Microgrid Planning and Design: Resilience to Sustainability
M. S. S. Danish1, H. Matayoshi1, H. R. Howlader1, S. Chakraborty2, P. Mandal3, T. Senjyu1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
2
Energy Transition Hub: Australian-German collaboration, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas, Texas, USA
(mdanish@lab.u-ryukyu.ac.jp)
Abstract - The recent global trend in automation and
smartness has boosted the need for innovation in microgrid
that led to a renewed interest in researches and innovations
in this context. This paper steers a plenary counseling and
discussion in the context of microgrid planning and design
for academia, industry, planners, utility operators,
regulators, policymakers to disseminate the recent
innovation and available barriers ahead of a microgrid in
the 21st century. Most published researches on microgrid
covered specific areas. Exclusively, the thesis of this paper
addresses a pivotal question, based on a transdisciplinary
approach including technical, managerial, economic, and
sustainability criteria. This study addresses that how to scale
and manage a microgrid's technical and economic
diversities, to align with local resiliency. By the help of a
semi-empirical methodology, an exhaustive roadmap is
proposed in form of a systemic solution that contributes to
ensure sustainability and resiliency in term of a microgrid
project management and operation.
Keywords - Microgrid planning, microgrid management,
microgrid design parameters, microgrid lifecycle analysis,
microgrid economy
I. INTRODUCTION
A microgrid is a small-scale power system with a
multifarious distribution configuration (interconnected,
radial, and hybrid). It consists of a combination of
generation, load, storage facilities, monitoring, control,
and automation systems; to serve the utility's customers in
a reliable manner. Microgrid development trend
enumerates the initial step toward smart-grid, which is
much complicated in the form of technology and
smartness. A microgrid with prominent advantages of
dual operation modes (of grid-connected and island-
mode) can be anticipated as a key player for the next
generation of the power system [1]-[3]. Therefore,
microgrid has been central focus of the literation since
1995 that shows a steep increase in the number of
publications in the last decades. Also, another reason
behind this ascending tendency to microgrid is its
autonomous nature that contributes a grid to mitigate
disturbances and strengthen the grid resiliency [3].
Consequently, in the recent years, microgrid has received
sizeable attention, compared to the stand-alone power
system due to its flexibility of resources integration, cost-
effectiveness, stability and overall affordability [4]-[6].
Kobayakawa T. and T. C. Kandpal [4] offered a principle
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questions in term of decentralized microgrid at a rural
level electrification. This study developed a regression
model focused on accurate load forecasting scenarios and
average ambient temperature of operation for the
Sundarbans area of West Bengal in India. Jingshuang
Shen, et al. [7] discusses a scenario-based stochastic
programming framework for an energy management
method. This study deals with optimization techniques for
a microgrid financial, risk and demand-side management
that focused on profit and fuel cost of the system during a
period of fluctuation (12PM - 3PM).
Considering a microgrid main components, in
addition of technical, and operation segments; business
and management are inseparable measures to ensure
sustainability and resiliency. Recalling microgrid
evolution trend, it draws a clear picture of lacking above-
mentioned dimensions in the literature [8]. The main
published articles related to this study in the context of
microgrid (review, research, and editorial) from 2007 to
2018 explored microgrid from different approaches’
perspective that cross the border of hundreds of
publications [9]-[14]. In [15], authors supposed a holistic
and systematic approach that covers a microgrid from
business, information, application, and technical aspects.
