Classical Homoeopathy Book Three

Classical Homoeopathy
Book Three
The Homoeopathic Treatment of Disease
By
Dr. Douglas Jesse

D.C.,D.HOM.,D.HOMI.
Electronic Edition 2011
Copyright © Light Pulsations Communications Pty Ltd

Classical Homoeopathy Book Three
This Book is devoted to the study and practice of homoeopathy, and is intended for personal study
only. However, you will also be able to integrate this knowledge applied to the study of
Ionictherapy. You will understand how the Ionictherapy equation will point to those areas of energy
loss in the body, which are disrupting the orderly flow of the vital force. Finally, it must be pointed
out that this book does not attempt to diagnose or treat specific illness. It is written for students and
professionals in the healing arts. It is advisable to seek professional advice in every case when you
are in doubt about your health, particularly when you have persistent pain or any other continuous
symptoms. The Publisher takes no responsibility for the reader’s health or use or misuse of the
information contained herein.
Chapter One
INFECTIOUS DISEASES: Many diseases met with are acute and infectious to some degree,
and are accompanied by a rise in temperature ( Fever).
The term "acute infectious fever" is usually refers to those infections which tend to
display the following characteristics:
(a) Onset is acute with rise of temperature.
(b) The disease is caused by specific bacteria or virus.
(c) It tends to run a definite course and often occurs in epidemic form.
(d) It is very infectious.
(e) Often one attack confers immunity from a second attack.
Terminology associated with infectious fevers:
1. EPIDEMIC- This is when a large number of cases, occur at the same time followed by a
period in which few or no cases occur.
2. ENDEMIC- Where the disease occurs at any time.
3. SPORODIC- Where scattered cases only of the disease arise.
4. PANDEMIC- Where there is a world wide distribution of the disease.
5. ISOLATION AND PERIOD OF ISOLATION:
Most cases of infectious diseases are isolated to prevent the disease spreading to other people.
The period of isolation required varies with the different diseases, but in any case generally lasts
until the patient no longer harbours the infection organisms.
With some people the organisms may persist indefinitely even after they have recovered
from the illness. Such people are called carriers because they carry the organisms which are
capable of spreading the disease to others.
Some people can also carry the organisms without having had an attack of the disease.
6. INCUBATION PERIOD:
The incubation period is the length of time which elapses between the patients becoming
infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. This period varies with the different diseases.
7. QUARANTINES:
This is the restriction of the activities of people who have been in contact with a case of
2
infectious disease until such time as it is known whether they acquired the disease or not.
8. NOTIFIABLE DISEASES:
Certain diseases, usually the infectious diseases, have to be notified to the Public Health
Department. This enables them to stop the spread of the disease.
FEVERS
With all acute feverish illnesses there is some fever, although the degree varies considerably.
Fever, whatever the cause, is usually accompanied by certain symptoms and signs, and it is
convenient, before describing the infectious fevers, to look at the general symptoms of fevers.
1. FEVER OR PYREXIA:
Fever or Pyrexia is present when the body temperature is raised above normal. In health the
body temperature remains constant as 36.9c. Although a swing of 0.3c above or below that
figure is normal for some people.
The temperature taken in the mouth is usually half a degree higher than that taken in the
axilla or groin, while the rectal temperature is usually on degree higher than the axillary
temperature.
The temperature in the body is the balance between heat production by means of the
general metabolism of the various bodily functions and heat loss through the skin, lungs and
excretions. The heat regulating centre in the brain is responsible for the constant level of the
body temperature in health.
With infections, fever is one of the most constant reliable signs. It is thought to be the
result of toxic products produced by the infecting organism.
GRADES OF FEVER: According to the height of the fever, various grades are often spoken of:
such as :
Slight or moderate: 37.2 to 38.3 c
Severe: 38.9 to 40 c
Hyperpyrexia : 40.5 +
TYPES OF FEVERS:
(a) Continuous Fever:
The temperature remains continuously above the normal.
(b) Remittent Fever:
Considerable fluctuations occur, but the temperature is at all times above normal.
(c) Intermittent Fever:
Temperature fluctuates from normal to above normal from time to time.
TERMINATION OF FEVER:
(a) Crisis: This is a sudden abrupt termination of the fever accompanied by a marked
improvement in the patients condition.
(b) Lysis: Here the fever gradually subsides over a matter of days.
Some diseases generally terminate with a Crisis, others with Lysis.
FEVERS AND AGE:
Any rise in temperature in an infant or young child is likely to be much higher than would be the
case of an adult Children often have high temperatures - 38.9c to 40 c from trivial infections.
3
In contrast, elderly people have a fairly severe infection without much rise in
temperature.
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS:
1. Feeling of being off colour or general malaise.
2. Headache and vague pains in the muscles of the limbs and back.
3. Restlessness.
4. Loss of appetite, often with nausea.
5. Shivering feeling; in severe cases rigours.
6. Skin may be cold to touch in the earliest stages, but later becomes hot and dry. As the fever
progresses, sweating may be profuse.
7. Tongue is usually dry and furred.
8. Pulse rate is usually above normal or 72 beats a minute.
9. Respirations are normally faster than normal rate of eighteen minutes.
10. The output of urine is diminished, and as a result it is dark and concentrated.
11. Constipation.
The above symptoms and signs are almost always present to some extent in most cases
of fevers. In very severe infections other more serious symptoms develop.
RIGOURS: A rigour is a severe shivering attack which is usually accompanied by a rise in
temperature. Rigours are characteristic of some diseases such as, Pyelitis, Lobar Pneumonia,
Malaria and Septicaemia.
Rigours do not occur in infants or young children, in whom convulsions or fits are the
equivalent.
DELERIUM: Delirium is the presence of mental confusion resulting in incoherence in speech
and thought. Hallucinations may also be present. Delirium can be caused by toxaemia affecting
the higher cerebral centres.
Delirium is evidence of a severe toxic state and occurs only in the most severe
infections, mainly Typhoid Fever, Smallpox, Septicaemia and Meningitis.
Delirium with fever is called febrile delirium to distinguish delirium from other causes.
TYPHOID STATE: This is a condition of extreme prostration, often with semi consciousness
and delirium, which may arise in any toxaemia. The typhoid state was first described in typhoid
fever thus its name. However, it is also seen in severe toxaemia apart from typhoid fever.
FEATURES:
(1) Severe prostration
(2) Sordes (dry sores) around mouth
(3) Semi consciousness - often coma
(4) Delirium
(5) Incontinence of both Urine and Faeces
(6) Ceaseless plucking at the bed clothes
(7) Jerking of the tendons on the back of the hands (often a fatal sign).
(8)
4
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE FEVERS:

1. ISOLATION: The fundamental aim of isolation is to prevent the spread of infection. The
patient should be isolated in a separate bedroom away form the rest of the family.
Particular attention must be made to utensils which should be reserved for the patients
personal use. Bedding must be disinfected before use by others.
2. REST: In all cases except the mildest ones the patient should remain in bed. Adequate
ventilation is essential for reducing spread of infection and the comfort of the patient.
Clothing around the neck and sleeves should not be tight.
Both physical and mental rest is essential in all cases of illness.
3. SLEEP: Insomnia is frequently present in acute illness and prevents the patient from
increasing energy to help ward off the illness.
The main causes of insomnia are :
1. Anxiety
2. Physical causes
ANXIETY: Anxiety is always present during illness.
PHYSICAL CAUSES: Although the physical stress of the illness such as pain and discomfort
prevents rest other factors may contribute to the condition such as stuffy atmosphere, draughts,
too hot from the fever, needing to be sponged.
DIET: A suitable diet in feverish illnesses is most important. Owing to excessive loss of fluid
through sweating it is important that sufficient fluids be taken.
During the first few days of a fever the patient should partake of fluids and semi solids.
At least 700mls to 1 litre a day should be taken.
In most cases of fever it is wise not to use heavy solid food, rather it may be wise just to
issue fluids until the fever terminates.
SKIN: Pressure areas require attention in all patients needing prolonged confinement in bed.
Frequent changes of position will avoid pressure sores.
MOUTH: With a fever of any degree the mouth is usually dry and liable to become infected.
Make sure that the patient drink enough water to ensure a clean mouth.
RIGOURS: The patient must be kept warm and covered. When the patient is perspiring tepid
sponging will be necessary.
DELERIUM: Constant attention is necessary in all delirious states. These patients are restless
and try to get out of bed which because of their illness may have serious effects.
HOMEOPATHY AND FEVERS: Usually in fevers the patient is thirsty, if not, then this cuts
down a number of remedies.
If he is thirsty and asks for warm drinks only, that is a PARTICULAR and will enable
the remedy to be found quickly.
If he craves only for cold drinks and brings the drink up rapidly after it is down, then a
certain remedy is the curative one.
Each symptom which is observed and noted should be carefully notated as regards its
modalities - its reaction to circumstances –
(1) Does motion make a symptom worse or better?
(2) What difference does heat or cold or wet hot or cold applications make to the pain.
5
(3) The nature, direction, and time factor of the pain.

If the time aggravation is marked, then it becomes important in deciding which is the
right remedy. This applies to any other symptoms present in the case. If there is diarrhoea, then
the character, consistency, odour of the stool or any accompanying symptoms must be noted.
With vomiting, the colour of the tongue, variations in taste, and the odour of the vomit
must be assessed.
Thus we must in all illnesses look toward the homoeopathic principles and the
philosophy in the treatment of our patient.
IDENTIFICATION: An acute viral disease of sudden onset with slight fever, mild constitutional
symptoms and an eruption which is maculopapular for a few hours, vesicular for three to four
days and leaves a granular scab. Lesions tend to be more abundant on covered than on exposed
parts of the body; may appear on scalp and mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract;
commonly occur in successive crops with several stages of maturity present at the same time;
may be so few as to escape observation. Essentially non-fatal; such death as occur are almost
invariably the result of septic complications or encephalitis.
Synonym: Varicella. OCCURENCE: Nearly universal. In metropolitan communities probably
70% of people have had the disease by 15 years of age. Not uncommon in early infancy. Winter
is the season of greatest prevalence in temperate zones.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: The virus chicken pox. The occasional development of chickenpox in
people exposed to herpes zoster has suggested that the two diseases are different manifestations
of the same viral infection. This concept is supported by the observation similarity of
morphology of the two agents in tissue culture.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is the infected person. Source of
infection is secretions of the respiratory tract; lesions of the skin are of little consequence and
scabs of themselves are not infective.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: From person to person by direct contact, droplet or air-borne
spread; indirectly through articles freshly soiled by discharges from the skin and mucous
membranes of infected people. One of the most readily communicable of diseases, especially in
the early stages of the eruption.
INCUBATION PERIOD: From two to three weeks; commonly 13 to 17 days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: Probably not more than one day before nor more than six
days after the appearance of the first crop of vesicles.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is universal among those not previously
attacked; ordinarily a more severe disease of adults than of children. An attack confers long
immunity; second attacks are rare.
METHODS OF CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE MEASURES; The chief public health importance of this disease is that cases
thought to be chickenpox in people over 15 years or of any age during an epidemic of smallpox,
should be viewed with suspicion and investigated to eliminate possibility of smallpox. Several
investigators have noted fatal chickenpox in patients receiving steroid therapy. If not immune,
effort should be made to protect such people against exposure to chickenpox.
CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACTS AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT:
Report to local health authority. Official report is not ordinarily justifiable. Case report of
chickenpox in adults may be required where smallpox is infrequent.
6
ISOLATION: None; exclusion from school for one week after eruption first appears and avoid
contact with susceptible's.
CONCURRENT DISINFECTION: Articles soiled by discharges from the nose and throat and
from lesions.
TERMINAL DISINFECTIONS: None.
QUARANTINE: None.
IMMUNISATION OF CONTACTS: None.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Of no practical
impotence, except under suspicion of smallpox.
SPECIFIC TREATMENT: None.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: None.
INTERNATIONAL MEASURES: None.
HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT:
Nosode - Varicella 30ch
Remedies - Rhus Tox, Kali Mur, Antimony Tart, Mercurius Sol, Ledum Pal, Antimony Crudum,
Pulsatilla, Sulphur.
SMALLPOX - VARIOLA;
IDENTIFICATION: An exanthematous disease characterised by sudden onset with fever, chills,
headache, severe backache and prostration, continuing for three to four days. The temperature
then falls and a rash appears which passes through stages of macule. papular, vesicle and
pustule, forms crusts and finally scabs which fall off at about the end of the third week. The
eruption is usually symmetrical and general, more profuse on prominences, extensor surfaces,
flexures and depressions. Most abundant and earliest on the face, next on forearms, wrists and
hands and favouring limbs more than the trunk, especially distally. More abundant on shoulders
and chest than on loins or abdomen, but lesions may be so few as to be overlooked.
Variola major (classical smallpox) is a severe disease which in recent years has been
running true to type with fatality about 30%. An uncommon fulminating form, haemorrhagic
smallpox, is characterised by purpura, haemorrhages into the skin and death within three to four
days, usually before the typical rash appears. Variola minor (Alastrim) is a milder form of the
disease which in recent years also has run true to type with fatality less than 1%. it has mild
prodromal symptoms, a discrete and scanty rash and more rapid progression of lesions.
Modification of both the mild and classical forms of the disease, in timing and
maturation of rash and in other clinical features, is to be expected in people with waning
immunity after vaccination.
Laboratory confirmation is by isolation and identification of virus.
OCCURENCE: Distributions within Countries of the world range from sporadic to endemic, to
epidemic, varying widely according to immunity status of a population and frequency of
imported infection. Incidence is greater in winter and least in summer.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: The virus of smallpox.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man; source of infection is
respiratory discharges of patients and lesions of skin and mucous membranes, or materials
contaminated therewith.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By contact with people sick with the disease. Contact need not
be intimate; serial transmission may occur over short distances within closed spaces. Also
7
spread by articles or people freshly from lesions of the skin and other mucous membranes of the
sick; scab remain infectious for variable periods.
INCUBATION PERIOD: From 7 to 16 days, commonly 12 days. A good working rule in
epidemiological investigations is ten days from rash to onset of second illness, or 14 days from
rash to rash, the latter being the more useful in field practice.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: From first symptoms to disappearance of all scabs and
crusts, a period of about two to three weeks. Most communicable in the early stages of the
disease.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is universal, although exposure of a
susceptible person does not always result in the disease. Permanent immunity usually follows
recovery; second attacks are rare. Immunity acquired by vaccination gradually diminishes.
METHODS OF CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE MEASURES; Vaccination at about the third month of age, re-vaccination on
entering school and of all people facing unusual exposure as in travel to endemic regions or
presence of smallpox. Re-vaccination under conditions of sustained high risk may be practiced
at intervals as short as every six months as with troops in military operations.
Workers in hospitals, including physicians, nurses, attendants, laboratory and laundry
employees, should as a group maintain their immune status through prompt vaccination upon
employment and re-vaccination every three years. Such persons often have been responsible for
spread of newly introduced infection in communities with little recent smallpox.
Eczema, agammaglobulinemia and leukaemia are contra-indications against
vaccination; patient with eczema should not come in contact with recently vaccinated people.
CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACTS AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT: Report to
local health authority: Case report universally required by international regulations.
ISOLATION; Hospital isolation in screened wards or rooms until all scabs and crusts have
disappeared.
CURRENT DISINFECTION: Oral and nasal discharged to be deposited in a paper bag or other
suitable container and burned. All articles associated with the patient to be sterilised by high
pressure steam or by boiling.
TERMINAL DISINFECTION: Through cleaning of sick rooms and furniture; sterilisation of
mattress, pillow and bedding.
QUARANTINE: All people living or working on the same premises as the person who develops
smallpox or other-wise having intimate exposure, should be considered contacts and promptly
vaccinated or re-vaccinated or quarantined for 16 days from last exposure. If such contacts are
considered immune by reasons of prior attack or successful re-vaccination within the previous
three years, they should be kept under surveillance until the height of the reaction to the recent
vaccination has passed. If the contact is not considered immune, they should be kept under
surveillance until 16 days have passed since last contact. Any rise of temperature during
surveillance calls for prompt isolation until smallpox can be excluded.
IMMUNISATION OF CONTACTS: Prompt vaccination with a potent vaccine of all contacts,
casual as well as intimate. Investigation of contacts and source of infection: The immediately
prior case should be sought assiduously. Adults with chickenpox or patients with haemorrhagic
or pustular lesions of the skin, particularly those associated in time or place with known
smallpox, need careful review for errors in diagnosis.
8
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Hospital care of patients and suspects until no longer infective.
Careful listing of all contacts and rigorous enforcement of quarantine until protected by
successful vaccination; surveillance for 16 days from last exposure.
Immediate publicity by all available means, giving a simple, clear and frank statement
of the situation and urging all individuals in the area to be vaccinated. Provide potent vaccine to
physicians and hospitals; establish vaccination clinics for people without a private physician.
Mass immunisation of whole populations of a community or larger area is an emergency
measure to be used when smallpox has entered a community and given evidence of material
spread.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT:
Nosode - Variolinum 30ch
Remedies - Antimony Tart, Carbonicum Acidum, Crotalus Horridus, Hamamelis, Mercurius
Solubilis, Chininum Sulph.
It must be obvious to all that several of these conditions mentioned require life support
systems and\or isolation. The information is given to provide a background knowledge to the
Practitioner and on the understanding that some of the Homoeopathic medicines used freely in
other parts of the western world are not available in Australia.
It is also true that some of the conditions like measles, mumps, chickenpox, respond
readily to Homoeopathic treatment.
Suggested reading material:
"Homoeopathy in Epidemic Diseases" by Dr. Dorothy Shepherd.
MEASLES:
Cause: Virus infection.
Spread: Spread by direct contact through droplet infection from sneezing or coughing. It is very
contagious, especially in the catarrhal stage before the rash appears.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Ten to Fourteen days.
INCIDENCE: Maximum incidence of the disease is between ages of 8 months in winter and
spring when widespread epidemics may occur.
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS: Onset is usually abrupt with catarrhal symptoms present e.g.
(1) Coryza
(2) Photophobia
(3) Conjunctivitis
(4) Bronchitis
Also there are present symptoms of running eyes and nose, coughing and sneezing.
Often laryngitis with hoarseness is present.
Prior to the appearance of the rash many cases show Koplik spots. These are small white
spots on the mucous membranes of the mouth beside the molar teeth. They often disappear
when the rash comes out. Koplik’s spots are only seen in measles.
The temperature rises on the first day, often to 37.8 to 39.4 c. It usually falls slightly on
the third day, to rise again in the fourth day at the onset of the rash.
The rash appears on the fourth day of the illness. It is seen first on the forehead and
behind the ears, and soon spreads all over the face and body. The rash is a dusky red macular
9
eruption which gives a bloated, swollen appearance to the face.

The rash gradually fades and is gone in a week, whilst the temperature falls slowly. The
infection varies in severity from mild to serious ill cases.
COMPLICATIONS: Bronchopneumonia is the most important complication of measles and is
responsible for most of the deaths. Its is especially frequent in young children.
Acute gastroenteritis. This is particularly liable to arise in infants and children under 2 years of
age.
Conjunctivitis,
Blepharitis
Corneal Ulceration.
Stomatitis.
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord is a rare complication of measles, as it is of many of
the other infectious fevers.
TREATMENT:
ACONITE: Aconite is given as a routine measure in all kinds of fevers and high temperatures.
This habit only conduces to trouble and may delay the healing process.
Aconite is indicated for a definite type of measles. A chubby, rosy, robust, well
developed child is stricken down rapidly with a dry cough, some retching, intense fever, violent
burning heat, great restlessness and anxiety.
He may have been out in a cold wind; thirsty for cold water; of which he cannot get
enough, glassy eyes with red face.
If symptoms are as above and you give aconite the rash will come out the next day, and
in two or three days the child will be well.
If aconite is given to a child who has not got the red face, the restlessness and fearfulness
with great thirst, you will get no response, and you will have to change the remedy a day or two
later.
ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM: A measles case with this type is quite different. The child as ugly,
cross and peevish; cannot bear to be touched or looked at. The nostrils as well as the corners of
the mouth are sore and cracked.
He has a hot, red face, like Aconite it is true. There is no thirst, no anxiety, no
restlessness. Instead he is delirious and drowsy. The tongue is covered with a thick slimy, milky
white fur. He will retch and gag easily at any food offered to him. He objects to a hot room, or
being near a hot fire.
APIS MEL: An Apis case is difficult again. The face is puffy, swollen and red; the eyelids are
swollen, the child is delirious, gradually becoming unconscious. The eyes are intensely red, face
flushed, worse when the room is hot.
There is shrieking and calling out during sleep. The rash is usually not properly out. The
head may be drawn back and held rigidly. The child refuses hot drinks and hot applications.
We give Apis and the temperature will go down and the complaint cleared within four to
five days.
ARSENICUM ALB: This has the usual symptoms of restlessness, weakness, prostration; feels
chilly and wants to be well covered, with a desire to sip hot drinks - cold drinks being refused.
10
BELLADONNA: The face and whole body is burning red and hot. The heat is so intense that
you feel that you may burn your hand. The body is scarlet and dry; the eyes are red and pupils
dilated.
The mouth, lips and throat are hot and dry. There is great thirst and restlessness. The
Belladonna patient wants to be kept warm.
BRYONIA ALB: This is the most commonly used remedy for measles. Bryonia typifies most of
the usual measles symptoms, comes on slowly, 3 days to develop, mild cold, nasal catarrh, hard
dry cough, rash out in three days.
Bryonia should always be considered in acute diseases and is most useful in measles.
EUPHRASIA: This is excellent for cases of measles where we have inflammation of the eyes
and eyelids; catarrhal condition of the eyes with profuse burning tears. The lids of the eyes burn
and itch and are swollen. The rash is about the eyes with puffiness and bloating, headache,
photophobia and high temperature.
GELSEMIUM: This is used when measles develops during a warn to mild winter. Symptoms of
cold, with catarrh for several days, tiredness and weariness of the whole body and limbs.
Purplish congestion of the head and face. Tiredness - weariness and disinclination to move.
IPECACUANHA: This is indicated when there is nausea, vomiting, great weakness and
prostration with an absence of thirst vomiting with a clear red tongue.
KALI BICHROMICUM: This is useful in the latter stages of the disease. When we see
discharges from the eyes, nose and mouth which are profuse, purulent, stingy and ropey then
Kali Birch. is recommended. Also the glands of the neck is swollen and deafness due to
blockage of the Eustachian Tubes.
PHOSPHOROUS: This remedy is useful when there are symptoms in the bronchial tubes and
the lungs. Breathing is rapid, pulse and temperature is high. There is a bright red flush on the
cheeks.
PULSATILLA: There are the usual measles symptoms although this case shows a patient who is
depressed, weepy and dislikes being left alone - needs constant attention.
RHUS TOX: Here with the common measles symptoms we find a restless patient, with aches
and pains with the absence of fear or anxiety. Tongue has whitish fur with a bright red tip.
SULPHUR: Sulphur is used in the treatment of measles when the patient has been treated by
other practitioners.
Generally - use Pulsatilla; and Sulphur with Aconite and Euphrasia when required.
RUBELLA - GERMAN MEASLES:
Cause: Virus Infection.
Spread: By direct contact and droplet infection on coughing, sneezing etc.
Incubation Period: Fourteen days to nineteen days.
Incidence: Adults as well as children are affected. The disease is most prevalent in spring and
early summer.
Symptoms: The onset is less acute than in measles and the patient is far less ill. There are
general symptoms of a mild infection, namely, malaise, headache, nasal catarrh and a slight
temperature.
The rash appears on the first day of illness. It begins on the face and spreads to the trunk
and limbs. It is a discrete, pink, oracular eruption, not usually as confluent and widespread as in
measles. Koplik’s spots do not occur.
11
The occipital and cervical lymph glands are characteristically enlarged.

