COVID-19 VACCINES (PRODUCERS, TYPE, EFFICACY)

Inactivated vaccine:
Covexin: India's first indigenous vaccine against the SARS-COV2 virus. It is
developed by Hyderabad-based Bharat biotech along with in collaboration with the
help of the Indian council of medical research (ICMR) and the national institute of
virology. Bharat biotech has been approached by several countries across the world
for the procurement of covexin. covexin Bharat biotech said it had to scale up its
manufacturing capacity to produce 700 million doses of covid19 vaccine a year. The
manufacturing scale has been carried out in a stepwise manner across multiple
facilities in Hyderabad and Bengaluru to produce 700 million doses.  This vaccine is
approved for emergencies and these vaccines are used for restricted authorized
peoples only not every person can get this vaccine.it is based on a tried and tested
platform of dead viruses. The vaccine is developed using a whole virion inactivated
cell. cell derived platform technology inactivated vaccines do not replicate and
therefore unlikely to revert and cause pathological effects. The preliminary data from
covexin phase 3 trial efficacy rate 81% but the efficacy has now dragged lower to
78% than the 81% reported in March. Based on the final analyses Bharat biotech
announced that vaccine efficacy against the severe covid-19 disease was 100% but
that against protecting asymptomatic is 70%. Covexin (BBV152) pre-clinical and
phase 1. BVB  is a whole virion-inactivated SARS cov2 vaccine that is formulated
with a novel adjuvant. In non-human primates, animal data shows high antigen
binding and neutralizing antibody titers at both the 3 microgram and 6 microgram
doses in mice, rats, and rabbits.
Viral vector vaccine:( covishield, sputnik v, janssen,astrazeneca )
Covishield vaccine is the oxford AstraZeneca formulation of covid 19 vaccines
manufactured by serum Institute of India Pune. They are producing 5000 doses of
covisheild per minute that mean 24 lakh doses in a day. CoviShield is made from
chimpanzee adenovirus(adenovirus is the name of a family of viruses) the genetic
code in the chimpanzee virus has the genetic code of SARS cov2 works like a
vaccine in our body. The word “vector” for example mosquitoes are often called
vectors of dengue and malaria because these mosquitoes carry these diseases and
infect the human. Similarly, these chimpanzee viruses work as a vector. It is getting
into our body and infecting us with SARC cov2 genetic code. So that our body can
build up immunity against it. Russia's sputnik v vaccine is also a viral vector vaccine
but instead of chimpanzee adenovirus, it uses human adenovirus. Sputnik v is an
adenoviral vector-based vaccine “ vector” carrier. Adenovirus causes infection in our
body and SARS cov2 has spikes around it made of s proteins. These spikes get
attached to human cells and infect the body with covid19 so the gene responsible for
infection is removed from adenovirus and the gene with the code of spike is inserted
adenovirus becomes the vector or carrier to send coronavirus to the body so that the
immune system reacts and produce antibodies. And there are two shots to be taken
3 to 13 weeks which currently show the efficacy of 85-90%. This is the most recently
approved vaccine by DCGI India the Russian-made vaccine as per the trial as per
the report this vaccine have more efficacy rate and the least side effects. So it is the
best vaccine for the population of Indian people and this sputnik v is going to be the
future of the covid 19 vaccines in India. India recently granted permission to the
sputnik v vaccine for emergency use only.     
Russia randomly did phase 3 trials at 25 hospitals and polyclinics in Russia. They
included the participants aged at least 18 years with negative SARS cov2 to be
tested by PCR, IgM, IgG and they found no infectious disease in the 14 days before
enrolment and no other vaccinations in the 30 days before enrolment. The
participants were randomly aged (3:1) to receive vaccines by the age group. The
vaccine was administered 0.5 ml per dose. After a 21 day interval between the first
dose (rAd26) and second dose (rAd5). Both vectors carry the gene for the gene full-
length SARS cov2 glycoprotein s. The primary outcome was the proportion of
participants with PCR confirmed covid19 from day 21 after receiving the first doses.
Between September 7 and November 24, 2020. 21,977 adults were randomly
assigned to the vaccine. 19,866 were received two doses of vaccine and they are
included in the primary outcome analysis. From the 21 days after the first dose of
vaccine the day of dose two 16(0.1%) of 14,964 participants in the vaccine group
and 62(1.3%)of 4902 in the placebo group were confirmed to have covid19 vaccine
efficacy was 91.6%. Four deaths were reported during the study, their participants in
the vaccine group and one participant in the placebo group. The analysis of the
phase 3 trials of the covid vaccine showed 91.6%efficacy against covid19 and it
tolerates a large group of people

