International Islamic School

Winter assignments for class 10th

Subject: Social science (U1)

History
Lesson No. 1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Write in brief
Q1) Write a note on:
(a) Guiseppe Mazzini: Guiseppe Mazzini, an important architect (one who design) of
the unification of Italy, was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the prophet of Italian
Nationalism He was always concerned about the fate of his country. This is evident
from the fact that he used to dress in black garments to project himself as a mourner.
He said that God had intended (planed) nations to be the natural units of mankind. In
order to liberate his country from foreign rulers, he joined a revolutionary organization
called Carbonari, a secret society formed in 1810 mainly by the charcoal burners of
Italy to attempt a revolution in his native state of Liguria. However, the attempt failed,
and Mazzini was arrested and imprisoned. After his release, while in exile he founded
a new organization called “Young Italy”. The organization was named “Young Italy”
because Mazzini firmly believed in the potential of youth. It aimed to liberate his
country from foreign rule and bring its unification through the education of young
men. He appealed to the youth through his writings and speeches and established
branches of “young Italy” in every nook and corner of the country. The young Italy
began to attract thousands of young Italians who were prepared to give sacrifice of
their lives for the cause of liberation and unification of their country. Though Mazzini
and his “young Italy” failed to achieve unification, yet they had filled the minds of the
people with such sentiments that other patriots were able to achieve the unification of
Italy without much difficulty.
(a) Count Camillo de-Cavour: - Count Cavour, an important liberator of Italy
belonged to an
Aristocratic family of Sardinia. Moved by the defeat of Sardinia at the hands of the
Austria, Cavour decided to work for the unification of Italy. In 1848 he urged the king
victor Emmuuel II to take the lead in liberating Italy from the Austrian control. When
he got elected to the Assembly, he made eloquent (fluent) speeches aimed to improve
the state affairs in Sardinia and piedmont. The king was deeply impressed by him and
appointed him as the Chief Minister in 1852. After realizing the fact that the kingdom
of Sardinia and piedmont was a small power. He thought that to achieve the goal of
liberation of Italy, two things were essential first to build up a strong army, second, the
assistance of a foreign power to defeat Austria. So, he entered into a diplomatic
alliance with France and succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
(b) The Greek war of independence: - Greece had been under the control of the
ottoman Empire

since the 15th century. Greeks were subjected to heavy taxation and Turkish law
courts did not protect the Greeks against injustice. The growth of revolutionary
nationalism in Europe mobilized the Greeks to struggle for independence. So, the
Greek war of independence was started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece were
supported by the educated elite of Europe. Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a
tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. The scholars and artists
praised Greece as they considered it as the „cradle of European civilization. Thus in
1829, France, England, Russia etc. supported Greek to defeat sultan of Turkey and
forced him to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829 A.D. Ultimately Greece was
recognized as an independent nation in 1832 through the treaty of Constantinople.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament: The 1848 French revolution inspired the middle class
Germans to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
to be governed by an elected parliament. In May 1848, 831 elected representatives of
German Confederacy came together in the city of Frankfurt. They assembled in the
church of St. Paul & drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a
monarch subject to parliament (Constitutional monarchy). This was an attempt of the
liberals to unify the German states. However, the Frankfurt assembly failed because
Friedrich Wilhelm, the King of Prussia rejected the offer to act as the emperor of
Germany. He was joined by the other monarchs to suppress the liberals. The assembly
came to an end in May, 1849.
(e) The Role of women in nationalist struggles: The role of women in the nationalist
struggles of Europe is briefly summarized in the following points:-
(i) Women played a very significant role in the nationalist struggles all over the world.
In all the European states. France, Germany, Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire,
women had taken an active part in the nationalist struggle of their countries. Women
actively participated in the movements of French revolution. Likewise in the
unification of Italy and Germany, women played a significant role
(ii) Women actively participated in the nationalist struggles of Europe because they
were mobilized by the measures of the liberal nationalists. The liberal nationalists
personified „liberty‟ as a female figure.
(iii) They were equally responsible for demanding constitutionalism with national
unification.
Q2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective
identity among the French people?
Ans) In order to create a sense of collective identity among the French people the
French revolutionaries adopted the following measures and practices:-
(i) The ideas of „la Patrie‟ (the father-land) and “le citoyen” (the citizen) were
introduced to emphasis the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under
a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen as a national symbol to replace the
royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was replaced by the National Assembly whose members
were elected by a body of active citizens.
(iv). A centralized administrative system was introduced to make uniform laws for all
citizens.
(v). The dialect of French language spoken & used in Paris was encouraged as the
national language and regional dialects were discouraged.
(vi). A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted and internal customs
duties were abolished to promote economic exchange.
Q3). Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way
in which they were portrayed?
Ans. Marianne was the female allegory of French nation. Similarly, Germania was the
female allegory of German nation. They stood as personifications of the revolutionary
ideals like „liberty‟ and „the Republic‟. The importance of the way in which they
were portrayed is given in the following points: -
(i) It was an attempt of the revolutionaries to give a concrete form to the abstract idea
of the nation. They believed that it would instill nationalist feelings among the people
of these countries.
(ii) Statues of Marianne with red cap, the tricolour and the cockade were erected at
public squares to remind the public the symbol of national unity.
(iii) Germania was portrayed in visual representations wearing a crown of oak leaves.
As the German oak stands for heroism, so it was aimed to develop heroism among
Germans.

