A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

AUTOMOBILE PRACTICAL
(WORKSHOP TECHNOLOGY ENG 261)

PREPARED BY

STUDENT NAME: Oyewale oluwafikayomi

Benedict
(MATRIC NO) 20/ENG03/038

INSTRUCTORS:
A.A. ADERIBIGBE
ENGR. H. A. BENJAMIN

January , 2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page...........................................................................................................................i
Table of Contents...............................................................................................................ii
List of Figures....................................................................................................................iii
List of Tables.....................................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................
1.2 Brief History of Automotive Industry ..................................................................
1.3 Introduction to Motor Parts...................................................................................
1.4 Recent Advancement in Automobile Industry......................................................

CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) ................................................................
2.2 Servicing of a Motor Vehicle ............................................................................
2.3 Cooling System ........................................................................................
2.4 Lubrication System .......................................................................................

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Carburetion and Carburetor ..............................................................................
3.2 Transmission System .....………….........................................................
3.3 Breaking System ………………………………………………….
3.4 Suspension System ………………………………………………….

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Summary of .Experience gained .......................................................................
4.2 Additional Materials. .......................................................................

REFERENCES ….......................................................................................................

ii
LIST OF FIGURES

iii
LIST OF TABLE

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction Workshop practice is a very vast one and it is very difficult for
anyone to claim a mastery over it. It provides the basic working knowledge of
the production and properties of different materials used in the industry. It also
explains the use of different tools, equipments, machinery and techniques of
manufacturing, which ultimately facilitate shaping of these materials into
various usable forms. In general, various mechanical workshops know by long
training how to use workshop tools, machine tools and equipment. Trained and
competent persons should be admitted to this type of mechanical works and
permitted to operate equipment.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Automotive industry all those companies and activities involved
in the manufacture of motor vehicles, including most
components, such as engines and bodies, but excluding tires,
batteries, and fuel. The industry’s principal products are
passenger automobiles and light trucks, including pickups, vans,
and sport utility vehicles. Commercial vehicles (i.e., delivery
trucks and large transport trucks, often called semis), though
important to the industry, are secondary. The design of modern
automotive vehicles is discussed in the
articles automobile, truck bus, and motorcycle automotive
engines are described in gasoline engine and diesel engine. The
development of the automobile is covered in transportation,
Although steam-powered road vehicles were produced earlier,
the origins of the automotive industry are rooted in the
development of the gasoline engine in the 1860s and ’70s,
principally in France and Germany. By the beginning of the 20TH
century, German and French manufacturers had been joined
by British Italian, and American makers.
1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR PARTS
They are some basic parts in motor, which are ;
1. BATTERY

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 FIG 1.1

The battery is a critical component. It

allows your vehicle to turn on in the first place.Car batteries provide the jolt of
electricity that is needed to power the engine as well as the electrical accessories in
your vehicle. Your battery transforms chemical energy into electrical energy that is
delivered to the starter to start the engine.

In a majority of cars, it will be located under the hood, and you can identify it with
the (-) and (+) symbols. In the event you need to jump-start your vehicle, you need
to connect the red clamp of the jumper cable to the (+) symbol and the black clamp
to the (-) symbol.

2. Alternator

The alternator generates electricity that transfers mechanical energy into electrical
energy by an alternating current (AC). In cooperation with the battery, it is used to
provide power to the vehicle’s electrical system. As the vehicle moves, the alternator
uses the mechanical energy created to recharge the battery. Battery struggles can
be the result of overcharging from the alternator.

Fig 1.2

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 3. Axle

Axles are an important part when you want to move, brake and turn. Axles are
attached to the wheels and support the weight of your vehicle, transfer power, and
are a vital component in the steering system. Most modern vehicles are equipped
with a split axle, where each wheel on each side is connected to an independent
shaft, making the ride smoother and more comfortable as well as improving
cornering and traction, which extends the life of the tires.The axle is responsible for
transferring power from the engine to the wheels. It is an important part when you
want to move, brake and turn.

4. Brakes

There are numerous components to your car’s brake system. There is the brake
pedal, caliper, light switch, pad and rotor. Most of the time when something is amiss
with the brakes, it is a result of something going wrong with the caliper, pad, or rotor.

Brake calipers can either be located in the front or rear of the car, but they will be
behind a wheel. Brake pads are also behind a wheel, and, over time, the padding will
begin to wear down. You know a pad is on its last legs when you start to hear a loud,
screeching sound every time you brake.

Brake fluid is also vital to the operation of your brakes. Brake fluid aids in the
hydraulic process that amplifies pressure needed to slow and stop your vehicle.

Finally, there is the brake rotor. This part is located alongside the caliper and pad,
and it is exposed to a great deal of heat every time you brake. Braking is impaired
when the rotors begin falling apart. Always replace rotors in pairs to stay on the safe
side.