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There is other two viral vector vaccine which made from human adenovirus by tow
companies one vaccine is from johnson and johnson this is also called Janssen or
yanson vaccine because this the name of Belgium branch of johnson and johnson
that developed it, the other vaccine is from AstraZeneca this also called the oxford
vaccine because it was developed by an oxford university research team. These
adenovirus vaccines can be stored at standard refrigerated temperatures making
them easier to distribute and administer. The johnson and johnson and AstraZeneca
vaccine both use adenoviruses to help make the SARS cov2 spike protein.

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mRNA based vaccines:(Pfizer BioNtech, Moderna)

Pfizer bioNtech vaccine is mRNA based vaccine that is made of nucleoside modified
mRNA and we need two shots of this vaccine three weeks apart. It shows 90 t0 95%
efficacy, that the efficacy rate changes among different variance of SARS cov2
because of the inclusion of mutation and this vaccine is co-developed by us and
Germany Pfizer from us and bioNtech from Germany. The Pfizer biotech covid 19
vaccines have not been approved or licensed by us. Food and drug administration
(FDA), but has been authorized for emergency use by FDA under an emergency use
authorization (EVA) to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 for use in individuals 16
years of age and older. Pfizer biotech covid19 vaccine vaccination series is 2 doses
given 3 weeks apart. the benefit of this vaccine is its 95% efficacy following 2 doses
given 3 weeks apart. But the duration of protection against covid19 is currently
unknown. And there is some risk for this vaccine after taking it like, severe allergic
reaction, non-severe allergic reaction such as rash, itching, swelling of the face,
injection site pain, tiredness, headache, muscle pain, chill, joint pain, fever, arm pain,
etc. and most of the common question regarding this vaccine is that, will the Pfizer
bioNtech vaccine give covid19? The answer is no, the Pfizer bioNtech covid10
vaccine does not contain SARS cov2. This vaccine typically goes through three
stages of clinical trials before they receive regulatory approval the first stage test the
vaccine on a small group of healthy volunteers (20-100) to ensure the drug is safe to
give to a large group of people before moving forward. Phase 2 is larger with several
100 people receiving the vaccine this stage is helping to figure out the best dosage
of the vaccine as well as to continue monitoring risk and side effects. Phase 3
studies are conducted on 100 people during the stage of a study researchers are
monitoring for safety as well as how effective the vaccine is.

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Moderna covid19 vaccine: Moderna in mRNA based vaccine which is made of