Q4. Briefly trace the process of Unification of Germany?

Ans. (i) Before the Napoleonic conquests, Germany was divided into more than 300
independent states. Prussia was largest one.
(iii) Napoleon conquered German states and re-organised them into 39 states.
Napoleon had given the idea of a united Germany which should embrace all the
German speaking people under one national Govt., but the congress of Vienna undid
the work of Napoleon and revived the old German states.
(iv). The establishment of Zollverein or the customs union of the German states
helped in the growth of idea of political unification of German states.
However, the liberals failed in their attempt because of the repression of the combined
forces of Monarchy and landlords. Later on Prussia took over the leadership of the
movement for German unification
Role of Bismark in German Unification:
(i) Prince Ottovon Bismark, the chancellor of Prussia, was the architect of
German unification. He believed that bursts of sentiments have no place
in politics, and followed blood and iron policy. He believed that only
Prussia was fit to led the movement for the German unification.
Q5). What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system
more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Ans) Napoleon Bonarparte was an enlightened despot. He desired an orderly Govt.
and a rational administration. This is evident from the following changes which he
introduced to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by
him.
(i) He abolished all privileges based on birth and put careers open to men of talent.
(ii) He established equality before law and secured the right of the people to hold
property. Farmers enjoyed ownership rights on the existing land that was acquired
from church and nobility
(iii) He abolished feudal order.
(iv). Nobles, middle classes and peasants became subjects of state, all equally liable to
pay taxes.
(v) In the urban areas he removed guild restrictions and internal custom barriers.
(vi). He standardized weights and measures, common currency which, facilitated
movement and exchange of goods and hence boosted the trade and commerce.
Discuss
Q1) Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the
political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Ans: The year 1848 is popularly called the year of revolution of the liberals led by the
educated middle class. In the year 1848 there were uprisings & upheavals for liberty
& nationhood or unification in several parts of Europe. The revolutionary wave started
in France & immediately spread to most parts of Europe. In Feb, 1848, the liberals in
France along with workers took to streets to demand reforms. It resulted into
proclamation of France as a republic & extension of franchise to all the adult males
above 21 years of age. Besides, national workshops were set up to provide food,
health care & employment to the people. Although this widespread revolutionary
wave was suppressed by the conservatives, but they could not restore the old order.
For instance the 1848 revolutionary attempts of the liberals in Germany, Italy etc were
suppressed but they convinced the conservatives to go for changes.
The liberals supported the following political, social & economic ideas.
i) They emphasized the concept of govt. by consent.
ii) They were against autocracy and unjust Privileges and favoured a constitutional &
representative govt. through parliament.
iii) They also emphasized freedom for the individual & equality of all before law.
iv). In the economic sphere, they emphasized freedom of markets & abolition of state
imposed restrictions on the movement of goods & capital.

