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1993 Nucl. Fusion 33 165

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 CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
TOKAMAK PLASMA BIASING
Report on the
IAEA Technical Committee Meeting
held at
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
8-10 September 1992
A. BOILEAU
Centre canadien de fusion magnktique,
Varennes, Quebec, Canada
1. INTRODUCTION
The IAEA Technical Committee Meeting on Tokamak
Plasma Biasing was hosted by the Centre canadien de
fusion magnktique (CCFM). There were 43 registered
participants from 11 countries and approximately 20
observers from the CCFM attending the meeting. The
34 papers presented at the meeting are listed in the
references, in the order of presentation. With very few
exceptions, the complete papers can be found in the
proceedings published by the IAEA. The purpose of
the meeting was to bring together for the first time
physicists from the approximately 30 laboratories
involved in plasma biasing experiments or modelling,
and to discuss present results.
The radial electric field profile, toroidal and poloidal
velocity profiles, turbulence, basic plasma parameter
profiles and transport mechanisms are all intertwining
properties of the plasma that are dependent on the
regime of machine operation and in turn affect its
accessible range of parameters. They were shown to
play a key role in defining the plasma performance,
particularly in the cases of improved confinement
regimes and impurity control experiments. In this
context, it may be desirable to control the radial
electric field independently of the other controllable
machine parameters, which is a major aim of biasing
experiments. From a performance point of view, such
a use of biasing was shown, for example, to yield control
over the triggering of improved confinement regimes,
over edge parameter profiles and flows, and over divertor
efficiency in terms of impurity retention. From a physics
point of view, biasing experiments provide novel infor-
mation pertaining to the role of the various plasma
properties in defining transport and overall perfor-
NUCLEAR FUSION.Vol 33, No.] (1993)
mance. This summary includes the various contributions
presented at the meeting, describing the most significant
observations and theoretical results according to the
different biasing schemes utilized, for self-biasing,
electrode, limiter and divertor biasing, as well as
some innovative biasing schemes and reactor relevant
features.
2. SELF-BIASING
Self-biasing encompasses various experiments where
machines are operated in such a way as to alter inten-
tionally the electric field configuration of the plasma.
In this sense, the electric field changes occurring upon
L-H transitions in many tokamaks with auxiliary heating
can be considered to be due to self-biasing.
Under such conditions, poloidal and toroidal rotation
velocity measurements were performed on JFT-2M
(R/a = 130/30 cm, BT = 1.3 T , I, =-280 U) [30]. The
results were used, together with ion pressure profiles,
to infer the radial electric field at the plasma edge,
assuming that bulk ions rotate at the same velocity as
carbon ions. The poloidal rotation velocity changes sign
across the separatrix, being in the ion (electron)
diamagnetic direction outside (inside) the separatrix.
The increase in the poloidal rotation velocity during
the H-mode induces a larger negative electric field.
The energy transport barrier associated with large
temperature gradients during the H-mode appears to
be related to negative poloidal rotation velocity shear.
Several observations are also confronted with various
theoretical models addressing the physics of the L-H
transition.
165
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
Measurements of edge poloidal rotation velocity were
reported from JET [181; these measurements helped to
document the role of velocity and its shear in improved
confinement regimes, although the observations were not
associated with biasing experiments. According to these
measurements, based on active charge exchange spectros-
copy on low-Z impurities (intrinsic carbon and injected
neon), the poloidal rotation velocity remains well below
10 km/s even during the H-mode, while the shapes of
the ion temperature and toroidal rotation velocity profiles
are unaffected by the L-H transition. The measurements
are therefore not consistent with a narrow poloidally
rotating layer during the H-mode, nor with an ion energy
transport barrier. The presence of a particle transport
barrier is, however, confirmed by the steepening of the
emission profile after the L-H transition.