nucleoside modified mRNA and it has 2 shots of this vaccine four weeks apart. It
shows 90 to 94% efficacy. This vaccine is developed in us. Moderna raises covid
vaccine manufacturing goals for 2021, 2022. This company is investing to increase
the supply of its covid19 vaccine both this year and next year. This year 800 million
doses and next year increasing up to three billion doses. Moderna phase 3 study in
cloves around 30,000 participants across 80 sites in us, half of them will receive a
placebo. A placebo is a drug that is made with inactive ingredients. So it will not have
any real effect on the patient's health. The trial is a double-blind study. Phase 3 trial
typically lasts anywhere from I to 3 years. The results from Moderna suggest the
vaccine could not only prevent from getting sick with symptoms but may stop
infection as well it cut down on the transmission of the virus and safety the FDA
noted there was no severe allergic reaction to the vaccine were pain at the injection
site, fatigue, headache and muscle pain. Moderna phase three results 94.5%
efficacy for this covid 19 vaccine in this phase three trials. They found 95 cases of
covid19 from 30,000 participants 90 of those cases were in people who are not
vaccinated who are in the placebo group, five cases were in those on vaccines so
that’s how they get almost 95% efficacy. They saw 11 cases of covid19 in the trial
and all of those were among people who did not receive the vaccine suggesting this
is not only highly protective but can protect against severe disease as well no major
safety concerns seen side effects. Most common after 2 nd dose fatigue, muscle, joint
pain.

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Let's compare the above vaccines

Vaccines Type Shots Efficacy Country

Pfizer mRNA X2 90-94% US-Pfizer

BioNtech
nucleoside Germany
modified mRNA
BioNtech

Moderna mRNA X2 90-95% US

Nucleoside
modified mRNA

Johnson $ Viral vector X1 70-85% US

johnson
(human Belgium
Janssen adenovirus)

AstraZeneca or viral vector X2 70-90% UK

covisheild (modified Sweden

chimpanzee
 adenovirus)

Sputnik v Viral vector X2 85-90% Russia

(non-adenovirus)

Bharat biotech Inactivated virus X2 70-80% India

covaxin

COVISHEILD VS COVACIN
● covaxin and covishield are both homegrown vaccines that have driven Indias
vaccination driver
● while covaxin is fully made, developed, and produced in India. Covishield is
manufactured by Pune-based serum institute of India
● covishield or the oxford AstraZeneca remains to be the popular choice, used in
maximum countries.
● Covaxin on the other hand is now considered to be one of the most effective and
tolerant vaccines against mutant strains.
● Covaxin is an inactivated vaccine, which has been prepared on a tried platform of
dead viruses.
● This vaccine is developed with the whole virion inactivated Vero cell-derived
technology
● They contain inactivated viruses, which can not infect a person but still can teach the
immune system to prepare a defense mechanism against the active virus.
● Covishield has been prepared using the viral vector platform which is a different
technology
● A chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOX1-has been modified to enable it to carry the
covi19 spike protein into the cells of humans
● Both vaccines work as a two-dose vaccines administered weeks apart.
● They are also injected intramuscularly in the upper arm muscles
● Covishield, which wrapped up trials in November last year carries an efficacy rate of
70% which could be further scaled up to 90% if the dosing is given half a dose.
● Covaxin completed major trials by the end of February. As per interim results and
clinical studies, the Bharat biotech vaccine was found to carry over 78% efficacy

Pfizer vs Moderna
● The Moderna vaccine can last up to one month temperature at 20 degrees Fahrenheit but
Pfizer the temperature at 25 degrees this vaccine lasts for five days.
● If this vaccine is stored under -94 degrees it can be stored for up to six months.
● Pfize4r biotech vaccine is on day 1 and then another injection on day 22
● For modern vaccine is on day 1 and it’s a little bit later, it's actually on day 29.
 ● After 7 days Pfizer biotech develop symptom and in Moderna, after the last injection it takes
14 days
● Pfizer reported that 90% effective rate and Moderna claimed that 94.5% effective rate
● Both vaccines works in a very similar fashion are that it is mRNA
● And these were the first two vaccines that ran the clinical trials for SARS cov2
● Pfizer vaccine named as BNT6b2 and Moderna vaccine is named as mrna1273 vaccine
● Pfizer biontech vaccine has got a 95% efficacy whereas the Moderna vaccine has got 94.5%
efficacy
● Both vaccines are administrated into 2 doses
● Pfizer for the age group of 16 years old and above and the Moderna vaccine is for 18 years
old and up
● Pfizer work against the UK variant and also it works against the Brazilian variant