Quiz of General biology

1-Which of the following is major difference between RNA and DNA?

a-Type of purines
b-Type of glycosidic bond
c-Type of phosphate
d-Type of sugar

2-What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino

acids?
a-the long carbon-hydrogen tails of the molecule
b-the presence of a central C atom
c-the glycerol molecule that forms the backbone of the amino acid
d-the components of the R-group

3-Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Adhesion are the properties of water

molecules that _________.
a-Are a result of hydrogen bonding.
b-increase when temperature increases
c-increase when pH increases
d-Are a result of polar covalent bonding

4-Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are _____.

a. nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
b. nonpolar s7ubstances that have an attraction for water molecules
c. polar substances that repel water molecules
d. polar substances that have an affinity for water

5-The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to

the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction
called?
a-A van der Waals interaction
b-A covalent bond
c-An ionic bond
d-A hydrogen bond

6-What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

a-starch
b-amylopectin
c-polypeptides
d-cellulose
7-The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because:
a- the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time
around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus.
b-  the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by
hydrogen atoms.
c- one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom.
d-the oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms 

8-Which of the following is not a polymer?

A) glucose
B) starch
C) RNA
D) DNA

9-In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single
oxygen atom by:
A) hydrogen bonds.
B) nonpolar covalent bonds.
C) polar covalent bonds.
D) ionic bonds.

10-Which of the following statements is true for lipids?

A) Lipids are true polymers.
B) Waxes and pigments are not lipids.
C) Lipids mix poorly with water.
D) Lipids are true polymers and mix poorly with water

https://quizlet.com/416721065/chapter-5-flash-cards/
 Chapter 5
1-Which of the following is not a polymer?
A) glucose
B) starch
C) RNA
D) DNA

2-How many molecules of water are released during the polymerization of a 20 monomer-
long cellulose molecule?
A) 10
B) 19
C) 20
D) 40

3-Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions
and hydrolysis?
A) Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers
apart.
B) Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes; hydrolysis reactions add water to
membranes.
C) Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers from monomers.
D) Hydrolysis reactions create polymers, and dehydration reactions create monomers.

4-The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for
a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C18H36O18
B) C18H32O16
C) C6H10O5
D) C18H30O15

5-The difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar is ________.

A) the number of carbon atoms
B) the position of the hydroxyl groups
C) the position of the carbonyl group
D) the ring form and the linear chain
6-Maltose is a disaccharide that can easily be digested into glucose molecules. The
glycosidic linkage between glucose molecules in maltose is ________.
A) β 1—4
B) α 1—2
C) α 1—4
D) β 1—2
7-You would like to lose weight. Which of the following should be your preferred food
group?
A) Lactose and glucose
B) Sucrose and starch
C) Starch and fructose
D) Cellulose and fructose

8-What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?

A) the types of monosaccharide subunits in the molecules
B) the type of glycosidic linkages in the molecule
C) whether glucose is in the α or β form
D) the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

9-Starch is composed of ________.

A) branched amylopectin and branched amylose
B) unbranched amylopectin and unbranched amylose
C) branched amylopectin and unbranched amylose
D) unbranched amylopectin and branched amylose

10-Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and

fungi?
A) chitin
B) cellulose
C) amylopectin
D) amylose

11-What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages?

A) cellulose
B) polypeptides
C) starch
D) amylopectin
12-A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a ________.
A) fatty acid
B) polysaccharide
C) nucleic acid
D) monosaccharide

13-In carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen (H) to oxygen (O) is ________.

A) 1:1
B) 2:1
C) 3:1
D) 4:1

14-People who are lactose intolerant cannot extract energy from milk because ________.
A) they are missing an enzyme
B) lactose is too big to be digested by the enzymes
C) milk is fermented to a by-product, which cannot be digested
D) they are missing the bacteria that can digest lactose

15-Starch and cellulose ________.

A) are polymers of glucose
B) are cis and trans isomers of each other
C) are used for energy storage in plants and animals
D) are structural components of the plant cell wall

16-Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because ________.

A) humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not
the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose
B) starch monomers are joined by covalent bonds, and cellulose monomers are joined by
ionic bonds
C) the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose
D) Starch is softer than cellulose

17-A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

A) an amino group
B) a peptide bond
C) a disulfide bond
D) a β pleated sheet
18-Which of the following statements is true for lipids?
A) Lipids are true polymers.
B) Waxes and pigments are not lipids.
C) Lipids mix poorly with water.
D) Lipids are true polymers and mix poorly with water.

19-What makes lipids/fats hydrophobic?

A) their long carbon skeleton
B) the carboxyl group at one end of the molecule
C) the glycerol moiety
D) presence of relatively nonpolar C—H bonds

20-Cooking oil and gasoline (a hydrocarbon) are not amphipathic molecules because they
_______.
A) do not have a polar or charged region
B) do not have a nonpolar region
C) have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
D) are highly reduced molecules

21-For lipids to be fluid at room temperature, they should have ________.

