Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being Richard M Ryan an Baad L Dee Univer of Roches nan beings canbe proctv and engaged of, lena tel pacive and aliente, rely ada function of the ea ont Inwhigh hey develop an action Ae evn ewarch guid by sel decimation theory thax csed onthe oil conozul conditions at fc Tat vere fret the natal proceses of emia rand healt pychlbgcel development Spetals fevers have hon camino tenn era anemic Innate motivation selereguation, and welling. The ndings hve la tothe pou of re toate pyche loelal neede—competence, asta and related Which whew sated enhanced slfmonvaion aud ‘men heath and when tard lead diminished mo- ‘at and welling Also considered she slncance sf there pochloyicl ned and process wih dome loka heath car, education. mork, spore elim and pipehonkeaey. fete rr vil an lf tated. Ate est they we agene anf inspied, svg to leat sen thomelven sane ae land apply het alot ‘exponaby. Tha ms people show conde ello. ‘Sgeney, sd comet inhi ves appear ofc tremor somative tha excepto Sigzsting some very Dose and erste! fae of hans re "Yeu Wao ler thatthe buna sprit can be imine cnt an tha idan ees = jer grow and responsi. Regards of socal sat Sr calurl opin, examples f bo chides nd als ho ae apa, sce, ad responsible ae abn ‘an, Sich oa-opmal tarman Fc can Be seed ‘ot only ia or rycholial cles at aaron he Ilo who. fe hours» yt passively bee hr ‘rat ey Tore eke a They 0 abu te Jobe The pent peace, and postive eaenis of ‘ota tre are cely ne inal opparent “Te fact ht hose are, phenotype exes, ‘ugg mse tun mee depos itreess an fection of mote tas ju logis! endowment Talo tespents a wie ange of recon o Soll emvFeOmEN T: fallen epresentations of humanity show people {fat worthy af or moa intense siti nesgaon ‘Specifically Soil context esta bth wii ad We free persoa ences ia eouaton and” psonal ‘wih resting in people being moe self mova, Sherpa, adage nse staan, doa, ‘ares than in eters. Reseach on the contion dat fente vems undemine poste arta peal as bh (Gone impor sad acid! sigan bcsse i cat ‘Satine at ony 16 femal nowedpe of he cae of ‘naman betavor Bu also fo the design of social eave ‘mens at opine people's developmen performance ‘dwelling Research uid bys eeanaon te ‘ry SDT) Bs had an ongoing concer wis pectel) Case ues Dees & Ryn, 1985, 1991 Ryo, 1995). Self-Determination Theory ‘SDT is an approach 10 bumanmasision ad personaly ‘hat wes raditonal expical mehods le pong a ‘rganinle retary th hips the pores of fanans"cvlved ene sou fr pereealy develop Ine and eho selfregulion Ry. Kull. Deh Thun) Tuas he arena the investigation of people's inherent gosh tenis inte pelo neds thor he tsi for tirselemsivaion ad penne Integrin, well 5 Sor th condos tht fs hoe prmstve process, Inductively, aang the erp pro eat eave nemifed tre sok needs tbe needs for Sompocece (are, 1978) Whe 1963), rclaednss (Baomester & Lexy, 1995: Res, 1994], an aon "eChame, 196% Des, 1978)—char spent be een ‘er facing optial Tasting of he earl prope ‘Sie fr gow an nteration well fr consti sal devespmet sed posse! wal ang ‘uf fea We ate te emo he ‘Sst tens Gop worry sree Eien Poser eee poe SS Anny ee @ Taman a - Amen PrydeMach ofthe reset guided by SDT bas slo exam ined emvitonmentl ars ta ner or undermine st ‘Although many spovbs deleterious effects have been ex lc he sar suggest tat hoe dimers a be ow artimooiy dese tn frme of thearting the te baste pgchologeal nao. Thus SDT is concer es nly wth he pie nate of postive delet Tendonitis exis soil sores tht {ne autgonc toward these tenonci. Te cmp methods west in mach of the SDT ‘xan thr fects on oth eral proceses sa bahay ‘Sal manfenatons. The axe of experimental prams iv allowed us to set the endtas ander Wich eo e's ata vay and cosrtivenee wil Houeh 6 TE a hoe th prem» ck of evan sad {Ret iegaion true way, we ave ened exenmectal ‘mete whoa accepting the mechan or eset Sh nets at ve pay ben aa! In ths aisle we review work guid by SDT. a resin fs iplicaons for tse mperuatonones We Seain ith au examination of urnsc sialor, he earning and eetvil, an we consider researc specify ing conte ta Fa srs foveal the spc he ean, Sec eet ot a of {orm them ato Perwnal salucs and self mowvatioas Ln that dscussee, we utine rem fms of rl Ioan, addressing the Beavis nd expen Janvary 2000» America Peyeiogs fulhlimest on health and welF tein The Nature of Motivation Motvation concms ones. diction, persistence ant ‘Sumliy—all specs