In the STOR-M tokamak (R/a = 46/12 cm, BT = 1 T,
I, 5 50 kA) [29], turbulent heating current pulses
(Ipulre= 20 kA,100 p s duration) are successfully used
to bias the plasma negatively (Iplasma= 25 kA)and to
trigger a regime of improved Ohmic confinement. The
duration of the current pulse is approximately ten times
shorter than the anomalous magnetic diffusion time, and
the anomalous skin depth is about 5 cm. This self-biasing
regime is characterized by a more negative and steeper
electric field at the edge. This is well correlated with
the formation of a velocity shear layer, the stabiliza-
tion of density and magnetic fluctuations and the
improvement of confinement. Careful investigation
of the behaviour of impurities confirms that plasma
contamination is unaffected and cannot be responsible
for these observations.
On TJ-1 (Ria = 30/9.5 cm, BT = 0.8-1.4 T,
I, = 20-40 kA)[4], the role of the naturally occurring
radial electric field was investigated by changing the
toroidal magnetic field. The strength of the velocity
shear layer located at the last closed flux surface
(LCFS) increases with the magnetic field, although
no causal relationship could be established. However,
the fluctuation level deduced from Langmuir probe
measurements appears to be uncorrelated with the
strength of the velocity shear.
3. ELECTRODE BIASING
The most straightforward biasing scheme consists of
inserting an electrode into the plasma edge and applying
a bias voltage to its tip with respect to the vessel wall.
H-mode-like behaviour was observed in experiments
performed on CCT (R/a = 150140 cm, BT = 0.3 T,
166
I, = 30-40 kA) [25], TEXTOR (R/a = 175146 cm,
BT=2.35 T, I,= 190kA) [2], STOR-M [29], TJ-1 [4],
BETA (Ria = 45/15 cm, BT = 0.1 T, currentless
discharge) [6] and TEXT (BT = 2 T) [25] when
typically a few hundred volts were applied to the
electrode with either polarities. A comparison of electrode
biasing measurements on CCT and TEXT shows that on
both machines [25] the radial floating potential profile
near the LCFS widens with biasing and steepens at the
H-mode bifurcation. These observations are interpreted
as being indicative of the presence of a perpendicular
(radial) sheath rather than a shear layer, the latter being
invoked by most investigators to explain turbulence
stabilization. Deep insertion of the electrode (ria = 0.75)
in TEXT induces H-mode-like behaviour, even without
biasing, and is associated with slowing down of the
plasma, thus complicating the link between velocity
and its shear, and the achievement of improved con-
finement regimes. Applying biasing during these
H-modes triggered by rotation drag does no affect
the fluctuation characteristics and does not improve
confinement any further.
On TEXTOR [2], the bias voltage ranged from -1 kV
to 1 kV, and edge radial electric fields (inside the limiter)
of up to 1000 Vicm were obtained after bifurcation, i.e.
under H-mode conditions. Exhaust studies using the
pump limiter ALT-I1 demonstrate a strong effect of the
edge fields (and of their sign) on the effective confine-
ment (7;) of trace impurities such as neon and helium.
Increased pump-out is obtained for positive fields
below the H-mode threshold, but the exhaust is
strongly hampered in both positive and negative
H-modes. Modelling calculations of the observed radial
conductivity of the plasma highlight the role of damping
of poloidal plasma rotation and identify parallel viscosity
and ion-neutral collisions as the main contributors.
ELM-free H-modes can be triggered by electrode
biasing (V, < -150 V or V,, > 0 V) on STOR-M [29],
as indicated by the sharp density increase and the
simultaneous H, drop. The electron temperature does
not change, and most of the improvement in global
energy confinement is due to the density effect. Carbon
and oxygen radiation decrease (increase) during negative
(positive) biasing. These H-modes are not associated
with any significant reduction in the edge density or
in the level of magnetic fluctuations.
In TJ-1 [4], positive and negative electric fields are
induced by electrode biasing for voltages above 200 V
with either polarities, resulting in a sharp rise of the
chord average electron density, a drop in the H, signal
and in the electrode current, and a broadening of the
fluctuation spectrum. Under some plasma conditions,
NUCLEAR FUSION, Vo1.33, No.1 (1993)

biasing destabilizes a high frequency (350 kHz) quasi-
coherent mode related to a high level of MHD activity.
