1

Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Distributed

Static Compensators in System Impact Studies
Xiaokang Xu, Martin Bishop, Jim Sember, Michael J.S. Edmonds and Chen Hao
S&C Electric Company
Franklin, WI 53132, USA
xiaokang.xu@sandc.com

Abstract — This paper discusses dynamic modeling and 2. Non-dispatchable wind or solar power with random
simulation of distributed static compensators (DSTATCOM) in and intermittent characteristics
system impact studies involving renewable applications, e.g., 3. Reactive power capabilities of wind or solar plants
wind or solar power plants. Two dynamic simulation models of 4. Thermal, voltage, short circuit and stability impacts
the DTSTACOM are presented and discussed. Dynamic on the power grid
simulations are presented to show that a reactive compensation
5. Power factor requirements from the power grid
system (RCS) assembled with the DSTATCOM as a master
controller complies with reactive power, voltage control, and low 6. Frequency and voltage ride-through capabilities
voltage ride-though requirements for a wind power plant. 7. Harmonics, voltage fluctuations, unbalances and
Benchmark and real system models integrate the mechanically voltage flicker
switched capacitors and the wind turbine generator reactive
power capability into the total RCS system. The reactive
characteristics of the DSTATCOM are also discussed.
Keywords – wind power, solar power, wind turbine Blue: Annual installed capacity
generator, grid code, low voltage ride-though, and static Green: Cumulative installed capacity
compensator.

I. INTRODUCTION

W IND and solar energy are considered to be a clean and

renewable energy resource. Wind and solar power have
been the fastest growth energy market segments and have
been installed in many large-scale commercial applications.
China has witnessed a rapid wind power expansion in the past
decade [1-2]. The China Wind Energy Association (CWEA)
has reported that about 12.96 GW wind generation was Figure 1: China Wind Energy Capacity from 2001 to 20121
installed in 2012 in the country resulting in a cumulative
75.324 GW of wind generation capacity (Figure 1), the 120,000

largest wind power market in the world. A total wind 100,000

102,156

generation capacity of 150 GW is being planned for 2020 in 80,000

China including 120 GW of land installations and 30 GW of
71,061

offshore installations. 60,000

40,670
Solar power is also experiencing a rapid expansion in 40,000

China and elsewhere in the world. In 2012, approximately 5 20,000 16,229

23,605

9,521
GW of solar generation was installed in China resulting in a 1,400 1,765 2,235 2,820 3,952 5,364 6,946

0
cumulative 8.3 GW of solar generation capacity (Figure 2), 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

which was second after Germany that installed 7.6 GW for R OW 751 807 887 964 993 1,003 1 ,1 0 8 1 ,1 5 0 1,226 1 ,3 0 6 1,590 2,098 2,098

that year. According to the Chinese 12th Five-Year Solar M EA

China
n/a
19
n/a
24
n/ a
42
n/a
52
1
62
1
70
1
80
2
100
3
140
25
300
71
800
192
3,300
601
8,300

Energy Development Plan, a total solar generation capacity of Americas 1 4 6 178 225 290 394 501 650 863 1,209 1 ,7 5 2 2,780 4,959 8,717
A PA C 355 495 686 916 1 ,1 9 8 1,500 1 ,8 2 5 2,096 2,631 3,373 4,956 7,628 1 2 , 3 97
approximately 21 GW and 50 GW is being targeted for 2015 E u ro p e 129 262 396 598 1 ,3 0 5 2,289 3 ,2 8 1 5,310 1 1 , 0 20 1 6 , 85 0 3 0, 4 72 5 2 , 88 4 7 0 ,0 4 3

and 2020 respectively [3]. To t a l 1,400 1,765 2,235 2 ,8 2 0 3 ,9 5 2 5,364 6 ,9 4 6 9,521 1 6 , 2 29 2 3 , 60 5 4 0, 6 70 7 1 , 06 1 1 0 2 ,1 5 6