The whole illness is usually mild and complications are rare.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT FOLLOWS THE SAME COURSE AS WITH MEASLES.
INFLUENZA:
Cause: Virus infection of which there are many strains.
Spread: By droplet infection. Influenza is highly infectious.
Incubation Period: One to three days.
INCIDENCE: It occurs throughout the world in wide spread epidemics, which vary in their
clinical pictures and fatality rates.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Onset is usually sudden with symptoms similar to those of the
common cold or bronchitis. The symptoms vary with different epidemics.
The general constitutional upset is more severe than with an ordinary cold, headache,
chills, lethargy are common.
There is present cough, sneezing, running nose and eyes, and laryngitis.
Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pains are a feature of some outbreaks.
COMPLICATIONS: Bronchopneumonia
REMEDIES:
ARSENICUM ALB: This is where there is restlessness, prostration, weakness, pains, headache,
backache, great thirst and general aggravation after midnight.
ALLIUM CEPA: Especially after exposure to cold damp wind; symptoms of watery discharge
form the eyes, and excoriating discharge form the nose, throat and larynx are raw extending into
the chest; tickling cough and tearing pain in the larynx - left sided nasal catarrh.
BAPTISIA: Comes on rapidly, prostration, stupidity, mottled face; patient looks as if drunk;
confused, delirious and restless.
BRYONIA ALB: Sleepy, heavy, lethargic patient, flushed face and dislikes being disturbed,
backache, headache, aching limbs and profuse perspiration.
GELSEMIUM: Great exhaustion, weariness, prostration, thirst less.
HEPAR SULPH: Stitching pain in the throat and is sensitive to pain, needs to cover the back of
the neck.
PULSATILLA: Shivers up and down the back with high temperature. Much catarrh and
congestion in the nose and throat.
GLANDULAR FEVER
INFECTIOUS MENOMUCLEOSIS
Cause: Virus infection.
Incubation Period: Five to ten days
INCIDENCE: Chiefly in children and young adults. It occurs sporadically and in epidemics.
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS: The onset is usually gradual with general malaise, tiredness, loss of
appetite and rise of temperature.
In some cases there is sore throat, which my be covered with exudate. A measles type of
rash may develop.
12
The lymph glands become enlarged, usually after a few weeks. The cervical glands are
particularly enlarged but axillary and inguinal are also affected. The spleen enlarges.
Blood examination reveals increased number of white cells, and especially the
monocytes - hence the name mononucleosis.
The diagnosis can be confirmed by an agglutination test called Paul Bunnell Test,
though this is not always positive.
HOMOEOPATHIC APPROACH: Although there is no specific treatment one must be guided by
symptoms and treatment followed.
However, experience in treatment of many cases of glandular fever show quick response
to treatment with homoeopathic complex remedies. Such treatment usually has the patient
functioning well within two to three weeks.
CHICKENPOX - VARICELLA
Spread: By droplet infection.
Incubation Period: Twelve to twenty one days, usually fourteen.
INCIDENCE: The disease is very common, attacking all age groups, especially children under
10. Chickenpox is prevalent in Autumn and Winter.
SYMPTOMS: The onset is usually mild. The patient merely feeling off colour, with a slight
pyrexia. In children, the first sign of the disease is the rash.
The rash has the following characteristics:-
(a) It appears first on the trunk, particularly on the back, and then spreads to the face and limbs.
The eruption is densest on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs.
(b) Red papules appear first, which rapidly change vesicles and pustules. Within a few days the
pustules dry up and form scabs which quickly fall off.
(c) The rash appears in crops so that all types of lesion, papules, vesicles, pustules and crusts are
seen together.
COMPLICATIONS: Chickenpox is nearly always a mild disease, severe toxic types being very
rare. The most frequent complication is infection of the rash through scratching.
DIAGNOSIS: Differential diagnosis is to distinguish a severe case of chickenpox from a mild
case of smallpox. This differentiation usually rests on the order of appearance. The distribution
and in smallpox, the protracted development of the rash.
Chickenpox may also be mistaken for impetigo, urticaria and scabies.
In chickenpox the spots are soft to touch, while in smallpox the lesions are deep-set,
hard and gritty to feel and are umbilicated and divided by sepsis.
Treatment:
ANTIMONIUM TARTARICUM: This is almost a specific for chicken pox. The patient is
drowsy, perspires freely, there is nausea, the eruption is slow in coming out, and Ant. Tart. will
accelerate it. Sometimes there are bronchial complications and this remedy will break up the
lung trouble.
MERCURIUS: This is required if the vesicles suppurate and discharge purulent matter. There is
great weakness, easy sweating, and the patient feels worse at night.
RHUS TOX: The itching is intense, there is restlessness, and in many cases this remedy will
make the eruption disappear rapidly.
13
SULPHUR: This may be needed where the patient is weak and prostrated, has no appetite, and
is slow to recover.
MUMPS - EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS

Spread; By droplet infection through the respiratory tract.
Incubation Period:
Mumps is chiefly seen in children between the ages of 5 to 15 years and also in young
adults. Epidemics occur mainly in schools and institutions.
SYMPTOMS: In some cases the first sign of the disease may be the swollen face. Usually,
however, the initial symptoms of pyrexia, headache, and sore throat arise a few days before the
characteristic swelling of the parotid glands.
Nosode- Diphtherinum 30ch, Scarletinum 30ch
Remedies:
Mercurius Cyanatus
Gelsemium
Belladonna
Iodum
Arsenicum Album
Lycopodium
Echinacea
Mercurius Biniodatus
Muriaticum Acidum
Phytolacca
PAROTITIS - MUMPS
IDENTIFICATION: An acute viral infection of sudden onset characterised by fever and by
swelling and tenderness of one or more salivary glands, usually the parotid, some times the sub-
lingual or submaxillary glands. Involvement of ovaries and testicles is more frequent in people
past puberty; involvement of the central nervous system is not infrequent early or late in the
disease. Orchitis and meningoencephalitis due to mumps virus sometimes occur without
involvement of a salivary gland. Death from mumps is exceedingly rare. Synonym : Infectious
Parotitis. The virus may be found in the saliva, blood and cerebro-spinal fluid.
OCCURRENCE: Clinical disease is less frequent than with other common communicable
diseases of childhood, such as measles and chickenpox; many unapparent infections. Winter and
spring are seasons of greatest prevalence; sporadic and epidemic except in large cities where the
disease is endemic. Outbreaks are frequent and serious in young adults, and especially the
military.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: The virus of mumps.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Man is the reservoir; source of infection is
saliva of infected persons.
14
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By droplet spread and by direct contact with an infected person,
or indirectly through articles freshly soiled with the saliva of such persons.
INCUBATION PERIOD: From 12 to 26 days, commonly 18 days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: From about seven days before distinctive symptoms and
persisting as much as nine days thereafter, but no longer than swelling of salivary gland.
Susceptible's may contract the disease through exposure to people with unapparent infection.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility believed to be general. Second attacks
are uncommon; immunity generally held to be lifelong and develops after unapparent as well as
clinical attack.
METHODS OF CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Effective vaccines are available but have limited value because
induced immunity probably does not exceed two years.
CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACTS AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIROMENT: Report to
local health authority: Official report is ordinarily justifiable.
ISOLATION: For nine days.
CONCURRENT DISINFECTION: Of eating and drinking utensils; of articles soiled with
secretions of nose and throat.
TERMINAL DISINFECTION: None.
QUARANTINE: None.
IMMUNISATION OF CONTACTS: Not applicable generally.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Not profitable.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: No procedures in common use are effective in control of epidemics.
Nosode - Parotidinum 30ch
Remedies –
Rhus Tox,
Belladonna,
Mercurius Solubilis,
Pilocarpus
Jaborandi
Aconitum,
Pulsatilla.
PERTUSSIS - WHOOPING COUGH:
IDENTIFICATION: An acute bacterial infection involving trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and
characterised by a typical cough, usually of one to two months duration. The initial catarrhal
stage has an insidious onset with irritating cough which gradually becomes paroxysmal, usually
within one to two weeks. Paroxysms are characterised by a repeated series of violent coughs,
each series having many coughs without intervening inhalation and followed by characteristic
crowing of high pitched respiratory whoop; frequently ends with expulsion of clear, tenacious
15
mucous. Young infants and adults often do not have the typical paroxysm. An absolute
lymphocytosis is usual. The over-all fatality is low, less than 0.5%, but approximately 70% of
deaths are among children under one year of age, where fatality at times is as high as 30%.
Synonym : Pertussis. The infection agent is readily recovered during catarrhal and early
paroxysmal stages by nasopharyngeal swab. Parapertussis is an allied disease clinically
indistinguishable from whooping cough. It is usually milder and is relatively infrequent,
incidence being indefinite. Identification is by immunologic differences between Hemophilus
Parapertussis and H. Pertussis.
OCCURANCE: A frequent and common disease among children everywhere regardless of race,
climate or geographic location. In large communities incidence is generally highest in late
winter and early spring; in smaller communities the seasonal incidence is variable.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Hemophilus Pertussis, Pertussis Bacillus.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Man is the reservoir. Source of infection is
discharges from laryngeal and bronchial mucous membranes of infected people.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By direct contact with an infected person, by droplet spread or
indirectly by contact with articles freshly soiled with discharges of such people.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Commonly seven days, almost uniformly within 10 days and not
exceeding 21 days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: Particularly communicable in early catarrhal stage before
paroxysmal cough confirms provisional clinical diagnosis. After paroxysms are established,
communicability gradually decreases and becomes negligible for ordinary non-familial contacts
in about three weeks even though spasmodic cough with whoop may persist. For control
purposes, the communicable stage is considered to extend from seven days after exposure to
three weeks after onset of typical paroxysms.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is general; no good evidence of
temporary passive immunity in young infants born of immune mothers. Whooping cough is
predominantly a childhood disease, the incidence being highest under 7 years of age and
mortality highest in infants, particularly those under 6 months. One attack confers a definite and
prolonged immunity but second attacks occasionally occur, particularly in exposed adults. Both
active and passive immunity may be induced by appropriate means.
METHODS OF CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: General immunisation of all susceptible preschool children is an
effective procedure for control of pertussis.
local health authority: Case report obligatory in most states and countries.
ISOLATION: Separation of the patient from susceptible children and exclusion of the patient
from school and public places for the recognised period of communicability. Isolation of
children over two years of age is often impracticable; even for those under two, should not be
insisted upon at the expense of fresh air in the open if weather permits.
CONCURRENT DISINFECTION: Discharges from the nose and throat and articles soiled
therewith.
TERMINAL DISINFECTION: Thorough cleaning.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: A search for unrecognised and unreported cases is of value to protect
preschool children from exposure and to assure adequate medical care for those exposed,
especially infants. The comparatively high mortality among young infants justifies intensive
effort toward their protection.
16
The enlarged parotid glands produce swelling below the angle of the jaw and the skin
over the glands become tense and shiny. One gland is usually enlarged for a short time before
the other. There is often a complaint of pain on eating and it may be difficult to open the mouth.
The enlargement of the glands usually subsides within seven to ten days. The
temperature falls when the glands begin to subside, which is generally within a few days.
COMPLICATIONS: Orchitis, of inflammation of the testes, is a well recognised complication
which is most frequently seen in older children and adults. With the onset of orchitis fever
returns with pain and swelling of the testes.
TREATMENT:
Aconite: When there is fever, restlessness, thirst, pain, in the acute early stages.
Pulsatilla: When the testicles or breasts are involved.
Belladonna: When the parotitis is right-sided, with fever, redness and swelling.
Rhus Tox: When the parotitis is left-sided, with swelling and erythema, worse from cold and
damp.
Sulphur: Needed if infection becomes a complication.
Hepar Sulph - Calc; Of value for suppuration and severe infective complications.
WHOOPING COUGH – PERTUSSIS:
Cause: An organism called Pertussis Bacillus.
Spread: Usually by droplet infection in coughing; less commonly the disease is spread by
contact with infected clothes.
Incubation Period: Seven to fourteen days.
SYMPTOMS:
(1) Catarrhal or per-paroxysmal stage. This stage usually lasts about a week, during which time
the child appears to be afflicted with a bad cold. Fever is often present, whilst the cough tends to
be very persistent and may be associated with vomiting.
(2) Paroxysmal Stage.
(a) When this stage is reached there is no mistaking the illness. Paroxysmal attacks of severe
coughing occur, the patient going blue in the face and holding the breath. When it seems that the
patient may suffocate, a long deep inspiration with a loud whoop occurs.
(b) Vomiting frequently occurs at the end of the paroxysm.
(c) Thick sticky mucous is expectorated.
(d) There may be as many as twenty or more of these bouts in a severe attack.
COURSE: The paroxysmal stage usually lasts for three or more weeks, the bouts becoming less
severe. The younger the child the more severe the disease, so that most of the deaths occur in
children under 1 year of age.
COMPLICATIONS:
(1) Bronchopneumonia. This is the outstanding complication of whooping cough and is
responsible for most of the deaths amongst infants.
(2) Bronchiectasis. Collapse of part of the lung may occur in the acute stage owing to the thick
mucous obstructing a bronchus. If the lung does not re-expand, the permanent collapse may give
rise to bronchiectasis.
17
(3) Gastroenteritis. In children under 2 whooping cough often leads to gastroenteritis,

particularly in the summer months when enteritis is prevalent.
(4) Convulsions. Repeated convulsions are serious and may prove fatal.
TREATMENT: In the early stages the symptoms are usually those of a common cold and point
to Aconite and then Ipecac, which remedies may be given alternatively, or as the case may
demand.
When the spasmodic whoop is present then Drosera should be given every three hours.
Belladonna: Dry-cough, spasmodic contraction of the larynx, sore throat, flushed face, suffused
eyes, convulsions.
Aconite: Febrile symptoms, dry cough, burning pain in the larynx.
Cuprum Met: Paroxysms attended with threatened suffocation, vomiting, rattling noise in the
bronchial tubes, convulsions.
Drosera: Similar to Cuprum, but without convulsions.
Ipecac: Dry cough, vomiting especially in the early stages of the disease.
POLIOMYELITIS:
Identification: An acute illness characterised by fever, malaise, headache, stiffness of neck and
back and moderately increased cells and protein of the spinal fluid. Paralysis of voluntary
muscles, most commonly of lower extremities, occurs in severe cases, many infection of the
non-paralytic type are mild and some are indistinguishable from the Aseptic Meningitis
Syndrome, others have vague symptoms and no signs referable to the central nervous system.
Unapparent infection exceeds clinical cases at least a hundredfold. Fatality varies form 2 to 10%
and for bulbar poliomyelitis from 5 to 60%. Synonym : infantile paralysis. Paralytic
poliomyelitis ordinarily is identifiable clinically but non paralytic poliomyelitis usually requires
laboratory tests for exact recognition. The virus of poliomyelitis can be isolated by tissue culture
from faeces or throat secretions during early and current infections.
Other non suppurative, mainly viral, infectious of the central nervous system
(Arthropod-borne Encephalitis, Encephalitis, other forms, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis,
Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome, Syphilitic Meningitis and Tuberculous Meningitis) are to be
differentiated from non-paralytic poliomyelitis. Together these conditions account for a
considerable proportion of cases reported as non-paralytic poliomyelitis. especially in non
epidemic times.
OCCURANCE: Poliomyelitis infection occurs throughout the world. The clinical disease occurs
sporadically and in epidemics, with incidence highest in summer and early autumn but varying
widely from year to year and region to region. Large areas may experience low incidence for
several years with an ultimate reappearance of high incidence. Paralytic disease is more frequent
in temperate zones. Children form 1 to 16 years of age are more frequently attacked than adults,
but in several areas including Australia, the proportion of cases among older children and young
adults is greater than formerly. In densely populated areas, especially tropical or subtropical,
where crowding prevails and sanitation is poor, the age pattern of poliomyelitis differs and
points to usual infection with all three types of virus early in life; clinical paralytic disease is
there confined mainly to the first five years, is relatively infrequent, epidemics are few and
serological studies reveal the general presence of antibodies after the first few years of life. Age
of initial infection of population groups is in a general way related to social status. In countries
where artificial immunization has been concentrated among the least vaccinated population
groups.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Polio virus, types 1,2 and 3; readily isolated by tissue culture and
distinguishable immunological.
18
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man, most frequently people

suffering from clinically unrecognised or unapparent infections, especially children. Source of
infection is pharyngeal secretions and faeces of infected people.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Direct contact and droplet spread through close association with
infected people. In rare instances milk has been a vehicle. No reliable evidence of spread by
other foods, insects or sewage; water is rarely involved. Whether the faeces or respiratory
secretions of an infected person have the greater importance in transmission has not been
determined. Virus is more readily detectable and for a longer period in faeces than in the throat,
but there is epidemiologic evidence to suggest that respiratory spread is important, especially
where good sanitation is practiced.
INCUBATION PERIOD: From three to 21 days, commonly seven to 12 days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: Communicability is at maximum level in late incubation
and early days of acute illness, virus being present in that secretions and faeces; persists in
faeces for three to six weeks or longer but spread of infection after the acute stage is rare.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility to infection is general but few infected
people develop paralysis. Type-specific resistance of long duration follows both clinically
recognisable and unapparent infection. Second attacks are rare and presumably due to infection
with a different type. Infants born of an immune mother have transient passive immunity.
Removal of tonsils, recent or remote, predisposes to bulbar involvement. Infections of
precipitated antigen and certain other substances may precipitate paralysis in an already infected
but otherwise symptomless person, the paralysis being characteristically confined to or
appearing first in the injected limb.
Excessive muscular fatigue in the prodromal period may likewise predispose to paralytic
involvement. An increased susceptibility to paralytic poliomyelitis appears to be associated with
pregnancy.
METHODS OF CONTROL:
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Active immunisation with formulated virus (Salk vaccine)
reduces the risk of paralytic disease, but does not prevent infection or excretion of virus by those
infected. Duration of protection is still to be determined.
Immunisation of all people in susceptible age groups is the desired objective, but in
community programs priority should be given to ages with highest incidence and to selected
groups at unusual risk.
local health authority: Obligatory case report in most states and countries.
Isolation: For one week from date of onset. or for duration of fever if longer. Of little
value because spread of infection is greatest in the prodromal period and because of the many
recognised infections present in a community.
Current disinfection: Of throat discharges and faeces and of articles soiled therewith. In
communities with modern and adequate sewerage disposal systems, faeces and urine can be
disposed of directly into sewer without preliminary disinfection.
Terminal disinfection: Cleaning.
Quarantine: Of unproved value.
Immunisation of contacts: Vaccination of familial and other close contacts contributes little to
immediate control.
Investigation of contacts and source of infection:
19
Thorough search for sick persons, especially children, to assure treatment of