Q2) Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of
nationalism in Europe?
Ans: Culture played an important role to the growth of nationalism in Europe. The
contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe can be understood from
the following examples.
i) The German Romanticist philosopher Johan Gottfried Herder popularized the true
spirit of the nation (volksgeisf) through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. He
insisted on the importance of collecting & recording of different forms of folk culture
in the nation building.
ii) Poland was divided at the end of 18th century by the great powers namely Russia,
Prussia and Austria. Here the nationalist feelings were kept alive & promoted through
language & music. e.g. Karol kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his
operas & music. He made folk dances like polonaise & mazurka as the nationalist
symbols.

After the Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools & the
Russian language was imposed everywhere under the policy of Russification. In
response to it , clergy used polish language in church gatherings & all other religious
instruction. They promoted polish language as a weapon of national resistance.
iii) Due to Greek classical heritage, there was a tremendous sympathy for the Greek
cause throughout Europe The scholars and artists praised Greece as they considered it
as the „cradle of European civilization. During Greek war of independence,
achievements and glorious past of Greek was reminded.
Q3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over
the nineteenth century.
Ans: Nationalism that emerged in the 18th century in Europe led to the development
of nations over the 19th century. Several nations were formed in the 19th century.
However, here we will focus on the development of Germany & Italy as nations.
i) Germany: The French occupation & congress of Vienna transformed about 200
kingdoms of Germany into a confederation of 39 independent states. German
nationalism that emerged during its „French occupation was subsequently developed
by the inspiration of romanticist ideas. In 1848, liberals tried to unify Germany
through Frankfurt assembly but failed because of the opposition & rejection of the
King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm. In the following decades many Germans turned to
Prussia for leadership in the struggle for unification. The CM of Prussia, Otto

Von Bismarck adopted the policy of blood & iron (war diplomacy) with the help of
army & bureaucracy. Under this policy Prussia fought 3 wars over seven years with
Denmark, Austria & France. This policy resulted into Prussian victory & German
unification. On 18 Jan, 1871 William I was proclaimed as the German emperor. This
way Germany developed into a nation.
ii) Italy: Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the 19th century. Out of
these states only one, Sardinia-piedmont was ruled by the Italians themselves.
Giuseppe Mazzini who was a liberal revolutionary sought to unify Italy. He formed
„Young Italy‟ but failed to drive Austrians out of Italy in 1848 uprising. After it the
responsibility was taken by Sardinia-piedmont. Its CM count Cavour defeated Austria
through a diplomatic alliance
with France. After it Garibaldi organized „Expedition of the thousand‟ to liberate
southern Italy from Bourbons. In 1861 victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king
of united Italy.

