Criminology 3

LESSON’S:
Chapter 1 - Development
Chapter 2 – Human Behavior

Introduction: This chapter presents a brief preface on behavior and human behavior, the
abnormal behavior, the criminal behavior, and the underlying personality theories.

Objective: at the end of the lesson the students are expected to;
 Discuss and define Human Behavior
 Enumerate the viewpoints in the study of human behavior
 Enumerate and discuss the factors that affect human behavior
 Enumerate and discuss the Causes of Conflicts in Human Behavior
 Differentiate the difference of Two Basic Types of Human Behavior
 Enumerate and discuss the Personality Dimensions that affects Human Behavior
 Enumerate and discuss the Psychological Explanations for Human Behavior

Discussion;

Chapter I
Development

A. Development Defined
Development refers to a progressive series of changes of an orderly and coherent life
leading toward maturity.

B. Significant Facts about Development

a. Early foundation is critical (first two years of life, (physical and emotional))
Attitudes, habits, and pattern of behavior established during the early years and
determine to a large extent how successfully individuals will adjust to life as they grow older.

b. Maturation and learning play important role in development

 Maturation – refers to the growth following the birth that is determined primarily by
genetic factors and occurs more or less independently of learning.
 Learning – development that comes from exercise and effort on the individual’s part.

 Three Important facts emerge from our present knowledge of the

interrelationship of maturation and learning as the cause of
development.
1. Because human beings are capable of learning, variation is possible.
2. Maturation sets limit beyond which progress, even with the favorable learning methods
and the strongest motivation.
3. There is definite time table or learning.

c. Development follows a definite and predictable pattern

The importance of this is that it makes it possible to predict what people will do at a
given age and to plan their education and training to fit into this pattern.

d. All individuals are different

All individuals are biologically and genetically different from the others. No two people
can be expected to react in the same manner to the same environment stimuli.

e. Each phase of development has characteristics pattern of behavior

 Phases of Development

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 1. Equilibrium – when individuals adopt easily to environmental demands.
2. Disequilibrium – when the individuals experience difficulties in adaptation makes
poor personal social adjustment.

f. Each phase of development has its hazards

Each period in the life can has associated with certain developmental hazards, physical,
psychological and environmental.

g. Development is aided by stimulation

Directly encouraging the individual to use ability is the process of development.
Stimulation of the muscles during the early years results in earlier and better coordinated motor
skills.

h. Development is affected by cultural changes

Individual development is molded to conform to cultural standards and ideals.

i. There are social expectations for every stage of development

Cultural groups expects its member to master certain essential skills and acquire certain
approved patterns of behavior.

j. There are traditional beliefs about people of all ages

These beliefs about physical and psychological characteristics affect the judgments of
others as well as their self evaluation.

C. Characteristics of Development
1. Dependence to Self – direction
2. Pleasure to Reality
3. Ignorance to Knowledge
4. Incompetence to Competence
5. Diffuse to Articulated Self – identity

D. Stages in Human Life Span

1. Prenatal period - Conception to birth (0 – 9 months)
2. Infancy - Birth to the end of second week
3. Babyhood - End of the second week to the end of the second year
4. Early Childhood - Two to Six years
5. Late Childhood - Six to Ten or Twelve years
6. Puberty or Pre – Adolescence - Ten or Twelve to 13 or 14 years
7. Adolescence - 13 or 14 to 18 years
8. Early Adulthood - 18 to 40 years
9. Middle Age - 40 to 60 years
10. Old Age or Senescence - 60 to Death

E. Developmental Tasks During Life Span

Developmental Tasks – A tasks which arises at or about a certain period in the life of the
individual, successful achievement of which leads to happiness and to success with later tasks,
while failure leads to unhappiness and difficulty with later tasks.
a) Babyhood and Early Childhood
- Learning to take solid food
- Learning to walk
- Learning to talk
- Learning to control the eliminations of body wastes
- Learning sex differences and sexual modesty