unrecognised and unreported cases.
Specific treatment: None; attention to prevention and management of paralysis.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES:
Mass vaccination should be undertaken at the earliest indication of an epidemic, but
cannot be expected to have an immediate effect; it is no substitute for routine immunisation. The
value of live vaccines in outbreak control is being explored. Mass passive immunisation is not
practical.
Protection of children so far as practicable against unnecessary close contact with
people outside the family. Urban schools should not be closed or opening delayed but intensive
or competitive athletic programs should be postponed. In time of epidemic, rural schools,
especially where buses are used to gather children form sparsely populated areas and boarding
schools which draw children from areas free of the disease and at a distance, should no be
opened until the epidemic subsides.
Postponement of elective nose and throat operations. Postponement of inoculation of
any precipitated type antigen unless risk of disease for which immunisation is intended is
considered greater than the slightly increased risk of poliomyelitis.
Avoidance of excessive physical strain as in violent exercise during epidemic or after
known exposure.
Avoidance of unnecessary travel and visiting, especially of children, during high
prevalence of infection.
Isolation in bed of all children with fever, pending diagnosis.
Education in such techniques of bedside nursing and clinical care as well, restrict the
development of deformities and reduce risk of transmission of infection.
Provision for prolonged care of paralysed cases to provide maximum recovery through
rehabilitation therapy.
Nosode - Poliomyelitis 30ch
Remedies –
Gelsemium
Aethusa Cynapium
Causticum
Bungaras
Lathyrus
Kali Phos
RHEUMATIC FEVER:
IDENTIFICATION: Rheumatic fever is an occasional sequel of Group A haemolytic
streptococcal upper respiratory infection; sometimes occurs in the absence of such recognised
prior infection. The main clinical manifestations are migratory polyarthritis, carditis, chorea,
subcutaneous nodules and erythema marginatum. Fever, rapid pulse, non traumatic epistaxis,
abdominal and precordial pain, pallor, anorexia, weight loss, a fast sedimentation rate,
leucocytosis and electrocardiographic changes are a second group of findings of lesser
diagnostic significance. With a history of previous attack, combination of the above suggest
20
recurrence of rheumatic fever. Mild and unapparent infections occur, their relative frequency
unknown; definite and even severe heart disease develops in the absence of evident acute
rheumatic fever. An important cause of death among children aged six to ten years the fatality is
appreciable, commonly 3 to 5% in endemic areas. Synonym : Acute Articular Rheumatism.
OCCURENCE: A frequent disease in temperate zones throughout the world. Seasonal incidence
is that of streptococcal infection, in Australia predominantly during spring months and low
during summer and early autumn. Predilection for race or sex has not been defined. For
unknown reasons, incidence and mortality of rheumatic fever are declining.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Unknown. Attacks are usually precipitated by Group A streptococcal
respiratory infections, frequently unrecognised or so mild as to have had no medical attention.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Unknown.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Not applicable. Symptoms appear about two or three weeks after a
recognised Group A streptococcal infection.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: Not known to be communicable; the preceding
streptococcal infection which may precipitate rheumatic fever is communicable but usually has
subsided by the time rheumatic fever develops.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: All ages are susceptible; the greatest incidence is in
children 6 to 12 years old.
METHOD OF CONTROL
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: No practical measure of prevention except those for Group A
streptococcal infections.
local health authority:
Areas of high incidence will profit materially to encouraging individual case report over
prescribed periods sufficient to acquire epidemiological data necessary for improved methods of
control.
Isolation: None.
Concurrent disinfection: None.
Terminal disinfection: None.
Quarantine: None.
Immunisation of contacts: None.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: None.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Epidemics of rheumatic fever occur in association with epidemics of
Group A streptococcal infection will prevent the subsequent development of rheumatic fever and
thus prevent about half of the cases of rheumatic fever.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
Nosode - Streptococcinum Haemolyticus 30ch
Remedies –
Sulphur
Ignatia
21
Ailanthus Gland
Trimethylaminum
Spongia Tosta
RUBELLA:
IDENTIFICATION: A mild febrile infectious disease with a rash of variable character,
sometimes resembling that of measles, sometimes that of scarlet fever and sometimes an
admixture of both; few or no constitutional symptoms but almost always enlargement of the post
auricular, sub occipital or post cervical group of lymph nodes; occasionally others. Mild
catarrhal symptoms may be present. Infection without a rash has been produced experimentally.
Leukopenia is usual during fever. Synonym: German Measles.
Because of inconsistencies in clinical and epidemiological behaviour, differentiation of
rubella from a number of other mild viral infections of similar nature is often required:
ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM - (Fifth Disease); A mild non febrile erythematous eruption
occurring in epidemics among children. Characterised clinically by a malar flush and reddening
of the skin which occurs, fades and recurs; exaggerated by exposure to sunlight and
unaccompanied by constitutional symptoms. Outbreaks are now recognized more frequently
than formerly; not clear than this represents and increased occurrence. Of no significance as far
as morbidity is concerned, but must be differentiated from rubella and from other exanthemata
listed here. A virus of presumed etiologic significance has been isolated from patients.
EXANTHEM SUBITUM - (Roseola Infantum Sixth Disease): An acute illness with sudden
onset, usually confined to children under four years of age and commonly those about one year.
A sudden rise in temperature of intermittent type, sometimes to 105 F or 106 F, lasts three to
five days. Lysis of fever ordinarily is followed by a typical maculopapular rash on the trunk and
later on the rest of the body. The rash fades rapidly. Prevalence is greater in spring and fall. The
incubation period is about 10 days, with an range of 7 to 17 days. The disease is only mildly
communicable. many unapparent and unrecognised infections seemingly occur among older
children. An infectious agent has been isolated but confirmation is awaited.
Other infections: Macular and maculopapular rashes occur in about 20% of patients with
infectious mononucleosis. Similar rashes occasionally are associated with Group A Coxsacke
infections. Presence of Koplik spots and acute respiratory symptoms suggest measles.
OCCURENCE: Epidemic in expression, mostly in childhood, but with more adult patients than
in measles. Appreciable epidemics are recorded in military practice and among school students,
more prevalent in winter and spring than in other seasons. World-wide distribution and a
common communicable disease.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: The virus of rubella.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man; source of infection is
nasopharyngeal secretions of infected people.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By droplet spread or direct contact with patient, or by indirect
contact with articles freshly soiled with discharges from nose or throat. Air-borne transmission
also occurs.
INCUBATUON PERIOD: From 14 to 21 days; usually 18 days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: For at least four days after onset of catarrhal symptoms
and probably not much longer, the exact period being undetermined. Highly communicable.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is general among young children. One
attack usually confers permanent immunity.
22
METHODS OF CONTROL: Efforts to control Rubella are prompted by the hazard of

significant congenital defects in offspring of women who acquire the disease during pregnancy;
most commonly congenital cataracts, heart disease and deaf mutism, The extent of the risk is
variously described, but approximately 10% of living infants born after maternal Rubella during
the first trimester of pregnancy have anomalies.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: No attempt should be made to protect female children in good
health against exposure to the disease before puberty. Deliberate exposure has been
recommended by some authorities.
local health authority: Obligatory report of epidemics; case report ordinarily serves no useful
purpose; may be required specifically where contact include susceptible women in first four
months of pregnancy.
Isolation: None, except where contact include a woman in early pregnancy; then under direction
of the attending physician for five days after onset.
Quarantine: None.
Immunisation of Contacts: Immune serum globulin (gamma globulin) has provided irregular
protection against rubella. Its use should be considered only for adult female contacts with no
history of rubella who are within the first four months of pregnancy. Large doses are necessary.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Of no practical value
except to clarify possible confusion with scarlet fever; and to identify adult female contacts in
the first four months of pregnancy.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: None.
Nosode - Rubella 30ch
Remedies –
Antipyrine
Aconite
Belladonna
MEASLES - MOMEARBILLI – RUBEOLA:
IDENIFICATION: An acute highly communicable viral disease with a prodromal stage
characterised by catarrhal symptoms and Koplik spots on the buccal mucous membranes. A
characteristic dusky-red blotchy rash appears on the third or fourth day affecting face, body and
extremities, sometimes ending in branny desquamation. Leukopenia is usual. Death from
uncomplicated measles is rare. Such deaths as occur are usually the result of secondary
pneumonia in children aged less than two years, and the aggregate does not exceed 1 per 1,000
cases of measles. Synonyms: Rubeola, Morbilli.
OCCURENCE: Common in childhood; probably 80 to 90% of persons surviving to age 20 years
have had measles; few people go through life without an attack. Endemic and relatively mild in
large metropolitan communities, attaining epidemic proportion about every other year. In
smaller communities and rural areas, outbreaks tend to be more widely spaced and somewhat
23
more severe. In areas previously free or in isolated settlements with one intervals between
outbreaks as in the Arctic, measles often affects large proportions of the population and fatality
is much increased. Prevalent in all seasons except summer but primarily spring.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: The virus of measles.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man. Source of infection is
secretions of nose and throat of infected persons.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: By droplet spread or direct contact with an infected person;
indirectly through articles freshly soiled with secretion of nose and throat. One of the most
readily transmitted of communicable diseases; in some instances probably air-borne.
INCUBATION PERIOD: About 10 days from exposure to initial fever, about 14 days until rash
appears; uncommonly longer or shorter.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: During the period of catarrhal symptoms; usually about
nine days from our days before to five days after rash appears.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Practically all people are susceptible; permanent
acquired immunity is usual after attack. Babies born of mothers who have had the disease are
ordinarily immune for the first few months on life.
METHODS OF CONTROL
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Education as to special danger of exposing young children to
those exhibiting only fever or acute catarrhal symptoms, particularly during years and seasons of
epidemic measles.
local health authority: Obligatory case report in most states and in most countries. Early
reporting permits better isolation and adequate care for the under-privileged child and provides
opportunity for passive protection of contacts.
Isolation: Commonly seven days from rash to protect the patient against added infection and to
limit transfer of measles to susceptible contacts, especially those under three years of age.
Concurrent disinfection: All articles soiled with secretions of nose and throat.
Terminal disinfection: Thorough cleaning.
Quarantine: Impractical and of no value in large communities. Exclusion of exposed susceptible
school children and teachers from school and from all public gatherings until 14 days from last
exposure may be justifiable in sparsely settled rural areas. If date of single exposure is
reasonably certain, an exposed susceptible child may be allowed to attend school for the first
seven days of incubation. Quarantine of institutions, wards or dormitories for young children
exposed to measles is of value; strict segregation of infants if measles occurs in an institution.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Search for exposed
susceptible children under three years of age is profitable. Carriers are not known to occur.
SPECIFIC TREATMENT: None. Complications should be treated with an appropriate medicine.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Daily examination of exposed children and known susceptible adult
contacts, with record of body temperature. Susceptible persons exhibiting a rise of temperature
of 0.5 c (1.0 F) or more should be isolated promptly pending diagnosis. Schools should not be
closed nor classes discontinued; daily observation of children by physician or nurse should be
provided and sick children promptly removed.
In institutional outbreaks, administration of gamma globulin to all susceptible s has
value in checking spread of infection and in reducing fatality; accept no new admissions and
exclude visitors under 16 years of age, whether the measles outbreak is in the institution or on
24
the community. Removal of patient during the pre-eruptive period may prevent an outbreak.
Nosode - Morbillinum 30ch
Remedies –
Arsenicum Album
Opium
Arsenicum Iodatum
Bryonia
Camphor
Pulsatilla
Cuprum Aceticum
Aconite
Euphrasia
Apis Mel
Rhus Tox
Belladonna
Kali Bich
Ferr Phos
Mercurius Sol
Gelsemium
Mercurius Corr
Kali Mur
SCARLET FEVER – SCARLETINA:
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION - HAEMOLYTIC
Group A haemolytic streptococci cause a wide variety of conditions differentiated clinically
according to portal of entry and tissue of localisation of the infectious agent, also by presence or
absence of a scarlatina rash. The more important conditions are:
A.-Scarlet Fever and Streptococcal Sore Throat (Streptococcal Tonsillitis, Streptococcal
Pharyngitis)
B.-Erysipelas
C.-Puerperal Fever
Streptococcal infections, other than those just mentioned, but caused by the same strains of
Group A streptococci, include: Cellulitis, Lymphadenitis, Mastoiditis, Osteomyelitis, Otitis
Media, Peritonitis, Septicaemia and various skin and wound infections. Those characterised by
purulent exudate are most likely to spread infection, but others such as septicaemia are also
important because of frequent association with upper respiratory streptococcal carrier states In
so far as these clinical categories are caused by Group A streptococci they are different
manifestations of the same infectious agent and therefore should be treated together in their
epidemiologic relationships. They continue an epidemiologic entity and similar principles of
25
control hold generally for the group.

SCARLET FEVER AND STREPTOCOCCAL SORE THROAT:
IDENTIFICATION: Scarlet fever is ordinarily streptococcal sore throat in which the infectious
agent is capable of producing erythrogenic toxin and the patient has relatively no anti-toxic
immunity. If the organism is not a good toxin producer, or if the patient is immune to the toxin,
the rash does not occur and streptococcal sore throat results. The distinguishing characteristics
are fever, sore throat, exudative tonsillitis or pharyngitis, tender cervical adenopathy,
leucocytosis, enanthem, strawberry tongue and rash (exanthem). Injection and oedema of the
pharynx involve the facial pillars and soft palate, often extending to the hard palate; petechiae
are sometimes seen against the background of diffused redness. Tonsils, if present, often show
the exudate of acute follicular tonsillitis. The rash is usually a fine erythema, commonly
punctuate, blanching on pressure and appearing most often on the neck, chest, in the folds of the
axilla, elbow and groin and on the inner aspects of the thighs.
Typically the rash does not involve the face except in Negroes, but there is flushing of
cheeks and circumoral pallor. High fever, nausea and vomiting accompany severe infections.
The desquamation of convalescence is seen at the tips of the fingers and toes and less often over
wide areas of the trunk and limbs, including palms and soles. Scarlet fever and streptococcal
sore throat may be accompanied or followed by suppurative complications such as otitis media
and peritonsillar abscess and may be followed at an interval of one to four weeks by non
suppurative complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
Scarlet fever occasionally occurs in patients with other types of streptococcal infections,
such as infected wounds.
Streptococcal sore throat is scarlet fever infection without a rash. The manifestations of
this clinical entity are similar to scarlet fever, except that toxic manifestations, including rash or
not, occur, nor does desquamation follow.
OCCURANCE: The clinical disease is common in temperate zones, less so in semi-tropical
areas and rare in tropical climates. Unapparent infections are as common or more common in
the tropics than in temperate zones. The five to nine year age group is most affected; no sex or
racial differences in susceptibility have been defined.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Streptococcus Pyogenes; Group A streptococci, of at least 40
sociological distinct types which vary greatly in geographic and time distributions. Two
immunological different types (A and B) of erythrogenic toxin have been demonstrated.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man; acutely ill or convalescent
patients or carriers. Sources of infection are discharges from nose, throat, of purulent lesions or
objects contaminated with such discharges. Nasal carriers are particularly liable to contaminate
their environment.
MODE OF TANSMISSION: Transmission is by direct contact with patient or carrier, or by
indirect contact through objects handled, or by droplet spread whereby streptococci are inhaled;
casual contact rarely leads to infections. Streptococci reach the air via contaminated floor dust,
lint from bed clothing, personal clothing, handkerchiefs or occasionally in droplet nasal
discharges, by coughing or sneezing; the importance of air-borne transmission and
contamination of the environment is the spread of infection, whch has not been clearly
established. Explosive outbreaks may follow the ingestion of contaminated milk or other food.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Short, usually two to five days.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITY: In uncomplicated cases, during incubation and clinical
illness, approximately 10 days. Thereafter in untreated patients, communicability decreases
progressively, becoming negligible in two to three weeks although a carrier state may persist for
months. People with untreated complications resulting in purulent discharges may spread
26
infection for weeks or months.

SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is general, although many people
develop either anti-toxic or type-specific antibacterial immunity, or both, through unapparent
infection. Antibacterial immunity develops only against the type of Group A streptococcus
which induces the patient's disease or unapparent infection, and lasts at least several years.
Second attacks of streptococcal sore throat, is related to the prevalence of streptococci, and
possibly to the type of streptococcus.
METHODS OF CONTROL
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Provision of laboratory facilities for isolation of haemolytic
streptococci and the identification of serologic group and type. Emphasise that absence of rash
does not decrease the danger of streptococcal infection. Boiling or pasteurisation of milk.
Exclusion of infected people from handling milk or other food likely to be contaminated. Milk
from any cow with evidence of mastitis should be excluded from sale or use.
CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACT AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT: Report to
local health authority; Case report of scarlet fever is required in most states and countries.
Isolation: In order of preference in a single room, cubicle or small ward; in uncomplicated cases
until clinical recovery, or not less than seven days from onset. Isolation nay be terminated after
24 hours treatment, provided therapy is continued for 7 to 10 days.
Concurrent Disinfection: Of purulent discharges and all articles soiled therewith.
Terminal disinfection: Thorough cleaning; sunning or other treatment of blankets.
Quarantine; None.
IMMUNISATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Not indicated in sporadic
cases.
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Determine source and manner of spread, as person-to-person, by
milk or food-borne. Outbreaks can often be traced to an individual or animal with a persistent
streptococcal infection through identification of the serologic type of streptococcus.
INTERNATIONALMEASURES: None
Nosode - Scarletinum 30ch. Diphterinum 30ch.
Streptococcinum 30ch.
Remedies - Bryonia, Mercurius Cyanatus, Belladonna, Rhus Tox, Stramonium, Aconite,
Ailanthus Gland, Apis Mel, Arsenicum Album, Arum Triphyllum, Cantharis, Crotalus Horridus,
Cuprum Aceticum, Echinacea, Hepar Sulph, Lachesis, Muriatic Acidum, Spigelia, Terebinthina.
TETANUS - LOCK JAW:
IDENTIFICATION: An acute disease induced by toxin of the tetanus bacillus growing
anaerobically at site of an injury; characterised by painful muscular contractions, primarily of
masseter and neck muscles, secondarily of trunk; rigidity is sometimes confined to the region of
injury. History of injury and known portal of entry sometimes lacking. Much variation in fatality
according to age and length of incubation, average about 35%.
OCCURENCE: World-wide but relatively uncommon. An occasional disease among farmers
especially following wounds contaminated with manured soil. Is a serious factor in infant
mortality where midwives are ignorant or incompetent. Formerly an important disease in
military practice, now effectively controlled by active immunisation.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Clostridium Tetani- Tetanus Bacillus.
27
RESERVIOR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is infected domestic animals,

especially horses, also man. The immediate source of infection is soil, street dust or animal
faeces.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Tetanus spores enter the body through injury, usually a puncture
wound, but also burns and trivial or unnoticed wounds. Tetanus neonatorum usually occurs
through infection of the unhealed umbilicus.
INCUBATION PERIOD: Commonly four days to three weeks, dependent somewhat upon
character, extent and location of wound; longer periods have been noted.
PERIOD OF COMMINICABILITY: Under natural conditions not directly transmissible from
man to man.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND RESISTANCE: Susceptibility is general. Active immunity is induced
by tetanus toxoid, passive immunity by tetanus antitoxin.
METHODS OF CONTROL
PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Community education about the danger of certain types of injury,
the value of routine immunisation and the need after injury for either a reinforcing (booster)
injection if previously actively immunised or a passive protection by tetanus antitoxin if not
immunised.
Active immunisation with tetanus toxoid gives solid and satisfactory protection against tetanus.
It has the advantage of protection against injuries erroneously considered as not warranting
protective measures. The initial inocculation is preferably in infancy or early childhood, given in
combination with diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. Tetanus toxoid is also recommended
for workers in contact with soil or domestic animals and for military forces, policemen, firemen
and others specially liable to traumatic injury. Pregnant women should be actively immunised in
regions where tetanus neonatorum is prevalent. An inoculated person desirably should have with
him at all times a record of tetanus immunisation.
If a person previously actively immunised against tetanus has an injury with danger of
tetanus, especially a puncture wound contaminated with dirt, a single reinforcing (booster)
injection of tetanus toxoid is administered promptly on the day of injury; reactions are
essentially absent. Such procedure has great advantage over passive immunisation with tetanus
antitoxin. It obviates risk of horse serum reactions, of special importance to people known to be
allergic to a variety of substances.
Under all circumstances, foreign matter is to be removed from wounds by thorough
cleaning with debridement where indicated.
Education as to methods, equipment and technique of asepsis.
CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACTS AND THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT: Report to
local authority; case report required in most states and countries.
Isolation: None.
Quarantine: None.
Immunisation of contacts: None.
INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Case investigation to
determine circumstances of injury.
Specific treatment: Tetanus antitoxin in a single large dose intravenously. Sedation is important.
28
EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Thorough search for inadequacies in technique of sterilisation in the