In the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror (lengthidiameter
of the central cell = 6/1 m) [8], segmented end plate
biasing is used to shape the plasma potential profile,
stabilize the turbulence and reduce radial transport.
The turbulence follows the drift wave dispersion,
including a Doppler shift due to E x B drift. It is
maximum when the radial electric field vanishes and
decreases for finite values of the electric field, indepen-
dently of its sign. The high fluctuation level observed
for small values of the electric field is associated with
degraded plasma confinement properties.
In BETA [6], biasing a currentless toroidal plasma
using a ring electrode increases the electron density
and reduces the fluctuations in the central plasma, even
for small values of the radial electric field. This regime
of reduced radial flux losses is obtained without a
poloidal magnetic field, although the bias induced
E x B drift compensates for the absence of rotational
transform.
In a novel application of biasing, current injection
between biased electrodes inserted in the edge of the
MST reversed field pinch (Ip = 250 kA) is used to
flatten the current density profile in the hope of
stabilizing tearing modes suspected of enhancing
transport [27]. Carbon electrodes can provide a large
current, but only about 45 % of it is converted to field-
line-attached directed current density, and impurity
release occurs. A biased plasma gun was used, with
very small impurity contamination effects and with
68 % efficiency in directed current conversion, but with
an upper limit on the total injected current. The MST
group also wants to use the bias induced E X B toroidal
drift to control mode locking and edge impurities.
In the NASA-Lewis Electric Field Bumpy Torus
(R/a = 75/8 cm, BT = 3 T) [7], biasing potentials of up
to 50 kV were applied to electrode ringdlimiters. The
strong E x B drift that ensued made the plasma highly
turbulent, to the extent that fluctuation induced transport
became the dominant transport mechanism. The fluctua-
tion induced transport could point radially inward or
outward, depending on the angle between density and
potential fluctuations, with the magnitude and sign of
this angle being related to the presence of a weak
vertical magnetic field.
Theoretical implications of the radial current generated
by the radial electric field imposed at the plasma
periphery during probe biasing were reviewed [11.
Expressions for the toroidal and poloidal rotation
velocity profiles and current voltage characteristics
were derived in the context of neoclassical and
NUCLEAR FUSION, Vo1.33, No.1 (1993)
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
anomalous transport for probe biasing experiments.
The electric field near the separatrix in a divertor
magnetic configuration was also investigated from
the point of view of ion orbit losses within one
poloidal Larmor radius of the LCFS. In particular,
it was pointed out that steep density profiles near the
separatrix automatically imply the presence of a strong
radial electric field. It was also shown that a significant
poloidal electric field follows from orbit peculiarities
near the neutralization plates and from quasi-neutrality
requirements. Finally, it was found that analytical
methods used to derive the electric field and the rota-
tion velocities on closed magnetic surfaces can also be
applied to the open field line region of the scrape-off
layer (SOL).
4. LIMITER BIASING
Electrode biasing has the distinct advantage of forcing
the electric field in the plasma edge. It seems most
appropriate as a means of elucidating discrepancies
among different theories and experiments. However,
it is of limited applicability to a reactor grade plasma
where insertion of an electrode would be detrimental to
both the plasma and the electrode. On the other hand,
limiter biasing aims at producing similar effects without
resorting to an electrode, and very significant achieve-
ments were reported at the meeting.
On CCT [5], H-mode plasmas are produced by
biasing a heated LaB, emissive limiter to vb < -150 V.
Measurements show that the electric field inside the
LCFS is modified over 2-3 cm by injecting hot electrons,
but that the cathode must be positioned near the LCFS
to charge the plasma. When the cathode is not heated,
a higher bias voltage must be applied, and a delay of
33 ms is observed before the H-mode transition occurs,
corresponding, within a factor of two, to the time required
for the plasma to heat the cathode to the emissive tem-
perature (I.1200°C). Adding emissive capability to the
biased surface significantly reduces plasma contamina-
tion by wall impurities.
