Factors Affecting Location of Reservoirs

• Rim stability. Large hydro projects involve formation of big reservoirs surrounded by a natural Rim with varying
gradient and geology. Very often slopes of Reservoir Rim are exposed to massive slides due to saturation or
drawdown in reservoir. The stability study of reservoir rim is therefore an important aspect to evaluate
vulnerability assessment of slopes, to analyze quantum of risk involved and to mitigate the risk
• Water-holding capability.
• Loss of reservoir water.
• Bank storage,
• Seismicity, and.
• Sedimentation.

Self-cleansing velocity

Self-cleansing velocity is defined as the minimum velocity at which sewage should flows such that there is no deposition
or accumulation of particles along the drain length. It is about 0.6 to 0.9 m/sec.

Rainwater gully

Gullies are some of the essential parts of the wastewater drainage system. It is a pipe that helps to discharge
stormwater from your gardens to the main drainage pipe. The pipe can also be used to drain grey wastewater
from guttering, dishwasher, sinks and washing machine

Priming of a pump

Priming is the process of removing air from the pump and suction line to permit atmospheric pressure and flooding
pressure to cause liquid to flow into the pump. Without priming, pumps will cease to function and break down.

Priming of a centrifugal pump

Priming of a centrifugal pump is the process of filling the liquid at the suction pipe and the impeller. Priming is
done to put pump into working order by filling or charging with water.

Why Priming is required ?

Pressure developed by the impeller of centrifugal pump, is proportional to the density of the fluid in the
impeller. If the impeller is running in air, it will produce only a negligible pressure. This pressure will not suck
water from its source through the suction pipe. To avoid this, pump is first filled up with water.

Water Seal

a hydraulic device that prevents the reverse flow of gases in piping. It is used in sanitary engineering to prevent
the entry of sewer gases into premises through sanitary equipment (sinks, toilet bowls, and so on). In gas
welding, the water seal prevents penetration of the blast wave from the welding torch into the acetylene
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generator (“blow-back”). Water seals are sometimes used as a safety device in steam power installations and
gas holders.

In gas welding, acetylene enters the water seal (see Figure 1) via a pipe (1) that is filled with water up to the
level of the test cock (3) and, passing through the layer of water, exits

Figure 1. Diagram of a water seal used during gas welding: (a) normal operation, (b) in case of“blowback”

toward the torches via valve (2). When the gaseous mixture in the torch explodes, the gas enters the water seal
via valve (2) and forces the water into pipe (1), forming a water lock. The water level in the water seal drops,
uncovering the lower end of pipe (4), and the gas escapes through this pipe into the atmosphere, drawing after it
the water in the water seal, which is retained by panel (5). The water lock in pipe (1) prevents the blast wave
from entering the welding generator.

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