uncommon hospital outbreaks; in tetanus neonatorum, rigid inquiry into competence and
licensure of attendants at birth.
INTERNATIONAL MEASURES: Active immunisation against tetanus is advised or
international travellers.
HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
Nosode - Tetanus 30ch.
Remedies - Hypericum, Strychinum, Ledum Pal, Upas Tiente, Passiflora, Phytostigma, Aconite,
Hydrocyanic Acidum, Oenanthe Crocata.
TYPHOID:
IDENTIFICATION: A systemic infection characterised by continued fever, involvement of
lymphoid tissues, especially ulceration of Peyer's patches, enlargement of spleen, rose spots on
trunk and constipation more common than diarrhoea. Many mild atypical infections remain
unrecognised. Synonyms: Enteric Fever, Typhus Abdominalis.
OCCURENCE: Widespread throughout world. Commonly occurring as sporadic cases and as
small contact and carrier epidemics; steadily falling incidence, particularly in urban areas. Still
common in many countries of the Far East, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central and South
America and in Africa.
INFECTIOUS AGENT: Salmonella Typhi, typhoid bacillus.
RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man; patients and carriers. The
source of infection is faeces and urine of infected people. Family contacts may be transient
carriers; faecal carriers more common than urinary.
CORYZA: This is an inflammatory affection of the mucous lining of the nose, attended with
abnormal secretions, which occasionally so profuse as to interfere with breathing.
Cause: Exposure to draughts and cold, sudden changes of temperature, wet feet.
Symptoms: Cold in the head usually comes on with slight shivering, pain or a feeling of weight
in the head, redness or itching of the eyes, obstruction of one or both nostrils, with an increase of
the natural secretion of the parts, the discharge being a thin acrid fluid. If neglected, these
symptoms may be followed by sore throat, mucous discharge, hoarseness, sneezing, dry cough,
chilliness, general weakness, mild fever, quick pulse and loss of appetite.
Treatment: In the very early stages Camphor should be administered.
With infants it may be given by inhalation. A drop or two of Camphor should be put into
a teaspoon and held near the nostrils for a minute or longer and repeated every twenty minutes
for three or four times.
With older children it may be given on sugar.
Aconite: In the early stages if there is swelling and redness of the lining of the membrane of the
nostrils.
Ars. Alb: Watery, excoriating discharge.
Camphor: Only useful in the chilly stage.
Dulcamara: When brought on by damp conditions.
Euphrasia: With copious watery discharge from the eyes.
Mercurius: In profuse running colds.
Nux Vom: used for the stuffy cold.
29
DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS: The function of the kidney is the secretion of urine. The
amount of urine secreted by a healthy adult in 24 hours varies from 1500 to 2000 cc. This of
course depends on the amount of water taken, perspiration, the presence of disease such as
diarrhoea, vomiting, acute fevers, and certain forms of chronic Nephritis.
Polyuria is a term employed to indicate an increase in urine. Oliguria is a decrease in the
quantity of urine excreted in a given time.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The specific gravity of the urine is low in diabetes insipidus, chronic
interstitial nephritis, and when the amount of urine excreted is large.
It is high when the urine is concentrated. This is seen in cases of diabetes mellitus and in
cases of renal and cardiac dropsy, when the amount of urine is small.
ODOUR: The odour is aromatic. When it has fermented it becomes ammoniacal. In diabetes
mellitus there is a sweetish odour. If acetone is present there is an odour similar to chloroform.
COLOUR: Normal urine is a pale yellow, amber or straw colour, if concentrated it is a darker
colour. If it contains blood it is red or smoky, if biliary colouring matter is present it is brown,
and there is a yellow foam, and if there is carbolic acid or creosote present it is black.
In a normal condition urine is clear. Cloudiness is abnormal, and its significance varies
according to the reaction of the urine. Such a condition in acid urine may be the result of urates,
which disappear on heating the urine.
Cloudiness of alkaline urine may be due to phosphates or calcium oxalates. The former
will disappear upon the addition of a few drops of acid. If it remains it should be studied by the
means of a microscope. A milky cloudiness may be the result of chyle, pus or excessive
excretion of phosphates.
REACTION: Urine is normally mildly acid when it reddens blue litmus paper. The intensity of
the redness depending upon the degree of acidity. If it is alkaline it turns red litmus blue. Should
the red colour return when the paper is dried, the alkalinity is volatile, and there is probably an
inflammatory condition of the lower urinary tract. If the blueness persists, the alkali is fixed and
is dependent upon an increased alkalinity of the blood, the result of dyspepsia, fasting,
vegetarian diet, or the drinking of alkaline water.
ALBUMIN: This is present in the urine as a result of nephritis, disease of the blood and
deranged blood pressure. The urine, to be examined from albumin, should have been recently
voided. A simple test for albumin is to boil the urine in a test tube, and if cloudiness develops as
a result and this is not cleared up by adding a few drops of acetic or nitric acid, it is albumin.
SUGAR: This appears in the urine in cases of diabetes mellitus, excessive ingestion of sugar or
glucose, and as a result of cerebral and bulbar disease.
A dense yellowish colour indicates sugar.
BILE: This gives a dark colour with yellow foam to the urine. If a few drops of this urine and
strong nitric acid flow together on a white plate there will be a play of colour at the point of
contact, green, violet, blue, red and yellow.
UREA: This is the most important physiological organic element in the urine. The amount
excreted in 24 hours varies from 300 to 600 grains for a person of average weight. If it is
constantly below this amount, nephritis should be suspected.
DISEASE AND TREATMENT:
1. ACTIVE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS: This is also referred to as Hyperaemia;
Active Hyperaemia.
CAUSE: This may be the first stage of an inflammation of the kidney. It may be compensatory
30
due to the removal of one of the kidneys, or it may result from certain poisons and from
infectious diseases, or exposure to cold or dampness.
SYMPTOMS: These depend upon the degree of congestion present. In mild cases the colour of
the urine is darker and the specific gravity is higher than normal. There may be a sensation of
weight and dull pain in the renal region.
TREATMENT: The patient should avoid exposure, fatigue and a diet that will irritate the kidney.
ACONITE: If the patient is restless and thirsty and there is anxiety and fever.
CANTHARIS: When there is a constant desire to urinate, the urine scant; it may contain blood
and the passage of urine has a sensation of burning.
BERBERIS VULG: When there are pains, which are throbbing and lancinating in character and
extend from the kidney along the ureter to the bladder.
2. PASSIVE CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEY
CAUSE: This is often dependent upon a valvular disease of the heart or pressure on the vena
cava that results in blood being held back in the larger veins and kidneys.
SYMPTOMS: The quantity of the urine is diminished, and it is darker in colour than normal.
The specific gravity is increased and the urine is strongly acid in reaction.
The urates are increased in proportion to the amount of the urine. There is an excess of
urobilin, and albumin soon appears in the urine as well as hyaline tube casts and leukocytes.
There is usually dysponea, cyanosis, gastro intestinal catarrh, enlarged liver and haemorrhoids.
TREATMENT: The patient should be kept in bed. Diet mainly of milk.
Remedy selection must meet the totality of the symptoms, of these the following are important:
Digitalis,
Strohanthus,
Spartein,
Adonis Vernalis
Crataegus Ox.
3-NEPHRITIS:This is seen as chronic parenchymatous nephritis or chronic intestinal nephritis.
CHRONIC PARENCHYMATOUS NEPHRITIS: This is synonymous with chronic croupous
nephritis and chronic Bright’s disease.
CAUSE: The most frequent cause is acute attacks which have become chronic by continuation
or repetition. It occurs from exposure to damp cold, pregnancy, syphilis, alcoholism, auto-
intoxification and various infectious diseases.
SYMPTOMS: The patient often gives an indefinite history of ill health extending over months
and years, and it is not till an examination of the urine is made that the true condition is
ascertained. The first symptom is often puffiness of the face and later of the ankles, headaches,
visual disturbances, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and intestinal indigestion are complained of.
Dyspepsia and increased oedema are observed. The heart shows increased action, and left
ventricle gradually enlarges and becomes hypertrophied. The urine is scanty, cloudy, with urates,
contains albumin epithelial, granular and fatty casts. The urea and phosphates are decreased.
After some years the enlarged and hypertrophied heart undergoes fatty degeneration and
dilatation, weakness, dropsy and dysponea increase, while the quantity of urine is much
diminished.
TREATMENT: The diet should assist in maintaining the highest degree of nutrition. If the
31
symptoms are aggravated, the diet should consist of mainly milk. Do not have foods which
irritate the kidneys such as, onions, tomatoes, asparagus, strawberries and mustard as they
favour oxaluria. The diet must be completely salt free.
APOCYNUM CANNABINUM This is used when there is oedema. It is recommended when the
patient has been a very heavy beer drinker. The urine is dark and scanty, there is general
anasarca, and the skin is distended and glistening. The hearts action is slow and the bowels are
constipated.
CANTHARIS: When this remedy is indicated there is an intense hyperaemia, as is observed in
the region of the large white kidney. The urine is highly albuminous, micturition is frequent and
there is general oedema.
MERCURIUS CORROSIVUS: This should be studied following cantharis. When the oedema
has been reduced, the urine remains highly albuminous and scanty. The patient may be anaemic,
he may have gastro intestinal disturbance, bladder irritation and a history of syphilis.
ARSENICUM ALBUM: This remedy is used when the patient is anaemic and there is irritation
of the gastrointestinal tract. The patient complains of extreme weakness and prostration;
especially if this is noticed following the least exertion. There is restlessness, anguish, thirst and
dysponea.
PHOSPHOROUS: This is used when there are fatty casts in the urine and evidence of fatty
degeneration of the kidneys.
CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS: This is synonymous with contracted gouty, red
granular kidney and cirrhosis of the kidney.
CUASE: It may be the result of irritants conveyed through the blood. It may follow syphilis,
gout, arteriosclerosis, uric acid, prolonged passive congestion, heart lesions, infectious diseases,
malaria and rheumatism.
SYMPTOMS: Digestive disturbances and high arterial tension are the first symptoms noted.
With these there develops hypertrophy on the left ventricle with an accentuation of the second
aortic sound. At this point slight oedema appears about the ankles and under the eyes. Uraemia
is soon indicated either by headache, drowsiness, vertigo or coma. A dimness of vision is
complained of, the amount of urine in24 hours is increased, there may be a small amount of
albumin in the urine and hyaline casts are usually found. The patient rises at night to urinate, in
the advanced stages of the disease, there is dilation of the heart with dropsy, dysponea and
reduplication of the first sound of the heart develop. As the tension increases cerebral
haemorrhage is not uncommon.
TREATMENT: Diet should be similar to Parenchymatous Nephritis.
ACONITE: This is to relieve cerebral congestion and vertigo. The patient may be restless, the
pulse quick, the skin dry and hot. The urine is scanty a\or suppressed.
MERCUIOUS CORROSIVUS: Is indicated during the later stages especially when the eyes are
showing an involvement of the retina, also during an acute condition. The face presents an
earthy pallor, the mouth and gums are sore and the breath is fetid. The symptoms are worse
during the night and during perspiration, the urine contains albumin and casts.
ARSENICUM ALB: This is when there are respiratory difficulties, dysponea which is worse
after midnight and on lying down and there is relief from sitting up. The patient is emaciated.
There is a general dropsy or pulmonary oedema and pericarditis. The patient’s restless, anxious,
fears death. There are nausea and attempts to vomit.
KALI IOD: When there is increased arterial tension and defective renal elimination. There is a
gradual emaciation and cirrhosis and a general capsulitis is present.
32
AURUM MURIATICUM: This is used in the early stages and if indicated it should be used in
low potency.
GLONOINUM: When there is high arterial tension.
When oedema is present Apis Mel, Apocynum and Magnesium Sulphate should be studied.
ALBUMINURIA: There are apparent healthy people in whose urine albumin appears after
walking a long distance, overexertion of any kind, cold baths or the ingestion of eggs. This
condition is called PHYSIOOGIC ALBUMINURIA.
CYSTIC ALBUMINURIA is a similar condition in which the albumin may occur only during
the day. In some cases the urine may be excreted perfectly free from albumin, but it becomes
albuminous from renal albuminuria, which is dependant upon a disease condition of the
epithelial cells of the blood vessels in the malpighian bodies of the kidneys, whose function it is
to prevent the albumin of the blood from passing through into the urine.
The albuminuria may be the result of primary disease of the kidney or it may be due to
alterations in the blood, giving a nephrogenous or a hematogenous albuminuria.
The clinical causes of hematogenous albuminuria are circulatory disorders, amenia and
venous hyperaemia. The nephrogenous albuminuria is observed with diffuse inflammatory
conditions of the kidney. Febrile infections and toxic conditions are causes of the nephrogenous
form. The febrile condition is not injurious as the toxaemia.
Albuminuria may appear following burns of the skin, and a chronic cutaneous eruption,
when it is induced by the absorption of toxic substances. Nervous albuminuria may appear as a
sequence of epileptic attacks, cerebral haemorrhages, hysteria and the progressive paralysis of
the insane.
TREATMENT: This is prophylactic to a great extent and such disease as lead to albuminuria
should be treated carefully. The development of such a condition should be watched for and
receive appropriate treatment in its incipiency.
5. ANURIA: This is a condition in which there is no urine voided. It may result from a retention
of the urine within the bladder or an arrest of the secretion from the kidney.
Oliguria is a condition in which the quantity of urine secreted in 24 hours is much diminished.
CAUSE: It may result from exposure, acute nephritis, renal hyperaemia, the use of anaesthetics,
smallpox, typhus, shock, collapse or an obstruction in the ureters.
SYMPTOMS: The use of the catheter will distinguish complete from partial suppression or
retention of the urine.
TREATMENT: If due to renal congestion, warm baths, oxygen inhalations, subcutaneous saline
injection and hot saliva enemata are helpful.
ACONITE: If the trouble is due to exposure to cold.
Terebinthina and Cantharis if there are renal congestion and inflammation.
APOCYNUM: If there is oedema.
GLONIN: If there is any evidence of heart failure.
6. HEMOGLOBINURIA: This is a condition in which the colouring matter of the blood
appears in the urine.
It is most commonly either of a chemical or bacterial origin. Mineral acid, carbonic acid,
copper sulphate, quinine, typhoid fever, diphtheria, malaria, small pox, septicaemia and syphilis
are among the causes.
In these cases the urine presents a bloody appearance, but no red blood corpuscles are
33
found, only the colouring matter of the blood in present.

The remedies that have been of most service are Crotalus, Phosphorous and Ferrum Phos.
7. PHOSPHATURIA: In this there may be a condition in which the earthy and alkaline
phosphates are constantly and abnormally eliminated. In another condition these are but
transitorily eliminated and again the phosphaturia may be secondary to a catarrhal condition.
Phosphoric acid is usually sufficient to control the disease except in those cases in which
the catarrhal condition is prominent. Then this must be corrected.
8. OXALURIA: This is when there is an abundance of oxalate of lime crystals in the urine.
SYMPTOMS: The urine is highly coloured, the patient is melancholy, hypochondrial and is
disturbed with insomnia, flatulence, loss of strength, emaciation and neuralgic pain variously
located. Furuncles may appear in various parts of the body.
TREATMENT: The patient suffering from oxaluria should have a diet rich in phosphates,
wholemeal bread, eggs. Alcohol should be avoided.
REMEDIES:
Include Oxalic Ac., Berberis and Senna.
NEPHROLITHIASIS - RENAL CALCULU:S This disease is more common in males than in
females, and is often found in those of sedentary habits that those engaged in physical activities.
The excessive use of meat and alcohol and disorders of metabolism, such as gout, favour
the development of the stones, as do urinary solids by precipitating cells, mucous or blood clots.
The absence of salt in the food favours their formation. The stones may consist of uric acid,
oxalate and carbonate of lime, phosphates and cystine.
SYMPTOMS: In some cases nephrolithiasis may not give rise to any symptoms. In other cases
symptoms of pyelitis and pyelonephritis appear with pain radiating form the renal region that
may be mistaken for intercostal neuralgia or lumbago. Nausea or vomiting may develop. If the
stone is free in the kidney it may then cause pain, especially of the patient undertakes violent
exercise. In other cases there may be pain which is either constant or paroxysmal in character
and is associated with tenderness over the skin, rigidity of the muscles of the parts, and is made
worse by motion. The pain may extend to the penis, testicle, inner side of the thigh, along the
course of the ureters or genito-crural nerve.
Blood may appear either as clots or produce a smoky appearance in the urine.
In some cases there are symptoms of irritation of the bladder; then micturition is
frequent and the urine contains pus. The digestive organs may be disturbed.
Renal colic is developed whenever the stone passes through the ureter. The pain
develops suddenly, is agonising in character and radiated down the ureter to the pelvis, prostrate,
scrotum or thigh.
The pain is excruciating, causing the patient to writhe, a cold sweat appears upon the
body and collapse may follow.
Vomiting, constipation and frequent desire to urinate are common. After a period of
minutes or hours the pain ceases as a result of the stone either having passed or returned into the
pelvis of the kidney. Following the attack the urine contains pus or blood.
If the stone becomes impacted in the ureter, the colic persists and soon a distinct
localised pain and tenderness, near the entrance to the bladder may be recognised.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Stone in the kidney must be distinguished from renal
tuberculosis.
34
In cases of colic the result of tuberculosis, the general symptoms of tuberculosis are
present, such as quickened heart action and the evening use of the fever. The blood in the urine
with the absence of crystals and the possible demonstration of the tubercle bacillus in the urinary
sediment should indicate tuberculosis,
PROGNOSIS: If the stone remains in the kidney, it is bound to injure the health, as pyelitis will
be developed sooner or later, and if it is not passed, surgical interference is demanded.
ACUTE CONDITIONS:
CALC CARB: This can be used to help the patient to eliminate the stone.
ARNICA: This is indicated when there is hematuria. By its action on the capillaries it produces
haemorrhage, hastens the reabsorption of oedema and the blood which has escaped around the
stone.
FOR CHRONIC CONDITIONS
BERBERIS VULG: This is used for renal stones and in gouty rheumatism because of its special
action on uric acid metabolism. It is systematically indicated whether the patient has or does not
have spontaneous pain or pain on pressure of the left lumbar fossa, which is present no matter
which side had the renal stone.
BENZOIC ACID: This is useful in uric acid or urate renal stones. The urine has a "urine-like
odour, like horse urine". This sign may be associated with the painful symptoms, or it may
appear between them.
PAREIRA BRAVA: This has a action on the genitourinary system where it produces and cures
spasmodic pains. It is therefore good for the treatment of all painful crises or to help the
evacuation of small stones.
Other remedies to consider: Sarsaparilla, Lycopodium, Chelidonium and Sepia.
PYELITIS: This is an inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It may be catarrhal,
haemorrhagic or purulent in character.
It may result from exposure to cold, from infectious diseases. A toxic pyelitis may
develop as the result of the ingestion of certain remedies such as mineral acids, carbolic acid,
etc. Inflammatory infection of the bladder may extend to the renal pelvis and become the cause
of this disease as well as carcinoma and other similar diseases.
SYMPTOMS: These vary with the stage of the disease and its severity. During the early stages
there may be backache with tenderness, especially upon pressure over the area of the kidney,
with a rise of the temperature, chills and sweating. The urine becomes turbid.
As the kidney becomes distended with pus, it forms a sensitive tumour, which can be
palpated in the loin. The temperature wave is high and irregular and there may be general
pyemia if measures to relieve the condition are not introduces promptly.
TREATMENT: In acute cases when the fever is high and the pain is severe, Aconite or
Neratrum should be studied.
When the dry skin has given way to a moist hot skin with throbbing of the carotids and
dilated pupils, Belladonna should be studied.
If there is pronounced tenderness over the kidney with blood in the urine, Cantharis and
Terebinthina should be compared.
If the patient becomes restless, worse toward night Rhus Tox should be studied.
If there are sticking, tearing pains in the renal region, which extend to the hips. loins,
testicles and labia Berberis Vulgaris. If there is a constant urging to urinate with violent pains in
the glands and the penis that extend to the thigh, the urine dribbles and the urethra and prostrate
35
glands are inflamed, Pareira Brava.

DISEASES OF THE BLADDER:
CYSTITIS: This is frequently dependent upon bacteria, as the streptococcus and bacterium
coli, with exposure to cold, especially of the abdomen, while the body is covered with
perspiration, wetting the clothing, cold baths and sponging. Trauma of the abdomen and
introduction into the bladder of catheters and other surgical instruments, which have not been
properly sterilised are causes.
SYMPTOMS: The disease may be acute or chronic. Both varieties are characterised by a
deranged micturition and alteration in the character of the urine. Acute urocystitis is
characterised by difficult and frequent micturition with vesical tenesmus. But a few drops may
be voided at each attempt.
At times the urine may be retained. There may be large quantities of mucous blood or
pus (Pyuria), and on standing a greenish sediment may collect in the vessel. There is a sensation
of heaviness in the lower part of the abdomen.
Chronic cystitis may develop from an acute attack. The pain and vesical tenesmus
become constant, although less pronounced than in acute attacks. The urine contains pus blood
and acquires an alkaline reaction. Fever is not constant.
As the case advances control of the sphincter of the bladder is lost and the patient is
unable to retain the urine. As the walls of the organ are thickened, eccentric hypertrophy of the
bladder results, as that the viscus can be felt above the pubes, although it contains but a small
quantity of urine.
TREATMENT OF CYSTITIS
TREBINTHINA: Is useful when the urine is scanty and bloody and there is severe strangury
with soreness of the bladder with heaviness and pain in the region of the kidney.
CANTHARIS: This is indicated when there is a constant desire to urinate with complete
strangury. There is excessive burning distress in the urethra and a constant desire to urinate. The
urine contains blood. There is pain in the loins, kidneys and abdomen with so much pain on
urinating that a single drop is not passed without moaning.
ACONITE: Should be studied in the acute early stages when the fever is high, the pulse rapid
and the patient restless and uneasy.
BELLADONNA: When the skin has become moist but is hot, the pupils are dilated, and the
carotids are throbbing.
PAREIRA BRAVA: Is of use when there is constant urging with tenesmus. The urine contains
much pus and mucous and has an ammoniacal odour. Its passage is attended with tenesmus and
violent agonising pain.
HYOSCYMUS: In those spasmodic cases, when the bladder is greatly distended with turbid
urine, which contains much pus and mucous.
NOCTURNAL ENURESIS: This is a disease of childhood. It can be the result of defective
education. It is a natural condition of infancy and is usually overcome by correct training, such
as waking the child at night. Suggested causes are inappropriate evening meal, one that is too
large or taken too late, or containing too much liquid. It may be the result of reflex irritation
from intestinal worms, vesical calculus, phimosis or adenoid vegetation of the bladder. Disease
of the central nervous system, as epilepsy, may be the cause.
SYMPTOMS: This consists of an unconscious evacuation of the urine in bed during profound
sleep. It occurs usually in the first few hours of sleep. In some cases it occurs at long intervals,
in others more frequently. The patient often presents a pallid appearance and a nervous,
36
excitable manner.
It is usually curable and frequently ceases at the twelfth year of life. Only in a very small
percentage does it persist through life, when it may be complicated by diurnal enuresis, the
clothing being wet by coughing, laughing and making expulsive efforts.
TREATMENT: The diet and training of the child should be regulated. The evening meal should
be partaken of at least two hours before retiring, too much liquid, potatoes and heavy articles of
food being avoided. The mattress should be firm, the foot of the bed slightly raised and the bed
covering light.
The placing of a towel about the body with the knot on the back is beneficial.
Every two hours of the night the child should be aroused from sleep to pass urine.
Sponging of the spinal and genital regions with cold water before retiring is of value.
Any causative condition should be corrected; Phimosis, Intestinal Worms or irritation of
the Urethra. The general condition of the child should be carefully considered as regards amenia
or nervousness; the first requires dietary changes as well as specific remedies, whilst the latter
requires sleep, tepid baths on retiring with a cool sponge and rub each morning.
The child should have exercise. The urine should be examined to determine if it contains
uric acid or any other abnormal ingredients.
SULPHUR: There is incontinence and frequent desire, especially at night to evacuate the
bladder, the desire comes suddenly; if not gratified the urine is passed involuntarily. The urine is
highly coloured and excoriates the parts. The patient is frequently of a scrofulous habit and
suffers from a chronic cutaneous eruption.
BELLADONNA: This remedy is required when there is a paralysis of the sphincter muscles.
The patient is usually of a light complexion, has light hair and blue eyes, and complains of
starting during sleep, which is restless.
EQUISETUM LYEMALE: This is for cases where there is cystic irritation and nocturnal
enuresis, and in the dysuria of women there is frequent urging to urinate. There is a sensation as
though the bladder was constantly distended with urine, and there is a constant dribbling of the
urine in old men.
IGNATIA: Is considered where the child is mild and of gentle disposition and restless at night.
CALCAREA CARB: This is used for scrofulous children who are fair, fat and flabby. They
sweat about the head and abdomen, and the glands are enlarged.
CAUSTICUM: This is used when coughing and sneezing cause loss of urine, and there is a
weakness of the sphincter muscles.
PULSATILLA: Is beneficial for those girls who pass large quantities of pale urine during the
day, passing involuntarily while sitting or walking about.
GELSEMIUM: Is used where there is a partial or complete paralysis of the sphincter. The child
is usually of a thin, nervous type.
RHUS AROMATICA: Is useful in cases of nocturnal enuresis, with a dribbling of urine.
SEPIA: Is for cases of incontinence of urine at night. The urine is very offensive and deposits a
clay-like sediment, which adheres to the chambers.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE BLADDER: Hair has been recognised in the urine, small pieces
of bone and teeth have been found in the bladder. Of the animal parasites that have been found
in the bladder are Distoma, Filaria and Echinococcus bacteria, Yeast and thrush fungus. The
Lepothrix have been found in the urine.
Free Echinococcus-cysts have been recognised in the urine and produce bacteriuria.
37
Special saccharine have been found in the urine.