Q4) How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans: Britain was formed as a nation in a unique way. Unlike France, Italy, Germany
etc., it was not formed as a result of a sudden upheaval or revolution, but as a result of
a long drawn process.
(i) Before 18th century, primary identities of the people who inhabited British isles
were based on their ethnicity such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. The English nation
which grew in wealth, importance & power began to extend its influence over other
ethnic groups inhabiting the isles. It was during the Glorious Revolution of 1688 that
British parliament snatched power from the English Monarch James – II and proved
instrumental in establishing a nation state with England at the center. This revolution
proved instrumental in forging these ethnic groups.
(ii) The act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the creation of
Great Britian. English culture was imposed over Scottish people. This is revealed from
the fact that the Catholic clans inhabiting Scottish highlands were forbidden to speak
their Gaelic language or wear their national dress.
(iii) Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was divided between Catholics & Protestants &
here England supported Protestants to establish their dominance over a largely
catholic country. Ireland was forcibly made a part of UK through a new act of union in
1801.
(iv). After it, a new British nation began to be formed through the propagation of a
dominant English culture. Union Jack (The British flag) , God save our noble
king(The national anthem) & English language were actively promoted as a symbols
of new Britain.
Q5) Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Ans: The Balkans was the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe
because of the following reasons.
i) The Balkans include present day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia,
Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro etc. So, it reveals that Balkan was a region of
geographical & ethnic variation. This wide diversity of the region led to nationalist
tensions.
ii) A large part of Balkans was under Ottoman Empire. The disintegration of the
empire & the romantic nationalism made the region highly sensitive. It was so because
the Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity & independence.
iii) The Balkan states were jealous of each other as each of them tried to gain more
territory at the expense of others.
iv. The Balkan problem became more complicated because of big power rivalry. The
European powers such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria and Hungary wanted to
took control of the region. This led to a series of Balkan wars which culminated into
the outbreak of First World War in 1914.
Civics
L. No. 01
Power Sharing
Textual questions
(Q.1) What are the different methods of power sharing in modern democracies?
Give an example of each.
Ans) The different methods of power sharing in modern democracies are as under:-
I} Power Sharing among different organs of government: The powers of the
government are divided and distributed between the three organs of government, ie
legislature, executive and judiciary according to a constitutional scheme.This
distribution is called HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER. The power
distribution is such that each organ limits the power of other two organs. Hence none
of the organs can exercise unlimited powers. The result is balance of power among
various institutions. This arrangement is called system of checks and balances.
Example:- In India,
i) The laws passed by legislature are subjected to Judicial review (The power of
supreme Court to Judge the constitutional Validity of a law) as well as the veto of
president (veto is a special power to suspend a decision).
ii) The council of Ministers is answerable to parliament (legislature).
iii) The Supreme Court (Judiciary) has to consider constitution and laws passed by
parliament while delivering Judgments.
II} Power sharing among Governments at different levels:- In a vast and diverse
country like India and U.S.A, power is shared between a general government and the
governments at regional level. In such a system, the constitution clearly defines the
powers of governments at different levels.
Example: In Belgium, the constitution after 1993, divided the powers between the
central Government and the state Governments of the two regions of French and
Dutch communities. This was done to ensure the accommodation of every community
in the political setup of the country.
III} Sharing of power among different social groups: In many countries, there are
constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women
are represented in the legislatures and administration. This method is used to provide
opportunities to those sections of society who otherwise would feel alienated from the
government.
Example:- In India, there is a constitutional scheme of reservation for scheduled
castes, scheduled Tribes and women in government as well as administration.
IV} Power sharing with political parties, pressure groups and NGO’s:- The
political parties share power in a formal way by forming alliances before elections and
coalition after elections. This ensures the accommodation of diverse ideological
groups within the political system of a country.
Likewise, pressure groups and NGO‟s share power in an informal way by influencing
decision making through democratic participation.
Example: Unions of Industrialists, Traders, Workers, Farmers etc. along with
Environment Movements,. Women empowerment movements have made their voice
to be heard through litigation, resentments, mass communication, debates, conferences
etc.
(Q.2) State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with
an example from the Indian context.
Ans) The two different reasons for power sharing are as under:
Prudential reason: Power sharing reduces the possibility of conflict between social
groups. It ensures the stability of political order by accommodating the demands and
needs of diverse groups in the society.
Example: India has adopted a federal structure of governance in which power is
shared in between the union and the states. This has ensured the fulfilment of the
regional aspirations of people who are diverse with respect to their needs, necessities
and demands. The accommodation of exclusive groups in the political system has
resulted in a sense of “unity in Diversity”.
Moral reason for power sharing: Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. A
democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who
have to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be
governed. A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation,
acquire a stake in the system.
Example: There are many provisions in Indian constitution which provide safeguards
to schedule castes and schedule tribes such as:-
Article 46: says that interests of schedule castes and schedule tribes must be
protected.
Article 338: Provides for a National Commission for schedule castes and schedule
tribes.
In addition to above, there are reservation provisions in the constitution for SC/ST and
women such as Article 234D and Article 243T.
(Q.3) Write a note on the power sharing in J&K legislative council according to
the constitution of J&K.
Ans) The state of J&K being composed of three distinct geographical regions of
Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh; the Constitution of J&K ensures representation of each
region in the legislative Council. Article 50 of the State Constitution says that –
i) Legislative Council shall consist of 36 members
ii) 11 have to be necessarily from Kashmir including one each from Ladakh and
Kargil
iii) 11 have to be elected from Jammu region with one each from Doda and Poonch
iv) Two members are elected by the members of Municipal councils, Town Areas
Committees and Notified Area Committees.
v) Four members are to be elected by panchayats and other local bodies as the
Governor may by order specify, two each in the province of Jammu region and
Kashmir region.
vi) Eight members are nominated by Governor from amongst persons belonging to
socially and educationally backward classes in the state or persons having contributed
in the field of literature, science, art, etc.
Q.4) The major of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a
ban on speaking French in the Town’s schools. He said that the ban would help
all Non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this
measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements?
Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Ans. The power sharing arrangements in Belgium provide for the equal representation
of all the linguistic groups in the decision-making bodies, i.e. Government. So, a ban
on speaking French in the Town’s schools of Merchtem as defended by its Mayor is
against the spirit of power sharing arrangements in Belgium.