Positive limiter biasing (vb up to 300 V) on the ATF
torsatron (R/a = 210/27 cm, BT = 0.95 T , P = 2, m = 12
field periods) results in peaking of the density profile,
the reduction of edge plasma fluctuations (related to the
displacement of the velocity shear layer) and of fluctua-
tion induced particle flux, and an overall improvement
of particle confinement [3]. Large positive bias voltages,
however, degrade energy confinement, suggesting that
particle confinement and energy confinement are effec-
tively decoupled. The electric field profile is affected
167
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
inside the LCFS, becoming more negative. Turbulence
stabilization during positive limiter biasing is also
observed on the HYBTOK-I1 tokamak (R/a = 4011 1 cm,
BT I 0.5 T, I, I 15 kA) [lo] and is also associated
with the effect of E x B velocity shear. Negative limiter
biasing on ATF improves particle confinement only
marginally. Biasing has almost no effect on impurity
contamination of the main plasma, while positive
(negative) limiter biasing on TdeV (R/a = 87/27 cm,
BT = 1.5 T , I, = 210 kA) increases (decreases) impurity
influxes [22].
An innovative limiter biasing scheme was introduced
by the HYBTOK-I1 team. This line of research is based
on AC limiter biasing and aims at preferentially expelling
impurities from the main plasma. A time varying radial
electric field at the plasma boundary is expected to
induce a polarization drift in the radial direction, with
the drift velocity depending on the mass of the particle,
with heavy ions drifting faster. Measurements at a
frequency of up to 60 kHz indicate that the radial
electric field penetrates deeper into the plasma at higher
frequencies. High temporal (5:10 p s ) and spatial (=mm)
resolution measurements of the edge density profile
evolution during biasing based on a laser blow-off
lithium beam diagnostic were reported. They indicate
an improvement of particle confinement for positively
biased plasmas.
5. DIVERTOR BIASING
Divertor biasing represents a major step towards
reactor compatibility. In this context, first results from
PBX-M (R/a = 165135 cm, BT = 1.5 T, I, I 250 kA),
indicating a significant reduction (35 %)of the H-mode
power threshold with positive biasing, are very
encouraging [141. In this experiment, the outboard
divertor strike points in a double-null configuration
are biased with respect to the inboard strike points
(m = 1 perturbation). Although no biasing electrode
is inserted into the main plasma, this biasing scheme
changes the electric field inside the LCFS, as observed
with a reciprocating Langmuir probe. Bias induced
H-modes, however, exhibit a stronger increase in soft
X-ray signals, possibly indicating higher impurity
confinement.
An extensive investigation of double-null closed
divertor biasing in TdeV was reported [13]. In the
current injection mode, the neutralization plates are
biased with respect to one another, so that the current
is flowing along the field lines with no radial current to
the wall. Most of the potential drop and power deposi-
168
tion then occurs near the negative electrode, and the
SOL potential and plasma parameters remain essentially
unaffected. Current injection produces no significant
changes of the main plasma parameters.
During TdeV experiments in the plasma biasing mode,
the separatrix is biased with respect to the vacuum
vessel, causing strong perpendicular currents [131.
These currents are proportional to the edge density and
are modulated by sawtooth pulses reaching the edge, thus
confirming that this current is flowing in the SOL and
not leaking behind the plates. The magnitude of the
observed current is compatible with non-ambipolar trans-
port based on anomalous ion mobility, the latter being
also invoked to explain edge density profile modification
during biasing. With negative biasing, wall sputtering is
transferred from the main chamber to the upper divertor.
The pressure of the upper divertor increases substan-
tialiy, as a result of the E x B flow in the SOL pointing
in that direction. The biasing field imposed between
the separatrix and the wall, measured by Langmuir
probes, affects the poloidal and toroidal rotation
velocities on either sides of the LCFS, as inferred
from spectroscopic and Mach probe measurements
[13, 171. Toroidal rotation measurements indicate that
the direction of plasma rotation is the same inside the
LCFS and in the SOL, although variation with biasing
is weaker in the main plasma. Spectroscopic measure-
ments at the edge show no significant variation of the
ion temperature gradient with biasing, thus ruling out
the possibility of explaining the velocitiy behaviour by
such a variation. The effect of biasing on the poloidal
velocity inside the LCFS is, however, in the direction
opposite to that in the SOL. This increased velocity
shear may be responsible for the observed decrease of
density fluctuations propagating in the poloidal direction.
