E D I T OR S P R E !

AC E
’
.

W H E N un dertaki n g to prepare a n ew edition of t h i s book

“
I received permissi on from the auth ors to throw it i nto the
form i n w h ic h you th i n k i t w oul d be most u sefu l at the pres e nt
“
ti me. I t was le ft to my discretion What to use an d wh at to
,

omit . I have n ot fou n d i t necessary to avail myself to any co n

s i d e r a b l e e x ten t o f t hi s latter perm issio n
. B u t a s th e con ten ts of
t he book were origi nal ly arranged t he reader w a s il l prepared to -

appreciate t he i mportan ce o f th e l ater research for wan t o f i ntro

d u c t o r y matter explai n ing h ow it began , an d how the early
research l ed up to the later i nvestigati o n I have t herefore
.

co ntri bu ted an ent i rely n ew prel i minary chapter whic h wil l I ,

hope he l p t h e reader to real ise t h e credi bil ity o f the results

,

attai ned when th e molecular forms an d constitutio n of th e

n umerous bodies exami n ed were defi n itely o bserved I have n ot .

at t empted to revise the records of the later researc h i n which I

had n o personal share so from t he begi n n i ng of Chapter I I I to
,

the e n d the book i n its present fo rm i s simply a repri n t of

th e origi n al editi o n except for the correcti o n of a few trifling
mispri nts .

I have th us en deavoured to bring i nt o clear prom i nence at

the o utset th e scie ntific val ue of t h e l ight the book sh eds o n the
co nstitutio n of matter The world owes a debt to scien tific men
.

of t he ordi nary type that can n o t b e ov e r esti mated but th ough

-
,

t hey have h i therto preferred to progress gradually from poi nt to ,

poi nt dis l iki ng leaps i n the d ark t h e leap n ow made i s only i n

, ,

th e dark for t hose who wil l n ot real ise th at t he progress to be

accompl i shed by means of i n stru m e ntal research must sooner or
lat e r be supplemented by subtler meth ods P hysi cal science has
.

r e ached the concepti on th at the ato ms of th e bodies h itherto

cal l ed th e chem ical elements are eac h composed of mi n or atoms .
I n stru me ntal research ca n n ot det e rmi ne by h o w man y i n each
,

case Occu lt researc h asc e rtai n ed the act ual n u mber i n some
.

cases by dir e ct observatio n an d t hen d iscovered th e l aw

gov e rn i ng the n u mbers i n a l l cases an d th e relati on of th e se
,

n umbers to atomic weights . The law th us u n vei led is a

demon stratio n of the accuracy of t he first d irect o bservati ons ,

and t hi s pri n ciple o nce establ ished t h e credib il ity of acco u nts
n ow given as to the arrangement of mi nor atoms i n the
molecu l es of t he n um e ro us e l emen ts exam ined seems to m e
,

advanced to a degree appro x imat i ng to p roo f .

I t remai n s to b e se e n — n o t h o w far but ra t her h ow so o n

,

the sc ientific world at large w il l acc e p t t h e co ncl usio ns o f th i s

volu m e as a defi ni te contri butio n to science blen di ng the
,

science of th e laboratory wi th t ha t variet y that h as h itherto

been called oc cult .
 CO N T E N T S ;

C H APT E R P AG E

I .
—A PRE L I M I N A RY

I I — D E TA I L S
. O! TH E EA R L Y R E S E A R CH

T H E P L AT O N I C S O L I DS

III .
—T H E LATE R R E S E AR C H E S
 O CC U LT C H E M l STR Y .

C H AP T E R I .

A P R E L I M I NA R Y S U RV EY .

T H E deep i n terest an d i mportan ce o f t h e research wh i ch

th is book descri bes wi ll best be appreciated i f i ntro duced by
an accou nt o f th e circumstan ces o ut of wh ich i t arose T h e .

first edi t i on con sisti ng mai n l y o f arti cles repri nted from t he
,

Th e osop h i s t d ea l t at o nce with the later ph ases of the research

,

i n a way wh i ch th ough i ntel l igible to th e occult stud e n t mus t

, ,

h ave been rath er bewilderi ng t o t he ordi nary reader Th e se .

later p hases however en dow the earl ier results with a s i g n i

, ,

fi c a n c e t hat i n th e begi n n ing co ul d o n ly be vaguely conj ectured .