5. Transmission

When you look at a car parts diagram, you

need to take into consideration whether you own a front-wheel drive or rear-wheel
drive vehicle. With front-wheel drive, the transmission will be located between the

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transaxles behind the engine block. With rear-wheel drive, it will be found bolted
directly to the back of the engine.

The transmission has a series of gears that vary based on the driver’s desired
speed. Manual transmissions are shifted by the driver from a gearing device inside
the power train.

1.4 RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

They are some recent advancement in the automobile industry they are;

. Autonomous Vehicles (AV)

Autonomous vehicles or self-driving vehicles aim to minimize the need for human
drivers and look poised to transform everyday transportation. Fleets of AVs expand
the scope of last-mile deliveries, reduce downtime, and aim to make public
transportation relatively safer. For example, by reducing accidents caused due to
driver fatigue or negligence. AVs are equipped with advanced recognition
technologies, such as AI-enhanced computer vision to identify obstacles along the
route.

. Connectivity

Nowadays, vehicles come with a tamper-proof digital identity that differentiates them
from other vehicles in the network. This enables easy tracking of vehicular data for
various use cases such as insurance, driver safety, predictive maintenance, and fleet
management. Sharing vehicular data helps not just the individual customer, but
overhauls the entire mobility ecosystem.

. Electrification

The depleting fossil fuel reserves and the harm to the environment caused by their
use call for promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs). For greater adoption, EVs
need to address issues such as high price, poor battery, inadequate charging
infrastructure, fleet electrification, as well as powering renewable energy-based
charging grids.

. Shared Mobility

With connected vehicles, new business models have come up that focus on shared
mobility as an alternative to traditional vehicle ownership. This enables mobility-as-a-
service (MaaS) and discourages unused vehicles. Such solutions meet the
requirements of a city or a business without adding new vehicles, thus reducing
waiting time for fleets and pollution caused by petrol or diesel vehicles.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 INTERNAL COMBOSTION ENGINE (ICE)

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In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled
internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler
and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine. In 1879,
Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gasoline engine.

Internal combustion engines provide outstanding drivability and durability, with

more than 250 million highway transportation vehicles in the United States
relying on them. Along with gasoline or diesel, they can also utilize renewable or
alternative fuels (e.g., natural gas, propane, biodiesel, or ethanol). They can
also be combined with hybrid electric powertrains to increase fuel economy or
plug-in hybrid electric systems to extend the range of hybrid electric vehicles.

HOW DOES THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WORK

Combustion, also known as burning, is the basic chemical process

of releasing energy from a fuel and air mixture. In an internal
combustion engine (ICE), the ignition and combustion of the fuel
occurs within the engine itself. The engine then partially converts
the energy from the combustion to work. The engine consists of a
fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding combustion
gases push the piston, which in turn rotates the crankshaft.
Ultimately, through a system of gears in the powertrain, this
motion drives the vehicle’s wheels.

Examples include gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas-turbine engines, and

rocket-propulsion systems......Gasoline piston engines and diesel engines.

FIG 2.1

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2.2 SERVING OF A MOTOR VECHILE

A motor vehicle service or tune-up is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a set
time interval or after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. The service intervals are
specified by the vehicle manufacturer in a service schedule and some modern cars display the
due date for the next service electronically on the instrument panel. A tune-up should not be
confused with engine tuning, which is the modifying of an engine to perform better than the
original specification, rather than using maintenance to keep the engine running as it should.

. COMMON MAINTENANCE

Maintenance tasks commonly carried out during a motor vehicle service include:

 Change the engine oil

 Replace the oil filter
 Replace the air filter
 Replace the fuel filter
 Replace the cabin or a/c filter
 Replace the spark plug
 Check level and refill brake fluid /clutch fluid
 Check brake pads /Liners, brake discs /drums, and replace if worn out
 Check Coolant Hoses
 Check the charging systems
 Check the battery
 Check level and refill power steering fluid
 Check level and refill Automatic/Manual Transmission Fluid
 Grease and lubricate components
 Inspect and replace the timing belt or timing belt if needed
 Check condition of the tires

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 2.3 COOLING SYSTEM

A typical automotive cooling system comprises (1) a series of channels cast

into the engine block and cylinder head, surrounding the combustion chambers
with circulating water or other coolant to carry away excessive heat, (2) a
radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins to
radiate heat.

HOW THE COOLING SYSTEM WORKS IN A CAR

A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the

engine block and heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up
heat from the engine......Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb
more heat.

How does a cooling system work in a car?

A cooling system works by sending a liquid coolant through passages in the engine
block and heads. As the coolant flows through these passages, it picks up heat from the
engine.....Once the fluid is cooled, it returns to the engine to absorb more heat.

TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEM

1. A water-cooled engine block and cylinder head have interconnected coolant

channels running through them. At the top of the cylinder head all the channels
converge to a single outlet.