There is strong evidence that the effects of biasing on
the edge electron density profile and on the toroidal
velocity are not symmetric poloidally. Neoclassical
calculations of the flow velocity are in good agreement
with measurements on the outboard midplane [121. This
theory implies a strong poloidal dependence of the flow
because of the poloidal asymmetry of the trapped ion
distribution.
The effect of divertor plate biasing on impurity
contamination and transport was investigated in the
central plasma of TdeV [24]. Measurements of
radiated power, loop voltage, soft X-rays, visible
and UV spectroscopy all confirm that the impurity
level is decreased (increased) during negative (positive)
biasing. Spectroscopic measurements interpreted using
the code MIST show that the anomalous diffusion
coefficient for impurities remains the same during
NUCLEAR FUSION, Vo1.33, No.1 (1993)

biasing, but the inward convection velocity increases
by 70% as the bias voltage goes from -130 V to
+ 130 V, probably because of the modified electric
field inside the separatrix.
Divertor efficiency in terms of impurity retention
and pumping was also studied on TdeV [22]. The CO
pressure buildup in the divertor favoured by the E x B
directed flow indicates that the retention of impurities
is substantially increased when a bias voltage of -130 V
is applied to the separatrix (by up to an order of
magnitude for CO), while the retention of hydrogen
is only weakly enhanced with respect to the vacuum
confinement time. Injection of extrinsic impurities such
as argon, neon and helium confirmed that the improve-
ment in retention is more pronounced for heavy
molecules. It appears that most of the improvement in
impurity retention is due to the much higher divertor
density achieved during biasing for a fixed central plasma
density because of E X B flows. In addition to this
beneficial effect brought about by biasing, there is clear
evidence that the bias electric field directly enhances
divertor retention. Bias induced impurity retention in
the divertor has led to a doubling of the helium removal
rate with only modest divertor pumping (=1 m3/s) and
bias (-130 V).
One-dimensional modelling of the SOL in TdeV
during divertor biasing experiments produced preliminary
results [21]. Comparison between simulated and measured
parallel velocity values shows reasonable agreement when
no biasing is applied, but reveals discrepancies for finite
bias voltages (175 V) which may arise because of the
simplified geometry and the technique of separation of
variables used in the model. Also, qualitative agreement
between the code and the observed poloidal fluxes
requires including an anomalous ion mobility term in
the model. Finally, the simulated I-V characteristic
yields an equivalent resistance for the SOL that is
much lower than the observed one, thus calling for
improved modelling of the pre-sheath.
On DIII-D (R/a = 167167 cm, elongation 1.8-1.9,
BT = 2.1 T, I,, = 1 MA), a toroidal ring electrode in
contact with the outer strike point of a single-null
divertor plasma can be biased with respect to both the
inner strike point and the wall, with most of the current
flowing force free along open magnetic field lines [19].
A detailed investigation of the SOL current circuit reveals
that the divertor sheath constitutes the most resistive
element and that this biasing scheme strongly affects the
divertor plasma and its sheath. The behaviour of the
divertor pressure is compatible with the effect of E x B
flows induced by the imposed bias electric field, thus
supporting observations reported from TdeV. Most
NUCLEAR FUSION, Vo1.33,No.1 (1993)
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
importantly, however, the DIII-D study demonstrates
that biasing substantially reduces the sensitivity of the
exhaust plenum pressure and of the divertor exhaust
efficiency to the divertor geometry and the strike point
position, with applications to separatrix sweeping on
reactor divertor plates. Biasing is also shown to either
decrease modestly or increase significantly the power
threshold for the L-H transition, depending on the
voltage amplitude and polarity, thus yielding some
control over the transition to improved confinement.
Strong positive (negative) biasing also slightly increases
(decreases) the density during the H-mode, a parameter
which is otherwise not under control. The DIII-D group
also reported the formation and sustainment of a tokamak
plasma solely by a combination of DC helicity injection
and electron cyclotron heating (ECH), with the bootstrap
current playing a crucial role after the separatrix detaches
from the biasing plates.