A) single bonds only
B) a higher number of glycerol molecules
C) a higher number of cis double bonds
D) a longer carbon chain

22-How do phospholipids interact with water molecules?

A) The polar heads avoid water; the nonpolar tails attract water (because water is polar and
opposites attract).
B) Phospholipids do not interact with water because water is polar and lipids are nonpolar.
C) The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not.
D) Phospholipids dissolve in water.

23-Phospholipids and triglycerides both ________.

A) contain serine or some other organic compound
B) have three fatty acids
C) have a glycerol backbone
D) have a phosphate
24-Saturated fats ________.
A) are more common in plants than in animals
B) have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids
C) are generally liquid at room temperature
D) contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats that consist of the same number of
carbon atoms

25-The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major
ingredient. Hydrogenated vegetable oil ________.
A) is solid at room temperature
B) has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains
C) has fewer trans fatty acids
D) is less likely to clog arteries

26-Which of the following could be responsible for atherosclerosis and should be eliminated
from diet for health reasons?
A) butter
B) olive oil
C) liver and kidney organ meat
D) butter, liver, and kidney organ meat

27-Which parts of the amino acids X and Y are involved in the formation of a peptide bond?
X—Y
A) amino group of X and carboxyl group of Y
B) carboxyl group of X and amino group of Y
C) carboxyl group of X and side chain of Y
D) side chains of both X and Y

28-A tripeptide has ________.

A) three amino acids and two peptide bonds
B) three amino acids and three peptide bonds
C) two amino acids and three peptide bonds
D) four amino acids and three peptide bonds

29-What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?
A) the long carbon-hydrogen tails of the molecule
B) the presence of a central C atom
C) the components of the R group
D) the glycerol molecule that forms the backbone of the amino acid
30-You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?
A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure

31-Which of the following statements is true about proteins?

A) Denaturation leads to bond disruption, and the molecule turns into liquid
B) Denaturation is always irreversible
C) Final folded structure can reveal the steps of protein folding
D) Some proteins form a complete 3-D structure only when they interact with their
targets

32-You have just sequenced a new protein found in mice and observe that sulfur-containing
cysteine residues occur at regular intervals. What is the significance of this finding?
A) Cysteine residues are required for the formation of α helices and β pleated sheets.
B) It will be important to include cysteine in the diet of the mice.
C) Cysteine residues are involved in disulfide bridges that help form tertiary structure.
D) Cysteine causes bends, or angles, to occur in the tertiary structure of proteins.

Use the following information to answer the question.

"The native structure of hemoglobin (Hb) comprises of two α and two β subunits, each of
which carries a heme group. There appear to be no previous studies that report the in-vitro
folding and assembly of Hb from highly unfolded α and β globin in a 'one-pot' reaction. One
difficulty that has to be overcome for studies of this kind is the tendency of Hb to aggregate
during refolding. This work demonstrates that denaturation of Hb in 40% acetonitrile at pH
10.0 is reversible." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrum 2007, 18, 8-16)

33-Hemoglobin is ________.
A) a tertiary protein with two polypeptides
B) a quaternary protein with two polypeptides
C) a tertiary protein with four polypeptides
D) a quaternary protein with four polypeptides
Use the following information to answer the question.

"The native structure of hemoglobin (Hb) comprises of two α and two β subunits, each of
which carries a heme group. There appear to be no previous studies that report the in-vitro
folding and assembly of Hb from highly unfolded α and β globin in a 'one-pot' reaction. One
difficulty that has to be overcome for studies of this kind is the tendency of Hb to aggregate
during refolding. This work demonstrates that denaturation of Hb in 40% acetonitrile at pH
10.0 is reversible." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrum 2007, 18, 8-16)

34-How many heme groups are present in three hemoglobin protein molecules?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 12

35-In sickle-cell disease, as a result of a single amino acid change, the mutant hemoglobin
tetramers associate with each other and assemble into large fibers. Based on this information
alone, we can conclude that sickle-cell hemoglobin exhibits ________.
A) only altered primary structure
B) only altered tertiary structure
C) only altered quaternary structure
D) altered primary structure and altered quaternary structure; the secondary and
tertiary structures may or may not be altered

Use the following information to answer the question.