I am th e better en t i tled to perform the task that has been assign e d

to me— t h at of prepari ng the pr e s e nt ed it ion — b y reaso n of t h e
fact that it was i n my presen ce an d at my i n s t iga t ion that t h e
fi rst e fforts were made to penetrate t he mystery previ o usly
e nshroud ing the u l ti mate m olecu l e o f matter .

I rememb e r t he o ccasi o n vivi dly M r Lead beater w a s th e n

. .

stayi ng at my h ouse an d h is clai rvoyan t faculties were frequen tly

,

exercised for th e benefit of mys e l f my wife and the theosoph i ca l

,

fri e n ds arou n d u s I h ad d iscovered th at t he se faculties e x ercised

.
,

i n t h e appropriate di re c t i o n w e re ultra m icroscop ic i n th ei r power

,
-
.

I t o ccu rr e d to me o n ce t o a s k M r Leadbeat e r i f he th ough t he

.

c o ul d actual l y see a mo lec u l e of p hysical mat t er H e was qui t e

.

wil l i ng t o try an d I suggested a m ol ec ule o f gold as o ne wh ich

,

h e mi g ht try to o bserve H e made the app ropriat e e ffort an d

.
,
e merged fro m i t sayi ng t he mol ec ule i n questio n was far too
e laborate a structure to be descri bed I t evi den tly consisted o f .

an en ormous n umber o f so me smaller ato ms qu ite too many to ,

cou nt ; qu ite too compl icat e d i n thei r arrangemen t to b e com

prehen ded I t struck me at o n ce t h at th is m igh t be due to t he
.

fact that gol d was a h eavy metal o f h igh ato m ic weight an d ,

t hat observatio n m ight be mor e su ccessful i f directed to a bo dy

of low atom ic weigh t so I sug geste d a n ato m o f hydrogen as
,

possi bly more manage able M r Leadbeater accepted t he s u gge s

. .

tio n and tried agai n T h is ti me he fou n d the a t om o f hydroge n

.

t o be far s impl er tha n the other so that t h e mi n or atom s ,

co nstituti ng the h ydroge n ato m were cou ntable Th ey were .

a rranged o n a defin ite pla n wh i ch wi l l be re n dered i n telligib le

,

by dia g rams l ater o n a n d were eightee n i n nu mber

,
.

We l ittle real ized at th e mome n t the en ormous significan ce

of t hi s discovery mad e i n t he year 1 8 9 5 lo ng b e fore the discovery
, ,

o f radiu m enabl ed p hysi cists of t he ordi nary type to i mprove th ei r

!
acqua i ntance wi th th e electron Whatever n ame i s gi ven t o
.

t hat mi n ute bo dy i t i s recogn i sed n o w by ordi nary sc ien ce as wel l

a s by occu l t o bservation as the fu ndame ntal u n i t of p hysi cal
,

matter To that e x ten t ordi n ary scien ce has overtake n the occu l t
.

r e search I am deal i ng wit h but that research rap i dly carried the
,

occu l t stude nt i nto regio ns o f knowledge w h ith er it i s perfectly ,

certai n t h e ordi nary p hysi cist must fol low h i m at n o distan t

,

date.

The research o nce s t arted i n t he w a y I h ave descr i bed was

seen to be i n tensely i n terestin g M rs B esan t al most i mm e di. .

a t ely c o operated wit h M r Leadbeater i n its furth er progress

-
. .

E ncouraged by the success wi t h hydrogen the two importan t ,

gas e s oxyge n an d n itr ogen were exami ned

, Th ey proved to
, .

b e rather more d i ffic u lt to deal with tha n h ydroge n bu t were

manageabl e Oxygen was fou n d to consist of 2 9 0 m i n or atoms
.

an d n itrogen o f 2 6 1 T hei r group i ng wil l be described l a t er o n

. .

T he i nter e st an d i mp ortance o f t he wh ole su bj ect wi ll best b e

appreciated by a rough i nd i catio n o f t he results first attai ned .

The reader wi l l then h ave more pa t ience i n fol lowi ng th e

i ntri cacies o f t he later discoveri es .