In DIII-D, strong emphasis is put on density and
impurity contamination control by biasing via modifica-
tion of the SOL screening efficiency [23]. The decrease
(increase) of the highly ionized nickel ion concentra-
tion in the plasma centre is attributed to the observed
thickening (thinning) of the SOL density profile during
positive (negative) biasing, brought about by an out-
ward pointing (inward pointing) E,, x BT drift. Current
injection in the SOL also increases the ion flux to the
neutralization plates and broadens the heat deposition
profile. A combination of these effects is envisaged
in order to gain control over core plasma fuelling, since
a thick, high pressure SOL is required to substantially
change the hydrogen ionization length.
The LEDGE code [20] is used to simulate DIII-D
results, where the outer divertor ring plate is biased
with respect to the inner divertor strike point; however,
the wall is not grounded in the simulation. The code
suggests that modest negative (positive) biasing (25 V)
strongly reduces (enhances) the naturally occurring flux
imbalance between the outer and inner divertor plates
as a result of the large parallel current flowing between
the biased divertor plates. On the other hand, the plasma
parameter profiles on the outboard divertor are apparently
insensitive to biasing. It is noted that the I-V curve
predicted by the code differs from the DIII-D measure-
ments, with the simulated current being much larger than
the observed one.
The radial electric field in the Compact Helical System
(CHS) heliotron/torsatron device (R/a = 100/20 cm,
BT = 1-2 T, l' = 2, m = 8 field periods) under the
influence of non-classical ion loss mechanisms was
determined self-consistently and compared with
experimental results [28]. Good agreement is found
169
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
when orbit losses and charge exchange losses with
neutrals are taken into account to explain the measured
radial electric field. The electric field thus determined
is more negative than predicted by purely neoclassical
calculations.
6 , REACTOR APPLICATIONS
Applications of divertor biasing to next generation
tokamak reactors were reviewed at the end of the meeting
[33]. It appears that several experimental results reported
at the meeting are already relevant to reactor studies,
since they either provide a better understanding of
complicated tokamak plasma physics phenomena or can
help achieve improved overall performance. It has indeed
been demonstrated that biasing can provide some control
over several plasma parameters affecting the L-H transi-
tion. In a tokamak reactor, positive biasing could help
attain an improved confinement regime, or negative
biasing could prevent an H-mode, if it is undesirable.
Several experimental results also suggest that biasing
affects differently the energy and particle confinement
properties, thus adding considerable flexibility to the
control of transport parameters. The stabilizing effect
of biasing on microturbulence and its link with confine-
ment properties might have positive implications on
controlling anomalous transport.
Reactor applications of biasing also include the
modification of particle flows due to E x B drifts. It was
shown that divertor efficiency is substantially enhanced
by biasing in terms of impurity and helium ash exhaust.
E x B flows also shift the divertor particle flux distribu-
tion relative to the separatrix, thus helping to maintain
good particle exhaust efficiency while sweeping the
separatrix strike point to spread the heat load. Biasing
affects the SOL width and density, producing a shield
plasma that can reduce impurity penetration into the
core plasma. Such control over the SOL characteristics
might help optimize RF antenna coupling, while allowing
for a large distance between the antenna and the separatrix.
Furthermore, biasing is expected to contribute to the
achievement of a radiative divertor by improving the
thermal stability of the divertor plasma, by expanding
the radiative zone and by increasing impurity retention
in the radiative region.
Reactor operation might benefit from the present
successful biasing experiments on plasma startup without
a transformer and on DC helicity injection current drive.
Non-inductive plasma startup would lessen the need for
an Ohmic transformer, since this might no longer be
required for a steady state non-inductively sustained
170
plasma, with potential simplification of the machine.
Bias induced DC helicity injection might lead to a
cheaper and more efficient current drive technique
than RF assisted methods and does not suffer from
a density limit.
Research on non-intrusive biasing schemes may also
improve the reactor compatibility of biasing experiments.