. Additional Questions Short Answers

Q1. Define power sharing.
Ans) Power sharing is a mechanism of distribution of power among different
governmental and non-governmental entities in modern democracies.

Q.2) What is Majoritarianism?

Ans) It signifies that a majority community rules the country the way it wants. The
wishes and needs of the minority are not considered. Q.3)
What is community Government?
Ans) A Government which is elected by people belonging to one language community
to regulate their educational, linguistic and cultural affairs.
Q.4) What is civil war?
Ans) A violent conflict between two or more opposing groups within a country is
known as civil war.
Q.5 ) What are reserved constituencies?
Ans) It is a system in which constituencies are reserved in the Assemblies and
Parliament for minorities in order to give them a fair share in power. Q.6)
What is a coalition government?
Ans) After elections in a multi-party democracy, when no single party is able to obtain
majority to form the govt. then two more parties join hands to form the government.
This is termed as coalition Govt.
Q.7) What is a Prudential reason?
Ans) It is a set of reason which is based on careful calculation of gains and losses.
Prudential reason stresses on beneficial consequences. Q.8) What is a
Moral reason?
Ans) It is a set of reasons which is based on principles, values and beliefs. It
differentiates between just and in-just; right and wrong; good and bad. It Judges a
system on moral grounds.
Q.9) What is the system of checks and balances?
Ans) A system in which each organ of the govt. checks the others which results in the
balance of power among them. It ensures that none of the organs exercises unlimited
powers. It ensures the stability in governance. Q.10) What is Federal
Govt.?
Ans) It is system of governance in which powers are divided between the
General and regional Governments.
Geography
Chapter No. 1
Resource Concept, Classification and Management

