General studies

Women with a premenstrual mood changes before pregnancy showed

significantly higher SDS scores than those without it, throughout their
pregnancy and the postpartum period. Premenstrual mood change is
correlated with unstable mental health throughout the perinatal
period. (Sugawara et al., 1997)
Women who reported experiencing menstrual cycle related problem,
such as, heavy bleeding, bothersome cramping, or PMS, were more
likely to report frequent anxiety and depression, insomnia, excessive
sleepiness, and pain. And also showed significantly higher reports of
feeling sad, nervous, restless, hopeless, or worthless and that
everything was an effort all or most of the. (Strine et al., 2005)
In a study it showed that the women who reported irregular cycles
were less than half as likely to have a current anxiety disorder as those
that reported regular cycles, and women with shorter cycles have 1.5
times to 2 times greater risk of current affective disorder, lifetime
affective disorder, lifetime anxiety disorder, lifetime substance use or
dependence disorder, and lifetime drug abuse or dependence. (Barron
et al., 2008)
An analyses by Manikandan, S., Nillni, Y.I., Zvolensky, M.J. et al
revealed that women who reported a heightened difficulty in
regulating their emotions, experienced greater differences in perceived
control over anxiety-related events between menstrual phases.
(Manikandan et al., 2016)
High stress levels, depressive mood, and psychological counseling have
shown to be associated with increased risks of menstrual cycle
irregularity. (Yu et al., 2017)
A study done on Korean female adults suggested that there was a
positive association of short sleep durations and mental health
problems, and irregularity in menstrual cycles. (Kim et al., 2018)
 In a meta-analysis conducted it was found that the ris of suicide
deaths, suicide attempts and psychiatric admissions increased by 26%,
17% and 20% respectively. (Jang & Elfenbein, 2018)
in a recent study, there was an association between the COVID-19
pandemic-induced anxiety, perceived stress, depressive symptoms,
and increased prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularity among
healthcare providers. (Takmaz et al., 2021)
A study also showed that women with irregular menstrual cycles were
1.42 times more likely to have suicidal ideation than those with regular
cycles. (Park & Jung, 2021)
Women with severe depressive symptoms had an 80% greater
prevalence of irregular cycles than women with no or low depressive
symptoms. Perceived stress was also associated with the prevalence of
irregular cycles. ("Correction to Lancet Respir Med 2021)
In a preliminary study done, it showed that the menstrual cycle phase
effect on PDQ-R score, while their scores in both phases were closer to
symptomatic controls than asymptomatic controls. (Berlin et al., 2022)
Endometriosis
It is considered a disabling condition as it significantly affects and
compromises social relationships, sexuality and mental health. Despite
there have been multiple studies exploring the effect of endometriosis
on mental health, there is yet to be more conclusive and robust data
on the topic. (Siedentopf et al., 2008)
In a study done by De Sepulcri and do Amaral, they found that 86% of
endometriosis patients reported depressive and 87% endometriosis
patients showed anxiety symptoms, with substandard quality of life.
(Sepulcri & Amaral, 2009)
The symptoms of endometriosis are severe and can have psychological
affects along with disturbances in the social functioning of the patients,
and this is among the many reasons that endometriosis is considered a
disabling condition. (Friedl et al., 2015, Jia et al., 2012)
In a study, Pope et al highlighted that endometriosis is related to a
wide range psychiatric symptoms, especially depression, anxiety,
psychosocial stress and a poor quality of life. (Pope et al., 2015)
Chen et al did a longitudinal study and found that women with
endometriosis have an elevated risk of developing depression and
anxiety disorders. (Chen & Chen, 2017)
In a theory study done by Facchin et al it was found that endometriosis
involves disruption, that can be conceptualized as an interruption of
one's regular life, for almost all women in multiple life domains, such as
education, work and intimate relationships.  (Facchin et al., 2017)
In another study Low et al researched the possibilities of specific
psychological disorders that are associated with endometriosis, and
found that patients showed higher psychoticism, introversion and
anxiety scores than those of women with other gynaecological
conditions. (Low et al., 2022)
A study done by Laganà et al investigated quality of life, negative
emotions, such as anger, anxiety and depression, and possible
psychopathological comorbidity with endometriosis. The results
showed that these conditions were higher in the patients with
endometriosis. In another study by the same authors found that
women with endometriosis showed high levels of anxiety and a
significant decline in quality of life. (Laganà et al., 2022)
PCOS /PCOD
In a meta-analysis done by Barry et al on the HRQoL (Health related
quality of life), he found that women with chronic conditions, have
shown to have similar or better HRQoL but poorer psychological
HRQoL.  (Barry et al., 2011, Coffey et al., 1997)
In a review of medical and psychological literature shows that PCOS
has association with multiple mental health concerns including but not
limited to, body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, diminished sexual
satisfaction, and lowered health-related quality of life. (Himelein &
Thatcher, 2006)

The higher prevalence of depression among PCOS patients has been

reported in multiple studies and researches. These results have been
replicated across multiple different populations. (Barnard et al., 2007,
Bazarganipour et al., 2013, Benson et al., 2009)
Multiple studies have suggested that PCOS and its symptoms can have
a negative effect on mental health including higher rates of depressive
symptoms and anxiety, along with lowered quality of life. (Jones et al.,
2008; Veltman-Verhulst et al., 2012; Cooney and Dokras, 2017; Teede
et al., 2018)
Adolescent girls with PCOS have also shown association to higher
anxiety levels than their healthy peers.  (Laggari et al., 2009)
In a study done by Shakerardekani Z et al it was found that prevalence
of depression was significantly higher in PCOS patients. 45% Women
with PCOS suffered from depression, according to BDI and 30%
according to GHQ-28. (Shakerardekani et al., 2011)
Women with PCOS also have reported comparatively higher level of
anxiety to healthy women. (Cinar et al., 2022, Deeks et al., 2011,
Benson et al)
There has been evidence that shows the association between
psychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety,
eating disorders and epilepsy and women suffering from PCOS. (Lai et
al., 2020)
In a study done by MDA Karsten et al, he found that mental quality og
life was associated with PCOS and that women suffering from PCOS
tend to feel limited in the roles they play, thus hampering their
wellbeing.  (Karsten et al., 2021)
A study revealed that women suffering with PCOS are at an higher risk
of psychological disorders, with more emphasis in the social
withdrawal domain. ("EBSCOhost | 89887572 | Mental Health of
Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and some of its Socio-
demographic Determinants.", 2022)

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