This study mainly concentrated on lifecycle methodolo-
gical approaches (definition, design, implementation,
integration and testing, operation and maintenance) rather
than project management practices. In [16], authors
discussed renewable energy resources deployment and
microgrid layers in term of the computer, communication,
information, application, and business. Still, need for a
transdisciplinary mechanism seems essential that tried to
initiate in this paper. Recently, microgrid is discussed
from different objective standpoints as well such as
scheme and configuration, resource penetration, load
management, reliability and stability analysis,
sustainability analysis, economic analysis, policy and
standards, AC and DC analysis, and project management
practices [3]. Among many other factors, balancing
between generation and demand in a microgrid ensures a
reliable operation. It can be achieved by distinguishing of
demands such as critical, adjustable, and sheddable loads
to adapt with dispatchable, predictable and a predictable
local and grid (AC/DC) generations [17]. Seldomly, lack
of stakeholders’ awareness from potential benefits of a
microgrid economic lifecycle can cause uncertainty in the
level of service and tariff circulation [4]. The
generalizability of modeling and design of a microgrid
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 Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
considering security, affordability, decarbonizability,
flexibility, extensibility, optionality, financeability,
scalability, switchability, isolability, automaticity,
dispatchability, and many more factors seems
problematic. In overall, this study draws an in-depth
research of existing gap between management and
engineering approaches to explore the emergent options
for a smart microgrid modeling and design as a roadmap
for scholars, researchers, managers, operators, and
interested stakeholders. This study aligned with a semi-
empirical methodology, which embraced a concise late
literature review, influential factors investigation, topic
prioritization, challenges and barrier identification,
solution criteria, approaches evaluation, and lastly posing
an applicatory roadmap of an exhaustive solution for
microgrid planning and design from management
standpoint. The findings are delivered in form of a
systemic solution that adds value for the deployment of
systematic lifecycle management and value change
approaches. In which, besides practicing the lifecycle
steps, prioritizing along with management tasks and steps
dependencies' concepts such as finish-to-start, start-to-
start, finish-to-start, and start-to-finish; or any other
approaches.
Economic efficiency is directly proportional with cost
down and inversely with cost up. Manifestly, the marginal
safety circle addresses the main two concern behind the
operation condition, which are the estimation of how far a
given operating point is far away from stability limit
(stability margin), and identification of the critical loading
condition [19]. The future projection margin utilizes for
the planning of a microgrid expansion within an optimum
point of solution. At the same time, the optimal point is
concerned with supply, demand, operation and economic
efficiencies altogether. At the planning phase, these
parameters should be analyzed to balance in accordance
with resiliency and sustainability pillars. The concept of
sustainable energy development has introduced based on
these pillars [20][21]:
• Technical sustainability
• Economic sustainability
• Institutional sustainability
• Environmental sustainability
• Social sustainability
Tentatively, in the Fig 1 (phases’ information and
data are provided for a typical microgrid and for
comparison purpose only) invokes to determine supply in
accordance to the decision-making parameters in adapt to
efficiencies curves to meet a connected and anticipated-
future demands. A precise decision-making process
consists these process [22][23]:
• Confirming the scenario score
• Ensuring state statements and goals
• Defining the indicators
• Evaluating indicators interconnection and impact
• Considering the hypothesis impact
• Weighing the indicators
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• Considering the overall consequences of outcome and
alternatives
• Evaluating the decision, and finally
• Taking a proper action.
For an economic-efficient microgrid planning, these
parameters such as price elasticity and sensitivity, energy
options competitiveness, carbon tax and incentive,
subsidies and discount rates along with stakeholders and
customers satisfactory handling are known exigence.
II. EVOLUTIONARILY ROADMAP FOR THE
FUTURE MICROGRID
Resilience to sustainability in term of a microgrid can
be employed for a viable planning and design to cover
accessibility, affordability, disparity, safety, use
efficiency, supply and production efficiency, cost-
effectiveness, and environmental impacts in the best
possible way [18]. Typically, planners tend to be more
concerned with the technical efficiency in the future
operation of a microgrid. Whereas, economic efficiency
along with sustainability factors limit planners within a
specific domain of decision that can be shown in Fig 2. It
implies policy makers, planners, designers, and operators
of a microgrid to be clear with design decisions and
statements of state to link desired future expansion and
automation.
However, stakeholders much involvement will
require much time and resources to achieve consensus on
a detailed stakeholder process plan [24]. In the context of
the wholesale market, influence and anticipation of
individual will remain a decisive concern [25]. It
necessitates a seemly-fitted stakeholder management in a
close adaption with local resilience.
Alignment of technical and technological efficiencies
through innovation in technologies with an acceptance
rate of modernization from technical and resiliency
standpoints are inevitable. That it concerned with
greenhouse gas emissions, local resiliency, resources
availability and affordability, and resources physical and
technical limitation.