As wind or solar power becomes a larger part of the total
generation capacity in power systems in China and elsewhere
in the world, there is an increasing concern over the impacts
of wind or solar generation on power system operation and
controls. Major issues related to the integration of wind or
solar power generation into existing power systems include:
1. Transmission capacity to deliver wind or solar
power
ROW: Rest of the World; MEA: Middle East and Africa; APAC: Asia Pacific
Figure 2: Global Cumulative Installed Solar Capacity from 2000 to 20122
The China State Electricity Regulatory Commission has
reported that in 2010, approximately eighty wind plant trip
1
Source: CWEA Public Report: “China Wind Power Installed Capacity
for 2012”
2
Source: EPIA Public Report: “Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics
2013-2017”

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events nationwide were experienced. Fourteen plant trip
events caused the loss of 100 to 500 MW of generation. One
plant trip event caused the loss of over 500 MW of
generation. From January to August 2011 there were about
one hundred ninety wind plant trip events in which fifty four
caused the loss of 100 to 500 MW of generation and twelve
caused the loss of more than 500 MW of generation. One of
the largest plant loss events involved the tripping of 1,278
wind turbine generators (WTG) with the loss of about 1,500
MW of generation [4]. While the causes of these trips are
various, some trips are related to lack of low voltage ride-
through (LVRT) capabilities or insufficient reactive
compensation devices in the wind plants.
This paper discusses dynamic modeling and simulation of
distributed static compensators (DSTATCOM) in system
impact studies involving renewable applications, e.g., wind or
solar power plants. The DSTATCOM capability is used to
mitigate the impacts of renewable power integration on the
power system and provide voltage and reactive support for
renewable power interconnection. Two dynamic simulation
models of the DTSTACOM are presented and discussed.
Dynamic simulations are presented to show that a reactive
compensation system (RCS) assembled with the
DSTATCOM as a master controller complies with reactive
power, voltage control, and low voltage ride-though
requirements for the plant. Benchmark and real system
models integrate the mechanically switched capacitors and
the wind turbine generator reactive power capability into the
total RCS system. The reactive characteristics of the
DSTATCOM are also discussed. The paper contributes to the
area of system modeling and simulation and renewable
energy applications.
II. RULES FOR INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLES
The interconnection of wind or solar generation with an
existing power system requires compliance with rules and
regulations for the specific power system. Rules for wind and
solar power integration in China are stipulated in China’s
National Standards [5-8]. Wind and solar plants are required
to meet reactive and voltage requirements as well as the
LVRT criterion. Figure 3 show the LVRT requirement for a
Solar PV plant connected to the power grid, that is, when
voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) drops to 20%
of nominal value, the solar plant should stay online for 1
second. Following voltage drop at the PCC and when voltage
can recover above 90% within 3 seconds, the solar plant
should also stay online in that period of time.
The LVRT requirement for a wind plant is similar but
shorter in online time. In addition, the dynamic reactive
power response requirements for a wind plant are defined for
disturbances. For example, when the voltage at the PCC
drops to a range of 20%~90% of nominal value following a
three phase fault, the wind plant should be able to support
voltage recovery by injecting reactive current. The response
time of this dynamic reactive current shall be less than 75 ms
starting from initialization of the voltage drop and it shall last
at least 550 ms. The amount of dynamic reactive current IT
shall be no less than 1.5× (0.9-UT) ×IN, (0.2≤ UT ≤0.9), where
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2
UT is the voltage at the PCC during the fault (in per unit), and
IN is rated current of wind plant.
1.1
Voltage (pu)
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Voltage Solar PV plant must
0.6 drop due be on-line.
0.5 to a fault
Solar PV plant allowed to trip
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 Time (s)
0.0
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Figure 3: LVRT Requirement for a Solar PV Plant
III. REACTIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND MODELING OF
DSTATCOM
Some old wind plants use conventional induction machines
and so do not have reactive power capabilities as they always
absorb reactive power in steady state conditions. These plants
are usually equipped with mechanically switched capacitors
at the terminals to correct the power factor to unity. Most
modern wind plants use either doubly fed asynchronous
generators or full conversion machines which provides some
reactive capability (one example would be ±0.95 power
factor, or “triangle” operating characteristic) or a reactive
capability similar to synchronous generators (or “rectangular”
or “D-curve”). A solar photovoltaic (PV) plant has many
similarities to a wind plant that uses full conversion machines
with similar reactive power capability.
Reactive power requirements in the interconnection rules
are generally met by either the reactive capability of the
WTGs or inverters in a solar PV plant, a collector substation
based reactive compensation system (RCS), or a combination
of both. Some grid codes require a specific power factor
range for dynamic reactive power capability that is separate
from the steady state requirements. The dynamic requirement
can generally be met by WTGs or inverters in a solar PV
plant, a STATCOM in the RCS, or a combination of both. It
tends to be more economical to use external compensation
devices for the steady state requirements since reactive
capability from the inverters is usually more costly.
The S&C3 PureWave® DSTATCOM Distributed Static
Compensator provides reactive power to the power system for
voltage support with a sub-cycle response time and
continually adjusts to system operating conditions. In systems
with wind or solar generation plants, the DSTATCOM can
provide real-time fast voltage control, improve both power
factor and system voltage profile, assist in voltage recovery
after contingency events, and reduce the impact of wind or
solar plant operation on the system voltage, as well as help
meet grid codes such as LVRT requirements. Figure 4 shows
a schematic diagram of a typical DSTATCOM which uses
IGBT-based dc-to-ac inverters. The inverters create an output
ac voltage wave that is controlled in magnitude and phase
3
S & C Electric Company
 3