Exercise
Very Short Answer Type Question
Q.1 (i) Any means of attaining desired ends can be designated as a Resource.
(ii) The most clearly recognizable resource are those consisting of living things.
(iii) The renewability of a living resource varies with the species and the area
involved.
(iv) The usefulness of abiotic resource depends upon its accessibility and
consecration.
(v) Solar energy is an inexhaustible resources relative to the human use and time
scale.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Q.2 (i) Define a Resource? Give some example of resources.
Ans. A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced, moreover a
resource has been defined as any means of attaining given ends example materials,
energy, services knowledge or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and
in the process may be consume or made available.
(ii) Which three things interact to develop resources for human satisfaction?
Ans. The man three things that interact to develop resources for human satisfaction are
nature, man and man’s culture.
(iii) How is manganese ore a renewable resource despite of abiotic nature?
Ans. Manganese ore is a renewable resource despite of abiotic nature because the rate
of its formation in the nodules on the ocean floor through chemical precipitation from
sea water exceeds the rate at which the ore is being used.
(iv) Define inexhaustible resources given some examples.
Ans. Resources which can be renewed by reproduction or by physical, mechanical or
chemical processes are known as inexhaustible resource e.g, solar energy, air water,
wildlife forest and human beings.
(v) Different between biotic and abiotic resources?
Ans. Biotic: A resource which continues to reproduce and regenerate is called as
biotic resource e.g, Population, forest etc.
Abiotic: A resource consisting of non-living things. These are least renewable
resources. These get exhausted by reckless use while the rate of formation is
exceeding slow e,.g minerals.
(vi) Write a short note on resource development.
Ans. Resource development is an action oriented activity in which the main effort is to
develop the resource fully to enable their complete utilization which minimum
wastage for example land is a resource, which has to be cleared of unwanted materials
and ploughed in order to grow crops. Water has to be taken to fields to irrigate lands.
Minerals have to be fallen out from the earth and smelt them, purify them to use them
completely and making a huge variety of things from them. Such as, machinery, and
implements. Thus resource development can be describes as a necessary exercise for
the complete, managed and scientific utilisation of resource.
(vii) What is the principle sustainable yield?
Ans. Principle sustainable yield can be defined as a process in which, the locally
available renewable resource should be used when possible and renewable resource
should not be used faster than their replacement by natural processes. This is known as
the principles sustainable yield.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q.3 The definition of natural resources has change over time discuss.
Ans. The term, “natural resource” has undergone an expansion in meaning as a result
of mean’s greater understanding of his relationship with the world he lives in Earlier
natural resources were viewed primarily as sources of valuable and useful
commodities. Such as raw materials, minerals fuel, forest, wild life, water etc but now
in the present would the concept of natural resource has been broadened and includes
now the total natural environment. In real sense it encompasses the entire surface layer
earth, because all parts of earth’s surface are of some use to man as they contribute to
the production of necessities and communities that people demand. Thus from this
period of view all the living and non-living elements of earth outside and inside too
have same valuable resource.
Q.4 What are exhaustible resources and how are they different from in
exhaustible resources?
Ans. Resources classified on the basis of renewability are termed as exhaustible and
inexhaustible resource. The difference between these two is important.
Exhaustible resources are those resources which once taken out and used cannot be
replaced. If an exhaustible resource is not conserved, it ultimately disappears because
its total reserves are limited needs conservative approached and scientific
management. Exhaustible resource are as coal, petroleum natural gas. Iron are copper
aluminium, thorium sulphur etc. The natural replacement of such resources
particularly mineral through geological events are processes are exceptionally slow
and cannot compactly the current rate of mineral extraction. White as inexhaustible
resources are those which can be renewable by reproduction or by physical
mechanical or chemical processes. These resource are present in plenty and often
regeting of these is available by natural process. Now day the trend is to used such
resources in large concentration some of these are non-polluting such as wind, water,
solar energy and easily available. These can be of greater value then present only it
technology development will be available example, solar energy wind energy, , Tidal
energy, geothermal energy etc.
Q.5 What is resource planning? Discuss detail about it various stages.
Resource planning is the technique or skill of utilizing or exploiting the resources
Judiciously and properly. Unscientific exploitation can lead to environmental and
ecological problems, such a pollution and uneconomical utilization can lead to the
wastage of resources. Thus resource planning helps to reduce wastage, keeps the
environment pollution- free and takes care of future needs. Resource planning
comprises of three stages.
(1) Resource Mapping: It is the surveying, mapping and estimation. Under the
mapping, the location, quality, magnitude and measurement of properties and
characteristics of resources is extensively done to develop resource inventory.
Different expert agencies are engaged for the exercise of mapping. e.g Geological
Survey of India is responsible for mapping of minerals in India.
(2) Resource Evaluation: Before exploitation of a particular resource, an evaluation
process is undertaken to look into the economy, technology, need and other issues
including ecology in order to ascertain that the value of final resource product is
significantly lower than the value of the imported one.

(3) Planning for Resource exploitation: This is related to action-oriented planning.

