1

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Capital punishment is punishment by
death for committing a crime. Since the
early 1800's, most executions have
resulted from convictions for murder.
The death penalty has also been imposed
for such serious crimes as armed robbery,
kidnapping, rape, and treason. People
disagree about whether capital
punishment is moral or is effective in
discouraging crime.
Result from = аас ээс үүсэлтэй
The famine might result from the war.
Result in = үүнд түүнд хүргэдэг
The war might result in a famine.

In the late 1990's, 38 states of the United

States had laws that allowed the death
penalty. These laws were influenced by a
1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision. The
court had banned the death penalty as it
was then imposed. It ruled that "the
imposition and carrying out of the death
penalty" was cruel and unusual
punishment in violation of the 8th and
14th amendments to the Constitution.
Punctuation marks
“” quotation mark
But the court left open the possibility that
the death penalty might be
constitutional--if the death penalty is
imposed for certain crimes and the death
penalty is applied according to clear
standards.
Bob loves soccer. He also plays DOTA.
He = pronoun
Bob = referent
Because Bob loves soccer, he always
watches soccer matches.
He always watches soccer matches
because Bob loves soccer.

May help/die/be
Might help/die/be
Maybe
--DASH--

After the 1972 decision, many state

legislatures passed new capital
punishment laws that were designed to
satisfy the Supreme Court's requirements.
These laws limit the death penalty to
murder and to other specified crimes that
result in a person's death. Such crimes
include armed robbery, hijacking, and
kidnapping. The laws of several states
specify the circumstances under which a
judge or jury may impose the death
penalty.
In 1976, the court upheld death sentences
for three men who were convicted of
murder under new laws in Florida,
Georgia, and Texas. It ruled that capital
punishment for murder was "not
unconstitutionally severe." But the court
struck down laws that made the death
penalty mandatory (required) for certain
crimes.

() parentheses
In addition to state laws on capital
punishment, the death penalty may be
imposed under federal laws or military
laws.
Capital punishment was widely used
during the Middle Ages, especially for
crimes against the state and church.
In the 1700's, England had more than 200
capital offenses. Most were abolished in
the 1800's. The United Kingdom
abolished capital punishment in 1969.
Canada did so in 1976.

I play DOTA. Bob plays DOTA. => so

Bob does so. Bod did so. Bob will do so.
Bob has done so.
The United States is the only Western
industrialized nation where executions
still take place.
According to the organization Amnesty
International, about 100 nations either
have formally abolished capital
punishment or have done so in effect.
These countries include most European
and Latin American nations. About 90
countries still permit capital punishment,
including most developing nations.
Many people oppose the death penalty,
chiefly because they consider it cruel.
Critics also warn against the risk of
executing mistakenly convicted people.
Supporters of capital punishment believe
that, in certain circumstances, people
who take human life deserve to lose their
own lives. Many supporters argue that
the threat of death discourages crime
more effectively than the threat of prison
does. But studies have shown no unusual
increase in murders when the death
penalty is abolished. Hundreds of people
have been executed in the United States
since the Supreme Court upheld the
death penalty in 1976. In addition,
several thousand have been sentenced to
death and are awaiting the outcome of
legal appeals.
Adverbial clause/Reduction

When you come, I will go home.

After I finish it, I will go home.

After finishing it, I will go home.
If/because/as
If people used only deduction, people
could not arrive at new theories.
 Using only deduction, people could
not arrive at new theories.
Compound/Reduction
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and
so)
I love watching soccer, and I cook well.
I love watching soccer, cooking well.
That you work helps your family.
You work, which helps your family.
You work, helping your family.
VERB + ING
1-4. Continuous
5-8. Perfect Continuous
9. after stative verb
10. after preposition
11. verb + ing = noun (gerund)
12. verb + ing = adjective
13. “A” type of reduction

VERB + ED/PPII
1-10. Passive
11-14. Perfect
15. Past Simple
16. verb + ed = adjective
17. Passive Causative
18. “B” type of reduction