of activation a enon Mat ‘hon har been a ena nd perl sus ld Jpycieogy fered cone lope copa tnd cal TeplatonFerhupe more imparts the real ‘ov, mouvauon i gly valed because of scone ene Maan produces eset of pecanent fan ear coach, pesith cre prover, nd pen ht frvvemcaizing chest ‘Atop coon often tated as single conan een tperialredeton sugges that people Soe amoved ott by very differen per offer th Iipy varied expeneace nd consequences, People canbe ‘Butacd beastie rales scity Beate tees Song enamel cnrson, Tey cn be ged mio ato bY farang eestor by 1 brie They em behave fear & ‘aso of eran Somme io ‘excel or from fest feng surveled, Tse conte between ies of having Iisemal mosvaon vert being exter presto re (rar sone exer ote sls a ater of igs. Seance ovary ele (eg, Jonson 1998) and repress {he ness by whic people mke ses fhe owt Sadothersahavor SeChare196, Hes, 198K: yah {8 Cool, 989) ‘Comparten ape whore motion bene teal, eased eos) a hse ho {Se merely exconlly conrlied for an ston pay est ooh ebanced peformance essence td ‘Shay (Des & Ryan 1991 Stecon, Ryan Rawat & Tar 1954) and a eightoed waliy (Ns Ryan, Many EE Deck 199), ssesuem (Dac) RYsa, 1908). ab [ove wel being Ryan, Dec fe Grech 988) Ti Sees when the people hve the same level of perce Simptens oe selene fr he sey "Bouse of be fants an experiences torn sf-otvaton snd external region, 4 aor froar of SDT has toc to suply «more directed [pyri e motion by asking Wat hnd of moan iene exten) given tine BY consis he ‘Bictoidesty svcd dsinct per of maison each at Stic tar spectblecomnguences for eae. efor Ince, penal experince, and wel-hlg.Als, bya Ming st of pire: concerning bow eae ype of huermined, SOT a ocr secogszes& poste Nt hun ttre and proves an ven of pus lea ‘son aed pchopetaogyIntrinsic Motivation hap 9 single phenomenon elects the postive pte fal of aman tate we mach av sins motion the Inte temoncy to seek out novel apd chalenges, to fxend and execise cee capri, explore, ahd 1 iden Deveopmealinn skromlege tat fom the tine ‘fink, chien im her eae sas ae te. Tnguiss, cus, and lyfe, even i the aber of specie ears eg Hare, 1978). The coms of ne ‘Mase mowvaton ests nat nation tor ‘smilsion, matey. sprees ies an explora: thon fats exten copie abd seca development nd tat tproens pineal sore ef enpynen ad ty iughous Hie (Caksensayy &Reunde, 1195: Ryan, 1999) "Ye despite te fac hat Noman ae erally ea lowe with inne motaonal eons, he exec {Sow clear the uinorance snd erkancen Of Cs ‘hen peoensiyraqies spore condions. 5 can fe ac realy Gard by tans mnsuperine on ‘hone Tn our tony flee sia Ses ot ‘Soca mat use atic ativan (etic we vee {Sn evolved property Ryan eal 1997). ‘Slomiacs he condiion th het nd ast, Yeas 0 ‘te ad i te innate propery “Soest one CCE) ae pest Oy si ant Ryan (1985) ar abbey shia SDT Ga bal the am of spevitvng factors that explain vay (0 {nin sion CET i rare in term Socal ah ‘onset fats a ite versa bn ‘Rosi mutation ig guage hat elect the Sa tion ha nine ou eon, being inheres wl be ae Tyne ten insu ae im conaons tat condace Sunde expression le eer Word, wl ours we Semin em Pin high sy ‘Sponsor fat ph dntanding ours of 8h Sian a Wer of the poste sper of ama "Cer, which fees on te feet rel fr competence nd sinc, wa fori (0 meee ‘els rin! htortry experimen on te tts ‘Sand eee, and che ea events os ‘Dost snd wan steely st leew By {50 eis are tng Te thay uc, se tar sor-conexel even (. eeduck, commana ‘tea ha coor toa sings o competence ‘Slow Recon optimal ealengs. etme po {Deine fled deed fs Gti ons ‘Wow a found fate ne ao. Po xa ie euy ue owed ta posive perfomance fe EXCL nine monhaton when ep pr fSomance (etek dined i (Des, 1973), md Te ‘Sach by Valeand and Red (984) showed tat ese ‘tse were mete by peeled compete. ‘CLT hier pein nastics ae shown ae 1974: Ryan B82). ht fete of compere ll oe bance ni macuaton ess. pci hy 2 ‘She anonym yan ira Pereira of nay (has 1868). Ths ‘Grang to CET, pope man en ony expercace compe tee tr fen. ey mu ss expect ber Sveitasemiba ernie sain to be io thee, This requis cer tomedte comer s0- tors for acsony and camptence or abicing ne lures eve 1996) tate pay thereof ‘thehopmenl” pps for perceN ed sonny a Tc mont oie rescach on he fle fev set eves ICSE toabon bas foeed 80 Te o auonmy versus conan Ut of om ‘Sharer pan wh he epee Seronsration fa fxn rears on undemine ra moan Dee {1975 ered these result ines of eva fac fang « mote exer prcived loc of casa) 2 ‘Einnihed