This includes planning for infrastructure, men and material. Planning of resources also
involves the sustainable development and the inclusion of 3Rs (Reduce, Recycle and
Reuse) so that the exploitation is not wanton i.e not taking due care of the needs of
future generation.
Q.6 What are various methods which help in managing and conservation the
resources.
Ans. Resources are an essential and complimentary part of human life on this unique
planet, therefore their conservation is must because if resources get vanished from this
earth. Human survival will be in difficult. The conservative methods and management
of earth are given as below:
(i) Locally available renewable resources should be used where possible and
renewable resources not be used faster than their replacement by natural resources.
This is called as principle of sustainable
(ii) High quality energy should not be used to do something that can be done with
lower quality energy. This is knows as principal of energy efficiency.
(iii) Pollution prevention and waste reduction are the best and cheapest ways to
sustain the earth. This can be done by controlling pollution and producing minimum
water. This is known as principal of pollution prevention and waste reduction.
(iv) Reducing resource consumption and waste production should be top priority
followed by reusing items, recycling of three “R”s of earth care.
(v) Products or wastes that can be cycled or reused should not be dispersed, mixed,
burned or buried. This is termed the principle of resource conservation.
(vi). Last but not least we should leave all the global commons like fresh H2O and
fresh air to our next generation as good as we leave received then from our ancestors.
This is known as principle of global common.

So we should follow these principle and help other people to follow them as well to
make it a success for sustainable earth to prevail.
Q.7 Match the following:
(a) Mesabi Range U.S.A
(b) Kola Mines Karnataka
(c) Amu Darya Central Asia
(d) Rhene River Europe
(e) Hwang HO China

Chapter No. 2
Land Resources
Textual Exercises
A. Very Short Answer Type Questions:
Q.1
(i) Total geographical area of Indian is 328.73 million hectares.
(ii) India covers 2.4% global land area and contains 16.74% of global population.
(iii) About 27% land area of India is plateau which possess rich reserves of mineable
fossil fuels and forests.
iv) The use of land is determined by physical as well as human factors.
(v) Cultivable waste includes the land available for cultivation but not cultivated
during the last five years.
B Short Answer Type Questions:
Q.2 (i) What is the importance of land as a resources?
Ans. Land is an important resource, because it converse about 30% of the total area of
earth’s surface and not all parts of this percentage are heritable or productive. All other
resource either of any state solid, liquid or gas are present on it or inside it. So it is
obvious that it supports natural vegetarian wildlife, provides minerals, gives us
accommodation shelter and provide habitat to every type of organism. Not only this,
but it also provides us everything that we need. So it is an important resources.
(ii) What are the two major categories of land not available for cultivation?
Ans. The two major categories of land not available for cultivations are as under:
(a) Land put to non-agricultural uses. It included the land occupied by buildings,
industries, roads, railways, shopping complex, malls, airport etc.
(b) Barron and uncultivated land: it includes rocky mountains, hills, rocky outcrops,
deserts, saliva lands coastal beaches, weed infected ravine lands etc.

(iii) Differentiate between gross cropped area and net sown area.
Ans. Gross cropped area: It is the total area under crops, irrigated once or more than
once in a year. It is counted as many times as the number of times the areas are
cropped and irrigated in a year.
Net sown area: This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards, around
141.58 million hectares (46.4%) of land in India is under net sawn area out of total
reported area.
(iv) Write about four measures that control land degradation?
Ans. Land degradation is a menace. It is necessary to slop this menace as soon as
possible by some good steps. The following four measures will prove good for
controlling land degradation.
(i) Barren land should be brought under cultivation .
 (ii) Scientific methods of farming should be used.
(iii) Cities and towns should be developed vertically not horizontally.
(iv) More afforestation and stop deforestation.
(v) Define a protected forest.
Ans. An area notified under provision of Indian Forest Act having limited degree of
protection, in protected forests, all activities are permitted unless prohibited.
(vi) Height light various factors which are helpful in increasing Net sown area
Ans. The following factors helps us to increase Net sown area.
(i) Good and Timely rainfall, (ii) Good weather conditions (iii) Prices of Agricultural
commodities (iv) Political stability (v) Security of tenure and tenancy.

(vii) Name four ways of urban land utilization?

