The Missing Manual Scavengers of India: Register & Start 30-Day Trial

4/11/22, 12:47 PM The missing manual scavengers of India
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sectors. The missing manual scavengers of India & private
sectors.
Tata nexarc Government surveys are confined to statutory towns, highlighting the fact that the
Centre looks at it as an urban problem
By Subhomay Saha, (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/subhomay-saha-183091)
Vikas Upadhayay
Open
(https://www.downtoearth.org
(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/author/vikas-upadhayay-183092)
Published: Monday 18 January 2021
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https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104 1/12
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30-day  trial
day trial
trial Tata nexarc
Find tenders
relevant for The practice of manual scavenging has accursed Indian society
your since time immemorial. The efforts to abolish this custom have
business.
Latest garnered momentum within the state machinery, advocacy groups Find tenders
and academia the last three decades, particularly since the relevant for your
tenders in
business. Latest
govt. & constitution of the Safai Karamchari Andolan (SKA) in 1994.

sectors. Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge, launched last year, aims to & private
sectors.
Tata nexarc completely mechanise all septic and sewage tank cleaning
operations in 243 cities across India, by April 30, 2021.
Officially, the number of manual scavengers dropped to 42,303 in
Open
2018 from 770,338 in 2008. Notwithstanding the said
developments, the drastic reduction in the official count in the NEXT BLOG ❯
recent past can be construed as indicative of gross
underassessment rather than being reflective of their actual
numbers in India.
While the Indian government attributes this drop to the strict
enforcement of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual
Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 and the impact of the
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, it couldn’t be farther from the truth. A
closer inspection of the problem reveals many shortcomings in the
implementation of the said act, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan as well as
procedures adopted to arrive at the official figure of manual
scavengers.
The survey and its shortcomings
The survey of manual scavengers in 2018 was conducted by the

National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation
(NSKFDC) at the behest of the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment. This survey, which found 87,913 manual
scavengers in India, was only conducted in the statutory towns of
14 Indian states.
 
Of

the 87,913 manual scavengers identified by the survey, 42,303
were recognised by the ministry and only 27,268 have been
integrated into relevant schemes and have received any form of
entitlements

or benefits from the ministry.
  
Register It (https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The
is but obviously a grossly underreported survey,
missing given
manual the factof India
scavengers Register &
& start that the Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011 identified 1,82,505
30-day  households with the primary occupation of manual scavenging.

day trial
trial Whereas, the SKA estimated that the numbers of such scavengers
Find tenders were around 12 lakh, which seems more reasonable, given the fact
relevant for that the Census of 2011 estimates the number of dry latrines in the
your
business. country at around 26 lakh.
Find tenders
Latest Notwithstanding the efforts of the government, the assumption relevant for your
tenders in
that the age-old practice of manual scavenging has seen a drop of business. Latest
govt. &
almost 89 per cent in seven years (based on the estimations done

sectors. & private
by the SKA in 2011 and the NSKFDC Census, 2018) is irrational. sectors.
Tata nexarc
The fact that this survey was confined to statutory towns in India is
reflective of the Central government’s attempt to willfully misjudge
manual scavenging as an urban problem.
Open
The act and its implementation
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The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their
Rehabilitation Act, 2013 aims to eliminate insanitary latrines (those
not connected to pits/septic tanks/sewage lines) alongside
tracking the rehabilitation of manual scavengers in other
occupations and conducting periodic surveys.
To eliminate this practice, the act has provisions for stringent
penalties, for direct or indirect employment of any person in
hazardous cleaning of sewers or septic tanks by any person, local
authority or agency. For example, even the first instance of its
contravention is punishable with imprisonment up to two years or
fine up to Rs 2 lakh or both.
If a worker dies while performing such work, even with safety gear
and other precautions, the employer is required to pay
compensation of Rs 10 lakh to the family.
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relevant for Despite such stringent provisions, hardly any action is visible on
your the ground — not a single FIR was filed in 2014, accordin to the
business.
Latest 57th Standing Committee of Social Justice and Empowerment, Find tenders
2017-2018. relevant for your
tenders in
business. Latest
govt. &
private Two cases under the law were reported from Karnataka in the tenders in govt.
sectors. National Crime Records Bureau report of 2015, where only one & private
sectors.
Tata nexarc went for trial. Karnataka has maintained its lead in its compliance
with the law by filing 55 FIRs. This clearly reveals a lack of empathy
on part of the state, bureaucracy and even society.
Open
As per the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK)
database, 608 manual scavengers have died between 2013 and NEXT BLOG ❯
2017 while cleaning septic tanks. However, many advocacy groups
have raised concern over the authenticity of this data, claiming that
the actual number would be much more.
NCSK reported 123 deaths during January-August 2017, whereas,
the SKA reported 429 deaths in the same duration in the National
Capital Region alone .
While the contemporary official records evidently underestimate