"The native structure of hemoglobin (Hb) comprises of two α and two β subunits, each of
which carries a heme group. There appear to be no previous studies that report the in-vitro
folding and assembly of Hb from highly unfolded α and β globin in a 'one-pot' reaction. One
difficulty that has to be overcome for studies of this kind is the tendency of Hb to aggregate
during refolding. This work demonstrates that denaturation of Hb in 40% acetonitrile at pH
10.0 is reversible." (J Am Soc Mass Spectrum 2007, 18, 8-16)

36-Hemoglobin, when subjected to 40% acetonitrile at pH 10.0, loses its quaternary

structure, which means the ________.
A) four α and β polypeptides dissociate
B) peptide bonds between amino acids break
C) α and β polypeptides lose their 3-D structure
D) four α and β polypeptides dissociate, peptide bonds between amino acids, and α and β
polypeptides lose their 3-D structure
37-Which of the following provides the information necessary to stipulate a protein's 3-D
shape?
A) peptide bonds between different amino acids
B) sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
C) side chains of various amino acids
D) number of water molecules in the vicinity

38-Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases

are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides?
A) Alzheimer's
B) Parkinson's
C) diabetes mellitus
D) Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

39-The relation between amino acid and polypeptide is similar to the relation between
________.
A) nucleotide and nucleic acid
B) triglycerides and steroids
C) phospholipid and plasma membrane
D) glycogen and glucose

40-Which of the following is a major difference between RNA and DNA?

A) type of sugar
B) type of phosphate
C) type of purines
D) type of glycosidic bond

41-When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid, ________.

A) a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a
second
B) a hydrogen bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a
second
C) covalent bonds form between the bases of two nucleotides
D) hydrogen bonds form between the bases of two nucleotides

42-Which of the following statements about the 5 end of a polynucleotide strand of RNA is
correct?
A) The 5 end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
B) The 5 end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
C) The 5 end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base.
D) The 5 end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
43-One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to ________.
A) transmit genetic information to offspring
B) function in the synthesis of proteins
C) make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity
D) act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA

44-If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will
be labeled?
A) DNA
B) RNA
C) both DNA and RNA
D) polypeptides

45-Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as
nucleotides?
A) a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
B) a nitrogenous base and a sugar
C) a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
D) a sugar and a purine or pyrimidine

46-In an RNA sample, ________.

A) the number of thiamine may or may not equal the number of adenine
B) the number of purine always equals the number of pyrimidine
C) the number of thiamine always equals the number of uracil
D) the number of purine may or may not equal the number of and pyrimidine

47-If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5′-ATTGCA-3′, the mRNA
synthesized following the template will be ________.
A) 5′-TAACGT-3′
B) 5′-TGCAAT-3′
C) 3′-UAACGU-5′
D) 5′-UGCAAU-3′

48-The central rule of molecular biology states that ________.

A) DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein
B) DNA is translated into protein
C) DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into protein
D) RNA is transcribed into protein
49-A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that
the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid
differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5
differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism is more closely related to
________.
A) humans than to frogs
B) frogs than to humans
C) rats than to frogs
D) gibbons than to rats
50-Homo sapiens have 23 pairs of chromosomes. This implies that ________.
A) 46 double-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell
B) 23 single-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell
C) 23 double-stranded DNA molecules are present in each somatic cell
D) several hundreds of genes are present on DNA but not on the chromosomes

51-Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

A) disaccharide
B) polysaccharide
C) starch
D) carbohydrate

52-The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if
the monomers are in the form. Which of the following could amylase break down?
A) glycogen, starch, and amylopectin
B) glycogen and cellulose
C) cellulose and chitin
D) starch, chitin, and cellulose

53-Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats?

A) They are more common in animals than in plants.
B) They have double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
C) They generally solidify at room temperature.
D) They contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbon
atoms

54-The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
A) primary level.
B) secondary level.
C) tertiary level.
D) quaternary level.
55-Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join
nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes?
A) The two strands of the double helix would separate.
B) The phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken.
C) The pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.
D) All bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars.

56-The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula
for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C60H120O60
B) C60H102O51
C) C60H100O50
D) C60H111O51

57-Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal
double helix of DNA?
A) 5′-AGCT-3′ with 5′-TCGA-3′
B) 5′-GCGC-3′ with 5′-TATA-3′
C) 5′-ATGC-3′ with 5′-GCAT-3′
D) All of these pairs are correct.
 Chapter-3- Water
1-in a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom
by______________.
A. hydrogen bonds
B. Nonpolar covalent bonds
C. polar covalent bonds
D. Ionic Bonds

2-The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial
positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
A) covalent bond
B) hydrogen bond
C) ionic bond
D) van def Waals interaction

3-The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because______________.

A) The oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen Atoms
B) The electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time
around the oxygen atoms nucleus then around the hydrogen atoms nucleus
C) The oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valance shell that are not neutralized by
hydrogen atoms
D) One of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom

4-Silver is in the same column of the periodic table as oxygen, but has electronegativity
similar to carbon. Compared to water molecules, molecules of H2S will ___________.
A) have greater cohesion to other molecules of H2 S
B) have a greater tendency to form hydrogen bonds with each other
C) have a higher capacity to absorb heat for the same change in temperature
D) not form hydrogen bonds with each other

5-water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with __________.