stn). Aough the nab of reward ef fete ba. bern hy deed. 2 rece. comprehen ‘Sean Des, Kecter Ryan 1999) cone Evspee of caine i te comrary by Eheeeracr a Cameron (19), tal espe tangible rears ade ‘Sitges sfooane do ray ders ‘ln recrh revesed ha nt ony ane rewards tut aun reas donne. eaten essed vaae ‘ns and posed pale diminih nine meat fe REM hath rowan they conde foward an ok ‘el perceived locus of taualiy. In coma oie. ‘Snowlegment St felis, and opprtniier for sel Siectos ware found to ence ieee fase ty tow. pope t rene fering of stems {Bee a Ryan, 185) Field ses ave free sown Travan 2000+ Arica PSoegteachers who ae atom spore (i coast eo0- ‘alg Caliente sudems eter nse wee on cuca and dee forcallonge (Des, Nez. EE Spoaman’ TSI" Fisk, Hogsno, & Berea, 1000: Ryan Grik, 1546) Sedets tush ath a more ‘Sonrling spout no coy Tose nv ut lay less teivels, cell) when larg reaes conceptual, ‘eatve proesig (Amabie, 1996: Groick © Ryan, T9S7: Una, 1997 Sula sues Showed ha ton ‘my-sipemve pte clave ocala ave chien who are nore. ntaseally matted (Grice Ds, & Ryan, 197) Sach coy generat tose dems seh Spot and music in whic spent fe"seonomy and compeince by frets an eo Ince mere tac msion (ope Teenck & Ryan, 189, ‘ARAough suenomy and competace suppocs ae gust fr podcng variably in nase mex: onthe st relates, aso bess expression In fey, nie ott ealy observable plea favor suggested by tachment he tt (eps Bow, 1979) move vide on the Infancy atch = pret Ske of moter. td infarc hve, inde, shown Bae Bo nc and Sate woo sopprt poset more exper f= Ever in the ffi (eg, Fro, Bades. & Grick 1985) SDT hyphae thy star rane occas 0 Inerpenonal wetinge oer Ihe hfe spun. Wa ase ‘macvaton more ite o Nour conte character byasense of ecu and elatedess or example, Ase oe Mansogin. sad Reszis (1976) fund tat hen ‘iar worked onan intresting skin he esto of 3) Sut sage who fared harm and Cd to respond 10 ‘heir ition,» very fw eel of ine oan ‘ened and Ryan aed Grasick (1986) ebsened Lower Iniase motivate ip sone who experonced Deir ‘Bacher arcolvand umarng Of cure, ay maseay ‘maid behaviors se fay periomed In soln, peeing tat provi run sports mane be tects for inne van, bt sere rela ‘ie dos som fe param forthe expression of ‘sale wetvaton wo beta evidence "To same he CHT Fameosk sugges that 5o- cia eovronments can facie or frst tie me Stony soppoing vera vans people's sae p= ‘sles news Song Haks between mma moe Sl stron ofthe we for auton ane erect ave on ew demons, ad some wok Sogets that stsfaca 0 the mow for teliteoes, eatin 8 nals my slo be part fri man, Ines rte ony free a ise Ince or ho, scien hat have the appeal of ove. ‘tengo ase vl Foret or ba Sch apea he pices of CET do uo apy besa The sets wi nat be exgetinced a neal ote ‘odto tein wih. Townend the vation fre sae, eed look ere deep) te ae ad ‘mumics af este maton, ‘Self-Regulation of Extrinsic ‘Motivation Ahh nine otis is an ipa pe of tration i nt the only Type or even te ty RE of ‘sitgremined rotation (Dec fe Ryan 1985) Inc, ‘much uf what people doo set speaking icin {ally motvated, ape afer ery cilood wher he resi tobe inicaly mae stan) ear {aed by sacl preses to doacvies ttre no nee apd toast a vaney of we espnsiies (yan Ls Gear n pres "The real question concerns nointinscally met sated ctr ho indivi ue eon Cary them and fon he moan ese gene pistes, evil qu and ween Whee pron he is pret zach boss, co Wea) emp o fester cea Bens faeces the het ‘estan forthe heave ca ang om sation oF Urlinges. to passive comyianc, to scve personal mmc. Accoraing to SOT, cbse ile ot ‘Som mc ein dearcs wo whch the Valo ad ‘aon ofthe road chor Rave been raid ‘Sadness. emanation fen to poles aking rue ce replant eeaton fs 0 the fuer {reformation of that regan nt the own 0, Sbeguey will eunat rom el sense of et Tntraization nd ntesration are cle coal is cs shod soit, bt they ae 0 coc Sly slevaoe for he regulation of behavior aero be fe Spa Inner vay stirs people ete cen Bohs {id values we pescibed; behave bt ate ot messing ‘ne oles that are ot spomtassusy opted Acct ingly SDT has arene he sats of a) te process Piough which sich nonntnly moueled bemavos an Besome tly se-dtrined, ahd 1D) the ways hich he social envionment ners thse process. “The toa soc motion rls 19 te pesto- rape ofa acy ip eet to lain some Spanble ‘Savon ard ts, conan wit urisic morhaion, Which ees t doagan sty fre inherent sae: thn of the scvy tl Unlike some perspec: tht ‘ew extaccly meat behavior senna