the employment and deaths of manual scavengers in India, the
implementation of policies pertaining to their welfare have fallen
short in terms of reach and coverage.
The Self Employment Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of
Scavengers (SRMS) was set up in January 2007 with the objective
of rehabilitating them and their dependents with alternative
livelihoods. The benefits and entitlements offered under the SRMS
are as follows:
An immediate one-time cash assistance of Rs 40,000 to one member of
the family of the identified manual scavenger
A concessional loan of up to Rs ten lakh for self-employment projects
A monthly stipend of Rs 3,000 for up to 2 years and access to skill-

  
training programmes for all manual scavengers and the dependents
 (https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The missing
A credit-linked back-ended capital subsidy of Rsmanual
3,25,000scavengers
against of India
aforementioned loan
  
As per the reports of the parliamentary standing committee in
Register (https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The
2017-18, missing manual
the support to the manual scavengers have scavengers
been of India Register &
& start https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104)

atrociously inadequate so far. Only 27,268 manual scavengers have start 30-
30-day 
been provided with the one-time cash assistance. day trial
trial
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan vs manual scavenging
Find tenders
relevant for Under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, India claims to have constructed
your approximately 1,000 lakh toilets since 2014, thereby providing
business.
approximately 95 per cent households with access to toilets. Find tenders
Latest
relevant for your
tenders in The constructed toilets are connected either to twin pit, septic business. Latest
govt. &
private tanks with soak pit, single pits or are connected to sewerage lines. tenders in govt.
sectors. & private
National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey 2017-18 estimates that 13

sectors.
Tata nexarc per cent of the toilets constructed had twin pits, while 38 per cent
were equipped with septic tanks with soak pits and 20 per cent had
single pits.
Open
While the twin pit variety does not require human handling of faecal
matter, the other two varieties require manual or mechanical NEXT BLOG ❯
extraction of faecal matter after a period of time. Given the
abundance of septic tank with soak pit and single pit varieties of
toilets and the low availability of suction pumps at the village level
for mechanical extraction, it is obvious that most of these toilets in
rural areas would be cleaned manually.
Given the present policy climate which has relegated the scourge
of manual scavenging to just an urban challenge, it is pertinent that
the situation of rural sanitation be highlighted.
While it is irrefutable that the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has made
unprecedented and positive behavioural and infrastructural
changes with regard to the usage of toilets, we need more effort
and time to substantially reduce manual scavenging. Perhaps, at a
policy level, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has addressed the issue of
access to toilets, ignoring those cleaning them.
Judicial intervention and the way forward
Given the gaps in assessment and laxity in implementation, it is

unlikely that manual scavenging would end anytime soon. However,
the judiciary has taken a proactive role in addressing this issue.
 
The

aforementioned survey in 2018 to estimate the number of
manual scavengers in India was conducted at the behest of the
judgement passed by the Supreme Court in the matter of Safai
Karamchari

Andolan and others versus the Union of India and
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business. Latest
govt. &
sectors. More recently, the Bombay High Court in response to a PIL filed in & private
sectors.
Tata nexarc 2019, sought a response from the Maharashtra Government
regarding the number of convictions in cases related to the
employment of manual scavengers as well as the disbursement of
Open
compensations upon their death, doubting the tendency of
underreporting by the government.
NEXT BLOG ❯
The state and society needs to take active interest in the issue and
look into all possible options to accurately assess and
subsequently eradicate this practice. It also warrants an
engagement of all stakeholders for the proper introduction of
mechanisation and ensuring that it is made available to all those
who are forced to engage in this undignified practice.
Views expressed are the authors’ own and don’t necessarily reflect
those of Down To Earth
जल (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/hindistory/water) से जुड़ी सभी खबरें
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Drinking Water (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/tag/drinking-water)
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WATER
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Brij Gopal: A tireless advocate for India’s
Open rivers (https://www.downtoearth.org
With his death, India has lost a great mind and a lot of us in the conservation arena,
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our mentor
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Published: Friday 08 January 2021

sectors.
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Open
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How does one write about a man one eulogised and has just heard
had dropped dead? Even while nearing 77, he suffered no ailment,
at least none that could bring such unexpected end.
He sometimes did have swollen legs. I remember asking him once
during a field trip to Pandwan, a geological site on the Ken riverbed,
as to why he was not wearing shoes. He had brushed aside the
 
query.