angle to produce either leading or lagging reactive current. In
the figure, the L-C filter reduces Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) harmonics and matches inverter output impedance to
enable multiple parallel inverters to share current. When the
ac inverter voltage is higher than the utility system voltage, it
acts like a capacitor. When the ac inverter voltage is lower
renewable plant controls, etc., in addition to those in the
generic or standard library model. For renewable energy
applications, parameters of the two models often need to be
tuned based on project specifics and the system conditions.
Vrmax

than the utility system voltage, it acts like an inductor (Figure Kpr +
Kir flag1 = 1

5).
- s Vref
+
S3 0 + +
Vrmin
The DSTATCOM can also control external reactive flag1 = 1
(close)
Idbd flag1 = 0

Vrefmin Short-Term
flag1 = 0
compensation devices such as mechanically switched (open) -Idbd
Vrefmax Rating Curve

capacitors/reactors (MSCs/MSRs). The application of shunt Vsig

+
vref
Vemax Imax

devices extends the reactive power range of the system in a Vbus 1 + sTc1
1 + sTb1
Vr +
-
err 1 + sTc2
1 + sTb2
Kp+
Ki
s
1
1 + sTo It (p.u.)
very economical approach. The resulting RCS performs S0
- Vemin
S5
-Imax
S1 S2

voltage regulation seamlessly over wide swings in utility Deadband

Control
system conditions and results in a lower-cost system as
Xco
(Optional)
0

compared to a system that considers using an all inverter 1

flag2

approach to meet the total requirements. Xc =

Xc1 if Vr >= V1
Xc2 if V2 < Vr < V1
Xc3 if Vr <= V2

STATCOM
over- and
under-voltage
tripping
function

MSS Switching MSS1

Logic based on ... ...
I (Q) MSS8

Figure 6: WECC Generic Simulation Model of DSTATCOM [9]

Iqtotalplant Kdroop
Net Plant
Reactive
Current

1 Current
Vbus Limiter
1 + sT1 ISSD,pu 1
1 + sT2
Vrefmax
- -
Voltage Ctrl PIupperlimit Iqmax
Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of a Typical DSTATCOM
DL

