Academic Reading Team

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
NOUN CLAUSE
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
1
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
Capital punishment is punishment by death for committing a crime. Since the early 1800's, most
executions have resulted from convictions for murder. The death penalty has also been imposed
for such serious crimes as armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. People disagree about
whether capital punishment is moral or is effective in discouraging crime.
In the late 1990's, 38 states of the United States had laws that allowed the death penalty. These
laws were influenced by a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision. The court had banned the death
penalty as it was then imposed. It ruled that "the imposition and carrying out of the death
penalty" was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th and 14th amendments to the
Constitution. But the court left open the possibility that the death penalty might be
constitutional--if the death penalty is imposed for certain crimes and applied according to clear
standards.
After the 1972 decision, many state legislatures passed new capital punishment laws that were
designed to satisfy the Supreme Court's requirements. These laws limit the death penalty to
murder and to other specified crimes that result in a person's death. Such crimes include armed
robbery, hijacking, and kidnapping. The laws of several states specify the circumstances under
which a judge or jury may impose the death penalty.
In 1976, the court upheld death sentences for three men who were convicted of murder under
new laws in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. It ruled that capital punishment for murder was "not
unconstitutionally severe." But the court struck down laws that made the death penalty
mandatory (required) for certain crimes. In addition to state laws on capital punishment, the
death penalty may be imposed under federal laws or military laws.
Capital punishment was widely used during the Middle Ages, especially for crimes against the
state and church. In the 1700's, England had more than 200 capital offenses. Most were abolished
in the 1800's. The United Kingdom abolished capital punishment in 1969. Canada did so in
1976. The United States is the only Western industrialized nation where executions still take
place.
According to the organization Amnesty International, about 100 nations either have formally
abolished capital punishment or have done so in effect. These countries include most European
and Latin American nations. About 90 countries still permit capital punishment, including most
developing nations.
Many people oppose the death penalty, chiefly because they consider it cruel. Critics also warn
against the risk of executing mistakenly convicted people. Supporters of capital punishment
believe that, in certain circumstances, people who take human life deserve to lose their own
lives. Many supporters argue that the threat of death discourages crime more effectively than the
threat of prison does. But studies have shown no unusual increase in murders when the death
penalty is abolished. Hundreds of people have been executed in the United States since the
Supreme Court upheld the death penalty in 1976. In addition, several thousand have been
sentenced to death and are awaiting the outcome of legal appeals.
 Academic Reading Team

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT- Цаазын ял

Capital punishment is punishment by death for committing a crime. Цаазын ял гэдэг нь гэмт хэрэг
үйддэгчийн амийг хөнөөх замаар шийтгэл ноогдуулахыг хэлнэ. Since the early 1800's, most
executions have resulted from convictions for murder. 1800-гаад оны эхэн үеээс хойш болсон
цаазлалтууд ихэнхдээ хүн амьний хэргээс үүдэлтэй байдаг. The death penalty has also been
imposed for such serious crimes as armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. Цаазын ял нь
мөн зэвсэгт дээрэм үйлдсэн, хүн барьцаалсан, хүчингийн хэрэг үйлдсэн этгээдүүд болон эх
орноосоо урвагчид гэх мэт ноцтой гэмт хэрэг үйлдэгчдэд оногдож байсан. People disagree
about whether capital punishment is moral or is effective in discouraging crime. Хүмүүс цаазын
ялыг ёс зүйтэй эсэх болон үнэхээр гэмт хэргийг үр дүнтэйгээр бууруулж чаддаг талаар
маргалддаг.
In the late 1990's, 38 states of the United States had laws that allowed the death penalty. 1990-ээд
оны сүүлээр Америкийн 38 муж цаазаар авах ялыг зөвшөөрдөг байсан хууулиудтай байсан. .
These laws were influenced by a 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision. Энэ тоо нь 1972 онд гаргасан
Америкийн нэгдсэн улсын дэд шүүхийн шийдвэртэй холбоотой.
The court had banned the death penalty as it was then imposed.
Дээд шүүх тухайн үед хэрэгжиж байснаар нь цаазын яланд хориг тавьсан. It ruled that "the
imposition and carrying out of the death penalty" was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of
the 8th and 14th amendments to the Constitution. Шүүх “Цаазын ялыг оноох болон үйлдэх зам”
нь харгис болон ердийн бус шийтгэл ба Үндсэн хуулийн 8 дахь болон 14 дахь
амендментуудыг зөрчиж байна гэж шийдсэн. But the court left open the possibility that the death
penalty might be constitutional--if imposed for certain crimes and applied according to clear
standards. Гэвч шүүх тодорхой гэмт хэргүүдэд тодорхой стандартуудын дагуу үхлийн ялыг
тулгахад хуулинд зөвшөөрөгдсөн байх боломжийг нээлттэй орхижээ.
After the 1972 decision, many state legislatures passed new capital punishment laws designed to
satisfy the Supreme Court's requirements.1972 оны шийдвэрийн дараа мужийн хууль тогтоогчид
дэд шүүхийн шаардлагуудыг хангахын тулд шинэ цаазын ялын хууль баталсан. These laws
limit the death penalty to murder and to other specified crimes that result in a person's death. Энэ
хуулиуд нь цаазын ялыг зөвхөн амь насний хэрэг болон эсвэл хүний аминд хүрсэн бусад
хэргүүдээр хязгаарладаг. Such crimes include armed robbery, hijacking, and kidnapping. Энэ
хэргүүдэд зэвсэгт дээрэм, тээврийн хэрэгсэл барьцаалах, хүн барьцаалах орно. The laws of
several states specify the circumstances under which a judge or jury may impose the death penalty.
Олон тооны мужийн хууль шүүгч цаазын ял тулгах нөхцлүүдийг нарийвчлан заасан байдаг.
In 1976, the court upheld death sentences for three men convicted of murder under new laws in
Florida, Georgia, and Texas. 1976 онд шүүх Флорида, Жеоржиа, Техас мужийн 3 men шинэ
хуулийн дагуу цаазын ял тулгасан. It ruled that capital punishment for murder was "not
unconstitutionally severe." Шүүх цаазын шийдвэр нь хүн амьний хэрэгт хэт хүнд биш гэж үзсэн
Үндсэн хуулийн дагуу юм. But the court struck down laws that made the death penalty mandatory
 Academic Reading Team