For demand side management, first and foremost,
distinguish of types of demands (residential, commercial,
transportation, agriculture or industrial sector) and
determining of price and investment for each sector and
weighs to evaluate share of the sectors based on
profitability and resiliency factors are preferred. At the
supply side management, renewable energy (RE) has
remained the first option for energy supply, technical and
technological constraints can limit this priority. Therefore,
RE advancement and penetration raise a vast range of
challenges within different circumstance from technical to
policy and management that may remain a sophisticated
dilemma for a long-run. To step forward, the requirement
of well-understanding the behavior of RE integration,
impact analysis, evolution options, lifecycle and risk
management, policy constraints, politics influential are
compulsory to exert. Technically, by deployment of RE in
a microgrid the traditional concept of reactive power
 Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia

Fig. 1. A microgrid planning and design main parameters.

Fig. 2. The proposed framework for sustainable microgrid planning and design.

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 Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
phenomena or one-way passive flow to end-user will be
not applicable due to changes in load shapes, locally peak
demands and pickoff, disparity in local generation,
variability of demand and supply, and economic
dispatches and revenue variation.
In many cases, inconsistency at the planning and
operation levels are an increasing concern for today's
microgrid development. Chiefly, two consistency
ingredients play a significant role in a microgrid policy
formulation, which is bottom-up and top-down
approaches. The bottom-up approach mainly deals with
individual customers' demand, expectation, adaption,
flexibility, optionality, control, involvement, and so on;
within a reliable supply. Usually the individual customers
keen to guarantee their control and participation in
wholesale markets on an individual basis or through
utility retailer, especially individual grid-tied generations.
At the meanwhile, the interest to control wholesale
markets can be varied society to society due to cultural,
economy, regulations, policies, awareness, and more
importantly the local engagement. The top-down
approach focuses on national and regional levels that
address the global targets and goals within the
environment, economy, and peace measures. Alignment
between these two major factors can offer an affordable
policy for microgrid sustainable development.
III. THE PROPOSED ROADMAP FORMULATION
In a general term, following the globally available
methodologies and successful practices in term of the
project and program implementation [26], the application
of the proposed roadmap is broken down into six phases.
A. Feasibility Assessment Phase
This phase deals as a prerequisite for the rest phases,
meanwhile it plays an important role of opener and
foundation of a project/program to proceed and
conceptualize coming phases. The main influential factors
of this phase for a microgrid planning and design can be
listed such as existing generation, current energy
management system, available integrity, and
expandability before an upgrade, grid structure, existing
operation mechanism and load flow, load profile and
growth rate, local resiliency (acceptability, adaptability,
conformity, marketability and etc).
B. Planning Phase
Technically, expansion of the system through the
adaption of new technologies and distributed generation
with convoluted integration and multi-direction flows can
encounter planners and operators in a reliable real-time
operation. One of the critical decision-making at the
planning phase is identification of a microgrid sizing
considering investment and end-user consumption
parameters. Mismatch in sizing in any case under or over-
sizing will lead a poor operation, customer dissatisfaction,
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uneconomical dispatches; or unnecessarily increase in the
cost of system, no-load operation that can be caused a
large amount of operation and maintenance costs.
Therefore, conducting a rudimentary analysis of a
sufficient load prediction through existing potential
demand considering climate uncertainty, future expansion
and growth rate along with a community energy present
and anticipated future consumption culture is exigence
[27].
C. Modernization and Integration Phase
At the modernization phase, preliminary investigation
of the existing infrastructure can be conducted to evaluate
available options for the system expansion, operation, and
competitiveness improvement. While, energy efficiency
and reliability deal with critical states of a system, peak
load, demand and generation diversity, and overall
distributed generation and consumption secure-integrity.
Along with the microgrid technologies modernization in
term of smartness and control, there is increasing concern
over fundamental challenges as well [28].
