B.E / B.

Tech DEGREE CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT TEST - I

Odd Semester
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
191PYB101T & ENGINEERING PHYSICS SET-2

(Regulations 2019)
Time: 90 Minutes Answer Key Maximum: 50 marks
PART A – (10 x 1 = 10 marks)
Answer ALL Questions
1. Poisson’s ratio has units of
a) m2 b) N/m2 c) m d) No unit

2. Correct expression for Bulk modulus is

a) PV(dV) b) P(dV) / V c) PV / dV d) PV2/dV

3. The extension of a wire by the application of a load is 3 mm. The extension in a wire of the same material
and length but half the radius by the same load will be
a) 12 mm b) 0.75 mm c) 6 mm d) 1.5 mm

4. If the diameter of the suspension wire is doubled without changing the length in case of a torsional
pendulum, the time period
a) will increase b) will decrease c) will double d) will not be affected

5. Intensity in decibel is expressed as a) log20I/I0 b) 10log20I0/I c) 10log10I/I0 d) 10log10I0/I

6. Using ultrasonic testing method a) defects in metals can be estimated b) thickness of metal sheets and blocks
can be estimated c) both a and b d) none of the above

7. Reverberation of sound in a hall results due to its continued

a) reflection of sound b) diffraction of sound c) absorption of sound d) interference of sound
8. The sound wave of frequency more than 109 is known as a) Ultrasonic b)Infrasonic c) Hypersonics d)
Audible sound
9. The unit of Thermal Conductivity is
a) WΩm-2 b) WΩ-1m-2 c) WΩ-1m-1 d) Wm-1K-1
10. In thermometer element which is used to show temperature is
a) mercury b) Zinc c) gasoline d) glycerine

PART B – (5 x 2 = 10 marks)
Answer ALL Questions
11. The moment of a force about a point is defined as the product of the magnitude of the force and the
2 mark
perpendicular distance from the point to the line of action of force.
12. When a wire is bent back and forth heat is generated due to the area of the elastic hysteresis and 2mark
frictional forces. Hence it becomes hot.
13. T = 0.167V/ A (or) A = 0.167V/T = 0.167 x 7500/1.5 = 835 OWU 2 marks

14. The absorption coefficient of a material is defined as the ratio of the sound energy absorbed by the 2 marks
surface to that of the total sound energy incident on the surface.
Sound energy absorbed by the surface
Absorption coefficient (a) =
Total sound energy incident on the surface
The absorption coefficient can also be defined as the rate of sound energy absorbed by a certain area of
the surface to that of an open window of same area.
15. A bimetallic strip means a strip made of two metals pined together. It is like compound bar. It operates on 2 marks
the principle that different metals have different coefficients of expansion. It is used in heater coil.I

PART C – (3 x 10 = 30 marks)
16th Question is compulsory. Answer any two out of Questions 17, 18 and 19.

16. Depression of a Cantilever when loaded at its end

CANTILEVER:
A cantilever is a beam fixed horizontally at one end loaded to the other end. 1 mark
THEORY:
Let us consider a beam fixed at one end and loaded at its other end as shown in the figure.
Due to load applied at the free end, a couple is created between the two forces
a. Force (load ‘W’) applied at the free end towards downward direction and
b. Reaction(R) acting in the upward direction at the supporting end
The external bending couple tends to bend in the clockwise direction. But since one end of the beam is fixed,
the beam cannot rotate. Therefore, external bending couple must be balanced by another equal and opposite
couple, created due to elastic nature of the body i.e. called as internal beading moment. 2 marks
Under equilibrium condition
External bending moment = Internal bending Moment
LET ‘I’ be the length of the cantilever OA fixed at ‘O’. Let ‘W’ be the weight suspended (loaded) at the free
end of the cantilever. Due to the load applied the cantilever moves to a new position OA’ as shown in this
figure.
Let us consider an element PQ of the beam of length dx, at a distance OP=x from the fixed end. Let ‘C’ be
the center of curvature of the element PQ and let ‘R’ be the radius of the curvature.
Due to the load applied at the free end of the Cantilever, an external couple (Distance between the two
equal and opposite forces) is (l-x).