ot {rato SDP propose at exis motivation ean Say. pea in is rosie anesnny Cyan & Cone 1980. aera 1997) Fer ena, states who dots omewerk focus hey peso) gasp value oe De owen ever are extarnal? noated ba hse eo ‘hike work oly cae hey rede o pents’ {hn eayes of won alee te former ete of xtc motvaien ental yesenal endorsement and ‘Eeimg of oie mboen later ovlves compas ‘ith an extra veal. Bats repent neon! be favor eer 1988), tu they vary he lave a tty. The fone of couse, fe ‘ype of exe ‘avation tf soup by ate sciazing age Te ils ofthe apled oman Tamar 2000» Anessa Pesahalogiae 7Figore iS “SS-Determination Contnuum Showing Types of Motion With Their Regulatory Syl, Loi of Ceualiy, ~“= —— Rennes) Win SOT, Desi and Ryan (1985) todas a second sabes, cle organs interaton theory (Gite deta the sitfeec form of extrac motion he context faces ht ther prom oe bide Intralaion and ttgration of he regulon Fr test tebnvior: Fire ltrs tbe OT exons of me tonal types aranged fr Ie ort ems of be Uegoeo which ne metatgn cma fom he sl Ce eset dara), "Ae far eft the se determination conan i mnie the seo ching te oeaon wack When ‘Sotvated pope ether o no ct ll eat tout ‘tent they gst go Uwough he tons. Amott re Stl om at aling an act yan 995) ot ing Sompetet to dt Bandar 108) foo expecing it to Seka desir ute (Seligman, (973. Toe gt of totes n igre Ize Eve esas of nen’ ‘ehuior Akoegh nusy thers have mel wan SST unary comcp, cach of the exer Soewiied iti OFF deserts theory, expel ad Fanconi type moan. te erg oF ‘he cornu ie cassie sata of Hse ceo, ily atooomoos an repose the pease sence of seitdecmiaaion, Extasy moeaed behav fh conta cover te coninuum betwee amet Tone msvaion: Yarn Oe tent to Whi Bit ‘egulaton Is aronomous "The excansaly mated behaviors dha a fast succomous a reer os stray regulated Such ‘oho peronnes to sty an eteraldopand ot ressrd contingency edits pel experince ox: ‘eral rege Bivins coed alee a ‘ew ston hve on ester pecved acs f easly [charms 1960), Exera elton he pe of "ation Tocaed on by operant tears ep Shine, I9St) andi extern vegan at was pica cor trated with worse motvaton in early bran 40 rel ae. ANsond pe of extsic motivation i eke in rset regan, Intojeson eve aking en tut ot fly aceepung i a one's own. i ‘aie coed fora eulaion whieh eae tie pexformed Yo avd all kes) oo ain e20 shanconenscoch sr ge Purdie. invojecion ‘eoresente regulon by cotngent selene (Dect Fun, 108) A last form of nujecson eg mele ‘nen (eChams 1968, Nebo TORE Rysn. 1982, ‘thick people are mated demonsine ny ora Tare) orcs tama fogs of oth ough ltremaly even rjc behaviors Rave wn eer ‘al pacaved locus ef away ad ae oo eal ee ‘Shoat prt ofthe i Ths tn mome ses, exe esiatee (tang iarpronsly comed) sa ine ‘jected resin ean rapetonally come) hve ‘een combine o forma consol motvatoe composite (gs Willams, Grow, Frade, Ryan, & Dee, 199), ‘A ore atopomoer. sda. Tod of 2 ‘sie atone teralaion rough ideation Taoyutcauon sect a snesou lig uf ¢beaviora fod or repulsion. sich ate acon ( aceped or ‘ned 6 percaly sparta. Fn the rn aoa “anny 2000» American Pye‘ous form of exis maiaton is inert apa. Inegraion occur when ldeaed fesuatons we fay ‘Seiad to he sei ich means fey hve ex eval ‘ted and Meupht congrnee wih cas oer values {nd need. Aston chested by incre etaie ‘Shee many quater en inne modtaton, tosh they ae sl considered extn cae they a dons aio separable cnc ate than for i inherent, ‘njopmen a some studies, hsb. negate, abd iste fr of repuation tae Ho mba om IMononur meraon coepee "As people eraize regions ans aime tert to the sa tey experience peer auton in en “ns poees may our tages. ver me. ut eae ok Sugeetng tats 4 develo contr the fore that people mt progrear ough each sige of Intnasnon with reyes a pariulsr rpdaion Rater, hey ae realy realy erie xno eh loa egtiton way pat alone ts coat depend Igo tok pr expences and are ststonal oss (jan, 1095, Newethles. be range of tevin hat ca emia the Stl tess over tne wih eens ogntve caaces aml ego developmen (Loevinet Blsg, 19), andere is vience tat en's pens Fepaley sil des ten to bore more rez ot ‘elisa over ie ep, Char Comal 198, Tijan and Coopel (1989) tse the Folin nt hese flere yp of moteaton wih he i rap ‘ris le sng 8 consnauy of relate atonemy. They Investigated achievement ebavos song hn chien ou tht extemal, noted, ented. ad nine repuitary ses wore tere sceing oa Simplex pte tus pod edene rs Ue Sntinaum Frenne ilfernces im he peo et [Semin were