D. Design and Modelling Phase
Design-based modelling treats (natural disasters,
unexpected accidents, and cyber or physical attack [29]) is
an important dimension, which in some cases these
parameters do not well-considered in a real-world
planning and design of a microgrid [30]. Concenter on
how to subdue this diversity and propose a viable
roadmap some factors (reliability, safety, efficiency,
future expansion, interconnectivity studies, topological
analysis, reserve capability) are indispensable. However,
planning and design of a microgrid can be vary due to
many factors, but in general can address these analysis as
follows:
• Load flow (multi-direction with mixed generation)
• Adaptability and compatibility analysis
• Power and voltage stability analysis (in existing linear
and non-linear sources)
• Short circuit analysis
• Control advancement feasibility (voltage and
frequency with demand/generation diversity)
• Automation advancement feasibility (real-time
monitoring and control using protected cyber-
security)
• Conformity with sustainability pillars
• Characterizing generation resource (local resiliency)
• Proposing economic efficiency mechanism (power
outage, economic dispatch and impacts)
• Verification of upgrade option
• Validation of design.
E. Innovation and Implementation Phase
A gradual evolution of a microgrid and adding new
features over a long-time considering techno-economic
 Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PES GTD Asia
efficiency and energy surety can be a subtle option.
Economic efficiency comprises two stages: a microgrid
structure (new or upgrade), operation and generation, and
finally distribution and sales including energy
management, load shedding, economic dispatch, and etc.
According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory-
NREL [29], increased in economic value enhance
economic dispatch and reduce lifecycle cost versus initial
cost, which is correlative to energy security and surety.
Optimization is a contentious endeavor during and after
upgrading a microgrid that can be applied in term of
energy generation, consumption, efficiency, security, and
overall sustainability trough reliable control and
automation (cybersecurity), real-time energy
management.
F. Operation and Maintenance Phase
According to [31][32], a lifecycle cost-analysis of a
system includes the following segments: initial, operation,
repair, spare, downtime, loss, maintenances (corrective,
preventive, and predictive), and disposal costs. While, a
proper maintenance ensures a long-run life-spam of a
utility. As well as, timely maintenance definitely
improves energy-efficiency features, reduce risk of
various levels of damage, requiring repair or replacement
in the future [32][33].
IV. THE PROPOSED FRAMEWORK ECONOMIC
AND RESILIENCY APPRAISAL
However, this is a theoretical framework, meanwhile
with a broader merit it can ascertain technical and
economic efficiencies for a long-run sustainable planning
and operation. Regardless multi-dimensionality aspect,
from market and business standpoints some factors
(consulting and planning, equipment, automation and
control, analytics, service and maintenance, and
financing) are essential elements for stakeholders'
satisfaction to be in a tacit consensus [34]. This important
measure is addressed in this study.
Competently, a microgrid project initiation; and
following its reliable operation and management is known
engineering assets in term of economic and efficiency
sustainability. The proposed scheme in term of a
transdisciplinary approach can ensure a long-term life-
cycle cost, high reliability, and availability, at maximum
safety levels. That it provides a basis for making the right
choice for asset investment to assess resources
requirement, potential acquisitions, improvement
opportunities, and optimize operation, maintenance and
end-of-life costs [35]. As well as, the proposed
systematically-integrated scheme offers resiliency that
refers to the microgrid capability to cope with risk and
operate on optimum functionality.
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V. CONCLUSION
A microgrid planning and design based on the
resilience to sustainability approach offer a tenacity to
cope technical and economic efficiencies that ensure a
viable operation for a long-run sustainability. Unlike
recently, this research deals with first-ever effort to
conceptualize a viable roadmap/framework for a
microgrid planning and design along with it
implementation systematic phases. The special measures
are hired in this study to draw an exhaustive framework in
the context of a microgrid in compliance of resiliency and
sustainability criteria throughout its life-cycle.
The authors tried to offer solutions to merge a real-
world microgrid planning and design requirements for the
21st century. This study can have some significant
implications for future practice as a multilateral planning
and design reference for students, researchers, scholars,
and practitioners related to a microgrid. The authors are
willing to put forward a series of procedures paradigm in
details within management, engineering, and business
domains based on the resiliency and sustainability
approach in a synergistic manner in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study is a part of the research efforts, which is
financially and technically supported by the Center for
Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus
(Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903 -0213, Japan) under
the research budget of JFY 2018 (98394640).
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