A) compounds that have polar covalent bonds
B) oils
C) oxygen gas (o2) molecules
D) chloride ions
6-cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion are the properties of water molecules that
________.
A) increase when temperature increases
B) increase when pH increases
C) are a result of hydrogen bonding
D) are a result of polar covalent bonding

7-liquid water ________.

A) is less dense than ice
B) has a specific heat lower than that of most other substances
C) has a heat of vaporization higher than that of most other substances
D) is nonpolar

8-Which of the following can be attributed to waters high specific heat?

A) Oil and water do not mix well
B)A lake heats up more slowly than the air around it
C) ice floats on water
D) sugar dissolves in hot tea faster than in iced tea

9-The cities of Portland, Oregon, and Minneapolis, Minnesota, are at about the same latitude,
but Minneapolis has much hotter summers and much colder winters than Portland. Why?
A)They are not at the same exact latitude
B) the ocean near portland moderates the temperature
C) Fresh Water is more likely to freeze than salt water
D) Minneapolis is much windier, due to its location in the middle of North america

10-To act as an effective coolant in a car's radiator, a substance has to have the capacity to
absorb a great deal of heat. You have a reference book with tables listing the physical
properties of many liquids. In choosing a coolant for your car, which table would you check
first?
A) pH
B) density at room temperature
C) heat of vaporization
D) specific heat

11-Water has many exceptional and useful properties. Which is the rarest property among
compounds?
A) water is a solvent
B) solid water is less dense than liquid water
C) water has a high heat capacity
D) water has surface tension
12-which of the following effects can occur bc of the high surface tension of water?
A) Lakes cannot freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures
B) A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond
C) organisms can resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical
reactiona
D) sweat can evaporate from the skin, helping to keep people from overheating

13-thermal energy of water in a bathtub is _______ than a freshly brewed coffee pot bc of its
______.
A) higher; greater volume
B) higher; high kinetic energy
C) lower; low temperature
D)lower; low density

14-low humidity in the atmosphere on a hot day__________.

A) helps in cooling because skin absorbs water from the atmosphere
B) does not help in cooking because water evaporates from the skin faster
C) helps in cooling bc water evaporates from the skin faster
D) does not help in cooling bc skin absorbs water from the atmosphere

15-A dietary Calorie equals one kilocalorie. One kilocalorie equals ____________.
A) 1000 cal, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C
B) 10,000 cal, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°F
C) 1000 calories, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of
water by 1°C
D) 1000 cal, or the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water by
100°C

16-why does ice float in liquid water?

A) the high surface tension of water keeps the ice on top
B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking
C) Stable hydrogen bonds keep water molecules of ice farther apart than water
molecules of liquid water.
D) the crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.

17-Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are

A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules
B) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules
C) polar substances that repel water molecules
D) polar substances that have an affinity for water
18-Why is a steam burn more severe than a hot water burn?
A) burns caused by liquid are always milder
B) steam can penetrate into the skin
C) steam contains more energy than water
D) water evaporates and leaves the surface faster and helps in cooling.

19-Melting of ice and thus reduced feeding opportunities for polar bears is occurring bc of
the ____________.
A) increase in phytoplankton population
B) drying up of lakes and streams
C) constant breaking and reforming of hydrogen bonds in water
D) increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

20-One mole (mol) of glucose (molecular mass = 180 daltons) is ________.

A) 180 x 10^23 molecules of glucose
B) 1 kilogram of glucose dissolved in 1 liter of solution
C) 180 mL of dissolved glucose
D) 180 grams of glucose

21-When an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl) is placed in water, the
component atoms of the NaCl crystal dissociate into individual sodium ions (Na+) and
chloride ions (Cl-). In contrast, the atoms of covalently bonded molecules (e.g., glucose,
sucrose, glycerol) do not generally dissociate when placed in aqueous solution. Which of the
following solutions would be expected to contain the greatest number of solute particles
(molecules or ions)?
A) 1 liter of 0.5 M NaCl
B) 1 liter of 1.0 M NaCl
C) 1 liter of 1.0 M glucose
D) 1 liter of 1.0 M NaCl and 1 liter of 1.0 M glucose will contain equal numbers of solute
particles.