suite wih diferent expenerces tha oncomes. Fer example, be ere stents wee exe aly veploted te les ey showed ines valle ant ‘fon tant ature ad the tore they tend (Gsowa esponsibity for negative oucomes, amin oh fe such the teacher Injected fegulton as pos {vey elated io expending rwe efor, Bo 838 159 Fes feling more ane) and coping Mae POS? ‘td eI contest etd rela was aso ed with more crests enjoy ef coal with ioe ae ii ses elm we NE “Ste studes i edtoton encade hese Sings, showing tat mae alonomees exec ovation was oid with more cogagenea ‘Coraell & Wallon, [9b beter performance (Misr, 1996) ower dropout Clalfand 2 iomnen, 0), Nigher gene ‘Suing Crook & Ryan 1987 and ter oncher mt ‘nos (Haye, 1997) among ce casos, tthe als of weft cr, pe terization hs been asia’ ith gre ‘aibeence i tlctens mong people wah cece less Win ROS, Ryan, Groiks & Dest, 198), beter longer mae ance of wea vs among lobe ates (Wi Tans eta, 1986) inprved glacore creat among dar ‘tie Wiliams, Fresiman, & Dec, 1998), and greater ‘Senne and volvement na chon testes pro fam yan, lan & O Malle. 1999 ‘Desestatons of poskivestcomes hing sacs with move interns! satiation have ako eged in ‘ter nee domains eluding rion (Rye Bisby. de King 1983), physical exree (Chaat bie: Mes, 1997) poltical acti (Roetner, Lair, Vai. tc. & Crduss, 1996), eniramental stam (Green Demers, Peete & Mena 1997) an ate elon Sipe Bla, Sabout, Bowker, & Vallands 190), among bes "Te advantages of reser nterszation ape. tw nearing san ea 97) eng ie eka Foal efectones greater won essence. enhanced ‘Sjoctve wel tein al beter asian of te fn Tilt wt it or ber cal group. {gaiitating Integration of Extrinsic Given te sgnicance of ineriation fr personal expe ‘ene ani behavioral outcomes the cies swe booms few to peowte anno ‘eaulaiee for exrinsaly ‘mote behavior Tha wt re the soci concn ‘hat me ser inhibi nernlieaion and teraon? ‘ane exrnselly metal Dba ret seal teresting be pay reason pope inal form such sos Bezate the Bevin ae poms, ‘node, o valued by aia tes wha he el {or watt Yo) atc of relate. This Sgessts tat Fenoipes the nee t ee! beongges and sonnet tes wth eri cena nprat fe neraleation. Thus OFT propos: that eration eekly oe ‘evidence when ete aniven suppor for fing of reatdses For amp Ryan, Sule and Lynch (994) Showed hat the lee who fd moe ally imalizod tie epunton fo pve schooled beavis wee tow fe socwely eomnete ty an ere fry. he eas ad tebe "Te eave nemulzaton of extinsically iad etnies nao a fncton 0 pctv compacnce Peo. ‘le are oe ty to dope ates thar reeant wo roups vale then they fel sence wa reget 0 flow ace. Asi the case wi alcool son, ‘OFT sgt tha sappos forcomesnce oul face ‘arin (Varad, 197), for example, chi ren wo ae ited opr behav betta ‘slopmenal eyo mar te of unlestnd thr fabonde woul te pede at best aly 10 partly {merase replann, emai eds etree aly tbe experience of autonomy fies inter izaion sad in prt easement foe 2 epson fo be intesrtad Coalex ca eld exter Feral if shor are se! cevards oe et and te Serionfels competent enough to compl: omens Sel neji egal i eevnt tlre 09 assess od he person (es cong ak ‘ele but corteats can lel toners repuaion ony Jimny 3000+ American Prva‘they are atncmy supportive, ds lowing the psson {0 fel competent reed nd automo To integrate & ‘eguntion, people mus giyp its meme an syaese ‘hatimesring wih fespet et ter sal ot ales. ‘Sua doe. lis prossing (Ke & Fubra, (98) faked by asta of cole vin, and edo em cesrive exes posare oar being king 2 {iain way. In ths sense, support for autonomy allows ‘ndvidi oatvely tanto aes oe om "Agus. research esas hve append this essonig. ‘oe exampie. Des, Eslva, Paid, aod Leone (0988) lemon 3 teat exgerae hat proviing @ Imetinfaraorle for sn animresting hein hog ‘am soporte os sumo) an Tlsteansi promod Yer wsemaation and negating Conlingcomess ‘iced ls veal neranzaton, and the iter thar di occur in thse coat eee Bene festa. Using tet nerve, Groack and an (1999) found gatr icra of Scholae va hes among citron whos parents were more appv at tioeomy and reatednee. Saban (1998) found that Patents uo uere more sdorom: serps promoted fear egiusHemiteaton, as cpp to inojen, Inher otlspers Wiis and Det (906). ging on {lucia ge, Gomonsted reste teroaoaton of Iopsschsoci vals and ractees among se ‘Thee ate bua few 0 he many fds sugges ht ‘oct er elatseosatccompetee> fae neal fenton and th spt fo autoveny ase fecha fio beaver egos. Whe ha ccs. people Ee acon seme eit bat a ston 3s they cary owt cual taled avis, ‘One fur pot oceds to te me repaing the ontoversial eof hua autnomy. Te cone of Stonomy hires ben persed ss bmg apes to feltdass or comment In art sore tacos egule ‘tcaoay with oorepts sch a nvm and td Pendens (2g Seabee & Siverbere. 