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2. Call waiting : The ‘Call Waiting’ service notifies the already busy subscriber of
a third party calling him.
3. Alarm calls : The exchange can be instructed to call the customer at a pre-
arranged time (e.g. morning alarm).
5. Three-way call :The customer can instruct the exchange to connect a third party to
a call that is already in progress.
Electromechanical Electronic
switching network switching network
Fig-1
Electronic Switching System
2. Time-division (TD) systems Each connection is made over the same path in
space, but at different instants in time.
The ESS No.1 system was fully electronic but not digital. But later came
ESS No.4 system which was digital for trunk portion only. When designed, the cost of
A/D conversion (CODEC) on each subscriber line was seen as prohibitive. So the ESS
No.4 system was acting as a Trunk/Tandem exchange but not as a local exchange. So the
main difficulty for implementing a digital local exchange was the implementation of the
subscriber line interface. This was solved by the introduction of Integrated Circuits which
made the digital local exchange economically feasible. This implementation handles the
following functions:
Battery feed
Over-voltage protection (from lightning and accidental power line contact)
Ringing
Supervisory Signaling
Coding (A/D inter conversion&low pass filtering)
Hybrid (2W to 4W conversion)
Testing (a capability of the switch)
Examples of digital exchanges include CDOT, OCB, AXE, EWSD, 5ESS etc
Nx2
Mbps
links
Subs interface
Digital Switch
Trunks interface
Other
exchanges
CONTROL
PROCESSOR
Other auxiliary inter faces
Such as,
(a) Tone generator
(b) Frequency receives
(c) Conference call facility
(d) CCS# 7 Protocol
Manager
Operation &
(e) V 5.2 access manager
Maintenance
Fig 2
Evolution of ISDN
The next evolutionary step was to move the PCM codec from the
exchange end of the customer’s line to the customer’s end. This provides digital
transmission over the customer’s line, which can have a number of advantages. Consider
data transmission. If there is an analog customer’s line, a modem must be added and data
can only be transmitted at relatively slow speeds. If the line is digital, data can be
transmitted by removing the codec (instead of adding a modem). Moreover, data can be
transmitted at 64 kbit/s instead of at, say, 2.4 kbit/s. Indeed, any form of digital signal
can be transmitted whose rate does not exceed 64 kbit/s. This can include high-speed
fax, in addition to speech and data.
This concept had led to the integrated services digital network (ISDN), in
which the customer’s terminal equipment and the local digital exchange can be used to
provide many different services, all using 64 kbit/s digital streams.
There are basically two approaches to organizing stored program control: centralised and
distributed. Early electronic switching systems (ESS) developed during the period 1970-
75 almost invariably used centralized control. Although many present day exchange
designs continue to use centralized SPC, with the advent of low cost powerful
microprocessors and very large scale integration (VLSI) chips such as programmable
logic arrays (PLA) and programmable logic controllers (PLC), distributed SPC is gaining
popularity.
The figure below shows the evolution of electronic switching systems from the manual
switching systems. The figure also depicts the changing scenario from digital switching
to Broadband where the focus will be for high bit rate data transmissions,
Development of exchanges
Figure 3
Table below summarises the advantages of electronic exchanges over
electromechanical exchanges.
Any changes in facilities require addition of Changes can be carried out by simple
hardware and/or large amount of wiring commands. A few changes can be made by
change. Flexibility limited. Subs himself. Hence, highly flexible.
Testing is done manually externally and is time Testing carried out periodically automatically
consuming. No logic analysis carried out. and analysis printed out.
Slow in speed. Dialing speed is max. 11 Ips Very fast. Dialing speed up to 11 digits /sec
and switching speed is in l milliseconds. possible. Switching is achieved in a few
microseconds.
Switch room occupies large volume. Much lesser volume required floor space of
switch room reduced to about one-sixth.
Long installation and testing time. Short installation and testing period.
Large maintenance effort and preventive Remedial maintenance is very easy due to
maintenance necessary. plug-in type circuit boards. Preventive
maintenance is very minimum.