We know under thermal equilibrium

External bending moment = Internal bending Moment
Therefore, we can write Eqn 1 = Eqn 2

2 Marks

Two tangents are drawn at points P and Q, which meet the vertical line AA’ at T and S respectively Let the
smallest depression produced from T to S = dy and
Let the angle between the two tangents = dƟ Then
we can write

5 Marks
Total depression at the end of the cantilever can be derived by integrating the equation 7 within the limits
‘0’ to ‘1’.
17. Sabine’s Formula for Reverberation Time
Professor Wallace C. Sabine derived from reverberation theory which explains the nature of growth and decay
of sound energy.
Assumptions:
 The sound energy is uniformly distributed throughout the hall
 The absorption of sound by the air is neglected
 The source emits the sound energy constantly.
Steps involved:
1. calculate the rate of incident energy on the walls and the rate of absorption by the walls in terms of average
energy density E
2. calculate the final steady value of E in terms of average energy density
3. calculate the final steady value of E in terms of rate of emission of power P of the source.
4. obtain an expression for the rate of growth and decay of sound energy in a room.
5. obtain the reverberation time. 2 Marks
Consider a small element ‘ds’ on a plane wall AB
Sound energy received by ‘ds’ is E
Draw two concentric circles of radii ‘r’ and ‘r+dr’ from centre point ‘O’
Consider a small shaded portion lying between circles having θ and θ+dθ from normal If
radial length = dr Arc length = rdθ
Area of shaded portion = rdθ dr …(1)
If the whole figure is rotated about the normal through an angle dϕ, then area of shaded portion travel a distance
of dx
dx = r sinθ dϕ … (2)
Volume traced by a shaded portion dV = area X distance dV
= r dθ dr rsinθ dϕ
dV =r2sinθdθdrdϕ … (3)
Sound energy present in this volume = E x dV
= E r2 sinθdθdrdϕ

This sound energy travels in all the direction through this element.
Sound energy present in this volume dV/unit solid angle = 𝐄 𝐫𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝐝ϕ/𝟒𝝅 Solid
angle subtended by the area dS at this element of vol. dV is 𝒅𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 θ /𝒓𝟐 Sound energy
travelling towards dS from dV is
= (𝐄 𝐫𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝐝ϕ/𝟒𝝅) (𝒅𝑺 𝑪𝒐𝒔 θ /𝒓𝟐)
= 𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 𝐝ϕ / 𝟒𝝅 … (4)

To find the total energy by dS in one sec, Integrate the eqn. (4) for whole volume lying within a
distance of C of dS,
ϕ = 0 to 2𝝅
θ = 0 to 𝝅/2
r = 0 to C
Energy received/sec w.r.t. ‘ϕ’ = [𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒𝝅 ] ∫0→2𝝅 𝐝ϕ
= [𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒𝝅] x 𝟐𝝅
= 𝐄 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟐
w.r.t ′θ′ = [𝐄 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟐] ∫0→𝝅/2 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ
Multiply and Divide by 2 = [𝐄 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒] ∫ 0→𝝅/2 2𝐬𝐢𝐧θ 𝑪𝒐𝒔θ 𝐝θ
= [𝐄 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒] ∫0→𝝅/2 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐θ 𝐝θ
= 𝐄 𝐝𝐫 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒
w.r.t. ‘r’ = 𝐄 𝒅𝑺 / 𝟒∫0→c 𝐝𝐫 = 𝐄𝐂𝒅𝑺/4 … (5)

Let ‘a’ be the absorption coefficient of wall. Then, Sound

energy absorbed by dS in one sec = (𝟏/𝟒) 𝐄𝐂𝐚𝒅𝑺
Total energy absorbed at any time = (𝟏/𝟒) 𝐄𝐂 ∑𝐚𝒅𝑺 = (𝟏/𝟒) 𝐄𝐂𝐀 … (6)
If ‘P’ is the rate of emission of sound energy, then,
P = (𝟏/𝟒) Emax CA or Emax = 𝟒𝑷/𝑪𝑨 … (7)