Tritucum Repens., Salol and Berberis Vulgaris are the class of remedies usually required in
these cases.
CYSTOSPASMS: This is spasm of the urinary bladder and may be from a nervous disturbance
or it may result from an anatomic alteration, as disease of the bladder, spinal cord or brain. It
occurs most commonly in hysterical, hypochondriacal and neurasthenic subjects.
It may be reflex from a disease of the urethra, or ovaries, or from intestinal parasites.
SYMPTOMS: The spasm may involve the sphincter or the detrusor muscles, or both. A spasm
of the detrusor may be manifested by an abnormal desire to urinate when the bladder is empty. It
may be mistaken for heteresthesia of the bladder. The latter, however, is a permanent condition,
while the spasm of the detrusor is but a transitory one.
Spasms of the sphincter are attended with disturbance in attempting to evacuate the
bladder, the urine either completely retained or evacuated drop by drop. Upon attempting to
evacuate the bladder, intense pain is complained of, which radiates to the testicles and glans
penis. Simultaneous spasm of both the sphincter and the detrusor produces abnormally increased
desire for micturition, obstruction and pain. The pains may be so intense that the patient
becomes pale, is bathed in cold perspiration and collapses.
TREATMENT:
CANNABIS INDICA: Where there are spasms in the bladder and hyperesthesia of the genital
organs.
CANTHARIS: When there is spasm of the bladder and urethra. There is a constant desire to
urinate with urging before and after urination.
UVA URSI: When there is a spasm of the bladder with straining and a discharge of pus,
tenacious mucous and clots of blood.
ALLERGIES AND HOMEOPATHY: Allergies are reactions of the individual to different
substances be they food, plants, pollens, chemicals etc.
The individual reaction varies due to the sensitivity. Such sensitivity is not new,
however, due to the increased levels of pollution in our environment, and the higher rates of
chemicals added to our foods, many more people are becoming sensitive in their reactions.
All diseases may be classified as an "allergy". With homoeopathy, as you have seen, we
treat the patient symptoms which are their reactions on the level of the vital force.
The reaction by a sensitive patient may appear within a few minutes, or may be delayed
over some hours.
THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT: There are some 30,000 chemicals in use today, with
thousands in our food supply. In the way in which they affect humans, chemicals may be
classified as allergens, irritants or toxins.
Allergens are substances which are normally harmless but which affect some people
adversely because of idiosyncrasies of those individuals. Substances which are toxins or
irritants, have been thought of as affecting all people the same way, their effects coming from
the way they influence the vital force. This distinction is becoming clouded as a result of
chemicals in the food supply.
While most pesticides and herbicides are clearly recognised as toxins, it is government
policy to permit small amounts as residues on foods on the assumption that they will not be
harmful.
It is well established that people do get allergic reactions to trace amounts of chemicals
38
in or on our foods and this is where homoeopathic treatment becomes an essential mode for the
treatment of allergic reactions
Many of today’s allergies stem from instability within the digestive tract.
HYPOGLYCAEMIA: This is a condition of low blood sugar. It is though to result from eating
too much sugar and other refined carbohydrates. In some instances this may have a marked
effect upon the system.
When these sugars are so quickly absorbed into the system the blood sugar level quickly
sky rockets to abnormally high levels. Glucose is crucial for the functioning of the brain, and the
body does not respond well to abnormally high or low levels of glucose in the blood stream.
When food is digested, part of it is broken down into glucose which goes into the blood
stream; a reasonable amount of excess glucose can be transformed into glycogen by the liver
and stored in that form. Later, when the glucose level goes down the liver converts the glycogen
back into glucose and releases it into the blood stream so that the vitally important glucose level
can be maintained within a proper range.
THE PANCREAS GLAND: The key organ involved in allergy is the pancreas gland. The
Pancras plays a crucial role in the metabolism of food, producing both enzymes needed for their
digestion and bicarbonates needed to provide an alkaline environment for these enzymes to
work effectively.
The stomach itself produces acid which is necessary for the stage of digestion of many
foods, but then as the food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine it needs an alkaline
medium, which is normally provided by the pancreatic bicarbonate.
Most allergy sufferers will not have a normally functioning pancreas. This may result
from a hereditary problem (producing a fixed allergy), from various kinds of non food stresses
such as infection, heat or cold, fatigue or emotion, or from too frequent contact with foods that
stress the pancreas by requiring enzymes it cannot readily produce.
Thus the base of all allergies is an inadequately functioning pancreas. The first
pancreatic function to be affected in the development of the disease process is the production of
bicarbonate, second is the production of enzymes, and last and most resistant to interference is
the production of insulin, which is another pancreatic function.
Bicarbonate inhibition is not across the board, rather, it is selective for particular foods.
A normal amount of bicarbonate will be produced for non allergenic foods, while those to which
the person is sensitive will inhabit pancreatic functioning.
The chemistry of allergy addiction foods and the chemistry of diabetes disease process
are observed to be one and the same. Before a person shows clinical symptoms of diabetes they
will have disordered metabolic functioning, which will show up in laboratory tests.
This pre-symptom stage is that of clinical diabetes, which is characterised by disturbed
acid - alkaline balances in the body and by periods of both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia.
By the time clinical diabetes develops, most of the insulin producing capacity of the pancreas is
lost and there is consistent hyperglycaemia.
If digestion is complete, food is broken down into basic substances usable by the body,
amino acids, glucose etc. However, inadequate pancreatic functioning will result in incomplete
digestion so that the protein molecules of the food are absorbed by the intestine and circulates in
the blood stream. There, they can produce an inflammatory reaction in tissue which they contact
by causing the body to produce either histamine (which is an immunological reaction) or Kinin
(which is non immunological). Of the two, Kinin is more likely to cause pain than histamine
because of the effect it has on nerve endings.
While the pancreatic enzyme trypsin can stimulate kinin production, other pancreatic
39
enzymes can combat kinin and prevent or reduce inflammatory reactions. Thus a malfunctioning
pancreas can both contribute to inadequate digestion, which allows food irritants to enter the
bloodstream and to continued inflammation from the resulting kinin through insufficient
production of alkaline bicarbonates and of enzymes to control the kinin.
An acid condition of the body stimulates the production of kinin, whereas an alkaline
condition favours the enzyme which destroy kinin. The level of kinin required to produce an
inflammatory reaction varies according to the state of the individual. A person who is poorly
nourished, toxic or infected, or who is in the addiction level of kinin than they would be
otherwise.
Various factors specific to an individual will determine which parts of the body will be
most affected by allergy produced inflammation. In the addiction stage, where an allergenic food
is eaten regularly the inflammation becomes chronic and injures the tissues. Eventually the
adoptions of stage two breaks down, and the person enters stage three in which there are
observable symptoms of illness.
While illness caused by allergy addiction may be named according to the specific tissue
or biochemical process involved, all types trace back to chemical diabetes in which allergenic
foods, chemicals etc., cause reactions, because they interfere with metabolic processes.
The addictive adaptations to frequently used foods are commonly met chemicals that
can be as deteriorating to the metabolism and tissues as are narcotic and alcohol addiction. It is
probably more correct to talk of an addictive state of metabolism rather than addictive
substances. Allergy then is viewed not just as a minor anomaly, rather a disturbance in some of
the body's fundamental vital forces.
Thus when considering all allergic reactions we should always consider treating the
pancreas as well as the symptomology produced by the reaction of the vital force such as
sinusitis, hay fever, asthma etc.
Some of the major pancreas remedies which the student should consider are:
Belladonna ,Carbo Veg
Iodum, Iris Vers
Mercurius, Phosphorous
The treatment of several allergic conditions have been covered in previously, however, we shall
discuss some specific conditions relating to those most commonly met with in practice.
THE REACTION OF ALLERGIES: An allergic reaction may commence through the
introduction of a foreign protein, it can be pollen, drugs, foods, chemicals etc. These enter the
bloodstream in an under-natured state. The substance may enter in any number of ways such as,
through the alimentary tract, through the lungs, through the skin, or by infection. Immediately
signals are sent out for antibodies to attack this foreign organism and destroy it. The signals
produce a number of hormones which facilitate the antibody release. Most of these hormones
originate in the adrenal glands.
When the antibodies attack the foreign protein, the first purpose is to denature it by
chemical action. This chemical action produces a by product known as histamine. Histamine is a
tissue toxin in that it causes vaso-dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessel wall,
allowing fluids to escape and thus bringing about localised oedema or swelling.
In allergies, this can exhibit itself as congestion in the respiratory tract or raised wheals
of the skin, or an itching anywhere on the body. More serious internal effects can occur
including mental derangements, headaches, gastrointestinal upsets, diarrhoea, asthma, sinusitis,
to name a few.
40
GASTRO INTESTINAL ALLERGY: This condition is caused by the absorption of specific

types of food, drinks, drugs etc., which the patient is allergic to. The reaction produces
symptoms in the gastro-intestinal tract with accompanying skin reactions.
After the allergen is absorbed the patient gets violent abdominal pains, vomiting,
diarrhoea, and often there is coma with increased temperature and urticaria.
The following symptoms manifest:
1. Stomatitis and Mouth ulcers.
2. Epigastric pain often with haemorrhage.
3. Abdominal pain with peritoneal reaction and blood in the stools.
4. In some instances there is hepatic colic.
TREATMENT:
ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM: For coated white tongue, cracks in the corners of the mouth;
constant belching; diarrhoea alternating with constipation.
ARSENICUM ALB; Cannot bear sight of smell of food; great thirst; drinks a lot but a little at a
time.
ARGENTUM NIT: For mouth ulcers; taste of copper; thick mucous in throat and mouth;
craving for sweets; flatulent distension of the abdomen.
ALLERGIC RHINITIS: This usually affects patients between the ages of 20 and 40, and may
be caused by:
Sensitisation through the respiratory tract, through the digestive tract; or due to an infectious
source in the higher sinuses.
The onset is sudden with a tickling sensation in the nose, accompanied by sneezing. The
throat is dry and sore with a stuffy feeling in the head.
After two days a secondary infection develops and the secretion becomes thick and
purulent which impedes nasal breathing. It may begin with a slight fever and oedema of the
nasal mucosa is seen. If left untreated nasal polyposis develops.
TREATMENT:
ACONITE NAP: For inflammation: dry mouth with thirst and temperature.
ALLIUM CEPA: For nasal discharge; eyes watery though not irritated; aggravation in hot room;
better in open air.
CAMPHOR: When the patient feels cold; but when in bed cannot stand the heat and throws off
the blankets.
EUPHRASIA: When there is irritation to the eyes with conjunctivitis and watering; nasal
discharge is not irritating. Aggravated in the open air.
NUX VOMICA: The nose is blocked at night, sneezing in the morning and abundant nose
discharge in the middle of the day with diminished sense of smell.
URITICARIA: This condition is characterised by an eruption resembling the effect produced by
the sting of a nettle, with red or red and white patches, occurring in parts or over the whole
surface of the body, accompanied by great itching and irritation.
Often the attacks are corrected with digestive derangements, of the ingestion of certain
proteins such as various kinds of meat, fish, shell fish etc., also it may be caused from penicillin
or from insect bites.
41
In severe cases there is fever and constitutional disturbances with sickness and faintness
which accompany the rash. The eruption may appear on any part of the body, although it is most
common on the face and the trunk.
Symptoms may last for a few hours or several days, as the eruption continues to come
out in successive patches.
TREATMENT:
APIS MEL; When there is big puffing up patches of a light pinkish colour, hot to touch.
Sensation of burning and stinging, there is and absence of thirst.
DULCAMARA: The attacks are influenced by barometric depression. Thus remedy is very
useful for chronic cases of long standing.
URTICA URENS: Similar symptomology to Apis Mel. except that the patient is very thirsty
during an attack.
HAY FEVER: This condition is due to an antigen antibody reaction in the nasal mucosa. The
antigen are pollens from grasses and weeds or trees. Grass pollen is very common.
Symptoms are frequent sudden attacks of sneezing with profuse watery nasal discharge,
nasal obstruction, watering of the eyes and conjunctival infection.
The allergic reaction results in the production of an excessive amount of histamine, and
it is this substance which is responsible for the manifestations of the hay fever.
The condition recurs with regularity in those susceptible to it and may be accompanied
by a dry, hard cough, and occasionally serve asthmatic paroxysms. The attack usually runs the
course of many weeks, and, the repeated attacks may lay the foundation for serious chest
disease.
TREATMENT:
HEPAR SULPH: When attacks are set in motion by a sudden drop in temperature or a cold
draught. The nose is suddenly blocked, the discharge irritating, although the sense of taste and
smell are not affected.
PULSATILLA: When the nose is dry at night and the discharge comes only during the day. Also
shivering in a warm room, thick yellow mucous but not irritating. Sometimes there is a post
nasal drip.
SABADILLA: This is used when sneezing is predominant without the necessity to blow the
nose. Sneezing are violent and spasmodic. The discharge is running and watery. There is a
tickling of the palate. The patient may apply his tongue upward the try and stop the attack.
STICTA PULMONARIA: There is the sensation of pressure or permanent pain between the
eyes at the root if the nose with dryness. Also the presence of dry crusts in the nasal passages
which adhere to the nasal mucosa and are difficult to get out and provoke pain when pressing
the nose.
The treatment of allergies by homoeopathic medicine is very successful of the overall
cause situation is looked for.
Good emotional balance and positive mental attitudes are important for this condition,
as for any other type of illness.
Treatment should not only be considered at the time of the attack. The patient should
receive adequate constitutional treatment which will assist the body's resistance when acute
attacks are present.
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS: Symptoms due to disease of the nervous system may be
considered as those due to:
42
a. Intra-cranial disorders.
b. Spinal cord disorders.
c. Peripheral nerve disorders.
Alteration in the functions of the brain commonly result in disturbances of consciousness,
behaviour, memory, speech, movement and sensation.
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS: May be partial (Stupor) or complete (Coma). In some cases it
is associated with convulsions.
The common causes of loss of consciousness are:
a. Alteration in the blood supply to the brain.
b. Gross damage to the brain substance by injury.
c. Inflammation of the brain as in meningitis.
d. Epilepsy.
e. Poisoning especially alcohol and drugs.
f. Metabolic disturbances such as uraemia or diabetes.
g. Shock due to injury or electric shock.
CONVULSIONS OR FITS: May be produced by the following factors:
a. Organic diseased of the brain, primary or secondary.
b. Circulatory disorders such as Cerebral attack, Stoke-Adams Syndrome etc.
c. Metabolic disorders.
d. Toxic causes.
e. Unknown causes such as Idiopathic Epilepsy.
Fits are generally sudden in onset and often unexpected. The treatment of
unconsciousness, convulsions and fits depend on the cause of the problem and the Practitioner
should ascertain previous history of disease, the mode on onset or the presence of any drugs or
poisons near the patient.
EPILEPSY: The true nature of this disease is generally unknown but it appears to be due to
irritations of the cerebral cortex by some toxic or metabolic factor.
Two types may be found, the minor and the major one. In the minor type (petit mal)
there is momentary loss of consciousness without convulsions.
In the major type (grand mal) we find both. The attack follows the following course:
1. An aura or warning.
2. A tonic stage with general rigidity.
3. A clonic stage with rhythmic twitching.
4. stage of coma followed by a deep sleep.
The homoeopathic treatment considered of value for this condition is:
OENANTHE CROCATA 3ch has given best results when the condition becomes worse during
menstruation and pregnancy.
ABSINTHIUM 6ch will give very goof results if the disease is suspected to be caused by a toxic
factor such as an alcoholic heredity.
43
CIRUTA VIROSA 3ch mainly for the major type of unknown origin.
PAEONIA 1ch is an old remedy used for both types for nearly 50 years.
For sedation and to widen the gap between attacks while the treatment is working we may use:
LUPULINUM 1ch and VALERIANA 1ch alternatively.
INSOMNIA OR SLEEPLESSNESS: An adequate amount of sleep is essential for bodily and
mental health and it is of great importance in the treatment of all forms of disease. Inability to
acquire sufficient sleep implies not only an inadequate amount but also failure to obtain sound
and restful sleep.
Insomnia may be classified into three main types:
a. Difficulty in getting to sleep.
b. Sleep is normal in onset but the patient awakes early and is unable to return to sleep.
c. Sleep is interrupted by various disturbing dreams.
Insomnia may be further divided into two main groups:
1. Those due to physical disorders.
2. Those due to psychological disorders.
INSOMNIA DUE TO PHYSICAL DISORDERS: - Organic disease is responsible for many
cases of sleeplessness by the production of pain or physical discomfort.
INSOMNIA DUE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS - Depression, anxiety concerning
private or business matters, emotional disturbances, nervous exhaustion, hysteria and insanity
may all be causes of insomnia.
If the insomnia is caused by an organic disease, we should treat same and the problem
will subside.
The following Homoeopathic remedies have proved successful in various other types of
insomnias:
a. Insomnia in children.
CHAMOMILLA 6ch - Bad tempered and nervous child. Perspires from head before sleeping.
One cheek more red than the other one. Stools look like scrambled eggs or cooked spinach.
CINA 6ch - The child is pale, with rings around the eyes. He scratches his nose and anus. He
frequently changes mood during the day.
CAUSTICUM 6ch - Always worried and afraid when evening comes. Very difficult to go to
sleep.
COFFEA CRUDA 6ch - The more he sleeps during the day, the better he sleeps at night. If he
has played and run around all day, he wants to do the same all night.
b. INSOMNIA IN ADULTS:
BRYONIA 6ch - Sensation of heaviness in the epigastrium. Dreams are about professional
activities of the day.
CARBO VEGETABILIS 6ch - Insomnia at the beginning of the night. Later agitated sleep,
nightmares, horrible dreams alternating with lethargic sleep.
CHELIDONIUM 6ch - Insomnia at the beginning of the night. Later mixed dreams which the
patient cannot remember at all.
LACHESIS 6ch - Insomnia before midnight. Nightmares about dead people. All his troubles
worse on waking up.
44
LYCOPODIUM 6ch - Insomnias at 5a.m. Patient is in a very bad mood on waking up.
NUX VOMICA 6ch - One of our best remedies. Covers two different types of insomnias:
a. The patient is very sleepy after dinner, he makes a little nap in front of the T.V. Then when it
is time to go to bed he cannot fall asleep.
b. The patient falls asleep as soon as he is in bed, then he wakes up suddenly for no apparent
reason in the early hours of the morning. He then thinks over his problems and when he feels
tired, he falls asleep from which it is very difficult for him to come out.
PULSATILLA 6ch - Sleepy during the day cut cannot fall asleep at night. This patient usually
sleeps on the back with the hands behind the head.
There are many other remedies that will help insomnia, if it is caused by various psychosomatic
disorders, e.g.:
AGARICUS MUSCARIUS 6ch - will help a very nervous patient.
AMBRA GRISEA 6ch - will help a very shy patient.
ARNICA 6ch - will help a patient who moves around all the time so cannot sleep.
CAUSTICUM and COFFEA CRUDA are the most important ones.
DELERIUM: This is a mental disorder of a transitory nature. It frequently accompanies a
febrile state, but may also occur in seriously ill patients without pyrexia or as a result of
poisoning by certain drugs. So it may be due to the effect of either toxins or drugs upon the
brain.
We may classify the trouble into three types:
a. Maniacal delirium, in which the patient is noisy, violent and irrational.
b. Low muttering delirium of the later stages of exhausting febrile illnesses such as typhoid
fever, in which the patient lies curled up in bed and mutters incoherently.
c. Delirium tremens is a special type occurring in patients who habitually take large quantities of
alcohol. It may come on after a drinking bout, during a febrile illness such as pneumonia or
following an injury.
Three homoeopathic remedies have proved outstanding in this condition:
BELLADONNA - mainly indicated when delusions and hallucinations are present. The patient
is afraid and wants to escape.
HYOSCYAMUS - when the patient is very talkative, looks suspicious at certain times and at
other times is inclined to laugh at everything. The talking is a low muttering speech.
AGARICUS - The patient sings, talks but does not answer. He is indifferent to everything and is
not afraid of anything. He mutters prophecies and rhymes.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
MIGRIANE - HEADACHE: This is a periodical, unilateral paroxysm of pain confined to the
fifth nerve. It is accompanied with nausea, vomiting, intolerance of light and sound, and
inability for mental exertion. The brain for the time is prostrated and incapacitated.
In many cases there is an inherited tendency. Those who are compelled to repeat certain
muscular movements which lead to fatigue of the subcortical motor centres suffer with such
complaints.
The attacks appear at irregular intervals, between which the patients are free from pain.
For a day or two before the paroxysms there is usually a feeling of fatigue without apparent
cause, with heaviness over the eyes, flatulence and indigestion.
45
The attacks appear with chilliness, nausea, vomiting and yawning, a general muscular
soreness, with intolerance to light, noise, incapacity for mental exertion and pain of a sharp
character, of great intensity and persistence, localised in either the temporal or occipital region
of the left side.
The pain is rarely felt on the right side and still more rarely on both sides. Nausea and
other symptoms may follow the onset of the pain rather than precede it. There is often a
disturbance of the circulation and temperature and an increase in saliva. In some cases the blood
vessels are contracted, when the face is pale, the eyes and the pupils dilated. In other cases the
vessels may be dilated. Then the face is flushed, the conjunctiva injected and the pupils
contracted.
Motion, sound and light aggravated the case. The duration of the attack may be from a
few hours to two or three days.
TREATMENT:
THYROID: The thyroid treatment has been successful in several cases of migraine in which
there was an insufficiency of the thyroid gland. The symptoms complained of, apart from the
migraine, are dullness, brittleness of the nails, the early falling out of hair and teeth,
constipation, pain in the joints with scanty and painful menses in females.
IRIS VERSICOLOR: The sick headache begins with a blur before the eyes. There is a dull,
heavy or shooting, throbbing pain, mostly in the forehead, which is accompanied by nausea,
vomiting and mental depression. The attack is apt to recur at irregular intervals. The pains are
intense and throbbing in character. Vomited material may be either bitter, sour or both.
SANGUINARIA CANANDENSIS: This is used in cases which the pain begins regularly. The
pain commences in the occiput, spreads over the head and settles over the right eye. It is sharp,
lancinating, and at times throbbing. As the height of the attack is reached the patient cannot bear
either sounds or odours, and nausea and vomiting appear. He selects a quiet darkened room and
remains quiet. The pain often begins in the morning, increases gradually during the day till
night, when it appears as though the head would burst.
STANNUM: The headache gradually increases until it reaches its acme and then gradually
disappears. The patient is prostrated. Pain begins over one eye and gradually extends to the
whole head.
SEPIA: Is indicated in cases of hemicrania when the pains locate over one eye. Pains are
throbbing in character and the patient cannot stand light, noise or motion. In women there is
disturbance of the menstruation, and the patient is often subject to sexual excesses.
GELSEMIUM: The pain begins at the nape of the neck and extends to the temples; it is
throbbing in character. The patient is extremely sensitive to sounds. There is a disturbed vision,
double vision or dimness of vision.
HEADACHE - GENERAL:
DEFINITION: This is a pain in the head that is reflex, dependent upon an affection in some
other organs. These headaches may be the result of structural changes, congestion and amenia,
or they may be toxic as a result of syphilis or rheumatic fever.
TREATMENT: Relief of the primary affection permanently removes the headache, yet the
physician is frequently called upon to prescribe for the headache.
ACONITE: Pains are piercing, throbbing, stupefying in character; headache with fever,
especially when produced by exposure to cold, draughts or suppressed perspiration. There is
roaring in the ears with chilliness, restlessness and wakefulness. The patient is aggravated by
noise, light or motion; catarrhal and menstrual headaches.
46
BELLADONNA: The pains are sudden in appearance and disappearance, but last indefinitely.
They are often accompanied by vertigo, redness and swelling of the face, and are aggravated by
noise, light, shock or contact. There are catarrhal, gastric and rheumatic headaches, especially in
lymphatic or scrofulous subjects; there is cerebral congestion
GLESEMIUM: There is catarrhal and hysterical headaches, appearing suddenly with vertigo,
dimness of vision and double vision, often accompanied by slight nausea and ameliorated by
shaking the head. The pain is in the back of the head and neck, extending to the shoulders also
across the forehead and temples. It is relieved by profuse urination.
ALLIUM CEPA: This remedy benefits catarrhal headaches with coryza and copious watery
discharge from the nose and eyes, being worse in the evening and better in open air.
EUPHRASIA: Should be compared with Allium in catarrhal headaches accompanied by profuse
watery coryza, smarting of the eyes, lachrymation, photophobia or sneezing and discharge of
mucous.
CHAMOMILLIA: The pains are stinging, stitching, tearing and pressing in character. The pain
is in the forehead temples and vertex, and is aggravated by mental exertion, but ameliorated by
motion. It is especially suited to children. It is indicated in arthritic and rheumatic headaches,
especially when attended by vertigo, nausea and vomiting.
BERBERIS VULGARIS: The pains are lacerating, darting, tensive or aching in character. The
face is pale, cheeks sunken, eyes with bluish-black circles around them. It relieves arthritic,
menstrual and rheumatic headaches, especially when complicated with hepatic troubles. Pains
are aggravated by motion, stooping, during the afternoon and are ameliorated in open air.
PHYTOLACCA: Should be studied in rheumatic cases when pains are sharp, shooting or dull
and heavy, and seated in the forehead and temples. They are accompanied by vertigo, dimness of
vision and nausea, and are aggravated by damp weather. There are gastric and rheumatic
headaches, especially in syphilitic subjects.
IRIS VERSICOLOR: Is indicated in gastric cases when the pains in the head are shooting and
throbbing, or dull and heavy in character, and their seat is chiefly in the forehead. They are
accompanied by nausea and vomiting, first of a sour watery fluid, then of bile. There are
paroxysms of pain followed by copious emissions of urine and vomiting with great burning and
distress in the stomach. They are bilious and gastric headaches, always beginning with a blur
before the eyes.
NUX VOMICA: Should be remembered when there are pains pressing, drawing and stupefying
in character, affecting the whole or any part of the head, but especially the forehead. They are
accompanied by more or less dizziness, nausea and inclination to vomit, and are aggravated by
motion, stooping, moving the eyes, noise, light and mental exertion. It is used for gastric and
bilious headaches attended by constipation, and brought on by excess of wine, coffee, sedentary
habits, or too close mental application.
HYDRASTIS: Is indicated by catarrhal headaches, especially in debilitated subjects, who are
troubled with mucous discharges. Patients have pale face with worn and weary appearance and
are myalgic. Pain is in the scalp and muscles of the neck. There is discharge of thick white
mucous from the nose with loss of appetite and fainting turns.
PODOPHYLLUM: Is used in gastric, rheumatic and bilious headaches, especially when
associated with torpidity of the liver, or when alternating with diarrhoea, or when accompanied
by bitter taste in the mouth, giddiness, glimmering before the eyes. There is nausea, bilious,
vomiting, and purging, worse in the morning, better from pressure and from lying quiet in the
dark.
SULPHUR: Is used when there is constitutional dyscrasia with catarrhal and gastric complaints.
It is useful when associated with constipation, morning diarrhoea or haemorrhoids or when
47
caused by abdominal plethora, suppressed eruptions of mental exertion, or when beginning,