22-The molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol. Which of the following procedures should you
carry out to make a 1 M solution of glucose? In 0.8 liter (L) of water, dissolve___________.
A) 1 g of glucose and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L
B) 18 g of glucose, and then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.
C) 180 g of glucose then add 0.2 L more of water
D) 180 g of glucose, then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.
D) 180 g of glucose, then add more water until the total volume of the solution is 1 L.
23-You have a freshly prepared 0.1 M sucrose (molecular mass 342) solution, which means
____________.
A) 6.02×10 ^ 23 of sucrose molecules are present in the solution
B) 6.02×10 ^ 22 of sucrose molecules are present in the solution
C) 34.2 g of sucrose is present in the solution
D) 6.02 x 10^22 of sucrose molecules or 34.2 g of sucrose is present in the solution

24-How does 0.5 sucrose (molecular mass 342) solution compared to 0.5 M glucose
(molecular mass 180) solution?
A)Both have 6.02 x 10^23 molecules
B) sucrose has 171 molecules, whereas glucose has 90
C)both have 3.01×10^ 23 molecules
D)sucrose has 171 mg/L whereas glucose has 90 mg/L

25-based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecules are
depicted is most likely __________.
A) positively charged
B) negatively charged
C) without charge
D) non-polar

26-two moles of the compound in the figure would weigh how many grams? ( note: the
atomic masses, in Daltons , are approximately 12 for carbon, one for hydrogen, and 16 for
oxygen
A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 120

27-how many grams of the compound in the figure are required to make 1 L of a 0.5 M
solution?
A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 120

28-how much of a 0.5 M glucose (C molecular mass 180) is needed to provide 100 mg of
glucose?
A) 1.11 mL
B) 0.11 mL
C) 100 mL
D) 10 mL
29-A solution with a pH of 2 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of
4?
A) 5 times more
B) 10 times more
C) 100 times more
D) 1000 times more
C) 100 times more

30-which of the following is considered to be a strong base (alkali)

A) HCl—> H^+ + Cl^-
B) NH3 + H^+ <—> NH4+
C) H2CO3 <—> HCO3+ H^+
D) NaOH—> Na^+ + OH^-

31-A 0.01 M solution of a substance had a pH of 2. What can you conclude about this
substance?
A)It is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water
B) it is a strong base that dissociates completely and water
C)It is a weak acid
D) it is a weak base

32-A solution contains 0.0000001 (10^-7) moles of hydrogen ions ( H+ ) per liter. Which of
the following best describes this solution?
A) acidic: H+ acceptor
B) basic: H+ acceptor
C) acidic: H+ donor
D) Neutral

33-what is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of 10^-10 M

A) 2
B) 4
C) 10
D) 12

34-What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of a solution of pH 8?

A) 8 M
B) 8 x 10^-6 M
C) 10^-8 M
D)10^-6 M
35-which of the following statements is true about buffer solution?
A) they maintain a constant pH of 7
B) they maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added
to them
C) they fluctuate in pH when either acids or bases are added to them
D) they maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them

36-One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid
(H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a
hydrogen ion (H+). Thus,

H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+

If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect _____________.

A) A decrease in the concentration of H2CO3
and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-
B) The concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to increase
C) The HCO3 to act as a base and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3
D) The HCO3 to act as an acid and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3

37-carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves with the raindrops. The pH of rain drops is
________.
A) slightly acidic
B) slightly basic
C) same as pure water
D) depends on the altitude where raindrops are formed

38-Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 5.0. What is the
hydroxide ion concentration of this lake?
A) 1×10^-9 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
B) 1×10^-5 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water
C) 5.0 M hydroxide ion
D) 5.0 x 10^-5 mol of hydroxide ions per liter of lake water

39-Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this

information, we can reasonably conclude that___________.
A) solution why has no free hydrogen ions (H+)
B)The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1000 times as great as the
concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X
C) The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times as great as the concentration
of hydrogen ions in solution Y
D) The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 1000 times as great as the
concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y
40-As the [H3O+] of the solution decreases, the [OH-] ________.
A) increases and thus pH increases
B) increases and thus pH decreases
C) decreases and thus pH decreases
D) decreases and thus pH increases

41-A beaker contains 100 mL of NaOH solution at pH=13. A technician carefully pours into
the beaker 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. which of the following statements correctly describes
the result of this mixing?
A) The concentration of Na+ ions will rise
B) the pH of the beaker's contents will increase
C) the pH of the beaker's contents will be neutral
D) the pH of the beaker's contents will decrease

42-Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations might have what effect on seawater?

