MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD COLLEGE

Sets, Functions, Relations and Binary Operations

SET- A collection of any object. It is a mathematical expression in which a name is given to some
collection of objects. The set of integers is represented by the symbol Ζ.
Infinite Set- the numbers of elements in a set can be enumerated.
Empty set- a set that has no members which is denoted using {} or Ø.
List method is a way of describing the set in which the members are separated by commas and enclosed
in braces like set S={4,8,12}. The 3 elements which are 4,8 and 12.
Symbols used to represent the relationship of an element to a set:
Є read as “is in “/”is an element of”/”is a member of
Є read as “is not in”/”is not an element of”/”is not a member of” Example
of set:
S={1,2,3,4} the set {1},{2},{3},{4},{} they are called subsets. A subsets of a given set if any one of
the following three conditions holds: it is the given set, it is the empty set or each member of the set is
also an elements of the given set.
Functions and Relations
Relation- is a set of ordered pairs.
Function- is a relation in which each element of the first set (domain) corresponds to only one element
of the second set (range). A function may also be many to one correspondence.
Function= {(1,5),(2,4),(5,3)}
Binary Operations
A unary operation is a single number and assigns another number to it.
Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication(x) and division (÷) are examples of
binary operations. The word “binary” means composition of two pieces. A binary
operations refers to joining two values to create a new one.
Properties of addition and multiplication as binary operations on the set of real number:
1. Closure property
Addition: the sum of any two real numbers is also a real number. Example: 12+34=46
Multiplication: the product of any two real numbers is also a real number. Example: 7x20=140
2. Commutative property
Addition: for any two real number x and y, x+y=y+x.
Example:1.5+7.8=7.8+1.5
9.3=9.3
Multiplication: the product of any two real numbers is also a real number.
Example: 8x5=5x8
40=40
3. Associative Property
Addition: for any two real numbers x,y and z, x+(y+z)=(x+y)+z.
Example: 3+(10+9)=(3+10)+9
3+19=13+9
22=22
Multiplication: for any two real numbers x, y and z, x·(y·z)=(x·y)·z.
Example: 3·(9·6)=3·9)·6
 3·54=27·6
162=162
4. Identity Property
Addition: for any real number x, x+0=x. the number 0 is called the additive identity.
Example:78+0=78
Multiplication: for any real number x, x·1=x. the number 1 is called the multiplicative identity.
Example: 98·1=98
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition: for any two real numbers x,y and
z,x(y+z)=xy+xz.
Example: a(-x+y-z)=-ax+ay-az
6. Inverses of binary Operations
Addition: for any real number x,x+(-x)=0. Example:100+(-100)=0
Multiplication: for any real number x, x
Example: 98·