A pump , driven by a pulley and belt from the crankshaft , drives hot coolant out of the engine
to the radiator , which is a form of heat exchanger

Although these are more practical for dryer climates, you

2. Evaporative cooler;
can still find evaporative coolers in some Monroe homes. Evaporative
coolers
don’t have refrigerants. Instead, evaporative coolers pull in fresh air from
outside and cool it through evaporation. The cool air is then distributed
through your home, as well as humidity. Evaporative coolers can be attached
with ducts similar to a central AC system or come in a portable variant.

2.3 LUBRICATION SYSTEM

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 Lubricating oil cools the moving parts of the engine and transferred the hot oil into
the cooler oil in the oil pan. The oil creates a seal between the cylinder walls and the
piston rings. It also reduces the exhaust gas blow by. Clearance between the
rotating journals and bearing is filled with oil.

What is lubricating system?

A Lubrication system is a means whereby a material is placed between two
rubbing surfaces to alleviate friction and therefore wear......To help stop this
wear a substance called a lubricant, is put in between the surfaces to carry or to help
carry the load. The lubricant is most commonly an oil or a grease.

What is the function of lubrication system in car?

Lubricant forms an oil film on the surface of metals, converting solid friction into
liquid friction to reduce friction, which is the most common and essential function
of lubricants. Reduced friction prevents heating and abrasion on the friction surface.
What are the three types of lubrication system?
Following are the 6 main types of lubrication system:
 Petroil system.
 Splash system.
 Pressure system.
 Semi-pressure system.
 Dry sump system.
 Wet sump system.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 CABURETION AND CARBURETOR

What is a carburetor? A car carburetor is useful for adjusting the amount of

fuel and air mixture that enters the engine cylinder. The carburetor has a system
that works in it, all work side by side to allow the mix of fuel and air according to the
needs of the engine, thereby making the car fuel more efficient.

What is a carburetion? the process of mixing (as in a carburetor) the vapor of a

flammable hydrocarbon (such as gasoline) with air to form an explosive mixture
especially for use in an internal-combustion engine.

Function of a carburetor

 The main function of carburetors to mix air and gasoline and provides a high
combustion mixture.
 It controls the engine speed.
 It also regulates the air-fuel ratio.
 Increase or decrease the amount of mixture according to the engine speed and
load changing.

Parts of a carburetor:

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As we already knew, the Simple carburetor mainly consists of

1. Throttle Valve
2. Strainer
3. Venturi
4. Metering system
5. Idling system
6. Float Chamber
7. Mixing Chamber
8. Idle and Transfer port
9. Choke Valve

FIG 3.1

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 HOW THE CARBURETOR WORKS:

A carburetor relies on the vacuum created by the engine to draw air and fuel
into the cylinders......The throttle can open and close, allowing either more or
less air to enter the engine. This air moves through a narrow opening called a
venturi. This creates the vacuum required to keep the engine running.

There are three general types of carburetors depending on the direction of flow
of air.
 Types of Carburetors.
 Constant Choke Carburetor:
 Constant Vacuum Carburetor:
 Multiple Venturi Carburetor:
3.2 TRANSITION SYSTEM
The transmission uses the power created in the engine to keep the wheels
spinning and keep the engine within a certain revolutions per minute range.....The
arrangement of the transmission and where it sits is dependent on whether the car
is all-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, or rear-wheel drive.

What is the function of transmission system in automobile?

The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft
and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle).
Gears inside the transmission change the vehicle's drive-wheel speed and torque in
relation to engine speed and torque.

What are parts of transmission system?

FIG3.2

The transmission system consists of the following components:

 Clutch.
 Gearbox.
 Propeller shaft.
 Differential.
 Live Axle.
What are the different types of transmissions?
 Automatic Transmission (AT) ...

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 Manual Transmission (MT) ...
 Automated Manual Transmission (AM) ...
 Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)

3.3 THE BREAKING SYSTEM

The brake system takes the kinetic energy of your moving vehicle and converts it
to thermal energy through friction......Usually used for the back wheels (although
some vehicles had four-wheel drum brakes years ago), drum brakes feature a hollow
cylinder (the drum) attached to the axle that spins with the wheel.
FIG 3.3