T h e figures j ust quoted were so o n perceived to have a

possibl e signi fican ce The atom ic weigh t of oxygen is
.
 3

co mmo n ly taken as 1 6 T hat i s to s a y an ato m of oxygen

.
,

is sixteen ti mes heavier than an ato m of h ydrogen I n t h is .

way al l th ro u g h the tabl e of atom ic weights hydroge n is taken

, ,

as u n i ty w ith out any attempt being made to esti mate i ts absol ute
,

weight B u t n ow with t he ato m of h ydroge n d issected s o to

.
,

speak an d fou n d to co nsist o f 1 8 some t h i ngs wh ile the atom of

, ,

oxygen co n siste d of 2 9 0 of t h e same th ings t he sixteen to on e ,

re lati on ship reappears : 2 9 0 divi ded by 1 8 gives u s 1 6 a n d a

m i n ut e deci mal fractio n Agai n the n itrogen n u mber d ivid e d
.

by 1 8 gives us 1 4 an d a mi n ute fractio n as the result an d t hat i s ,

the accepted atomi c weigh t of n itrogen Th is gave us a gli mpse .

o f a p ri n c iple that m i g h t ru n al l t hrough th e t abl e of atomic

weights For reason s h avi ng to do with other work it was
.
,

i mp ossi ble for th e auth ors of th i s book to carry o n the researc h

further at the t i me it w as begu n The r e sults already sketch e d .

were publ i shed a s an article i n the magazi ne then cal l ed L u cifer ,

i n N ovem ber 1 8 9 5 an d repri nted as a separate pamph let bearing

, ,

th e ti tle Occult C hemistry a pamphlet the surviving cop ies of,

wh ich wi ll o ne day be a recogn ised vi n di catio n of the me t hod

that will at some ti me i n the future be g en erall y appl ied to th e
i nvestigati on of Nature s mysteries For t he later researc h
’
.

wh ich th is vol ume deal s wi th does establ ish th e pri nciple with
a force th at can hardly be resisted by an y fair m i n ded reader -
.

With patien ce an d i n dustry —the auth ors bei ng assisted i n the

coun ti ng i n a way t hat wi ll be described (an d the metho d adopted
i nvolve d a c heck up o n the accuracy of the cou nti ng ) —th e mi n or
ato ms o f almost all t he kn own chemi cal ele men ts as th ey are ,

com mo nly called were co u nted an d fo u n d to bear the same rela

,

ti o n to t heir atomi c weights as had bee n suggested by the cases o f

oxyge n an d n itrogen T h is result throws back complete pro of
.

o n th e origin al est i mate of th e n u mber of m i n or atoms i n

hydrogen a figure whi ch ordi nary research has s o far entirely
,

fai le d to determi ne The guesses h ave been wi dely vario us fro m

.
,

u n i ty to many h u n dreds but un acquai nted with the clairvoyant

, ,

meth od t h e ordi nary ph ysicist h as n o means of reach i ng the

,

actual state of t he facts .

B efore go ing o n wi th th e details of the later research some

very i mportant discoveries arisi ng fro m the early work must first
be explai ned As I h ave already sai d clairvoyant faculty o f t h e
.
appropri ate order directed to th e m i n ute phe n ome n a of Nature
i s pract i cal ly i nfin ite i n i ts rang e N ot co n tent wi th esti mati ng
.

t he n umber of m i nor ato ms i n p hysical molecules t he aut hors ,

proceeded to exami ne t he m i n or a t o ms i n divid ual ly They were .

fou n d to be th e mselves elaborately compli cated structures wh ich ,

i n th is prel im i nary survey o f th e wh ole subj ect I wil l n ot stop ,

t o explai n (full explanatio n w i l l b e fo u n d l a t er o n ) an d they are

composed of atoms bel ongi ng to a n ultra physi cal rea l m o f -

N a t ure with wh i ch th e occultist has l o ng been fam i l iar an d

“
descri bes as th e Astral Plan e S ome rath er pedant ic cri tics
.

“
h ave fou n d fau l t with the term as th e p l an e i n quest i on
,

i s of course r e ally a sph ere entirely surrou n ding th e p hysical

gl o be but as al l occultists u nderstan d the word pl ane simply
, ,

si g n i fies a co n diti o n of n ature E ac h co n ditio n a nd there are

.
,

many more th an the two u n der con sideration blen ds w i th i ts ,

neighbour v i a ato mi c structure Th us t he atoms of th e Astral

,
.

plan e i n combinat io n g ive ris e to th e fi nest variety of physi cal

matt e r the ether o f space wh ich i s n o t h o mogen eous but really
, ,

atomi c i n i ts charact er and t h e m i n ute atoms of wh ich physi cal

,

m ol e cules a r e compos e d a re ato ms o f e ther etheri c atoms as , ,

we have n o w learned to ca l l them .