increasing and ending with being in the sun. The headache is aggravated by motion, stooping,
wet and cold weather, heat of the bed or mental exercise, and ameliorated by pressure and
moderate warmth.
SANGUINARIA: Is used in gastric and rheumatic headaches, which are most severe on the
right side, affecting especially the frontal region and temples, and are accompanied by nausea
and vomiting and burning in the stomach; aggravated by motion, light and noise, ameliorated by
quiet, darkness and sleep.
CROCUS SATIVUS: Is indicated for menstrual headache of a oppressive, burning and
throbbing character affecting the forehead, temples and top of the head. There is vertigo with
confusion and waves before eyes at the time of the climacteric, most severe at the time
corresponding to the monthly periods, lasting two or three days and nights, with excitable and
various dispositions.
LILIUM TIGRINUM: Is for menstrual headaches, especially when caused by mental emotion.
The pain is worse over the right eye, is ameliorated by moving about in the open air, with scanty
and profuse urine after the headache.
TUMOURS OF THE BRAIN: Of these the most common is the tuberculoma, the glioma,
sarcomata, carcinomata and gummata and cystic tumours, as the echinococcus, cysticercus
cillilosae.
Those that develop in the brain are the lipomata, myxomata, fibromata, osteomata,
cholesteatomata and psammomata. The gliomata and psammomata develop only in the nerve
tissue.
CAUSE: There is frequently a history of traumatism in these cases. During adult life gummata,
sarcomata, gliomata and parasitic tumours are the most common. Tuberculous growths are the
most common in youth and carcinomata in old age.
The base of the brain is the seat of tuberculous growths, the pons and hemispheres of
gummata, the cerebral surfaces and the ventricles show the development of cysts, in the pineal
gland, psammomata develop. Gliomata develop in the retina and spread to the cerebrum mucous
and fibrous tumours occur in the sheaths of the vessels, while carcinoma are found in the
hemispheres.
SYMPTOMS: These are the result of pressure and vary according to the location of the growth.
Headache appears early and is a most common symptom. There are periods of great
exacerbations and they may intermit. The headache may be attended by nausea, or the nausea
may develop independently, The vomiting may be projectile in character. Absent-minded,
drowsiness and mental irritability are common. The running together of syllables may occur.
Epileptiform or apoplectiform attacks and choreiform twitching may be present. A blood
vessel may rupture near a tumour and apoplexy result. Optic neuritis is an important symptom
from a diagnostic point of view. The disc may be choked. Paresthesia in some form is frequently
present. Should the tumour involve the floor of the fourth ventricle polyuria or glycosuria may
develop. The appetite and nutrition may be affected.
Vertigo due to a disturbance of the circulation may develop. If it is constant and severe it
is probable that the growth involves the cerebellum. Bradycardia may be noted. The temperature
may be normal or subnormal. If fever is present it is the result of a complication either
dependent upon meningitis or cerebritis. Optic neuritis is present in many cases. The
ophthalmoscope should be used to establish its presence.
Cheyenne - Stokes respiration, dysponea, yawning or hiccough may be present. Should
the growth involve the cerebellum, incoordination may be complained of.
48
It is evident that the symptoms will vary according to the location of the tumour. If it is
located in the prefrontal region motor or sensory disturbance will be noted, and exophtalinos
upon the affected side, in certain cases.
If it is located in the parietal-occipital lobe word blindness and mind blindness are
present.
If it is located in the temporal lobe there may be no symptoms, while in other cases there
is word deafness.
If it is located in the basal ganglia, hemianesthesia and hemiplegias may be present, as
well as optic neuritis and a disturbance of the cutaneous and muscular ganglia. Should the
tumour involve the cura cerebri, ocular symptoms, as nystagmus and loss of pupil reflexes are
observed. There may be paralysis of the third nerve on one side and hemiplegia on the opposite
side of the body.
If the pons and the third nerve are involved, the limbs, face and tongue of the opposite
side are paralysed. If the sixth nerve is involved there will be internal strabismus. If the seventh
nerve is involved there will be facial paralysis and deafness. If the auditory nerve is involved
there is deafness. If the tumour involves the medulla, hemiplegia and paralysis result. The
medulla, hemiplegia and paralysis result. There is frequently vomiting and disturbance of
respiration of the hearts action. There may be difficulty in swallowing and retraction of the head.
DIAGNOSIS: This is dependant upon proper interpretation of the symptoms and cerebral
localisation. Other conditions may be attended with vertigo, headache, nausea, vomiting, optic
neuritis and convulsions.
TREATMENT: The patient should be given rest. All cause of excitement, both mental and
physical should be avoided. The bowels should be kept regulated and the diet nutritious.
If the tumour is syphilitic in character, the remedies that will correct the condition
should be prescribed. Those tumours that are not amenable to treatment should be considered
from a surgical standpoint. Firm growths, as fibroma, that develop slowly, may be removed,
cysts and abscesses may be evacuated and their sacs removed.
In some cases the contractility of the paralysed muscles may be benefited by the use of
galvanic current. The amenia, hyperaemia, haemorrhage, inflammation, epilepsy and atrophy
that develop in certain cases should be corrected if possible.
The selection of a remedy must be based upon the finding in the case.
Conium Mac. and Calc. Fluor. should be remembered when the growth is fibroid or fibro-
scirrhous.
Arnica Montana and Hamamelis in hematomata, Sepia and Thuja in fungoid growths.
Graphites and Baryta in Atheromatous growths.
In some cases the pain in the head is so severe that narcotics and hypnotics are given.
These are not used in homoeopathic treatment.
MENIERES DISEASE:
SYMPTOMS: Labyrinthine Vertigo, Aural Vertigo.
This disease is of the intestinal ear characterised by vertigo, tinnitus arum, deafness, nausea and
vomiting.
It usually appears after the thirteenth year of age, more frequently in males than females.
There is a disturbance of the function of the peripheral and central portions of the
vestibular nerve and of the organs in relation to it.
49
SYMPTOMS: Vertigo is the most severe symptom; with this there is nausea, vomiting, tinnitus
aurium, deafness, and at times diplopia and nystagmus.
TREATMENT: The underlying cause must be considered in all cases. The patient should rest.
REMEDIES:
Quinine 2x has been used in certain cases, as has Salicylic acid, Thiosinamin 6x and
Gelsemium.
DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: To open the discussion
on the blood and circulatory system let us briefly remind ourselves of the various components of
the heart. To understand the workings of the heart is important in understanding the different
heart diseases and look at the appropriate treatment.
MAIN VALVES OF THE HEART: The valves between the atria and ventricles are called the
atrioventricular valves. The atrioventricular valve leading into the right ventricle has three flaps
and it is called the TRICUSPID VALVE. The atrioventricular valve that passes into the left
ventricle is called the MITRAL VALVE. It has two cusps. The valve at the entry to the
pulmonary artery is called the PULMONARY VALVE and the valve at the entry to the aorta is
called the AORTIC VALVE.
LAYERS OF THE HEART: The heart does not simply hang freely in the chest cavity, around it
is a loose protective sack of tissue called THE PERICARDIUM. This sack is loose enough to
permit the heart to beat easily. Directly over the heart is a thin, shiny membrane which is called
the EPICARDIUM.
Under the epicardium is a thick layer of muscle called the MYOCARDIUM which
forms the actual working part of the heart. The myocardium is thickest in the left ventricle and
thinnest in the atria. The inside of the heart is lined with another smooth shiny membrane much
like the inside surface of the cheek. This membrane also covers the heart valves and small
muscles associated with the opening and closing of the valves (papillary muscles). It is called
the ENDOCARDIUM.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART: Blood is carried through the muscle layers that form the
wall of the heart by means of two CORONARY ARTERIES. These small vessels branch off the
aorta just after it leaves the heart and turn back across the surface of the chambers, sending
arterioles through the walls. The veins from the wall of the heart, or CORONARY VEINS
empty into the right atrium through a structure called the CORONARY SINUS.
The coronary arteries are END ARTERIES, meaning that each branch follows its own
course to some area of the heart muscle. If one of these coronary branches is partially blocked or
blocked by hardening or by a blood clot (thrombus), the muscle that depends on it for blood will
die.
HEART FAILURE: Which is called CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE (C.C.F.)is either
due to the congestion of the lungs with blood because of failure of the left ventricle to drain the
blood out of them adequately or back pressure of blood in the veins of the body because of
failure of the right ventricle to drain the blood out of the veins efficiently. These are divided into
left and right side heart failure.
LEFT HEART FAILURE: Means that the lungs are engorged or congested with blood because
the left side of the heart is failing in its task of pumping the blood our of the lungs and onto the
body.
The principle symptom of failure of the left side of the heart is SHORTNESS OF
BREATH which becomes noticeable mainly during PHYSICAL EXERTION. At times this kind
of shortness of breath may appear very suddenly. Sometimes it happens late at night, the patient
sitting up in bed, gasping for breath, bluish colour of face and lips (cyanosis) and in a desperate
50
condition. The deadly process of congestion of the lungs has been going on while the patient
was asleep. The heart works under a handicap when one lies flat in bed, since the lungs are
somewhat compressed by the upward pressure of the abdominal organs through the diaphragm.
Breathing is less efficient lying flat than when sitting upright. The combination of this inefficient
breathing with a diseased left ventricle pushes the congestion in the lungs passed the
BREAKING POINT: The patient suddenly wakens gasping for breath with his lungs barely
pumping enough air to maintain life. This particular type of congestive heart failure demands
immediate attention. It is literally a life and death emergency. Sometimes sudden exertion far
beyond the individual's usual activity may push the heart beyond its capacity and trip the
mechanism of congestive cardiac failure. This is particularly true if the exertion is carried out at
a high altitude (over 8000 feet) where the oxygen content of the air is relatively low.
RIGHT HEART FAILURE: Is most commonly produced by some disease in the lungs
themselves. Tuberculosis, bronchitis or other long-standing infections may produce masses of
scar tissue that obstruct the flow of blood into the lungs. The right ventricle must then work
abnormally hard to force the needed volume of blood through the choked, scarred mass of blood
vessels in the lungs. Eventually the right ventricle fails. In this case, the congestion fills the
veins of the body. As the result of greatly increased pressure in the veins, clear watery fluid
oozes into the tissues. The presence of this kind of watery fluid in the tissues is called
OEDEMA. We must not forget that water always flows down hill, even inside the human body.
If there is much oedema in the tissues, it tends to run down toward the feet or ankles, especially
if the patient has been standing or walking.
Without treatment, the swelling tends to move upwards so that the legs and thighs in
turn become distended with fluid. Oedema fluid may also ooze into the abdominal cavity
causing Ascites. The liver also may become distended and enlarged due to the abnormal
pressure in its veins.
Let us look at some general symptomology of C.C.F. (R side and L side).
CARDIAC FAILURE (CHRONIC 2-3 YEARS)
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: L side of heart.
L side more dangerous and quicker than R side.
S/S 1. Dyspnoea.
2. Orthopnea.
3. Enlargement of heart (hypertrophy L ventricle).
4. Cheyenne-Stokes-Respiration.
Normal deep respiration - then hurried faster and faster - then apnoea - then repeated.
5. Cough - Pulmonary congestion. Mimics bronchitis in elderly.
6. Crepitations - pulmonary oedema.
7. Hydrothorax on one or both sides.
8. X-Ray - enlargement and hydrothorax. R sided heart failure usually secondary to L sided.
9. Cardiac oedema.
10. Ascites - later manifestations.
11. Distension and Pulsation of jugular neck veins.
12. Enlargement of Liver - due to inability of R ventricle to deal with venous return to heart.
13. Impaired renal function.
51
14. Oliguria (reduction in excretion of urine).

REMEDIES TO CONSIDER FOR L SIDED CARDIAC FAILURE:
SPIGELIA: - Violent palpitations especially when the patient is lying on his back or when he
tries to move. Sharp pain under the left breast radiating towards the scapula and left arm.
Condition improves if patient turns on the right and keep his head up.
SPONGIA: - Nocturnal dyspnoea happening before midnight with intense suffocation and a dry
whistling cough. The patient cannot remain lying and must sit in his bed. He has violent
palpitations. His face is red and he is anxious and agitated and fears imminent death.
NAJA: - Is a good heart remedy acting at a deep level in the myocardium. There is oppression,
intense pain in the precordial region radiating towards the occiput, the shoulder, and the left arm.
On auscultation, the heart sounds are weak and irregular. There is a dry cough accompanied by
suffocation.
In complication of left heart failure, the symptomatology picture changes to cardiac
asthma, anguish and acute oedema of the lungs.
DIGITALIS (3X): - Is perhaps our best remedy. As soon as the patient starts sleeping, he loses
breath and becomes anxious. His heart is weak, sometimes slow with intermittent beats. There is
a start of cyanosis around the lips and on the nails.
CACTUS: - Should be considered when the pain predominates. Terrible sensation of crushing in
the precordial region. Pain radiating towards left arm with pins and needles going down to the
hand which is sometimes swollen.
APIS: - Is prescribed when the oedema predominates. The patient suffocates. He feels very hot
but is not thirsty at all.
IN RIGHT HEART FAILURE
ARSENICUM: - The patient is out of breath after the slightest movement. He is very anxious
and tries to get up from bed and sit in an armchair, but he soon realises that he must come back
to bed and lie down. He is very depressed and has palpitations in the morning. His dyspnoea is
worse between midnight and 3a.m.
DIGITALIS: - When the pulse is weak and slow, irregular and intermittent. Cyanosis around the
lips and on the mails. Liver congestion, irregular breathing and oedema.
CRATAEGUS: - Is a very good remedy for the cardiac muscle. It should be prescribed if the
heart is very weak, the pulse is irregular, weak and rapid. The patient suffocates easily. There is
tendency to oedema and insomnia.
STROPHANTUS: - Has more or less the same characteristics as Crataegus but is mainly
indicated if the patient is intoxicated with alcohol and tobacco.
CAMPHORA: - Is considered if the patients temperature is low and falls rapidly. His face is
pale, cold and although his body feels cold on touch, he cannot accept to be covered and throws
away the blanket.
CARBO VEGETABILIS:- Is the remedy of the last hour. The patients body is completely cold
except his head. The patient suffocates. He fights for breath and oxygen. He is very weak, his
lips are swollen. The skin is cyanosed and covered by a cold perspiration. This remedy has
saved many lives.
THE CARDIAC VALVES: These valves are flaps of living tissue. Certain diseases may attack
them so that their tissues become inflamed and infected.
When these heal, scar tissue forms which in turn form adhesions across the valves,
narrowing the opening. Rheumatic fever is the most common disease that forms this kind of scar
52
tissue and adhesions in the valves and this type of narrowing is called STENOSIS. The other
way in which a valve might wear out is that edges might become worn and the valve edges will
not meet. Rheumatic fever, again, is the most common disease that scars and distorts the
meeting edges of the heart valves, so that blood leaks back into the chamber it has just left. The
medical term for this kind of leaking is REGURGITATION. Often a heart valve may be both
stenotic and regurgitant.
THE MITRAL VALVE: - In about 10% of cases of MITRAL STENOSIS severe shortening of
the cordage tendineae produces a funnel-shaped orifice. Serious hemodynamic consequences
develop only when the mitral valve orifice is reduced from the normal size of approximately
5cm2 to about 1cm2. In severe mitral stenosis, the orifice is a slit less than 1cm and 0.5cm
across.
The complications of this disease are: Atrial fibrillation which develops sooner or later
in a large proportion of cases. At its onset the ventricular rate is often more than 140 per minute
and the patient may be rapidly precipitated into acute pulmonary oedema. It is an important
complication, both because it contributes to the development of cardiac failure and because it is
responsible for atrial stasis and the consequent risk of thrombosis and embolism. Pulmonary
embolism and infarction frequently occur, especially when the disease is far advanced, as
thrombosis is encouraged by atrial fibrillation, cardiac failure and bed rest. Systemic embolism
is common and usually follows the development of atrial fibrillation. The embolism is cerebral
in a high proportion of cases but may involve the mesenteric, renal or peripheral arteries. The
congested respiratory make the patient liable to attacks of acute bronchitis.
The severity of mitral REGURGITATION depends on: the size of the mitral valve
orifice during systole, the pressure relationships between the left ventricle, aorta and left atrium
and lastly the left ventricular output. Any factor which augments left ventricular output or raises
aortic pressure and, therefore aortic impedance, tends to increase mitral regurgitation. The
complications are similar to those in patients with mitral stenoid. Atrial fibrillations is frequent
in those with mitral regurgitation of rheumatic origin, but less so when other aetiologies are
involved.
Both the above conditions need surgery. Either mitral valvotomy or mitral valve
replacement may be performed in the first condition and mitral valve replacement in the second
condition.
Because of the risks of open-heart surgery and of prosthetic valves, the patient for the
second type of operation are usually only considered for surgery if they are becoming
increasingly disabled.
AORTIC STENOSIS:- Is most commonly the result of disease of the aortic valve cusps, but
may also be due to narrowing in the outflow tract of the left ventricle below the cusps
(subvalvar), or very rarely, a constriction in the first part of the aorta (supravalvar stenosis). A
minor degree of stenosis causes little effect upon the function of the heart and only when the
valve area is reduced to a quarter of the normal are there serious consequences. The left
ventricle responds to the pressure load by contracting more forcibly but the obstruction delays
emptying of the left ventricle, so that the phase of ejection becomes prolonged.
The cardiac output is usually maintained within the normal range but at the expense of a
considerable increase in left ventricular work. In consequence, left ventricular hypertrophy
develops which becomes more pronounced as the stenosis increases. Although the hypertrophy
is a compensatory phenomenon, it eventually contributes to the burden on the heart.
The thickened ventricle is less compliant and is therefore less easily filled during
diastole and the hypertrophies muscle increasingly outstrips the ability of the coronary arteries
to supply it with blood, and coronary insufficiency develops. Bacterial endocarditis may occur
and as a consequence of erosion of the valve, may convert aortic stenosis into aortic
53
regurgitation. The amount of blood that regurgitates is largely determined by the severity of the
aortic valve disease but also influenced by the compliance of the left ventricle and the systemic
vascular resistance.
In less severe cases, some improvement may be obtained by conventional homoeopathic
remedies of cardiac failure such as the ones described before together with the restriction of
activity and the use of a homoeopathic diuretic, DIGITALIS 3X. But if symptoms and heart size
are increasing in spite of medical measures, surgery may have to be considered. Because of the
high mortality and uncertainty of long-term effects, the patient is usually significantly disabled
before surgery is undertaken.
TRICUSIP STENOSIS: obstructs the flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle during
diastole. As a consequence, right atrial pressure rises, cardiac output falls, and the right atrium
and venae cavae dilate. Atrial contraction become increasingly forceful and hepatic engorgement
follows and, eventually, ascites and peripheral oedema develops.
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION is normally secondary to right ventricular failure and
pulmonary hypertension. It is often tolerated for a long time, but sooner or later the features of
advanced right sided cardiac failure become disabling and the patient should then be treated
with the homoeopathic remedies described for this condition.
PULMONARY VALVE disease is relatively uncommon and ITS STENOSIS is usually of
congenital origin except in certain cases of rheumatic heart disease, malignant carcinoid of the
small intestine and obstructive cardiomyopathy.
PULMONARY REGURGITATION is usually secondary to pulmonary hypertension but
sometimes occurs as a consequence of bacterial endocarditis or a congenital anomaly. The
treatment should be the one adapted to each particular case that is either surgery or
homoeopathic treatment to relieve the lungs, such as APIS MEL, PHOSPHORUS or
AMMONIUM CARBONICUM.
DISEASE OF THE LAYERS OF THE HEART: Infection and inflammation may attack the
heart just as they may attack and of the other tissues of the body. The bacteria in pneumonia,
boils, wound infections, appendicitis, sinusitis, meningitis etc. can also attack the heart.
The viruses of influenza, infectious mononucleosis, poliomyelitis, measles, chickenpox
etc. may also attack the heart in any of its layers.
PERICARDITIS (dry Pericarditis) is the infection or inflammation of the pericardium. This
disease which may be acute or chronic, usually associated with a generalised disorder or with
pulmonary disease. Pericarditis may be fibrinous, purulent or constrictive. In acute fibrinous
pericarditis the serious pericardium is inflamed and covered with an adherent layer of fibrin.
There may be an accompanying effusion. In purulent pericarditis, there is usually a thick
fibrinous exudate, containing polymorphonuclear cells and organisms. In constrictive
pericarditis, the pericardium is a dense mass of fibrous tissue which is often heavily calcified.
Acute pericarditis may be caused by:
1. Infections - viral, pyogenic or tuberculous.
2. Collagen tissues disorders such as rheumatic fever,
rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa.
3. Allergic and autoimmune reactions, including the post-cardiotomy and post-myocardial
infarction syndromes.
4. Neoplastic invasion, particularly from carcinoma of the lung.
5. Metabolic disturbances such as uraemia (common) and gout (rare).
54
6. Myocardial infarction when this extends to the epicardium.