Components of a Braking System

When it comes to the individual components of your braking system, it depends on
whether your’s has four-wheel disc brakes (probably the case), four-wheel drum
brakes (far less likely), or a combination of the two, discs in the front and drums in
the rear (possibly). Regardless, here is a brief breakdown of each brake system
component.
• Master Cylinder and Power Brake Booster. The master cylinder is a hydraulic
pump that is actuated by the brake pedal. Attached to the pump is a brake fluid
reservoir and vacuum assisted power booster to make it easier to press the
pedal.
• Rotor. Is a heavy metal disc attached to the wheel (actually, to the wheel
hub). It spins as the wheel and tire spins. Brake rotors will wear out eventually
because of all of the friction applied to them. They also are susceptible to
overheating if you tend to have aggressive driving habits or haul heavy loads.
• Brake Pads. Brake pads are made to grab hold of a brake rotor. Sacrificial
friction material on the pads comes in contact with the rotor when you
brake, producing friction and heat used for the transfer of kinetic energy to
thermal
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 energy. Brake pad materials come in a variety of compositions, from organic to
ceramic to semi-metallic compounds.
• Brake Shoes. Like brake pads, brake shoes create friction to stop your vehicle.
But shoes are more likely to be found on cars from decades past or on trucks.
Picture a bowl spinning on a potter’s wheel or a lazy susan. If you were to
reach into the bowl and move your hands apart and press against the inside of
the bowl, you would create resistance. That is basically what brake shoes do
inside a brake drum.
• Brake Drum. Where a rotor is grabbed from the outside by the brake pads,
a brake drum is grabbed from within by a pair of brake shoes.
• Caliper and Caliper Bracket. A brake caliper is a hydraulic clamp that
squeezes the brake pads against the rotor in response to force applied by
your brake pedal through the master cylinder pump. The caliper bracket holds
the caliper in place and suspends the brake pads on either side of the rotor.

• Wheel Cylinder. There is no caliper in a drum brake setup. Instead, a

hydraulic device called a wheel cylinder presses the brake shoes apart and
against the inside of the drum.

Which braking system is used in cars?

FIG3.4

There two kinds of brake systems; disc brake and drum brake. The disc brakes are
used on the front wheels of automobiles while drum brakes are mounted on rear
wheels. Though some modern high-end cars have disc brakes on the four wheels.
What are the 6 types of braking system?
Types of Braking Systems and Types of Brakes
 Hydraulic braking system: This system runs on brake fluid, cylinders, and friction.
 Electromagnetic braking system.
 Servo braking system.
 Mechanical braking system.
 DISC BRAKE.

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 DRUM BRAKES.
HOW THE BREAKING SYSTEM WORKS

. The car brake system works in a few ways: Your foot pushes on the brake
pedal and the force generated by your leg is amplified several times by
mechanical leverage......Pressure is transmitted equally to all four brakes.
The
force creates friction between brake pads and disc brake rotors which is what
stops your vehicle.

What is the main function of brake system?

FIG 3.5

The function of vehicle brake system is to stop or slow down the moving motor
vehicle or prevent it from moving when in stationary position. All the braking
systems use the force of friction for their operation. Friction opposes the relative
motion of the bodies that are in contact with each other.
3.4 SUSPENSION SYSTEM
What is the meaning of suspension system?
FIG3.6

Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and
linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion
between the two. Suspension systems must support both road holding/handling and
ride quality, which are at odds with each other.

Types of Suspension System

Following are the types of the suspension system used in vehicles:

Front End Suspension System: The front end suspension is more complicated
than the rear end suspension because the front wheels not only move up and
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down with respect to the car frame but also swing at various angles to the car
frame for steering. In order to permit the front wheels to swing to one side or
the other for steering, each wheel is ported on a spindle which is part of the
steering knuckle. The steering knuckle is then supported through ball joints, by
upper and lower control arms which are attached to the frame.

FIG3.7

2. Twin I-Beam Suspension System

Different types of front suspension, besides coil spring type, are also in use.
The twin I-beam construction is another type, used on some models of Ford
trucks. Each front wheel is supported at the end by a separate I beam.

The ends of the I-beams are attached to the frame by pivots. The wheel ends
of the two I-beams are attached to the frame by radius arms, which prevent
backward or forward movement of the wheel.

FIG3.8

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 What is the function of the suspension system?
Your car's suspension system allows you to ride relatively undisturbed while
travelling over rough roads. It also allows your vehicle to corner with minimum roll
or sway, stop with a minimum of brake dive, and accelerate with a minimum of
acceleration squat.
Requirements of Suspension System
 There should be minimum deflection.
 It should be of minimum weight.
 It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.
 It should have minimum tire wear.
 It should be of low initial cost.

HOW DOES THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM WORK

A suspension works on the principle of force dissipation which involves

converting force into heat thus removing the impact that force would have
made. It uses springs, dampers and struts to achieve this. A spring will hold the
energy while a damper will convert it into heat.

CHAPTER 4

4.1 SUMMMARY OF THE EXPERIENCE GAINED

I experienced and learnt many things from this automobile technology. Where I saw,
touched, jotted down things about the component/parts of a car. Right from the
engine to the cooling system, lubrication system, suspension system and soon.

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The experience also thought me how the engine works, how the engine operates
where to put the engine oil, how to check the engine oil and many more.

The workshop experience was a good one and enjoyed the teaching of the lecturers
and my course mate.

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