A) Seawater will become more alkaline, and carbonate concentrations will decrease
B) There will be no change in the pH of seawater, because carbonate will turn to bicarbonate
C) Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will decrease
D) Seawater will become more acidic, and carbonate concentrations will increase

43-how would acidification of sea water affect marine organisms? Acidification of seawater
would __________.
A) Increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and
shell-building animals
B) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and
shell-building animals
C) increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-
building animals
D) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-
building animals
D) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-

44-if the cytoplasm of a cell is at pH 7, and the mitochondrial matrix is it pH 8, then the
concentration of H+ ions _________.
A) is 10 times higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix
B) is 10 times higher in the mitochondrial matrix than the cytoplasm
C) in the cytoplasm is 7/8 the concentration in the mitochondrial matrix
D) in the cytoplasm is 8/7 the concentration in the mitochondrial matrix
45-The loss of water from a plant by transpiration cools the leaf. Movement of water in
transpiration requires both adhesion to the conducting walls and wood fibers of the plant and
cohesion of the molecules to each other. A scientist wanted to increase the rate of
transpiration of a crop species to extend its range into warmer climates. The scientist
substituted a non-polar solution with an atomic mass similar to that of water for hydrating
the plants. What do you expect the scientists DATA will indicate from this experiment?
A) The rate of transpiration will be the same for both water and the nonpolar substance
B) the rate of transpiration will be slightly lower with the nonpolar substances as the plant
will not have evolved with the non-polar compound
C) transpiration rates will fall to 0 as nonpolar compounds do not have the properties
necessary for adhesion and cohesion
D) transpiration rates will increase as nonpolar compounds undergo adhesion and cohesion
with wood fibers more readily than water

46-Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?

A) paper
B) table salt
C) wax
D) salt

47-We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
A) mass
B) volume
C) number of atoms
D) number of molecules

48-Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydrogen ion
concentration of the lake?
A) 4.0 M
B) 10^-10 M
C) 10^-4 M
D) 10^4 M

49-Measurements show that the pH of a particular lake is 4.0. What is the hydroxide
ion concentration of the lake?
A) 10^-10 M
B) 10 ^-4 M
C) 10^-7 M
D) 10.0 M
50-The water molecules in the diagram are attracted to the cell walls of water-conducting
cells by adhesion due to hydrogen bonds. What conclusion is supported by this information?
A) Cell walls of plants are composed of nonpolar molecules
B) Cell walls of plants contain molecular grooves that physically hold the water molecule
C) Cell walls of plants contain oxygen and/or nitrogen and are therefore polar
D) Cell walls of plants are formed from the products of photosynthesis

51-in living systems molecules involved in hydrogen bonding almost always contain either
oxygen or nitrogen or both. How do you explain this phenomenon?
A) oxygen and nitrogen are elements found in both nucleic acid and proteins
B) oxygen and nitrogen are elements with very high attractions for their electrons
C) oxygen and nitrogen are elements found in fats and carbohydrates
oxygen and nitrogen were both compounds of gases that made up the early atmosphere on
earth
 Chapter 4
1-The condensation reaction that forms nucleic acid polymers occurs between a _____ group
on one nucleotide and a _____ group on a second nucleotide.
A) nitrogenous base, nitrogenous base
B) phosphate, hydroxyl
C) carbon, carbon
D) nitrogenous base, sugar

2-The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs
of nitrogenous bases.
A) hydrogen bonds
B) hydrophilic interactions
C) S—S bonds
D) ionic bonds
E) covalent bonds

3-A nucleotide is composed of a(n) ____

A) glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
B) phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon
C) sulfhydryl group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
D) amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
E) phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

4-DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.

A) nucleic acids
B) Gs
C) nucleotides
D) adenines
E) amino acids

5-In eukaryotic cells DNA has the appearance of a _____.

A) single strand
B) letter U
C) double helix
D) triple helix
E) circle
6-In a DNA double helix, what kind of chemical bonds form between the complementary
nitrogenous bases?
A) polar covalent bonds
B) phosphodiester bonds
C) nitrogen bonds
D) hydrogen bonds

7-An RNA molecule that can catalyze chemical reactions is called a_____.
A) stem-loop
B) ribozyme
C) protein
D) Tetrahymena

8-The chemical evolution theory states that the first living molecule needed these two
attributes:
A) It could acquire energy and catalyze reactions.
B) It could maintain homeostasis and acquire energy.
C) It could serve as a replication template and could catalyze reactions.
D) It could acquire energy and serve as a replication template.

9-How would you expect the structure of ribozymes in organisms that grow in very hot
environments, such as hot springs or deep-sea vents, to differ from those in organisms that
grow in cooler environments?
A) The hairpins would have more G's and C's in the primary structure.
B) These ribozymes would exhibit no tertiary structure.
C) These ribozymes would have more hairpin secondary structures.
D) The hairpins would have more A's and U's in the primary structure.

10-If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will
be labeled?
A-both DNA and RNA
B-proteins
C-RNA
D-phospholipids
E-DNA

11-In the context of chemical evolution, DNA's structure is interesting because it suggests a
possible copying mechanism. What about DNA's structure facilitates copying?
A-DNA always goes from 5 prime to 3 prime.
B-It has the same number of purines and pyrimidines.
C-The nitrogenous bases are located on the inside of the double helix.
D-The strands of the double helix are complementary.
12-DNA is the main hereditary material of all life. However, DNA lacks one important
characteristic for the first forms of life. Why have researchers rejected the idea that DNA
was found in the first life form?
A-It is not stable enough to have withstood early Earth's harsh atmosphere.
B-It does not function as a catalyst.
C-DNA only has four types of bases. Therefore, DNA cannot adapt and evolve.
D-The type of sugar found in DNA is too complicated to have been present early in Earth's
history.