7. Trauma.
8. Idiopathic ( unknown causes).
Idiopathic pericarditis is common but is probably, in most instances, due to a viral infection or to
allergy or autoimmunity.
The most common symptom is chest pain, which may be sudden in onset. The
distribution of the pain nay simulate that of acute myocardial infarction, being central and come
times radiating to the shoulder and upper arm. Unlike ischaemic cardiac pain, it is accentuated
by inspiration, by swallowing, by movement and by lying flat. The most definitive sign of
pericarditis is a pericardial rub, although this is not always present. Acute pericarditis is most
likely to be confused with acute myocardial infarction, spontaneous pneumothorax and pleurisy.
In differentiating it from acute myocardial infarction, the following points are of
importance:
1. The character of the pain, the absence of pre-existing angina and the history of an upper
respiratory infection and of pyrexia preceding the onset of chest pain.
2. The absence of Q waves and the characteristic infarction type of ST elevation on the ECG.
3. The absence of serum enzyme changes.
Viral pericarditis can be suspected from the history of an upper respiratory infection and
fever preceding the chest pain.
Tuberculous pericarditis may be difficult to diagnose, because there is often no evidence
of pulmonary tuberculosis. Usually, however, there is a history of nausea and weight loss for
some weeks prior to the pericarditis.
In pericarditis due to staphylococci, streptococci or pneumococci, there is usually
infection in the lung or elsewhere in the body. In rheumatic fever, there is accompanying
evidence of the rheumatic process as well as of myocarditis and endocarditis.
In pericarditis due to hypersensitivity or auto-immunity, there is no preceding
respiratory infection but there is often a history of similar episodes in the past.
HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES TO CONSIDER IN THE SYMPTOMOLOGY OF
PERICARDITIS.
ACONITE corresponds to the start of the disease. The temperature is high, the skin dry and hot.
The patient is agitated in his bed physically, mentally and fears imminent death. He complains
of pain in the cardiac region. His pain gets worse when lying on the left side and when he
breathes.
The cough is dry, the patient is our of breath. The pulse is rapid and sometimes irregular.
This remedy given on the start of the pericarditis is efficacious in preventing more serious
development.
SPEGELIA is also a remedy of the start of the disease, but the patient gets palpitations with the
pain. These are the two main indications for this remedy. The patient complains of a tearing pain
under the left breast, which radiates to the scapula and left arm. He is also anxious and
depressed but seems better when lying on the right side. The palpitations are violent and
sometimes may be seen externally. This remedy may also be prescribed at any time during the
progress of the disease.
BRYONIA is mainly a transitory remedy between the dry pericarditis and the pericardial
effusion or wet pericarditis, but it may also be prescribed at any moment of the disease provided
we find the signs of the remedy. Bryonia is probably the most widely used remedy in this
55
disease since it covers a whole range in syndrome. It may also follow Aconitum after the first
acute stages of the disease have subsided. The temperature is lower, the agitation is less, but the
pain still persists and increases with cough, movement and deep breathing. The Bryonia patient
may lie of the left side without discomfort and on the contrary, the pain improves in this
position.
Two little pointers for the successful prescription of Bryonia are: The patient moves his
mandible constantly as if he was chewing something and also the left arm and leg are animated
by slight irregular movements.
ANACARDIUM is not usually used often in dry pericarditis, but sometimes it may be very
useful if certain symptoms appear, such as a sensation of heaviness and constriction in the
cardiac region. If apart from these, the patient had digestive, hepatic and venous problems such
as haemorrhoids and constipation, you may safely prescribe the remedy.
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION (wet pericarditis)
This disease may result from transudation (in cardiac failure), exudation of serous fluid or pus
( in pericarditis) or blood (from trauma or malignant disease). The hydropericardium of cardiac
failure causes few if any symptoms, although it may cause compression of the lungs and reduce
the vital capacity. Pericardial effusion die to other causes may produce pain and pericardial
tamponade.
Large effusions may be detected by percussion. With the patient lying flat, increases
dullness may be noted in the second left interspace, as well as in the fourth and fifth right
interspaces, and to the left of the apex beat. Auscultation may reveal pericardial friction and
heart sounds which are often but not always soft. Chest x-ray is valuable in diagnosis,
particularly if several films are taken over a period of days. A sudden increase in the
cardiothoracic ratio being very suggestive of pericardial effusion. When there is a considerable
effusion, the cardiac silhouette is enlarged and the normal demarcation between the chambers is
obliterated and the heart shadow takes on a pear or water-bottle shape.
Remember that similar abnormalities may be seen in some cases of cardiac failure,
particularly when the right atrium is much enlarged, but the presence of a very large heart
shadow in the absence of pulmonary venous congestion makes the diagnosis of pericardial
effusion positive.
Homoeopathic remedies to consider.
KALI CARBONICUM - Usually follows Bryonia or may replace it if this remedy has not been
prescribed at the right moment. Like Bryonia, the pains from this remedy are acute and cutting
but contrarily, they are worsened when the patient lies on the painful side and also by pressure.
At the typical bryonia stage, the patient holds his chest with his two hands while coughing and
he lies on the left side.
At the Kai Carb stage, the patient pain increases if he holds his chest with his hands, so
he refrains, and is better for lying on the right side.
He only gets relief if he bends forward. His pulse is small, weak and irregular. Another
important sign for prescription is flatulence which is very pronounced.
APIS MEL - It is mainly used as an emergency remedy if the disease takes a tragic turn very
quickly. Sometimes there is no time for Aconitum, Bryonia and Apis should be prescribed
directly. The patient is red, oedematous and the pain is acute, and there is a sensation of burning
in the cardiac region. The pain worsens when heat is applied. The urine is scanty and sometimes
contains albumin and the patient is not thirsty.
CANTHARIS: Is a remedy which has more or less the same characteristics as Apis from the
urinary aspect, but you may differentiate them easily due to the quickness of the effusion, since
56
this remedy is less violent than Apis in its approach and the effusion lasts for a few days before
subsiding. The temperature is not very high, the pain has disappeared and the pulse is fast. The
urine is scanty, containing albumin and there is cystitis present.
A complication of the disease may appear..
PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE the normal pericardium does not restrict ventricular
distension during diastole, but if there is an accumulation of pericardial fluid, or if there is
fibrosis or calcification of the pericardium, adequate filling may be prevented. This may occur
acutely, as when the pericardium fills with blood or fluid, or slowly, as in chronic constrictive
pericarditis. The clinical syndrome of tamponade which cardiac compression causes may be
rapidly fatal if it develops quickly. There is no efficient homoeopathic treatment of this
complication.
CHRONIC PERICARDITIS (Constructive) is relatively uncommon. In most patients, no
definite cause may be found, although in some communities a tuberculous infection may be
responsible for the majority of cases. This disease can also be a late complication of other types
of infection such as neoplastic invasion and intrapericardial haemorrhage.
In this condition, adequate filling of the ventricles during diastole is prevented by thick,
fibrous and often calcified pericardium. Although extension of the disease process may affect
the superficial areas of the myocardium, the rest of the heart is usually normal.
The inability of the ventricles to distend during diastole leads to an increase in diastolic
pressure in the ventricles and to consequent rise in pressure and systemic veins. The cardiac
output is low and there is a compensatory tachycardia.
Symptoms are predominantly those of right-sided cardiac failure. The presenting
complaint is often that of abdominal swelling due to ascites, but dyspnoea and ankle swelling
are also common. The dyspnoea is slow and progressive. There is fatigue and weakness on
exertion.
Examination shows markedly distended neck veins with weak or absent systolic
pulsations but prominent diastolic retraction. Atrial fibrillation is frequently present. On x-ray,
the heart is usually moderately enlarged. Its shape is not consistent with valva or hypertensive
heart disease. Pulsations are weak or absent. Lung fields are clear. Pericardial calcification is
very common, and one of the most characteristic features of the disease is the shell-like rim of
calcified pericardium, which is particularly well seen in lateral or oblique x-rays of the heart. An
important clue to the diagnosis is the combination of advanced right-sided failure with a normal-
sized heart. Since the most common causes of chronic pericarditis are rheumatic fever and
tuberculosis, we should consider remedies that we possess against scar formation. e.g.:
RHUS TOX - well known remedy for fibrous tissues. Anywhere that we suspect a formation of
sclerosis this remedy should be considered to stop the progress of fibrous tissue formation.
The cardiac indications are shortness of breath, palpitations, rapid, weak intermittent
pulse. The patient changes position all the time and may have a red triangle on the tip of the
tongue, a typical pointer to the weather and when lying on the affected side.
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS - is a remedy most useful in adherences and may be used
successfully in pleural or pericardial effusions. The pain is above the left breast, aggravated by
touch, movement or breathing. The patient prefers to be seated or bent forward. Another
important point is that the liver is also attacked at the same time as the heart.
AURUM - should be prescribed in chronic pericarditis if palpitations and pseudo-anginal pains
predominate. The Aurum patient has an unusual type of palpitation. He has the sensation that his
heart stops two or three seconds, immediately followed by an onset of violent and painful
palpitations arriving mainly at night and obliging the patient to sit and bend forward in bed.
There are some additional remedies such as:
57
SULPHUR IODATUM - which should be combined with Rhus Tox and Ranunculus. This
remedy will act at a deeper level and help the other remedies especially if the stigma is
tubercular.
ASCLEPIAS - which will help the patient who is hypersensitive to humidity and
SYPHILINUM - which will strengthen all the other remedies by counteracting the hereditary
predisposition. This remedy should be given in high potency only one dose monthly.
MYOCARDITIS - Physicians have known for a long time that such diseases as Rheumatic
fever or Diphtheria caused inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium).
Unfortunately the medical profession had a tendency to call a lot of other diseases
myocarditis some thirty or forty years ago for lack of a better name or lack of accurate
diagnosis. But now, Myocarditis is a term used to describe inflammatory disorders of the
myocardium due to infection and toxins. The terms CARDIOMYOPATH is used for those
diseases of the myocardium which cannot be described as myocarditis. A great variety of viruses
or bacteria can attack the cells of the heart muscle. The heart muscle can also become inflamed
in the course of any collagen diseases. Diagnosing myocarditis is difficult and the seriousness of
the disease varies considerably. It may be a very slight inflammation of the muscle cells that
produces only a sense of fatigue and palpitations while at the other end of the scale it may be a
fatal illness. The disease, which occurs in a large number of infections is often so mild as to
escape detection, although causing a tachycardia and non-specific ECG changes. It may also
give rise to arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. In the more
severe cases, tachycardia may be considerable, or in the case of Diphtheria, there may be
bradycardia due to heart block. The signs and symptoms of left and right cardiac failure may
develop, with dyspnoea, gallop rhythm, cardiac enlargement and murmurs due to dilatation of
the ventricles. In the most sever cases there is a risk of acute circulatory failure (shock) and of
sudden death.
The main homoeopathic remedies which have given good results to maintain the cardiac
competency are Crataegus, Digitalis and Strophanthus.
CRATAEGUS-the heart is weak and irregular. The patient has short breath. He wants to open
the windows. The pulse is weak, irregular and rapid and the patient has insomnia.
DIGITALIS-The heart seems weaker as if it is going to stop at any moment especially if the
patient moves. The main indication of Digitalis is a slow, weak and irregular pulse which is also
intermittent. Sometimes there is cyanosis of the lips and nails.
STROPHANTUS-Alternating rapid and slow pulse. Cardiac weakness with dyspnoea. This
remedy is particularly useful for patients who have been heavy smokers or drinkers. If the above
remedies do not give the required results and the patient gets worse, we should then apply the
remedies for cardiac failure described previously. The most important ones are Camphor and
Carbo Vegetabilis.
CARDIOMYOPATHIES - These cardiac diseases fall into two groups:
1. Those in which the heart disease is the major or only abnormal feature, and
2. Those in which the myocardial disease is a complication of a generalised disorder.
In a substantial proportion of cases in the first group, no cause for the cardiomyopathy
can be found. In some, there is a family history of heart disease and sudden death. In others,
excessive intake of alcohol appears to be responsible. Unexplained cardiomyopathy seems to
occur more frequently that might be anticipated after childbirth and has been described as
puerperal cardiomyopathy.
ENDOMYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS - is a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy found in
many areas of Africa. Usually the endocardium and inner part of the myocardium are replaced
58
by dense fibrous tissue. The right endocardium prevents adequate filling and death occurs from
cardiac failure or from thromboid-embolism.
ENDOCARDIAL FIBRO-ELASTOSIS - is a disorder almost confined to infants. In this
condition, the endocardium of the left ventricle and left atrium is replace by elastic tissue and
collagen tissue. The mitral valve is often involved and there is usually associated congenital
heart disease.
Generally speaking Cardiomyopathies usually takes one of three clinical forms,
although mixtures of these may occur. These have been designated Congestive, Constrictive and
Obstructive. Although this classification is useful, many patients with cardiomyopathy in its
early stages exhibit only cardiomegaly and are free of the signs and symptoms of cardiac failure.
CONGESTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY is the most common form of the disease. Patients
usually present with dyspnoea and oedema of either abrupt or insidious onset. Tachycardia is
common as are ventricular ectopic beats and atrial fibrillation. The venous pressure is raised and
there may be systolic venous pulsation from tricuspid regurgitation. Cardiac enlargement affects
both right and left ventricles.
CONSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY - simulates constrictive pericarditis, because the
thickened myocardium resists filling. The features are predominantly those of right-sided
cardiac failure, with greatly increased venous pressure and a quiet heart. The chest x-ray shows
the heart to be normal or slightly increased in size. Constrictive cardiomyopathy differs from
constrictive pericarditis in that the pericardium is no calcified and there may be evidence of
diseases such as scleroderma.
OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY - is relatively rare. In this condition there is a
massive hypertrophy of the heart affecting particularly the ventricular septum. This may lead to
narrowing of the inflow and outflow in both left and right ventricles and most commonly
produces a variety of aortic stenosis sometimes called IDIOPATHID HYPERTROPHIC
SUBAORITIC STENOSIS. The symptoms are those which occur in other types of aortic
stenosis including dyspnoea, angina and syncope.
Arrhythmias are common and there is a high risk of sudden death. There is commonly a
family history of heart disease or of sudden death. The chest x-ray usually shows left ventricular
hypertrophy. In general the treatment of cardiomyopathies is disappointing but in certain cases
the following homoeopathic remedies have proved beneficial in stopping the progress of the
disease and give the patient a better chance to live longer. BED REST and HOMOEOPATHIC
DIURETICS such as DIGITALIS MUST ACCOMPANY THE TREATMENT.
ARSENICUM IODATUM has proved a good remedy. Its anti-sclerotic power is used in
GANGLIONS and CERTAIN TUMOURS. It unites the tonic and reconstructive action of
Arsenic with the anti-fibrotic action of Iodine. It is used mainly in aged patients and in low
dilution (+3x).
AURUM MURIATICUM - has more or less the same indications as Aurum Metallicum but the
muriaticum group is specific of palpitations and sensation of heaviness in the heart. It is mainly
prescribed if the palpitations are irregular with painful restart. This remedy has also proved to be
very good in AORTITIS.
DISEASES OF THE HEART: Heart disease is considered as being a major factor in terminal
illness today. Prevention through diet is essential, however, the homoeopath often sees patients
who are already suffering from various conditions and must select those remedies most needed.
EXAMINATION: The usual examination should include inspection, palpation, percussion and
auscultation.
CARDIAC PATHOLOGY: The cause of cardiac pathology divides itself into those cases that
are inherent and those that are acquired. Age is an important factor; acute pericarditis and
59
endocarditis are diseases of the youth, and are responsible for many cases of mitral disease,
while later in life appear the degenerative changes, as arterio-sclerosis, aneurism and the fibroid
degenerative changes of the valves, especially the aortic.
Palpitation of the heart is frequent in early life, while alteration in its rhythm, due to
organic disease, appears later in life. Men suffer from diseases of the auric orifice, while women
from those of the mitral. Occupations that demand prolonged physical exertion develop sclerotic
changes, while those that are indolent develop fatty degenerations.
There is no doubt of the affinity of the rheumatic poison for both the pericardium and
endocardium; while gout interferes with the hearts action more by the degenerative changes
wrought in the arteries, especially the coronary, than by its direct action upon the heart.
The acute infectious diseases have their effects upon the structure of the heart. Our
knowledge of bacteriology has made it clear how it is possible for these effects to be brought
about. Pathological conditions in distant organs that interfere with the circulation, have most
injurious effects upon the heart.
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES: The heart is subject to various forms of degeneration. One of
the most common known as cloudy swelling. The effects of this is noticed as a result of those
acute infectious and local diseases that produce a profound impression on the system by the
toxins generated, which modify the protoplasm; as a result of swelling of the cells or fibres takes
place; the latter becoming granular and cloudy, while their nuclei become less distinct and the
heart as a whole is enlarged and presents a pale, cloudy appearance on section.
FATTY HEART: Fatty heart is a term employed is speaking of three different conditions. In the
first there is an extra accumulation of fat in those places where it is normally found. If excessive,
and long continued, it is bound to lead to functional and possibly grave, structural changes in the
myocardium.
In the second class, there is a deposit of fat in places where it does not naturally exist. It
develops in the intermuscular system and between the muscle fibres, and extends to the
connective tissue underlying the endocardium.
In the third class, the fat is formed at the expense of the protoplasm of the cell, and
replaces the muscular tissue. The change is brought about by changes in the blood, the result of
certain cachexias, severe haemorrhages, pyrexia and toxic conditions. The tissue of the organ, or
portion of the organ affected is paler and softer than normal. During certain acute diseases there
is absorbed something that has the power of producing coagulation, and as a result, the tissue
breaks up into hyaline degeneration.
While the tissue of the body generally undergoes a loss of bulk in advanced age, the
heart usually goes on increasing in size, but during certain wasting diseases and cachexias it
undergoes atrophy, due either to a diminution in size or number of the cell elements. In the
senile changes that lead to fibrosis or atheroma, there is often deposited of carbonate or
phosphate of calcium, which is favoured by a weakening of the circulation. As a result of certain
cachexias, marasmus and senile changes, there is developed a pigmentary or brown atrophy.
This is due to the deposit of pigments in different organs.
The nature of the process of reaction of tissue to irritation, varies in degree, but not in
type, according as it is the serious, muscular or connective tissue that is involved. These
processes may be exudative or proliferative, the former being noted during the early stages and
is attended with leucocytes and red blood corpuscles; the latter occurs later and is attended with
a multiplication of the connective tissue and endothelial cells. They also vary, according as the
seat of the process is on a membrane rich in blood vessels, as the pericardium, or having few
blood vessels, as the endocardium, or the myocardium where the muscular tissue is well
supplied with blood. On the pericardium the fluid exudate may coagulate and form a membrane
60
on the surface, it an extra amount is thrown out on account of some bacterial activity, it does not
coagulate remains serious. while if there is greater emigration of leucocytes with little tendency
to coagulation of the serum, it becomes purulent.
The endocardium covering the valves has but few blood vessels and as a result the
process is greatly modified, and, while the exudation is sufficient to lead to fusion of the cusps,
it is but slight when compared with that from the pericardium.
The changes in the myocardium are modified by the tissue; the muscle cells are swollen,
and lose their transverse striation, the nucleus is enlarged, the whole cell is changed in outline
and is softer than normal.
In the more chronic changes of the serous membrane there is a thickening and
contraction of the newly formed fibrous tissue, and sometimes, a deposit of lime salts, while in
the myocardium there is hyperplasia of the connective tissue, which gradually leads to a
disappearance of the muscular tissue. There is no doubt that a serious membrane such as the
pericardium may recover form the effects of a pericarditis, and the endocardium may recover
form an endocarditis to an extent, but any structural change of the myocardium is never
recovered from.
When the organ increases in size without any structural change, the process is known as
hypertrophy. It is recognised that in health the heart has a reserve strength, its task being below
its possibilities and as a result, when an extra strain is brought to bear upon it, it can adapt itself
to the emergency, first, by the reserve energy and then by hypertrophy which may be sufficient
to overcome all signs of disturbance, if not, dilation follows.
Disturbances of the circulation owe their origin to causes operating either on the heart,
the blood vessels, or the blood itself. Those operating on the heart may do so from without, as in
diseases of the pericardium, or from within, as in diseases of the endocardium and also in
myocardial degenerations.
From whatever cause the heart is weakened, both in its aspirative and expulsive action,
on account of its reserve force it is capable of overcoming the resistance up to a certain point by
a compensating hypertrophy; but hypertrophy is only possible when the nutrition of the heart is
good.
Of the disturbances connected with the blood vessels a diminished elasticity and
contractility, the result of advancing years, is the most important.
Disturbances connected with the blood are varied in their origin and effects. In any
condition that lowers the nutritive elements of the blood, impairs the hearts energy and gives
rise to a loss of tone in the arterial walls, dilation must result sooner or later.
ARTERIO-SCLEROSIS:
DEFINITON: This is a hyaline degeneration of the structures composing the walls of the
arteries, with hyperplasia and a substitution of connective for muscular tissue, and as a result
associated with contraction and induration of the artery.
CAUSE: This being senile, degenerative change, age, together with sex, syphilis, alcohol, gout,
rheumatism are most fruitful causes.
Males suffer from this disease more than females. Alcohol produces the greater results
in different ways. It accelerates the hearts action by disturbing the digestive function of both the
stomach and the liver, and if in excess, it so poisons the blood that it acts as an irritant.
Other major factors are syphilis, rheumatism, gout, diabetes and lead poisoning.
SYMPTOMS: When the coronary arteries are involved, palpitation of the heart occurs after
meals, with dysponea upon the slightest exertion.
61
In some cases of mitral stenosis, sclerosis of the pulmonary artery has frequently been
observed, producing chronic stasis of the lung.
In the extremities the symptoms depend upon the stage of the disease, but are indicated
by coldness or cyanosis and ultimately gangrene.
TREATMENT:
CUPRUM SULPH 2X - In syphilitic cases, where many of the symptoms calling for cuprum are
present. It should be given at night and morning for a long period.
PLUMBUM IODIDE 3X - When interstitial nephritis is present, with constipation and colic
pains.
ZINC PHOS - Presents many of the symptoms of cerebral vertigo and should be compared with
Arsenic Iodide in this condition.
COCHICINE - Where there is a history of gout and chronic rheumatism this preparation will be
found more reliable than Colchium, when the symptoms of the latter are present.
GLONOINE - This remedy give temporary relief in reducing the extreme vascular tension.
ARTERIAL DEGENERATION: Fatty degeneration is most frequently met with in those who
are past the meridian of life; but it may be met with in chlorotic girls.
While any of the coats of the arteries may be affected, it is most frequently seen in the
inner coat, where it forms part of the atheromatous process. When it occurs as an independent
lesion it most frequently results from toxic agents in the blood, and as the result of disturbances
of the circulation. The microscope may reveal small, yellow or white spots or streaks in the
endothelium; the endothelial cells may be granular or filled with oil drops. In severe cases there
may be erosion of the endothelial surface, and the muscular elements of the middle coat may
show fatty degeneration. This form of degeneration may lead to rupture of the blood vessel or to
a calcareous infiltration.
Hyaline degeneration is seen involving the inner coat of the smaller arteries, where it is
often but the first evidence of a beginning degeneration. It is frequently the result of infectious
fevers or intoxication, when the small arteries suffer most.
SYNCOPE:
FAINTING OR SWOONING: This is a complete loss of consciousness which is usually
temporary, but it may be a mode of death.
CAUSE: It may result from cerebral or cardiac causes, acute disease of the heart, as myocarditis
and pericarditis, or cardiac degeneration, imperfect blood supply; deficient nervous or muscular
power, emotional disturbance, insufficient food, heat and close rooms, violent and protracted
pain, amenorrhea and profuse natural discharges.
SYMTPOMS: There is dimness of sight, noises in the ears, the lips and face become pale and
are covered with a cold perspiration, the pulse becomes weak, the breathing slower, and the
patient falls.
TREATMENT: The patient should be placed in a horizontal position at once, all tight clothing
loosened, a current of air allowed to pass on the face, sprinkle cold water on the face.
During the attack us Ammionium Carb., Camphor or Moschus.
China- When the fainting results from a profuse loss of blood, diarrhoea, perspiration or from
exercise.
Digitalis- When there is feebleness of the heart.
Iodum- When there is a constitutional debility.
62
Linaria Vulgaris- The patient faints dead away without apparent cause, usually of cardiac origin.
EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE:
Basedow's Disease, Grave's Disease, Tachycardia Strumosa.
The origin is ascribed to a derangement of the nervous system; or to an increased and
perverted function of the thyroid gland.
CAUSE: Its prevalence in certain families leads us to believe that it is hereditary. It is more
common in women than men.
SYMPTOMS: Increased frequency of action and palpitation of the heart, protrusion of the
eyeballs, enlargement of the thyroid gland and tremor. The arteries, and at times the veins and
capillaries, show pulsation.
DIAGNOSIS: This is dependent on the tachycardia, the tremors of the fingers, the exophthalmos
and the enlargement of the thyroid. In many cases these symptoms do not all appear at first, and
some one of the group may not appear at all.
TREATMENT:
LYCOPUS VIRGIN - This remedy is indicated more frequently than any other. When there is a
rapid pulse, abnormal cardiac action it being tumultuous and forcible. There is cough and often
hemoptysis.
It appears to give the best results when given in five drops doses of the tincture every three
hours.
SPIGELIA - This remedy produces a violent action of the heart; with great rapidity, protrusion
of the eyeballs, and many symptoms that show a similarity to this disease.
FERRUM IOD - This remedy is indicated in cases of disturbances of the female sexual organ,
when the menses are scanty or suppressed. The body is emaciated and amenia is present.
BELLADONNA - Usually when the disease is in its early stages; when there is a throbbing of
the carotids and a beating is felt in the head. The pupils are dilated and the eyes are prominent.
The thyroid is enlarged.
NAT. MUR - When there is depression of the vital forces and the general nutrition of the patient
is low. Mental condition is one of hopelessness. Mouth is dry and the tongue is sore and
mapped. The bowels are constipated, stools are hard. The skin is dirty and flaccid. There is a
marked fluttering of the heart and irregular pulse.
IODUM: When hunger cannot be satisfied protrusion of the eyeballs; violent palpitation of the
heart, worse on exertion; and a constant, heavy, oppressive pain in the region of the heart. The
pulse is rapid, small, weak, and often irregular.
AURUM: Mental depression with suicidal tendencies, violent palpitation of the heart, with
precordial oppression an hypertrophy of the heart.
TACHYCARDIA: The heart rate is highly variable from person to person and at different times
in the same person. Arbitrary limits have been set of any rate under 60 being bradycardia, and
over 100 a tachycardia.
CAUSE: In the majority of cases paralysis of the vagus, irritation of the sympathetic, or
affections of the cardiac ganglii is present. Hysteria, amenia, chlorosis, tea, coffee and tobacco
are often among the exciting causes, as are rheumatism, influenza, diphtheria, mental excitement
and gastric disturbance.
SYMPTOMS: In the majority of cases there are recurrent paroxysms of the tachycardia. The
attack may appear at any time, suddenly and without any warning; occasionally a slight vertigo
or tinnitus may be complained of. The patient becomes pale, cyanosis may be present, and a
63
pulsation of the carotid arteries or jugular veins noticed.