Vref + + -
DU Kpv + Kiv + IqTotal IqDSTATCOM
Vrefmin +
Deadband s
- DSTATCOM
Mode PIlowerlimit Iqmin Output Current
Iwf Select
KLDC
Net Vbus Kfiltercap
Collector
Current SSD MSCs
Qrefmax
switching
+ VAR Ctrl
Qref logic MSRs
Power
Qrefmin -
Qtotal Factor
Ctrl

pfrefmax
pfref 1 − pf
2 +
pf

Figure 5: Varying AC Inverter Voltage to Control Reactive Power
The interconnection of renewable generation requires
system impact studies that normally include steady state and
dynamic analysis. There are generally two dynamic
simulation models of the DSTATCOM for such studies
including:
1) The generic or standard library model as shown in
Figure 6
2) The manufacturer-specific model as developed by S&C
and shown in Figure 7
The generic or standard library model includes such key
components as voltage regulation (PI controller), coordinated
switching logic for MSCs/MSRs, slow reset regulation, dead
band control, slope/droop characteristics, regulation limits,
overvoltage and undervoltage protection, and short-time
rating capability which are normally not available in
conventional STATCOM models. The manufacturer-specific
model, on the other hand, includes more advanced control
strategies such as reactive power control, power factor
control, master-slave controls between the DSTATCOM and
pfrefmin -
Ptotal
Qtotal
Figure 7: S&C Specific Simulation Model of DSTATCOM
Figure 8 shows a WECC generic model benchmark test
system [9] set up in a widely used Power System Simulator
[10] with the generic model tuned to represent the dynamic
performance of the DSTATCOM. In this system, the
DTSATCOM was modeled as a FACTS device with six
MSCs/MSRs in the power flow model.
Figure 9 shows a sample response generated from the
aforementioned Simulator. The figure shows that the
DSTATCOM output quickly increases up to its 264% short-
time capacitive overload rating following the disturbance
causing the low voltage condition. In a similar manner, when
the system voltage is elevated above nominal, the
DSTATCOM output increases up to the inductive 264%
overload rating. In fact, the DSTATCOM essentially becomes
a constant current device outside its voltage control range to
continue to support system voltage when it is at its limits.
This operating characteristic provides significant dynamic
reactive compensation improvement to maintain system

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 4

voltage stability during contingency events as compared to interconnection (POI) with the required durations were
conventional SVCs. 3
simulated as shown in Table 1. A 3-phase fault with the
1
GEN1
2
LOAD1
BUS3 4
LOAD2
5
BUS5
6
GEN2
appropriate fault impedance and duration was applied at the
75.0 -74.8 24.8 -24.8 24.8 -24.8 -32.7 32.9 -32.9 33.2
POI to achieve each of the four voltage levels.

1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000
150.0 22.4 -25.7 10.7 -15.6 15.6 -15.4 0.4 -0.5 0.5 -0.7 66.4

Figures 12 to 15 show the simulation plots for the LVRT

1

1
44.9R 75.0 -74.8 24.8 -24.8 24.8 -24.8 -32.7 32.9 -32.9 33.2 -1.3R
22.4 -25.7 10.7 -15.6 15.6 -15.4 0.4 -0.5 0.5 -0.7

1.020
234.6
40.7
19.0
46.7 1.008
115.9
1.015
116.7 following the disturbances to drive voltage down to the

4
21.9
59.3

appropriate level with the appropriate duration. The

-40.7
-19.0

-46.7
-21.9
21 68.3 41
MOTOR1 11.0 MOTOR2

3
8.1
1.010 1.001
40.7
19.0

46.8
21.9
1.010

simulations were performed using the aforementioned

232.3 115.2
5
232.3

1
1.001
1 115.2
1 1
1
6

Simulator. These simulations indicate that the system

2
8
SVSMO3-MV 7
SVSMO3
0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.0
response is stable, the wind plant stays online, and the voltage

1.0000

1.0000
0.0
-0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0
-0.0
1.005
231.1
1.005
231.1
1.005
0.5 recovers to the pre-fault values and are well damped after the
Figure 8: WECC Generic Model Benchmark Test System [9] disturbance is cleared.
120% Wind aggregated generating facilities
3 1.5
2.4 may trip above High Voltage Requirement.
2.5 1.4
0.4800] : bus3-svs