13-How are the structures of RNA and DNA similar?

A-They both have the same tertiary structure.
B-They both contain the sugar ribose.
C-Their sugar-phosphate backbones are formed by phosphodiester linkages.
D-Adenine pairs with thymine in both.

14-Both DNA and RNA _____.

A-show primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
B-are highly reactive catalysts in cells
C-are information-containing molecules
D-naturally occur as a double helix

15-Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA?

A-RNA is single-stranded and DNA is usually triple-stranded.
B-RNA is made from nucleotide monomers and DNA is made from amino acid monomers.
C-RNA has ribose sugar and DNA has deoxyribose sugar.
D-DNA contains adenine and RNA does not.

16-Which of the following statements about the 5' end of a polynucleotide strand of RNA is
correct?
A) The 5' end has a phosphate group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
B) The 5' end has phosphate attached to the number 5 carbon of the nitrogenous base.
C) The 5' end is the fifth position on one of the nitrogenous bases.
D) The 5' end has a carboxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.
E) The 5' end has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 5 carbon of ribose.

17-Which of the following best describes DNA's secondary structure?

A-beta-pleated sheet
B-double parallel helical strands
C-turn-loop-turn
D-double antiparallel helical strands
18-What is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate?
A-sugar-phosphate backbone
B-three-component structure of the nucleotides
C-twisting of the molecule to form an α-helix
D-disulfide bonding (bridging) of the two helixes
E-complementary pairing of the nitrogenous bases

19-Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule?

A) DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA contains thymine.
B) DNA contains nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA contains phosphate groups.
C) DNA contains five-carbon sugars, whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars.
D) DNA is a polymer composed of nucleotides, whereas RNA is a polymer composed of
nucleic acids.
E) DNA is usually double-stranded, whereas RNA is usually single-stranded.

20-Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA?

A-uracil
B-cytosine
C-guanine
D-adenine
E-thymine

21-Which statement expresses a real difference between DNA and RNA?

A-DNA can make a double helix; RNA cannot.
B-DNA is much longer than RNA.
C-DNA has more kinds of bases than RNA.
D-Both (a) and (b)
1) For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _____.
A)  hydrophilic
B)    hydrophobic
C)    amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
D)    exposed on only one surface of the membrane

2)      According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids _____.
A)    can move laterally along the plane of the membrane
B)    frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other
C)    occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the
surface of the membrane
D)    have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane

1)      Singer and Nicolson's fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that
membranes_____.
A)    are a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins
B)    are a single layer of phospholipids and proteins
C)    consist of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
D)    consist of a mosaic of polysaccharides and proteins

1)      An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma
membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
A)    transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient
B)    cell-cell recognition
C)    attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton
D)    establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules

1)      Which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid
bilayer at all?
A)    transmembrane proteins
B)    integral proteins
C)    peripheral proteins
D)    All of these are embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer.

1)      Why are lipids and proteins free to move laterally in membranes?
A)    The interior of the membrane is filled with liquid water.
B)    Lipids and proteins repulse each other in the membrane.
C)    Hydrophilic portions of the lipids are in the interior of the membrane.
D)    There are only weak hydrophobic interactions in the interior of the
membrane.
1)      Cell membranes are asymmetrical. Which of the following statements is the most
likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature?
A)    Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly
packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical
B)    Since cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another, the
cell membranes must be asymmetrical.
C)    The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out
different functions.
D)    Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which
results in the membrane's asymmetrical nature.

1)      What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
A)    large and hydrophobic
B)    small and hydrophobic
C)    large polar
D)    ionic

1)      Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?

A)    An input of energy is required for transport.
B)    Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane.
C)    There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a
membrane.
D)    Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

1)      Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma

membrane?
A)    It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
B)    It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function.
C)    It works against diffusion.
D)    It has no hydrophobic regions.

1)      Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma
membrane most rapidly?
A)    CO2
B)    an amino acid
C)    glucose
D)    K+

1)      Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell
membranes?
A)    the sodium-potassium pump
B)    ATP
C)    peripheral proteins
D)    aquaporins
1)      Diffusion _____.
A)    is very rapid over long distances
B)    requires an expenditure of energy by the cell
C)    is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration
D)    requires integral proteins in the cell membrane

1)      You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it
must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a
factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells?
A)    hydrophobicity of the drug molecule
B)    lack of charge on the drug molecule
C)    similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target
cells
D)    lipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane

1)      Which of the following processes includes all others?