The cardiac involvement is greatly accelerated and may be anywhere form 150 to 300 to
the minute. The pulse is nearly always feeble, irregular, small, and frequently cannot be counted
on the wrist; when auscultation must be resorted to.
DIAGNOSIS: This is based on the high pulse rate, and the absence on the part of the patient of
any sense of rapid heart or palpitation. In palpitation the pulse rate is not so high, and there is
dysponea and smothering, precordial stress.
TREATMENT:
AURUM MUR - Where there are evidences of myocardial degeneration, this remedy is given in
the 2x for a long period .
SPARTINE SULPHATE.1X: - 10 drops every hour in myocardial degeneration of neurotic
subjects.
AMMONIUM VALER - For neurotic and hysterical patients who are suffering from nerve
exhaustion. The heart being weak and erratic.
HYPERTENSION:
DISCUSSION: For a person to have hypertension, it must be persistent elevation, even during
hours of relative tranquillity.
Blood pressure will vary greatly from time to time in any individual and normal will
vary greatly from individual to individual. When establishing a blood pressure it is necessary to
take multiple readings. It is important to search for the cause of an elevated reading. It may be
due to a normal physiological response.
Hypertension itself does not shorten life and does not cause any symptoms unless
extreme. It is the ischemia that is caused by vascular damage that produces symptoms and
pathology in such target organs as the brain, kidney etc.
Hypertension has an insidious onset and there are no heralding symptoms. It is usually
discovered on a routine examination. There is question that the symptoms such as headache or
fatigue that bring the patient to your office are really caused by hypertension.
SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION: The most frequent cause of systolic hypertension is
arteriosclerosis of the aorta and its main branches but this should not be taken for granted as
high output syndromes such as severe amenia (7gms or less), nutritional deficiencies,
thyrotoxicosis, arteriovenous fistula and 3rd degree A.V. block can cause this condition.
Third degree A.V. block may cause a bradycardia which will increase diastolic filling,
increasing the blood pressure. We should mention that aortic insufficiency will produce a high
output situation as the heart works against an incompetent aortic valve. There may be a widened
pulse pressure as the diminished elasticity of the large arteries tend to lower diastolic pressure.
Many authorities feel that drugs should not be used to control systolic pressure as dramatic
drops may occur.
DIASTOLIC HYPERTENSION: When treating hypertension, this is the most difficult to
control. This is due to increased resistance to outflow, increased peripheral resistance in the
arteriolar bed. The mechanisms are very complex involving neurogenic and humoral factors that
ultimately progress to the arterioles as a constricting force.
A high diastolic pressure is going to mean a narrowing of the pulse pressure and the
significance of an elevated diastolic pressure is a shortened life expectancy.
With a high systolic pressure, you would worry about blow our, but with an elevated
diastolic pressure there is no emergency, no symptoms. The higher the pressure, the shorter the
64
time.
ANGINA PECTORIS: This disease is characterised by excruciating pains in the cardiac
region, a sense of utter powerlessness and fear of impending dissolution. It has been divided into
two vanities true and false.
CAUSE: True angina is most frequently met in males over forty years of age. A large proportion
of these cases show fatty degeneration of the heart, with sclerosis or calcification of the
coronary arteries; while in other cases it has appeared to depend on aortitis, adherent
pericarditis, cardiac hypertrophy, aortic regurgitation or stenosis and arterial sclerosis.
The pseudo angina occurs in neurasthenics or the hysterical, during the early part of life
and is frequently associated with uterine or ovarian irritation, and dysmenorrhoea.
SYMPTOMS:
True angina begins suddenly, usually during some mental, emotion or marked exertion.
The patient is seized with a most excruciating pain which is gripping in character, rendering the
body motionless and involving the whole chest.
The pains radiate to the left shoulder and arm, at times the right is involved; the pains
may be felt in the neck and back and accompanied by a sensation of coldness and numbness,
and a sense of impending death. The face is pale and bathed in cold perspiration.
Respirations are shallow, but the patient can breathe deeply. The hearts action may be
regular and the arterial tension is usually increased. The duration of the attack varies from a
second or two to an hour or longer, and is followed by eructation of gases, vomiting or passage
of large quantities of pale urine.
THE PSUEDO ANGINA occurs most frequently in females of the hysterical or neurasthenic
type, who suffer form derangement of the arteries and its appendages. There is frequently
disturbances of the vaso-motor system. Careful examination reveals the hysterogenic spots and
aesthetic area. The recurrence of the attack varies from months to years.
DIAGNOSIS: This is dependent upon the pain which comes quickly, is most severe in, and
confined to the region of the heart, and radiates to the shoulder; there is mental anxiety and the
inability of the patient to move.
TREATMENT:
NATRUM IOD: Use three times daily where there is organic disease of the heart associated with
angina. There is an oppression in the region of the heart that is attended with a fear of death.
KALI IOD: Severe pains in the centre of the chest which extends to the shoulder. The pains in
the chest are very severe, and the patient desires fresh air.
SPONGIA: Sudden cramping pains within the chest; oppressed breathing and a sensation of
suffocation; face is pale with a feeling of nausea.
CACTUS GRAND: With angina when there is an organic lesion. There is a sensation as if the
heart were grasped by an iron band preventing its normal movements, continual palpitations.
ARSENICUM ALB: When attacks are periodical, with faintness and extreme weakness. There
is great mental and bodily anxiety with severe pain that extends down the arm, and great
prostration and dysponea. The surface of the body is cold.
SPEGELIA: With constriction and painfulness in the left side of the chest which arrests the
breathing and causes a sensation of suffocation.
CUPRUM MET: Where there is only a little vitality; in feeble individuals, with slow pulse.
Attacks appear suddenly with dysponea. The surface of the body is cold and blue.
VERATUM ALB: Use when there is an intermittent pulse, pallor with cold, clammy
65
perspiration, vertigo and deathly nausea.

Accumulation of white tenacious mucous in the mouth and vomiting. The patient
complains of great weakness and debility, is restless.
ACONITE: In pseudo angina, it has given relief when its characteristic symptoms are present, as
well as digitalis and naja.
ARRHYTHMIA: This is an irregularity of the hearts action, either in volume or in rhythm.
Whenever the pulse manifests irregularity it is advisable to examine the hearts contractions by
auscultation and to compare them with the pulse. At times it will be found that feeble ventricular
contractions do not produce a pulse beat. In view of these facts the heart rate and pulse rate
should always be taken.
PULSUS ALTERNANS: In this form the intervals between the beats may be regular, but a full
strong beat alternates with a weak one. This condition may be more marked and a beat
developed altogether at regular or irregular intervals.
PULSUS BIGEMINUS: In this case there are two beats closer together which are followed by
two beats that are farther apart. Instead of being in twos they may be in groups of three (Pulsus
Trigeminus) or four ( Pulsus Quadrigeminum). This is observed in some cases of mitral disease.
PULSUS PARADOXUS: This is a condition in which the pulse is more rapid but weaker during
inspiration than expiration. This is noticed in weak hearts, where there is an adherent
pericardium or a pressure form inflammatory bands about the arch of the aorta.
DELERIUM CORDIS: Is an irregularity of the heart in which several beats come together and is
then followed by a short period of rest, then one or two normal contractions, and then another
paroxysm of delirious contractions. This has been noticed during bronchial asthma, marked
dilation of the heart and the last stages of exophthalmic goitre.
TREMOR CORDIS: Is an irregularity in which the heart, without apparent cause, takes on a
rapid and tremulous action, which continues for a few seconds and is followed by an
intermission of the pulse and then a forcible beat, after which there is usual rhythm. This is
observed in the weak and debilitated, who suffer from flatulence and gastric disturbances.
GALLOP RHYTHM: Is when the heart's sounds simulate those produced by hoofs of a
galloping horse. There is a reduplication of the second sound. It is met with in chronic nephritis,
amenia, typhoid, pneumonia etc.
CAUSE: Among the direct causes of arrhythmia are meningitis, lesions of the brain, pressure
upon the nerve trunks that supply the heart, structural disease of the heart, and conditions that
interfere with the hearts functions.
TREATMENT: Remedy relates to the individuals overall symptomology.
PALPITATION: This is an increased action on the heart both in force and frequency that
causes the patient distress.
CAUSE: It is observed more in the young than old, and in those who are anemics and suffer
from reflex gastrointestinal causes, and emotional and mental disturbances during the
climacteric period. Hypertrophy of the heart is frequently a cause of palpitation.
SYSMPTOMS: It is usually paroxysmal, being seldom constant. Preceding the attack there is a
slowing of the hearts action and a pallor of the skin. This is followed by a sense of an increased
force and rapidity of the heart with mental anxiety of dysponea.
TREATMENT:
ACONITE: When there is palpitation as the result of fright, excessive physical exertion,
functional or structural disease of the heart, lungs or stomach, in the young, robust individuals
66
with an excitable temperament.

ARSENICUM ALB: Violent palpitations of the heart, the paroxysms being worse just after
midnight. They are often accompanied by a paroxysm of nervous asthma and are attended with
great restlessness and anxiety. There is frequently a periodicity about the attacks in those who
are chlorotic and addicted to the excessive use of alcohol.
NUX VOMICA: This remedy is indicated when the palpitation is the result of a deranged liver,
stomach or bowel, or from abuse of alcohol, tea, coffee or the result of excessive study.
SPIGELIA: Use when violent palpitation is audible to the patient.
IGNATIA: When violent emotions or grief is acute.
PULSATILLA: When palpitation seems to be the result of menstrual derangement, or after
eating fatty food.
FERRUM PHOS: For anemics patients. Face changes colour frequently and is red at the
beginning of the attack.
DIGITALIS: Most frequently used remedy.
CALC. CARB: Study in chronic cases.
CHAMMOMILLA: Cases that result from fright.
COFFEA CRUDA: Palpitation is strong and visible, cannot sleep.
PLANTINA: For cases of menstrual irregularity.
WEAK HEART: This is a term applied to certain cardiac phenomena, characterised by a loss of
energy, when it is impossible by physical methods to define Andy structural lesion.
CAUSE: A percentage of these cases are congenital, of the exciting causes are, pyrexia,
alcoholic excesses, poor nutrition. loss of fluid and also continual over-exertion.
SYMPTOMS: In some cases the symptoms are overshadowed by the disease, of which the
weakness is a part. In others there is faintness, breathlessness, giddiness and palpitation; with a
small empty pulse that may be slow or rapid and us usually irregular. The heart's action is feeble
and the area of cardiac dullness normal, unless dilation is present. The heart sounds are feeble
especially the first. There is apt to be venous stasis, and as a result, interference with the
function of various organs. Often a systolic mummer and impulse are to be heard and felt at the
second intercostal space.
DIAGNOSIS: The condition of the pulse, enfeebled cardiac muscle and the result of physical
examination in general; the state of nutrition, bloodlessness, pyrexia, cachexia etc., are the basis
of diagnosis.
TREATMENT:
ANTIMON ARS: There is a great weakness of the heart with excessive dysponea and cough.
CAFFEINE: When, with the weak heart, there is a marked exhaustion, the result of some
prostrating disease.
KALI FERR: In cases with amenia and functional disorders of the heart, in which the heart is
weak and the pulse is weak and irregular.
ZINC CYAN: In cardiac neurosis with bad temper. The face suddenly changes colour; the heart
is weak; there is frequently a spasmodic retching and gastric gas which seems to be sympathetic.
DROPSY: Normally there is a continual pouring out into the tissue from the capillaries of a part
of their contents, known as a lymph. When once poured out, a part of it goes to nourish the
tissue while the remainder is taken up by the veins and lymphatic and restored to the circulation.
67
During health it is removed as fast as it is poured out, and no accumulation takes place
in the tissue. When there is an accumulation if constitutes dropsy.
This is a common complication of certain forms of heart disease, when it is either the
result of an obstruction to the return flow of venous blood, a loss of tone in the blood vessels, or
a watery condition of the blood.
Mitral insufficiency is the valvular lesion above all others that give rise to dropsy; mitral
stenosis is not as potent a factor in its production.
Primarily, neither aortic insufficiency nor obstruction are attended with dropsy, but later,
when the blood is pressed back into the left ventricle, it then appears. Dilation of the heart is
frequently accompanied by dropsy, fatty degeneration, as in the latter, the force in the arterial
circulation is lacking, and this force is essential to produce the pressure in the capillaries, that
effusion may result.
It should be remembered that in cardiac dropsy there is an increased fullness and pressure in the
veins, and a reverse condition in the arteries; while in dropsy due to renal disease, the fullness
and pressure is in the arteries.
Cardiac dropsy is probably due to a diminished absorption; while renal dropsy, apart
from cardiac involvement, is due to an increased exudation.
While the treatment of dropsy is in variably the treatment of the condition that produced
it.
The posture of the patient should receive attention. The horizontal position is demanded
as it lessens the venous pressure in the limbs and relieves the heart. In cases where the dropsy is
so marked that the patient cannot lie down, puncture and drainage of the legs is followed by
relief.
The diet should be as dry as possible. Remedies of greatest value are:
APOCYNUM CAN.
STIGMATA.
DIGITALIS.
ARSENICUM ALB.
CAFFEINE.
CRATAEGUS OX.
Copyright Ó Light Pulsations Communications Pty Ltd. 2011.
68

Classical Homoeopathy Book Three

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Classical Homoeopathy Book Three

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Classical Homoeopathy

The Homoeopathic Treatment of Disease

Dr. Douglas Jesse

Electronic Edition 2011

Copyright © Light Pulsations Communications Pty Ltd

MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE FEVERS:

(3) The nature, direction, and time factor of the pain.

eruption which gives a bloated, swollen appearance to the face.

The occipital and cervical lymph glands are characteristically enlarged.

MUMPS - EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS

(3) Gastroenteritis. In children under 2 whooping cough often leads to gastroenteritis,

RESERVOIR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is man, most frequently people

Thorough search for sick persons, especially children, to assure treatment of

METHODS OF CONTROL: Efforts to control Rubella are prompted by the hazard of

control hold generally for the group.

infection for weeks or months.

RESERVIOR AND SOURCE OF INFECTION: Reservoir is infected domestic animals,

EPIDEMIC MEASURES: Thorough search for inadequacies in technique of sterilisation in the

found, only the colouring matter of the blood in present.

glands are inflamed, Pareira Brava.

Special saccharine have been found in the urine.

GASTRO INTESTINAL ALLERGY: This condition is caused by the absorption of specific

caused by abdominal plethora, suppressed eruptions of mental exertion, or when beginning,

14. Oliguria (reduction in excretion of urine).

6. Myocardial infarction when this extends to the epicardium.

pulsation of the carotid arteries or jugular veins noticed.

perspiration, vertigo and deathly nausea.

with an excitable temperament.

Copyright Ó Light Pulsations Communications Pty Ltd. 2011.

You might also like