K to 310K)
(iv) Highly activeunder optimum pll (5 to 7)
(v) Increasing activity in presence of cofactor (Na", Mn", Co", Cu" etc.) and
coenzymes.
(vi) Influence of inhibitors and poisons
Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

Mechanism of enzyme catalysis (key lock theory):

There are number of active centres of definite shape present on the surface of
colloidal particles of enzymes. The molecules of the reactant (substrate),
which have complementary shape fit into these cavities just like a key fits
into a lock. On account of the presence of active groups, an activated complex
is formed which then decomposes to yield the product.

ES E+P
S
E-S

Comp
Enzyine SuDstrate Enzyme-Substrate Enzyne Product
catalyst) treactants) complex
E + Pnduct

....-1 J T. .. AL-A. r.- nur A

Catalysts in Industry

Process Catalyst
1Haber's process for the manufacture of Finely dhdded iron, molybdenum as promoter:
ammonia conditlons: 200 barpressure and 123-73K temp-
eralure. Now-a-days. a mixture of iron oxide,
N,g+310 +2NH,(
potasstum oxide and alumina 1s used._
2 Ostwald's process for the manufacture tos
Platnised asbestos:
of nitric acid. temperature 573K.
4NH,g9+50,g) 4NOg +6H,0(g
2NO(g 0,(g +2NO,(g
4NO, 2H,00) +0,g4HNO,faq)|
Contact process for the manufacture
V2O
Platnised asbestos or vanadtum pentoxide (V,0:
of sulphurlc acsd. temperature 673-723K.
250,gO49 - 250,
So,g H,SO,lag HS,O,0
aleum
HS,0,0) + H,O0) + 2H,So.laq)

|Download The Lecture Notes From PW App

COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
Thomas Graham (1861) studied the process of
substances through a parchment paper or an an+malmembrane and
diffusion of dissolved
dividet the substances intotwo classes-
IHCrystalloid (YColloid

But this classification soon proved to be wrong since a crystalloid could

behave as a colloid under diferent conditions and vice-versa.

For example: NaCl behaves as a crystalloid in.aqueous medium and

behaves as a colloidin benzenemedium, whereas soap behaves as a
typicalcolloid in water and behaves as a crystalloid in alcohol.
So new classification was given based on the size of solute particles.

|Download The Lecture Notes From PW App