2.2 1.3

230.00] : bus3-svs
2
2 1.2
100%

81 - SVS IOUT IN PU : bus3-svs

1.5 1.1
1.8

RMS Voltage (Point of Connection) Percent of Rated

1 1
1.6
0.5 0.9
1.4
0.8
Fault incidence at
7 [SVSMO3

0 80%
1.2

3 [BUS3
0.7 time = 0 second.
1 -0.5 0.6

0.8 -1 0.5

17 - VOLT
0.4
21 - VOLT

0.6 -1.5
0.3 60%
0.4 -2
0.2
0.2 -2.5 0.1
0 -3 0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 Wind aggregated generating facilities
40%
Time (seconds) may trip below Low Voltage Requirement.

Figure 9: Response of the Generic Model for DSTATCOM

(Green=DSTATCOM current, Blue=HV bus voltage, Red=LV bus voltage)
20%
15% 0.625 seconds

IV. LVRT CASE STUDY

Figure 10 shows a proposed RCS configuration for a wind 0%
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
power plant connected to a transmission system in North Time (Seconds)

America. The wind plant collector substation was configured Figure 11: Voltage Ride-Through Requirement for Wind Plants4
into two sections with each having WTGs connected to a 34.5
kV collector bus through several feeders and producing a total TABLE 1: LVRT SIMULATION CASES
maximum output through two substation transformers to the
Case # 1 2 3 4
HV bus. In this plant, the proposed RCS, which consists of
one inverter based DSTATCOM and two MSCs connected to POI Voltage (%) 15 42 70 90
each collector bus section, was configured as the master Duration (ms) 625 1500 2400 Continuous
control for both WTGs and the RCS. The wind power plant
controller (PPC) was configured to receive a Q-command 2 1.5 1.5
0.6900]1 : 15%_625_plot2

from the master RCS controller and deliver what was

0.6900] : 15%_625_plot2

240.00] : 15%_625_plot2
1.75
1.25 1.25
requested without independent decision. 1.5

1 1
1.25

1 0.75 0.75

4 - VOLT 61736 [BSR_4

736 [BSR_1
8 - POWR 61736[BSR_4

0.75
0.5 0.5

0.5
1 - VOLT

0.25 0.25
0.25

0 0 0
0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Time (seconds)
Figure 12: LVRT Simulation for 15 % Voltage for 625 ms
Figure 10: Configuration of the DSTATCOM as the Master and (Blue=POI bus voltage, Green=WTG terminal voltage, Red=real power)
the PPC as the Slave

A system impact study was performed for the wind plant.

The study indicated that with the proposed RCS, the plant
meets the dynamic and non-dynamic reactive requirements as
well as the LVRT requirement. For illustrative purposes, only
the LVRT simulations are demonstrated here. The plant is 4
required to meet the LVRT requirement shown in Figure 11. AESO ISO Rules, Part 500- Facilities, Division 502- Technical
Requirements, Section 502.1- Wind Technical Requirements, dated
In the study, four selective voltage levels at the point of December 1, 2011.

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 5

2 1.5 1.5
1.4
V. CONCLUSIONS
0.6900]1 : 42%_1500_plot

0.6900] : 42%_1500_plot

240.00] : 42%_1500_plot
1.75 1.3
1.25
1.2 Two dynamic simulation models of the DTSTACOM were
1.5 1.1 presented and discussed. Parameters of the two models
1 1
1.25
0.9 usually need to be tuned based on project specifics and the
1 0.75
0.8
system conditions. A major DSTATCOM application is
0.7
mitigating the voltage impacts of renewable energy

4 - VOLT 61736 [BSR_4

736 [BSR_1
8 - POWR 61736[BSR_4

0.6
0.75
0.5 0.5
integration on the power system and providing reactive
0.4
0.5
0.3 support for wind or solar plants to meet interconnection