Rate of Growth and Decay

Total rate of energy increase in medium:
Energy density = E
Total volume of the Hall = V
Total sound energy = EV
Rate of growth of sound energy: (𝒅/𝒅𝒕) (𝑬𝑽) = V 𝒅𝑬/𝒅𝒕
W.K.T,
Rate of emission of sound energy = Rate of growth of sound energy + Rate of absorption of sound energy
P = V (𝒅𝑬/𝒅𝒕) + (𝟏/𝟒) 𝐄𝐂𝐀
𝑷/𝑽 = (𝒅𝑬/𝒅𝒕) + (𝐂𝐀/𝟒𝑽)𝐄
Let (𝐂𝐀/𝟒𝑽) = α or (𝐂𝐀/𝟒 α) =𝑽
(𝒅𝑬/𝒅𝒕) + α 𝐄 = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) α Multiply
eαt on both the sides, (𝒅𝑬/𝒅𝒕) eαt + e - αt
α𝐄 = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) αeαt
𝒅/𝒅𝒕 (𝑬 eαt) = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) α eαt
Integrating the above eqn. we get,
𝑬 eαt = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) eαt + K … (8)
1 Marks
Growth of Energy During Growth, t = 0, E = 0
From eqn. (8) ,
K = - 𝟒𝑷/𝑪𝑨
Then, 𝑬 eαt = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) eαt – (𝟒𝑷/𝑪𝑨)
𝑬 eαt = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) (eαt – 1)
𝑬 = Emax (1 – e – αt)
E increases until E = Emax and t = ∞
2 Marks
Decay of Energy If sound energy is cut off, rate of emission P= 0, t = 0, E = E max From
eqn. (8) , K = Emax then,
𝑬 eαt = (𝟒𝑷/𝐂𝐀) eαt + Emax
Since P = 0 𝑬 eαt = Emax
𝑬 = Emax e – αt, even though source is cut off, energy decreases exponentially 2 Marks
 Reverberation time
By definition, E = Emax / 106
from decay of energy, 𝑬 = Emax e – αt
Emax / 106 = Emax e – αt
10-6 = e – αt
Take log on both sides, loge10-6 = - αt
-6 x 2.3026 log1010 = -αt
αt = 6 x 2.3026 α = 𝐂𝐀 / 𝟒𝑽, t =T , then,
(𝐂𝐀𝐓 / 𝟒𝑽) = 𝟔 𝐱 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔
𝐓 = (𝟒𝐕 𝐱 𝟔 𝐱 𝟐.𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔) / 𝐂𝐀
T = 𝟎.𝟏𝟔𝟕 𝐕 /𝐀 3 Marks

18. i)

2 Marks

Principle 2 Marks
Working 2 Marks
Condition for Resonance:
Frequency of the oscillator circuit = Frequency of the vibrating rod 2 Marks

ii) d=vt/2 or v = 2d/t = 2x597.50/0.83 2 Marks

d = 1439.76 m/s
18. FORBES METHOD-DETERMINATON OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY FOR GOOD
CONDUCTORS:

Description:
This method is used to determine the absolute thermal conductivity of metals. It consists of a
long rod (HC) of uniform area of cross section. One end of the rod is enclosed by a steam chamber and
the other end is let free. A number of provision are made in the rod at equal distances in which
thermometers are inserted, a small quantity of mercury is poured in each provision to have good thermal
contact between the rod and the thermometers. 1 Marks

1 Mark
WORKING:
The rod is heated till the steady state is reached (i.e) all the thermometers indicate constant but different
values. Then
The amount of heat flowing per second across B at a distance x from the hot end
 d 
= KA        (1)
 
 dx B
 The heat conducted at B somehow should be lost between B to end C, therefore
The amount of heat lost per second by radiation by the rod beyond the section B is
C
 d 
 

B
dt
 dt 
Since Mass = Volume x Density, we get Mass  Adx ms
C
 d 
Heat lost per second
=  Adx  dt         (2)
B  dt 

The amount of heat flowing per second across B = The amount of heat lost per second by radiation by
the rod beyond the section B
 d  C  d 
dx B B
KA   Adx   
dx  dtdt 
C
 d 

K B
 Adx  d           2 Marks
(3) t
 d 
A 
 dx B

The experiment is divided into 2 parts.

i)
Static experiment to find (dθ/dx)B
C
 d 
ii)
Dynamic experiment to
find  dx  dt 
B  dt 

i) Static experiment: The rod is heated say up to six or seven hours until the steady state is reached. The
temperatures indicated by the thermometers T1, T2, T3, T4 are noted as θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4 respectively. The
distance of the thermometer from the hot end is also noted. A graph is drawn taking distance along x axis
and temperature along y axis as shown.

A tangent is drawn to the corresponding distance B. From the

graph (dθ/dx)B is determined.

2 Marks

ii) Dynamic experiment: A sample piece of the original rod of same area of cross section is heated till it
reaches the temperature of the hot end. Then the sample rod fixed with a thermometer at the center of
the rod is suspended in the open atmosphere and is allowed to cool. The fall in temperature is noted at
regular intervals of time until it reaches the temperature below the temperature of the section B as
chosen in static part.
From graph dθ/dt is determined by taking slopes of different tangents drawn corresponding to T1, T2,
T3, T4
2 Marks
With the above data a third curve is plotted taking distance ‘x’ from the hot end beyond the section B
along x axis and dθ/dt along y axis as shown.

C
 d 
Area of the shaded portion =  dx  
B  dtdt 

S
Therefore Thermal K x Area of shaded portion 2 Marks
conductivity BD / BE