1980), wich do ‘nds! imply ow elated. But win SDT: aon refers not fing inpende. ce, of sels ot father tothe feb of eke sca accompany ay 2 SSheter dependent or independ, elation So la fac cea ese ig Kean an US. eles ‘et found a more pte ace etc stony ad Secivicues thapheewe aetna andi Shc mttade (Kim, Bus & Ryan, 598). Fer Jar, rescasch fs shown postive aller an vega, Inks heecen rites o pases an aun icc fges (Ryan Lach, 198% Ryan etal, 1984) Cle, indviaion Alienation and Its Prevention SDT al to spe fit ht mart the nate han pected I growth, ersion, snd wll eg. no expire he posts and chaos ha foster ae ey developrem abd eae Urcooing of nid ale rowpe, snd commie. Bu 4 poste apach sot ge ploy o ose i ys othe anton ‘STnaenaly tte preva cr soit ta ‘hr ccd, ne tenga nop a wel at Splima) sewomeatl events mach ans Sen he FEA of dectpmentt pachopuiogy (es. Geshe. Tov We ow ty oto hat oe ty etn tnnnsaly ane bes route of ile icmine sts, om on te sl Fpty We oat to ste athe fle se of whe mB abealy tte, SDT roma bat ‘Sscaly mad tts cna bee ee ‘indesiah ic wi on flyeiae es ‘Eyuson Thos tn eoghseieton te cp ‘Sharia ane Sesame 3 mnt at suo Accanlsted esearch 9m ‘Seg he sommes nd sti std its ai al esa ce cain iow iy wo be vow nen nea pense ‘Spy fe compen, nro and inten is te ps of hc meer tha peaks acy ees leon ney a ‘leva to sch quens a way employee ow Inne wy tetager et sao ao a ‘hy pens bre so poy aint SD dt Sul ic ocurenes in os ofthe deri tne asa an peas en more pen ite of tematzaton Te ean caso ach ‘Soon inconing SD sae ing eh ‘idea soc an thn fe deve Spnena cviconens to cham he deer © wich ‘Terneed tr competnce sty. we Iingorhne ben mared Wenuitam at fing rote spprs lr compenec stony, and es Stony of cle br a of ser ples Pott ed essing wget ad rpms ‘Soak walneal ig The ha pyc: ingcatns pate pent = pcp sacra ‘Nimans age i sucess eveent tri ewe thes may Sumit oe seat Paychalogical Needs and ‘Mental Health ‘As weve en, te copie evn an ee snd meaton compen of SBT hie ew os {pmo hi oe ask peng ns => fn o mpiog an mtepctng «ety fcr Pra ent rue a seemed tf bee) ‘acon incre wit concept of tne Miho ur more cen work hg se he coer eee sts fijemopd nso sie oe pero nt mor fray oa pon the te rod ean’ eueta and ue yor atin shane no, wheter Hb Py ilo nt al 158) oe peal wc Cocting se thn saab once ear ba ‘Siva Seg ersaadconacs aby fot teig We fae tn proposed hte bs ee {St competes soo an ens mat Be ae ‘any 2000» American Pryened suo te fe spn or am inivid expecene rscing Sense of ite) and Welle or "eucioaia” (Ryan & Freserch, 1997, Waa (99. Acer). tach of om ssh now focus othe ik hwo ‘sfacon ofthe base yhoo eed and the np ence of wel beng ‘Spelving psjcologcl needs as ese rai sete pen his canot ive mith a= fing al of them, sty ore tha people can ive wh Stuer bt noe fat, Th for emp 2 sci eau {hem that one competnce a aso sure es fees exer eatin sone imperial fing, Were ft Soil cosets tt egenier cots ‘ereconbanc edt up the comers acne a eycopatolgy yan ea, 1908) as when seh is fete yp ee wp atom rr 0 ed “Fo suggest tht he ce ode re nvr and evelpmenilypeiseat docs we imply hat ee rel ‘ie aera haves fr stacton ae Uebans Ing acs fe spam orth tr modes exes e {heme ill cares, Te very fart at med also {3 fated by the zeal zton and eration of eu ‘ually edo values and behaviors svgges that in ‘isin re italy wo expe ta competece aon in ledreedfreny wat cturs Ut ad ee {re vales Indens the mde and deproe of pople' 9s) ‘Shiga aced sastacuon i heonod to be eens et ony bythe om competences but ever oe ipo {an by te ambem demands obtener in thr snot sonst Tso post wera sy ‘holo one oes aot diss he npn fat Stipa gland orients a ret develope pos orn deen ene hati doesuppen sar ies in unertying proces tht ead tothe development tnd expen of hone lence. ‘Garocem ivexestons of he imparace of bie payeholopcalnens hve adretsed thre qesions! Are {he unui and raiment fal coral comgrant 8 raion and fe value tun with weeing? Bo eedaed proceer eperie slay wie erent tera choutsencs? mii pesen ry in bate ‘eed ston ened vo vray a we bea ‘hors? We boety conser we of hs work int we dictate selaon personal goals 10 welt, We hive petiacd ht De prt ad Stat