1 - VOLT
0.25
0.25 0.2
requirements. Dynamic simulations were presented to show
0.1
0 0 0 that a reactive compensation system (RCS) assembled with
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (seconds) the DSTATCOM as a master controller complies with
Figure 13: LVRT Simulation for 42 % Voltage for 1.5 s reactive power, voltage control, and low voltage ride-though
(Blue=POI bus voltage, Green=WTG terminal voltage, Red=real power) requirements for a wind plant. Benchmark and real system
2 1.5 1.5 models integrate the mechanically switched capacitors and
1.4 1.4
the wind turbine generator reactive power capability into the
0.6900]1 : 70%_2400_plot

0.6900] : 70%_2400_plot

240.00] : 70%_2400_plot
1.75 1.3 1.3
1.2 1.2 total RCS system.
1.5 1.1 1.1

1.25
1
0.9
1
0.9
VI. REFERENCES
1
0.8 0.8
[1] Xiaokang Xu et al, "Development and Planning of Wind Power in
0.7 0.7
4 - VOLT 61736 [BSR_4
China", presented at and in Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE PES General
736 [BSR_1
8 - POWR 61736[BSR_4

0.6 0.6
0.75
0.5 0.5
Meeting, 25 July - 30 July 2010, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
0.5 0.4 0.4 [2] Xiaokang Xu, Michael J.S. Edmonds, Martin Bishop and Jim Sember,
0.3 0.3 “Application of Distributed Static Compensators in Wind Farms to
1 - VOLT

0.25 0.2 0.2 Meet Grid Codes”, presented at and in Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific
0.1 0.1
Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2012), March
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 27-29, 2012, Shanghai, China
Time (seconds) [3] Xiaokang Xu, Chen Hao, Martin Bishop and Michael Edmonds,
Figure 14: LVRT Simulation for 70 % Voltage for 2.4 s “Development and Planning of Solar Power in China”, accepted for
(Blue=POI bus voltage, Green=WTG terminal voltage, Red=real power) presentation at the 2013 IEEE PES General Meeting, 21-25 July, 2013,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
2 1.5 1.5
[4] China State Eletcricity Regulatory Commission: “2011 Report of
0.6900]1 : 90%_CONT_plot

0.6900] : 90%_CONT_plot

1.4 1.4
240.00] : 90%_CONT_plot

1.8
1.3 1.3 Regulatory Management on Security of Wind Power in China”
1.6 1.2 1.2
[5] China National Standard GB/T 19963-2011, “Technical Rule for
1.1 1.1
1.4
1 1
Connecting Wind Farm to Power System”, December 30, 2011
1.2 0.9 0.9
[6] China Energy Bureau Standard NB/T 31003-2011, “Design Regulations
0.8 0.8 for large-Scale Wind Power Connecting to the System”, July 28, 2011
1
0.7 0.7 [7] China State Grid Standard Q/GDW 617-2011, “Technical Rule for
4 - VOLT 61736 [BSR_4

736 [BSR_1
8 - POWR 61736[BSR_4

0.8 0.6 0.6

Photovoltaic Power Station Connected Power Grid”, May 6, 2011
0.5 0.5
0.6
0.4 0.4
[8] China National Standard GB/T 19939-2005, “Technical Requirements
0.4 0.3 0.3
for Grid Connection of PV System”, November 11, 2005
1 - VOLT

0.2 0.2 [9] WECC Static Var Compensator Task Force Report, “Generic Static Var
0.2
0.1 0.1 System Models for the Western Electricity Coordinating Council”,
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0
prepared by WECC Static Var Compensator Task Force of the
Time (seconds) Modeling and Validation Working Group, April 18, 2011
Figure 15: LVRT Simulation for 90 % Voltage Continuous [10] Siemens PTI Software Program Manual, “PSS®E Rev 32.0.5 Model
(Blue=POI bus voltage, Green=WTG terminal voltage, Red=real power) Library”, Section 16.2, October 2010
.

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