The use of a biased plasma gun on MST falls into that
category and has already been discussed [27]. Following
another promising approach, the CDX-U group wants
to use electron ripple injection to generate a radial
electric field 1-3 cm inside the LCFS [15]. This
technique uses a pair of coils to trap electrons in a
local magnetic field ripple. With proper field geometry,
these electrons drift into the plasma because of the VB
drift. Penetration into the plasma is further facilitated
by applying ECH power locally.
Difficulties in gaining biasing capability in a reactor-
type machine were also highlighted [33]. One of the
most stimulating challenges appears to be the choice of
material and configuration for the in-vessel insulating
hardware. These parts must prevent arcing with
grounded surrounding structures and maintain their
chemical and physical integrity, while sustaining high
heat and neutron fluxes [34]. Cooling requirements of the
insulators and mechanical stresses during disruptions
also complicate the design of a biasable divertor. While
several of these issues were successfully addressed in
present machines, reactor compatibility will require
further engineering developments.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is a pleasure to thank the authors of the contributed
and invited papers for making their manuscripts available
to me before publication by the IAEA. I hope that the
results presented in this summary accurately reflect their
view on the subject. I would like t o address special thanks
to Prof. R.R. Weynants for suggesting improvements to
this summary.
The Centre canadien de fusion magnktique (CCFM)
is a joint venture of Hydro QuBbec, the Atomic Energy
of Canada Limited and the Institut national de la recherche
scientifique (INRS), in which MBP Technologies Inc. and
Canatom also participate. CCFM is principally funded
by AECL, Hydro Quebec and INRS.
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NUCLEAR FUSION. Vo1.33, No.1 (1993)

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the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror.
GUZDAR, P.N., DRAKE, J.F., McCARTHY, D.,
HASSAM, A.B., LIU, C.S., Turbulence and flow generation
in tokamak edge plasmas (no manuscript submitted).
UESUGI, Y., CHIBA, T . , OKADA, A., SASAKI, S.,
TAKAMURA, S., Response of the edge plasma potential
during AC limiter biasing in HYBTOK-I1 tokamak.
SASAKI, S., TAKAMURA, S., UESUGI, Y.,
OHKOUCHI, Y., KADOTA, K., Edge density profile
measurement during limiter biasing by laser blow-off
lithium beam probing.
WANG, Z., LeCLAIR, G . , Neoclassical transport in tokamaks
with large radial electric fields.
LACHAMBRE, J.-L., COUTURE, P . , BOILEAU, A.,
BOUCHER, c . , DECOSTE, R., GREGORY, B.,
JANICKI, C., LAFRANCE, D . , LeCLAIR, G . ,
LIU-HINZ, C., MacLATCHY, C . , MARTIN, F . ,
MICHAUD, D, ROSS, G.G., STANSFIELD, B.,
SAINT-ONGE, M . , TERREAULT, B., WANG, Z . ,
Current injection and plasma biasing in TdeV (invited paper).
SCHMITZ, L . , KUGEL, H., BELL, R., DOERNER, R.,
TYNAN, G . , BLUSH, L., OKABAYASHI, M., KAITA, R.,
CONN, R.W., and the PBX Group, M = 1 divertor biasing
experiments in PBX-M.
CHOE, W . , ONO, M . , HWANG, Y .S.,Electron ripple
injection concept for transport control.
KIM, Y.-B., HINTON, F.L., Effects of neutral beam
injection on poloidal rotation and heat conduction in tokamaks
(no manuscript submitted).
ABEL, G., BOUCHER, C., LAFRANCE, D . ,
MacLATCHY, C., STANSFIELD, B., ZUZAK, W . ,
Toroidal velocities measured in the edge plasma of TdeV.
HAWKES, N., IDA, K., Edge poloidal rotation measure-
ments on JET.