of sre He pels will rove rele diet Sst of the bse en hus caancing Web (Gyan, Seldon. Kase, & Des 196) whereas De ple sand tama of bee poas doesnt combate oad Shinar wits easing. Kase ana Rn (1998 1986) examined aia fleeces i thee [ns pope las nee sspations (gol ch ab [laube, persona growth, and commit ht deocly ‘atny baste meds) compured with exes asiraioas ‘omg impetance oe nse asraon was pos sively associated wih welling indicators suc a et ‘Stem ele actalstion, apd the savere af depeeson Sno ai. wheres placing song rele impos fcuinse pation. was nezatvely reed to these trelkbsing inceatrs. "Ryan Chiko, Lit, Shea, “ishing, ant Dec (199) repeated ese nding in ‘Ranian srl. atest oe poten gence) the Radings aro eee "These fndnge po beyond goal smporance per se oa sap. Choe aban Kaner and R38 Gi es) hve found tt hea selsepe sient of Inti aprons was postively wei wit well ‘ing stares of cui aspaons Was na. Fue ‘Sheldon ang hater (998) fou longus st) tha welltegg Was enhanced by ataiment of inbin isk, whereat suscese at exc oul povided le ‘ene Topstar tee rule sygge tht even ely ieee fogs xn hn opal fing soy peste and succosfoly aan fous a tot ful tate prycholopial nes. We hasta 0 a, Rowever tat the meaning of specific gals culty fntenced. 0 that how specie als et 0 wel bing ‘in ery ars Ul, aloug the elabon beeen toning nce aisacton and welling eases 9 fe varant Gian here are mary factors tat ead people 0 omghsae rin He pal hat may 94 oe lag For example exposure to tbe commercial mea ean Prompt focus on maalisn (Rite, 1987, wich Prewies ony Rosi stisacions and coal! eal de fret fmm nag nee! fulinen and ths, Welbog ‘oe df nos alien ep em poor carat {ng} wip lo fad nd ar To mee ext [Sale ee cutter compensatory mechan Inf, Pike yan, Za aod Superot 199) fund in ans ‘no fad bean esponed Wo ol, convoling seal ae (Ge cetsed hangs he ens, othe, and oer (Se) wee more fly fo deep mains nents, ogee wheter nome tens who mre sons “ald the inns goals of personal roth elton, {nd cmmunty. In shor, ual and Seelpmecta asses protaeevraton in the prance gol, te Dpto whch itm ile dfn stsacdon of TES neae a iron levee of wel being thor reser, we hve examined te lations of people's roors of ned staan fader of wel Fin vatoussctings. Porerample,V Karan yan Tings) fund ha spots for atone ad reads Prefsiet rear welling anne ering ome "es $l Bad ei and Roo 998) ste at y= Sepeace an Teles he workplace predic ther perme and wel-bing at work Suck reach ‘hows ia wie sects domains espa ow cera {either af dias, eed Station scone ‘id inroved wel bine ‘Nore comping nay of demenstsing te ete sel botwesn aed ulin teal eal hs fece te xabinutoe of role tole a a-traay No Tapary 2000+ Amc Poysholoni 5tans in bs ned sation a ei ect fet on Saratity swell ing wile coualing for iavidal Uitereres and varie nfounan vale, Fr cha+ le Solon ef (1097) donee hat sistas fo Fach of sever ie es eg. sna, employes fren). Tee tothe Sides we mean susan, as Seincale to the dese to whi hat fle Suppor me Thentcty and aonomoes tapering. Si. [na ‘Sidy tht examined day vara in welling. Ste on, Res, and Ryan (1986) wd erwin mod bling 0 show thar wi-person daily Maruatons he fatsfacion of autonomy and competence mes peice ‘igen Raction i uae Soh as mod. {ips fal tmpeoms ad iestcem Ina oe Fe en sty, Rein Seon, Gabi, Roscoe ad Ryan in es) found tha arin nthe fallen feck fhe fhe nous Ge, competence, aun. and elnedoes) Independently proited varity daly Ween ‘Pace sulle Spon the view at bases ‘en fe deve wih feared to opin expeience St well-being in lie, Conclusions Debates conceming he sti o asi. esponsily ‘ride. f oa Png have heen prema (Kohn, hoo), Ar pysholgy bas Become more vane, Bath {Gms of our undead of elon and seaabies tnd real tei ane custo, spe spr or bh perspesives ei he sureed. SDT aes this [ae by stempting 0 scout fx both Ge 2c ad be possi the espns a he nance. To oth Behave asuned tat rns hives tiation tard svg and tegration, ut lo have 2 vulcaiiy to psig Our focus, corny hs bent pei the rss tha tend to sappet peoples nal avy ‘eos eto expo ther aeat ‘Garey vestige foesed on the vos cond tions tht ence eras numa vey poste fete ‘human nase namely, te atl atviy ae eos ‘fared toe nie mova We Fund hat om thos supports of monomy and competence ely ‘Slime this wal cxpreson of tbe aman owt en ‘Srcys whereas conions tha coed Seber Sad hindered pereived eflectnace wadrmined Ke expression. Subsegocty, we iwestptd the acqusiion and eula