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 - Getting ready to read
- Learning to distinguish right and wrong and beginning to develop a conscience
b) Late Childhood
- Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
- Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself as growing organism
- Learning to get along with age mate
- Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or feminine social roles
- Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating
- Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
- Developing conscience, sense of morality, and scale of values
- Attitudes toward social groups and institutions
- Achieving personal independence
c) Puberty and Adolescence
- Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates of both sexes
- Achieving a masculine and feminine social role
- Accepting one’s physique and using one’s body effectively
- Desiring, accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior
- Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
- Preparing or an economic career
- Preparing or marriage and family life
- Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior
d) Early Adulthood
- Getting started in an occupation
- Selecting a mate
- Learning to live with a marriage partner
- Starting a family
- Rearing children
- Managing a home
- Taking on civic responsibility
- Finding a congenial social group
e) Middle Age
- Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
- Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
- Developing adult leisure time activities
- Relating oneself to one’s spouse person
- Accepting and adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age
- Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in one’s occupational career
- Adjusting to aging parents
f) Old Age
- Adjusting to decreasing, physical strength
- Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
- Adjusting to death of spouse
- Establishing an explicit affiliation with members of one’s age group
- Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements
- Adapting to social roles in a flexible way
 Purposes of Developmental Tasks
1. They are guidelines that enable individuals to know what societies expect of them at
given ages.
2. Motivate individuals to do what the social group expects them to do at certain ages
during their lives.
3. Show individuals what lies ahead and what they will be expected to do when they
reach their next stage of development.

F. Psychosexual Stages of Development

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 Freud believes that all human beings pass through a series of psychosexual stages, each stages
dominated by the development and sensitivity in a particular erogenous or measure – giving
spot in the body. If individuals are unsuccessful in resolving the conflict, their solving
frustration becomes chronic and remains a central feature of their psychological make – up.

As a result of their frustration or over indulgence, individuals experience fixation at a particular

stage of their development.
 Fixation – is the tendency to stay at a particular stage: The individuals troubled by
the conflict that characterizes the stage and seeing to reduce it by means of the
behavior characteristics of that stage.
a. The Oral Stage – reflect the infants need for gratification from the mother.
b. The Anal Stage (2nd to the 3rd year of life) – reflects the toddlers need for gratification
along the rectal area. During this stage, children must endure the demand of toilet training.
c. The Phallic Stage (4th to 5th year of life) – reflects the preschooler’s gratification
involving the genitals. Children of this stage gratify their sex instinct by foundling their
genitals and developing incestuous desire for the opposite sex parent.
d. The Latency Stage (6th year of life to puberty) – is Freud’s fourth stage of
psychosexual development. During this time, sexual desires are repressed and all the Childs
available libido is socially acceptable outlets such as school – work or vigorous play that
consume most of Childs physical and psychic energy.
e. The Genital Stage ( from puberty onwards) – is characterized by maturation of the
reproductive system, production of sex hormones, and reactivation of the genital zone as an
area of sensual pleasure. The adolescent may openly expresses libidos toward member of the
opposite sex. But for the first time, the underlying aim of sex instinct is reproduction.

Chapter II
Human Behavior
It is the voluntary or involuntary attitude a person adapts to fit society’s idea of right
or wrong. It is partly determined by heredity and environment, and modified through learning.
It is also the way human being act. Many people use the word behavior to mean conduct. But in
psychology and other behavioral sciences, behavior is regarded as any activity of a person.

Causation of Human Behavior

a. Sensation - feeling or impression of stimulus
- the process by which organism responds to stimulus
a.1. visual – sight
a.2. olfactory – smell
a.3. cutaneous – touch
a.4. auditory – hearing
a.5. gustatory – taste
b. Perception - knowledge of stimulus
-sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli from our sensory organ.
- process by which sensory stimuli are interpreted, analyzed, and integrated
c. Awareness - psychological activity, it is in accordance with the interpretation and
experience of object of stimulus

Motivation of Human Behavior

a. The Needs Theory of Human Behavior
This theory states that, throughout life, desires, wishes, and drives, collectively called
needs, motivate all. When not fulfilled, these needs lace the individuals under stress and in
order to relieve the tensions created, one has to strive for appropriate satisfactions. However,
the ways to satisfy these needs are governed by the society whose mechanics are not always
identical to the individual’s constant struggle for food, warmth, affection, achievement,
recognition, and economic and emotional security.
These needs are arranged according to its hierarchy, to wit:
1. Physiological needs