Professor Brij Gopal was an eminent and

(https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The internationally
missing acclaimed
manual scavengers of India
river ecologist who passed away suddenly January 4, 2021, at a
  bus stop
 in Delhi.
Register I first met him in early 2007, in his office
(https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The at themanual
missing Jawaharlal Nehru
scavengers of India Register &
& start University (JNU), where he taught environmental sciences. I was

30-day  researching about the Yamuna river for a planned campaign and
trial day trial
had been referred to him. He was perfectly aware that I was a
Find tenders rookie in river matters and his time for me might be a waste.
relevant for Despite this, he welcomed me and readily shared copies of all his
your
business. recent Yamuna publications.
Find tenders
Latest After reading those, I was convinced that if ever river science was relevant for your
tenders in
govt. & challenged in our campaign called Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan (Living business. Latest
Yamuna Campaign), I had found my go-to man.

sectors. & private
I was soon back to him with a request to join an expert committee sectors.
Tata nexarc
that the Delhi High Court had proposed in a litigation, challenging
the construction of Commonwealth Games village in the river bed
in which I was one of the applicants.
Open
He readily agreed. That the said committee never got going since
NEXT BLOG ❯
the high court orders were challenged and overturned at the
Supreme Court is another story.
The absence of a statutory protection to river floodplains in the
country was proving to be a huge handicap for us. When informed,
Professor Gopal narrated how, way back in 2002, he had convinced
the Union environment ministry on the need of a River Regulation
Zone (RRZ) notification on the lines of Coastal Regulation Zone for
securing the river floodplains.
As is usual with governments, the RRZ plans got derailed with a
change of guard. Undaunted, we revived the effort and Jairam
Ramesh as environment minister promised the RRZ, before seeing
his portfolio changed. Even Prakash Javadekar started the process,
only to soon lose steam.
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relevant for After retiring from JNU, Gopal established the Centre for Inland
your Waters in South Asia at a small village called Peera on the outskirts
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Latest of Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh. His dream was to set it up as a Find tenders
state-of-the-art research facility on freshwater systems. As fate relevant for your
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business. Latest
govt. & had destined, he was returning from Peera when the end came.
sectors. He was an influential voice at the annual India Rivers Week events & private
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Tata nexarc that some of us organised together and was serving on a number
of official and court-constituted expert committees.
With a research experience of over 50 years, his vast scholarship
Open
never permitted him to suffer unscientific theories or chatter. A
penchant for calling a spade a spade could never endear him to the NEXT BLOG ❯
establishment.
India has lost a great mind and a lot of us in the conservation
arena, our mentor.
Manoj Misra is Convener of Yamuna Jiye Abhiyaan
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4/11/22, 12:47 PM The missing manual scavengers of India

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& start https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104) start 30-

govt. & (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water)

sectors. The missing manual scavengers of India & private

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& start Register & start 30-day

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104) start 30-

govt. & constitution of the Safai Karamchari Andolan (SKA) in 1994.

The survey of manual scavengers in 2018 was conducted by the

30-day  households with the primary occupation of manual scavenging.

almost 89 per cent in seven years (based on the estimations done

 (https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=The missing manual scavengers of India

& start Register & start 30-day

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104) start 30-

2017-2018. relevant for your

While the contemporary official records evidently underestimate

A monthly stipend of Rs 3,000 for up to 2 years and access to skill-

& start https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104)

sectors. & private

National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey 2017-18 estimates that 13

Given the gaps in assessment and laxity in implementation, it is

& start https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/the-missing-manual-scavengers-of-india-75104) start 30-

tenders in Tata nexarc

जल (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/hindistory/water) से जुड़ी सभी खबरें

हिंदी (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/hindistory) में पढ़ें।

Drinking Water (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/tag/drinking-water)

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