Ans. The four ways of urban land utilization are as under:
(i) It is used for construction of houses and buildings.
(ii) It is used for setting industries railways, Roads.
(iii) It is used to set up big Malls, shopping complex and Amusement parks.
(iv) It is used for erecting administrative blocks and different Govt. Office, Hospitals,
Banks etc.
C. Long Answer Type Questions:
3. Forest play an important role in the ecology and economy of India. Discuss.
Ans. A forest is a complex ecosystem which is predominantly occupied by trees,
plants, herbs shrubs and other things including wild animals, birds etc India has 70.01
million hectares (22.9%) of total reported area under forest. Indian forests are vital for
India and its landscape, forest land in India is far less than usually accepted scientific
norm. For a self sufficient economy and accurate ecological balance, at least one third
of the total area must be under forests and natural vegetation.
Ecological and Economic importance of Indian forests:

Forests contribute substantially to our economic development.

 They play a major role in enhancing the quality of our environment.
 They modify local climate, control soil erosion and regulate stream.
 Forests provide livelihood for many communities and offer opportunities for
recreation.
 They influence air temperature and reduce wind force.
 They provide industrial wood, Timber, fodder and other forest produce.
 They provide natural environment for wild life.
 They have a great role in maintaining ecological balance and life support systems.
 They help in preparation.
 They provides humans to soil.
 They provide us resins, lac, gums, rubber etc.
 They also given us medicine.
 They help to reduce noise pollution etc.
Q D. What is land degradation what are its major caused?
Ans. The process of depletion of quality of land mainly as soil resource is called land
degradation. Therefore land degradation is a process which decreases the productivity
or the potential productivity of the land which is not under cultivation. Thus
degradation involves loss of minerals, nutrients, organic and humus content, water
retention capacity, aeration etc. besides change in chemical properties that all lead to
decrease in productivity. Land is the most important natural resource which the
mankind has been using right from its descendence. The conservation of land by our
earlier generation’s help us to survive and therefore we as generation are obliged to do
the same for future generation as well to make the earth an abode of human life
including all other species.
Presently there are about 130 million hectares of degraded land in India.
Approximately 28% of it belongs to the category of forest degraded area, 56% to
water eroded area and rest is affected by saline and alkaline deposits.
Causes: The vicious human activities have sufficiently contributed to the land
degradation. Man has not only directly damaged land but also aggravated the place of
natural forces to cause a great damage to it. Land degradation is a global problem and
is caused by a hot of activities mainly induced by humans:
(i) Land clearance, such as clear cutting and deforestation.
(ii) Depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices.
(iii) Overgrazing and overdrafting.
(iv) Inappropriate irrigation.
(v) Urban sprawl and commercial development.
(vi) Soil contamination.
(vii) Vehicle off-roading
Q.5 What is fallow land? What are the various reasons for keeping land fallow?
Ans. Fallow land is cultivable land, which is cultivated once far a short period and is
kept out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not mark than five
years. India has 24.59 million hectares of land area under fallow land category. It is of
tow types.
(i) Current fallow land: which is left without cultivation for one year or less than one
year. This category includes 14.27 million hectors of total land are in the county which
accounts for 4.7% of the total area.
(ii) Other than current fallow land: Land area left uncultivated for the part 1 to 5
gram. India has 10.32 million hector under other than current follow category which is
33 of total land area.

The various reasons for keeping such land fallow area as under:
(a) Inability of farmers to cultivate
(b) Inadequate water supply.
(c) Malarial climate.
(d) Silting of canals and revers.
(e) Soil erosion.
(f) Unremunerative farming.
(g) To regain fertility.
(h) Non availability of seeds.
Q.6 Highlight various programmes that have been initiated by the governments
to control further land degradation.
Ans. Land degradation is a serious problem that India faces since 1600 AD. However
some measures are taken into consideration by the Govt. of India to check it, below
are some programmes
initiated by Govt. recently for checking land degradation.
(a) Integrated watershed management in the catchment of flood prove are 1980 – 81.
(b) National watershed development projects for rainfed areas.
(c) Reclamation and development of Alkali and Acidic soils.
(d) Integrated wasteland development project.
(e) Desert area development programme.
(f) Hill area development programme.
(g) Drought prone area development programme.
(h) Command area development programme.

 Difficulties in your life does not come to destroy you .But to help
you realise your hidden potential and power .Let difficulties know
that you too are difficult.