(required) for certain crimes. Гэхдээ шүүх цаазын ялыг зарим хэргүүдэд албадмал байлгасан
байдлыг үгүй болгосон. In addition to state laws on capital punishment, the death penalty may be
imposed under federal laws or military laws. Цаазын ял мужаас гадна, federal болон цэргийн
хуулиар оногдож болно.
Capital punishment was widely used during the Middle Ages, especially for crimes against the state
and church. Цаазын ял нь дундад зуунд хамгийн их хэрэглэгдэж байсан ба ялангуяа улсын
болон сүмийн эсрэг гэмт хэрэг үйлдэгчдэд ноогдуулдаг байжээ. In the 1700's, England had
more than 200 capital offenses. 1700-гаад оны үед Англи 200-гаас илүү цаазын хэрэг гарч
байжээ. Most were abolished in the 1800's. 1800-аад оны үед ихэнх нь цуцлагдсан. The United
Kingdom abolished capital punishment in 1969. Их Британи цаазын ялыг 1969 онд үгүй
болгосон. Canada did so in 1976. Канад мөн адилаар 1976 онд үгүй болгосон. The United States
is the only Western industrialized nation where executions still take place. Америкийн Нэгдсэн
Улс нь цаазын ял явагддаг ганц барууны үйлдвэржсэн улс.
According to the organization Amnesty International, about 100 nations either have formally
abolished capital punishment or have done so in effect. Амнести интернашионал гэдэг
байгууллага 100 гаруй улс цаазын ялыг устгасан эсвэл устгасантай адил байдалд байдаг гэж
мэдээллэжээ. These countries include most European and Latin American nations. Энэ улсуудын
тоонд ихэнх Европийн болон Латин Америкийн улсууд ордог. About 90 countries still permit
capital punishment, including most developing nations. Ихэнх хөгжиж буй орнуудыг оруулаад
ойролцоогоор 90 улс одоог хуртэл цаазын ял хэрэгжүүлдэг.
Many people oppose the death penalty, chiefly because they consider it cruel. Маш олон хүмүүс
хэрцгий гэж үзсэнээс цаазын ялын эсрэг байдаг. Critics also warn against the risk of executing
mistakenly convicted people. Мөн шүүмжлэгч нар алдаанаас болоод гэмгүй хүмүүсийг цаазлах
эрсдлийг анхааруулдаг. Supporters of capital punishment believe that, in certain circumstances,
people who take human life deserve to lose their own lives. Цаазын ялыг дэмжигчид хүний амийг
авсан хүмүүс өөрсдийнхөө амийг алдах нь зохистой гэж үздэг. Many supporters argue that the
threat of death discourages crime more effectively than the threat of prison does. Маш олон
дэмжигчид цаазын ялын аюул шоронгийн аюулаас илүү гэмт хэрэг бууруулдаг гэж үздэг. But
studies have shown no unusual increase in murders when the death penalty is abolished. Гэвч
судалгаанууд цаазын ялыг хориглосон тохиолдолд гэмт хэргийн тоонд хэвийн бус нэмэгдэлт
гардаггүй гэж харуулдаг. Hundreds of people have been executed in the United States since the
Supreme Court upheld the death penalty in 1976. 1976 онд Дэд шүүх цаазын ялыг
хэрэгжүүлснээс хойш хэдэн зуун хүн цаазлагдаж байсан. In addition, several thousand have
been sentenced to death and are awaiting the outcome of legal appeals. Мөн одооогийн байдлаар
хэдэн мянган хүн цаазын ял хүртээд шүүхийн хүсэлтийн хариуг хүлээж суугаа.