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 2. Safety needs
3. The sense of belonging and love needs
4. Esteem needs
5. The need for self – actualization

b. The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation

Psychodynamics, which literally means motivation to action, define human
behavior in terms of inner personality of the inner self. The concept of subjective life and the
inner forces within, called mental personality.
This theory viewed that what person do and how they act are reflections of the
operations of their inner personality. This inner personality of the inner self is a system of forces
or network energy, called psychic forces and makes one act and feel in certain ways its interplay.
The seat of these psychic forces is the mind, which is a symbol of mental life and
mental activity. The mind has three levels on which the symbols of these psychic forces operate,
namely: Id, Ego, and Superego. These are not structures or entities, but are symbolic terms
used to describe certain emotional and psychological activities which motivate behavior and
affect personality. The organization of total personality depends upon the adequate and
harmonious functioning of these three dynamically interacting forces.

 Id – the raw, unorganized, inherited part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce
tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational
impulses. These drives are fueled by “psychic energy” called libido. The id operates
according to the pleasure principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of
tension and the maximization of satisfaction.
 Ego – provides a buffer between the id and realities of the objective outside world. In
contrast to the pleasure seeking nature of the id, the ego operates according to the reality
principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the
individual and help integrate the person in society.
 Superego – the final personality structure to develop, represents the rights and wrongs of
the society as handed down by person’s parents, teachers and other important figures. The
superego actually has two parts, the conscience and the ego – ideal.
- Conscience – prevents us from doing morally bad things
- Ego – Ideal – motivates us to do what is morally proper.

Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior

1. Neurological – Emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the
body, especially the brain and the nervous system.
2. Behavioral – Focuses on external activities that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive – is concerned with the way the brain process and transform information in
various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical – Emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual
and aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice and motivation
toward self-actualization.

Factors That Affect Human Behavior

1. Heredity – It is determined by genes. Genes are segments of cell structures called
chromosomes buy which parents pass on traits to their offspring. Genes are composed of
chemical substances that give the offspring a tendency toward certain physical and
behavioral qualities.
2. Environment – Consist of the conditions and factors that surround and influence an
individual. Environment can cause certain behavior patterns.
3. Learning – Is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or
practice. A person learns behavior through new environments that provides ample
examples of new behavior. Learning takes place constantly because people are always
being given new problems to solve or are being shown new ways of doing things.

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Causes of Conflicts in Human Behavior
1. Physical Causes – refers to natural causes, like typhoon, an earthquake, a fire, flood, a
storm.
2. Social Conflicts – involves restrictions or rules in the home, in school, in the
community. Many laws are intended for public welfare, but they interfere with an
adolescent’s desires or interests.
3. Economic Conflicts – results from one’s inability to acquire material things because
of poverty or other financial obligations.

Two Basic Types of Human Behavior

1. Inherited Behavior
 Physical Traits (color or eyes, hair, skin, size and shape of nose, lips etc.)
 Mental Traits (level of intelligence, abilities, talents)
2. Learned Behavior
 Environment
 Training
 Efforts of the will – it is the man’s capacity to direct and restrain thoughts,
actions and emotions. The will realizes or disregards the opportunities presented
by environment and training

Kinds of Behavior
a. Overt or Covert Behavior - Behavior that are outwardly manifested or those that are
directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand, the covert behaviors are
behaviors that are hidden and not visible to the naked eye.
b. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when act are within
the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s sub –
consciousness.
c. Simple or Complex Behavior - These are act categorized according to the number of
nervous involved in the process of behaving. Simple behavior involves less number of
neurons, while complex behavior involves more number of neurons, a combination of
simple behavior.
d. Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a person acted
with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior when the person acted with no
apparent reason or exploitation.
e. Voluntary or involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done with full
volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide, or choose; while involuntary
behaviors refer to the bodily processes that function whether we are awake or asleep.