A)    osmosis
B)    facilitated diffusion
C)    passive transport
D)    transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient

1) When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs
for substances that can diffuse through the cell?
A)There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.
B)There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell.
C)There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell.
D)All movement of molecules is directed by active transport.

1)      Which of the following is true of osmosis?

A)    Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells.
B)    Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process.
C)    In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute
concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
D)    In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water
concentration to areas of higher water concentration.
1)      A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In
an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost
—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable
result of this transfusion?
A)    The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become
hypotonic compared to the cells.
B)    The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood
has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
C)    The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become
hypertonic compared to the cells.
D)    The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood has become hypertonic
compared to the cells.

1)      Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity
conditions for typical plant and animal cells? The animal cell is in _____.
A)    a hypotonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution
B)    an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypertonic solution
C)    a hypertonic solution, and the plant cell is in an isotonic solution
D)    an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution
d
1)      In which of the following would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?
A)    an animal connective tissue cell bathed in isotonic body fluid
B)    a salmon moving from a river into an ocean
C)    a red blood cell surrounded by plasma
D)    a plant being grown hydroponically in a watery mixture of designated nutrients

1)      When a plant cell, such as one from a rose stem, is submerged in a very
hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?
A)    The cell will burst.
B)    Plasmolysis will shrink the interior.
C)    The cell will become flaccid.
D)    The cell will become turgid.

1)      A sodium-potassium pump _____.

A)    moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while
producing an ATP for each cycle
B)    move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while
consuming an ATP for each cycle
C)    moves three potassium ions out of a cell and two sodium ions into a cell while
consuming 2 ATP in each cycle
D)    move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell and
generates an ATP in each cycle
1)      Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?
A)    facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride
channel
B)    movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a
higher concentration in the extracellular fluid
C)    movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a
higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell
D)    movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium

1)      The voltage across a membrane is called the _____.

A)    chemical gradient
B)    membrane potential
C)    osmotic potential
D)    electrochemical gradient
1-the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an are of
lower concentration is called
a. diffusion
b. endocytosis
c. catalysis
d. active transport
e. osmosis

2-phospholipid molecules in a membrane are arranged with their _ on the

exterior and their _ on the interior
a. hydrophobic heads... hydrophilic tails
b. hydrophilic heads... hydrophobic tails
c. nonpolar heads... polar tails
d. hydrophobic tails... hydrophobic heads
e. hydrophilic tails... hydrophobic heads

3-in osmosis, water always moves toward the ------ solution, that is, toward the
solution with the ------ solute concentration
a. isotonic... greater
b. hypertonic... greater
c. hypertonic... lesser
d. hypotonic...greater
e. hypotonic... lesser

4-diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called

a. active transport
b. osmosis
c. exocytosis
d. passive transport
e. facilitated diffusion

5-a plant cell is placed in a solution whose solute concentration is twice as great as
the concentration of the cell cytoplasm. The cell membrane is selectively
permeable, allowing water but not the solutes to pass through. What will happen
to the cell?
a. no change will occur because it is a plant cell
b. the cell will shrivel up because of osmosis
c. the cell will swell because of osmosis
d. the cell will shrivel because of active transport of water
e. the cell will swell because of active transport of water

6-A white blood cell is capable of producing and releasing thousands of antibody
molecules every second. Antibodies are large, complex protein molecules. How
would you expect them to leave the cell?
a. active transport
b. exocytosis
c. receptor-mediated endocytosis
d. passive transport
e. pinocytosis

7-Which of the following would be least likely to diffuse through a cell membrane
without the help of a transport protein?
a. a large polar molecule
b. a large nonpolar molecule
c. a small polar molecule
d. a small nonpolar molecule
e. any of the above would easily diffuse through the membrane

8-red blood cells shrivel when placed in a 10% sucrose solution. When first
placed in the solution, the solute concentration of the cells is ------ the
concentration of the sucrose solution. After the cells shrivel, their solute
concentration is ------- the concentration of the sucrose solution
a. less than... greater than
b. greater than... less than
c. equal to... equal to
d. less than... equal to
e. greater than... equal to

9-A nursing infant is able to obtain disease-fighting antibodies, which are large
protein molecules, from its mother's milk. These molecules probably enter the
cells lining the baby's digestive track via
a. osmosis
b. passive transport
c. exocytosis
d. active transport
e. endocytosis
10-Which of the following is a difference between active transport (AT) and
facilitated diffusion (FD)?
a. AT involves transport proteins, and FD does not
b. FD can move solutes against a concentration gradient, and AT cannot
c. FD requires energy from ATP, and AT does not
d. FD involves transport proteins, and AT does not
e. AT requires energy from ATP, and FD does not