SCHAFFER, M.J., BUCHENAUER, D.,
CUTHBERTSON, J.W., ELLIS, R., GREENE, K.L.,
GROEBNER, R.J., HILL, D.N., HINTON, F.L.,
HYATT, A.W., JARBOE, T.R., KLEPPER, C.C.,
LAO, L.L., LEUER, J.A., LIPPMANN, S.I.,
NUCLEAR FUSION, Vo1.33, No.1 (1593)
CONFERENCES AND SYMPOSIA
MAHDAVI, M.A., MAIGI, R., MOYER, R.A.,
OSBORNE, T.H., PETRIE, T.W., RENSINK, M.E.,
ROGNLIEN, T.D., SMITH, J.P., STAEBLER, G.M.,
STAMBAUGH, R.D., WATKINS, J.G., Edge effects during
DIII-D divertor biasing (invited paper).
RENSINK, M.E., MILOVICH, J . , ROGNLIEN, T.,
Simulation of DIII-D divertor biasing with the LEDGE code.
MARCHAND, R., MADORE, B., BOUCHER, C . ,
STAEBLER, G.M., MacLATCHY, C.. One dimensional
model of biasing experiments on TdeV.
TERREAULT, B., DECOSTE, R . , LIU-HINZ, c.,
BOURQUE, G . , ZUZAK, W.W., BOUCHER, C.,
COTE, A., MARTIN, F., BOILEAU, A., COUTURE, P.,
LACHAMBRE, J.-L., H,, CO, He and Ne pressures in a
biased tokamak: significance and prospects for active control
of divertor particle and power loads.
STAEBLER, G.M., HYATT, A.W., SCHAFFER, M.J.,
MAHDAVI, M.A., Bias-sustained shield plasma.
HADDAD, E., MAI, H.H., GREGORY, B.C., JANICKI, C . ,
LAFRANCE, D., ABEL, G . , BOILEAU, A., BROOKER, P.,
COTE, A., DECOSTE, R . , HOULE, s.,LACHAMBRE, J.-L.,
LEFEBVRE, S., MARTIN, F . , MICHAUD, D . ,
PINSONNEAULT, D., QUIRION, B., RATEL, G . ,
RICHARD, N . , ROSS, G.G., SAINT-ONGE, M . ,
SARKISSIAN, A., STANSFIELD, B.L., The effect of
divertor plate biasing on impurity levels and transport in
TdeV’s central plasma.
TAYLOR, R.J., Deep electrode biasing and material probing
on CCT and TEXT (invited paper).
SHAING, K.C., A unified theory of L-H transition in
tokamaks (no manuscript submitted).
ALMAGRI, A.F., FIKSEL, G., JI, H., PRAGER, S.C.,
SARFF, J.S.,SHEN, W . , Initial results of biased electrode
experiments in the Madison Symmetric Torus.
SANUKI, H., ITOH, K., ITOH, S.-I., Self-consistent
analysis of radial electric field and fast ion losses in CHS
torsatroniheliotron.
HIROSE, A., XIAO, C . , ZHANG, W., MITARAI, O.,
CONWAY, G.D., SKARSGARD, H.M., ZHANG, L.,
Biasing induced improved confinement in STOR-M.
IDA, K . , HIDEKUMA, S., KOJIMA, M., ITOH, S.-I.,
ITOH, K . , MIURA, Y., OKANO, F., TSUJI, S.,
HOSHINO, K., MORI, M., SUZUKI, N., YAMAUCHI, T.,
MAEDA, H., TAKIZUKA, T., and JFT-2M Group, Edge
radial electric field profiles of H-mode plasmas in the JFT-2M
tokamak.
KRASHENINNIKOV, S . I . , On the plasma flow and electric
current at tokamak reactor divertor plates (no manuscript
submitted).
XU, X.Q., BIRDSALL, C.K., Electron temperature gradient
driven turbulence in boundary plasma (no manuscript
submitted).
MAHDAVI, M.A., ALLEN, S.L., EVANS, T.E.,
HILL, D.N., HYATT, A.W., LEONARD, A.W.,
LIPPMANN, S.I., PETRIE, T.W., SCHAFFER, M.J.,
SEWER, D.L., SMITH, J.P., STAEBLER, G.M.,
STAMBAUGH, R.D., WEST, W.P., WONG, C.P.C.,
Applications of divertor biasing to the next generation
tokamaks (invited paper).
COUTURE, P., BOILEAU, A., Overview of present
experiments and future prospects (no manuscript submitted).
171