Personality Dimensions that affects Human Behavior

1. Extraversion – It is the dimension that dictates conditionability and is therefore the

principal factor in anti-social behavior.
- Extraverts – a very high needs for stimulation and excitement in which
can get them in trouble. it plays the greatest role in crime and
delinquency
- Introverts – a very low needs for stimulation and excitement, they are
much less prone toward anti-social conduct.
2. Neuroticism – it reflect an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to
stressful or upsetting events. Persons high on neuroticism react intensely much longer to
stress and are generally moody, touchy, sensitive to slight and anxious or nervous. While
in the other hand people with low neuroticism were stable, calm and even tempered.
3. Psychoticism – It is characterized by cold-cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for
danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others and an attraction toward the unusual. In
many ways the descriptors of psychoticism follow those of the classical “psychopath” or
more common, the “sociopath”. Psychoticism dimension is hypothesized to be the link in
crimes of violence.

Psychological Explanations for Human Behavior

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 1. The Mind and its Relationship to Crime – Before the development of more
scientific theories on human behavior and mental illness, one of the most popular
explanations was demonlogy. In the eighteenth century, scholars begin developing
knowledge about human anatomy, physiology, neurology, general medicine and
chemistry. The discovery of an organic basis for such physical illness led to similar
applications for some mental illness. These findings replaced the demonological theory
of causation and dominated the fields of psychiatry and psychology until 1915. By the
turn of the twentieth century, it was argued that psychological problems could cause
illness, and a new viewpoint in psychiatry was created.
2. Psychiatric Approach – the field of medicine that specializes in the understanding,
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental problems is psychiatry. Psychoanalysis is
a branch of psychiatry which employs a particular personality theory and a specific
treatment method, usually an individual case study. Psychiatry views each person as a
unique personality who can be understood only by a thorough case study.
3. Personality Theory – Emotional conflict and personality deviation characterized
many criminals, especially habitual offenders, leading some theorist to conclude that
these deviation cause humans to become criminals. but the critical questions are whether
this factors distinguish criminals from law-abiding persons and, if so, whether the traits
cause the questionable behavior.
4. Intelligence and Crime – closely associated with the mental disorder approach is the
linking of crime and intelligence. It is argued that low intelligence causes crime it also a
clear consistent link between criminality and intelligence. Low intelligence and crime
appear together, and low intelligence is the cause of crime.
5. Cognitive Development Theory – this approach is based on the belief that the ways
in which people organize their thought about rules and laws results in either criminal or
non-criminal behavior. Some psychologist state that although environmental factors
such as family background, peer relationships, and poverty may limits ones choices, they
do not determine those choices. Human behavior conduct exists because of the way
people think and the choices they make. Thus, either criminals must be confined forever,
or they must be taught how to change their ways of thinking. The root causes of
crime…………..are thought and choices…
6. Behavior Theory – Is the basis for behavior modification, one approach used in
institutionalized and non- institutionalized setting for changing behavior. Behavior
theory is based on the belief that it is not the unconscious that is important but, rather,
behavior that can be observed and manipulated. It is also argued that behavior is
controlled by its consequences.
7. Learning Theory – Learning theory acknowledges that individuals have physiological
mechanisms that permit them to behave aggressively. This theory differs from theory in
that the latter emphasizes performance and reinforcement, whereas learning theory
emphasizes that learning maybe accomplished by using other people as models; it is not
necessary to engage in all the behavior that people learn. Humans engage in the behavior
only if they have incentives and motivations to do so. Motivations may come from
biological factors, the latter giving the ability to imagine the behavior’s consequences.
Under learning theory, human behavior is influenced by consequences, of which there
are three types: 1) external reinforcement, such as goods, money, social status, and
punishment-effective in restraining behavior; 2) vicarious reinforcement, for example,
observing the status of others whom one observes as being reinforced for their behavior,
and; 3) self-regulatory mechanism, such as people responding to their own actions in
ways that bring self-reward or self-punishment. Learning theories focus on the
importance of the family, the sub-culture, and the media.

Activity: Essay
1. As a criminology students what are the importance of studying Human Behavior
2. On your own point of view what factor affect the most in human behavior?
3. Differentiate Equilibrium to Disequilibrium, then choose where you belong, then justify.
4. How important maturation is?

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 5. Where did you got your attitude?

Reference:
 Manual human behavior and Crisis Management.. Oscar Soriano. MSBA, MACrim,
PhDCrim
 Human Behavior and Crisis Management … Jesster Eduardo. Rcim, MACrim, PhD

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