on of omits occ vos nd ee 10, Ine ou evdene te rane power fst ces (Deaince te rth orgie teeny t eee Sen sociales ad responses Cones sin parce of snlonomy. sompatace, and feldnes were ‘Satens tar var stacton of ese not Thi er Ting we argu eof ew sgrieance for uals ‘sho ih to motte thers away that engenders ommjent effort sn high-quality performance "Yeu ou primary ences rouge ts program of search aw ben the weltng of Indl, eet They ae ents in lsroms, pte n clini, aietes ‘on te playing fla ce eamlayes fo the wonace. AS 6 oxalate by SDT, if he soil conte in which sch ‘iiss af embedded ae respasive to Sa pspcbo- Topcl nen ry provide the aprons developed late dom whieh an active seem, a itp ‘ture can acend. Excessive col, tential ch Tengen. and bck of comnectenes. the othr Bag ‘Serpe rot ataliaingsnd rganztionl teen ‘er endowed by mare, and ths suc facts reste ‘Sy in eek of ave and expos bu asa ‘hates and psychoptotgy TRaowlege sonceming she saviments esata fr pine moran and expeince abd a, fr ea anced peace snd wel-being hs aud sean, It rlevan to per and easels cance) 3) opie ad sony developed because speaks © ‘he conga promot te sasrlton of eth noe ‘nue an behavioral eplaons. Ii so relevant 16 ‘Roms who wt t face motivation a cami ‘te om te oan i relva fo psyches and elhprofestnnas because meta pebaps ec ‘Su tarunle in procoeny mained changes Ts.) ‘Sending ote eve resence cr depiaion ef uP ice hase prying need prion Se eter ae {0 dagnme sources of alicnaion versie eager, nd fatto enhanced buman acleveens ad walt, ‘Andra Rs Mogi 57 Hemi) 8975, The wei Tink caning nt mance opal en am ‘onan a eis fee st WEE RCbae toa Rae RM) tc rd ma ‘Sh lism fe eas ‘pesio loos Sct undone of owgh dale’ A seid “irs hey pe eh a sis ea 5) he nd ing Ea ei Sr bs Sal of rm ei ma dra efi Le (Sc Su ere my tse aa ‘ete sd thr ra “inte of Deve “Zsa thy ge othe oy of ain a8 the SRST aS Sie eae Bk cea et fon rn Decrelpn rime Reh ‘rabies: Asma nxt a csynem pce MR ‘oma 2 Soe ar eae Sam on Ca > oS). HT amas 0) Te eet RTT Dewi ecto n op S Tawary 2090+ American PeaDlecE tga ps eee Fcning imei sme Sy po Dan ame i RR MI, Ata ew “tg nig rm ee Meese Sa) Cai of “hispatin promi ink Debi es Sepa clined Ca pe me ame: WA a (ea myo ew ashe tance OP Die ie oe ai mi men Ptagee TT ae aber DUH) The ce pen od naan “pine in oes eon peta’ Oana Be Sora Nana jones Sa ‘Pi, Bap A Ro re 6D, Comat ig Stone Casa ule nisms etme Sana Ponsa nl Stal og 36 Sevier = "See en acremaes ‘Soin yer Ca Benlpmen 5191-388 oth WSs Brn 97 ‘he tty in 8 chon 2'L Nac oy ‘er nti 9 st hn of op cote ast her at Mi. ree Neen ow gn aneeare te Slain ees aes eee “Spa ning md te some aa a Seer lt, oR Mat. & See (999, Thess Id pros weseopwas Pehenge 3, 02 ee uring bane. Sour of Ape Sint Pacts “ SEES Sneath Semmes See ecaeeere oyerr eae es ft it bees gets oe tern EE eranstmn ne im vn be BT mn 180), Dig lp ‘cera Medina £ Burd ht nebo a ‘ie mm 9 Re Yo Ca eg Bi 4,99) Deo i ice ‘TEL hh el fdr pre tn hes ae el sna nu Suen fanotg ence Pgdotge RC ‘tn et Assent ty Cen ee “Siem Pos Por a6 ee HMB 1 BDL 9, Rei ‘Suey vt andy. Saal of ps! So Picci asa pe in Moan er Nea Heigs MA:Ay & eT 229), Doma of ce! ven lp San “EE reese tems “Eres fog benny ual er oat expanse ESC yi wt ete sept et Ter Rete meee ya RM Come} F190) Ried oa cm ad pon oon rier! wpe ag pce erate ances et CS ame Nat retain esa ee “ SE oe oem epee ne Seas NEE GT oe eh coy aad oy Sener ge he sires Se ee ae NEB Td yey nasty rs cor mre ate Sees coeer Glee marist “tele! Aono " " Tanary 2000» Amescan Peycobgit 7Fo MeL. Eni say vee enc ene 5 rom BrP 8-0, int og Mab 8. kins K (on. Two en win ‘th er! Pro Sot Pay Se soma Se SL ene Fo De Oe ge "aera Aa sige gece eat at SiRsgue Geko a aegis ‘Peis dec nen bo ym NE Sl Lith, (100, Repro "ude, pct ad as etn aa ‘ce co 9 Cee 1 Selma 0929, Hel on cos Fema, Ss nr oa Ruocco ‘sei Rea Pa yee (00 Mes od Moa bel rocksug Bene 2 ‘Sa: ee maces ee. ir oP Sr. Sar 8.199 The at of ayo Since hs Dima 9 ‘San 98) Mae fy an Sey, “els Perma and Sx Pree Res 2. 0-18 ‘ile, R230 Ho «aed es of a ‘Ar mei Ft aes ena ‘ot Ne Bp Che ‘led K&B, B09 i ein ‘tegument Ape ara fron de 39 h Soy Iaval of Set Pc 4 80-10 Stas esate Sal Na ay EnISaia Pat ne Fe tas New ‘we 6 Cf oes 108, mona ta yi Pome Pht ‘Wem GC. Pee, 2 Ds RN, Spang "err ep i ise Bo ‘Wie @ Gru ¥ 3 dn, Zo LM A Ds EL "ie tia pea gi wo ae ‘tre nl enn Sl Pct ST ‘Win Ge CR Mart ¥ S38 DEL "ioe Asennou par nto meri be Sah Ahn SB Se iw Tavary 2000+ Ameen PCOS