M any ph ysic ists th ough n ot al l wi ll resent the idea o f treat i ng

, ,

t h e ethe r of space as a t o mic B u t at all even ts t h e occul tist has

.

t h e sa t i sfaction of kn owi ng t hat t he gr e at R ussian chemi s t ,

M e n d e l e e f prefe rr e d t h e a t om ic th eory I n S i r Wi ll iam Ti l d e n s ’

.
,

recen t book e ntitle d Ch emi cal D i scovery an d I nventio n i n t h e

“
Twentieth Cen tury I read t hat M e n d e l e e f
,
disre gardi ng co n ,
!
v e n t i o n a l views
,
supposed t he ether t o h ave a molecu lar or
ato mic s t ructure an d i n ti me a l l physi ci sts must come to reco g
,

n is e that t h e E l ectro n i s n ot as so ma ny supp ose at present an

, ,

atom of el e c t ricity but an atom o f e t her carryi ng a d e fin it e u n i t

,

charge of electricity .

Lo n g before th e d iscovery of radi u m l e d to the recogn itio n

of the e lec t ro n as t h e commo n co n stitue n t of al l t h e bod ies p r e
viously descri bed as chemi cal elemen t s th e m i nute parti cles of ,

mat t er i n questi o n had bee n i d e n t i fied wi th t h e ca t hod e rays

obs e rved i n S i r Wi l l iam Cro ok e s vacuu m tub e s When an
’
.

el e c t ri c current is passed throu g h a tu b e fro m wh ich t he air (or

o t h e r gas i t may contai n ) has b e e n almost e nt irely exhausted a ,
l u mi no us glo w pe r vades the tu b e man ifestl y emanating fro m t h e
ca t h o de or negative pole o f the circu it Th is e ffect was studied
.

by S ir Will iam C ro ok e s very p rofo u n dly Among other char .

a c t e r i s t i c s it was fou nd t hat i f a mi n ute wi n dmill was set up i n

,

t he tu be before it was exhaust e d th e cat h ode ray caused th e

,

vanes to revolve th us suggesti ng th e i dea th at th ey co n si ste d of

,

actual particles driven agai n st th e va nes ; t he ray bei ng th u s

e v i d e ntly so meth i ng more t han a mere lum i no us effect H er e .

was a mechan ical e nergy to b e e x p lai n ed an d at the first glan c e

,

i t seeme d di fficul t to reco n cile th e facts observed with t h e i dea

creep i ng i n to favou r that the partic l es already i nvested wit h th e
, ,

“
name electron ,
!
were ato ms of electric ity pure an d si mp l e .

E lectri city was fou n d or certai n e mi n ent physic ists t h ought th e y

,

h ad fou n d that e l e ctri city p er 5 3 had i ner t i a

,
S o t he wi nd m il l s
.

i n t he Crookes vacu u m t u bes were sup posed t o be moved by

’

the i mpac t of electri c atoms .

T h en i n t he progress of ordi nary researc h t he discovery of

radium by M adame C u rie i n t he year 1 9 0 2 p ut an entir e ly new
face u po n t he su bj ect of ele ctro ns T h e beta parti c l es e manati ng
.

fro m radi u m w e re soon i d en ti fie d wi th t he e lectro ns of t h e

cath od e ray Then fo l l owed t h e di scovery t hat th e gas hel i u m
.
,

previ ously treated as a s e parate el e men t evolved itself as o ne,

co nsequence of t he disintegrati o n of radi um T ransm utation .

,

til l t h e n lau g hed at as a su persti ti o n of the alch emist passed ,

qu ietly i nto the regio n o f accep ted n atural ph en omen a an d t h ,

ch em i cal ele ments were see n to be bo dies b u il t u p o f electro n s

i n varyi ng n umber a n d probably i n varyi ng arrangements 80 .

at last o rdi nary scie n ce had reached o n e i mpor t a n t resu lt of the

occu lt research carri ed o n sev e n years ear l ier I t has n ot yet .

reached t he fi n er results of t he occu lt researc h— the s tr u ct u re of

t he hydrogen atom with i t s eighteen etheri c atoms an d t h e way
i n wh ich th e ato m ic w eigh ts of al l ele m ents are explai ned by the
n u mber of etheri c atoms e nteri ng i nto their co n sti tuti o n .

The ether of space th o ugh defy i ng i nstrumen tal e x ami natio n

, ,

co mes wi th i n scope o f the clairvoyan t fac ulty an d profou n dly ,

i n teres t i ng discoveri es were made duri ng w hat I h ave call ed th e

early research i n co n n ex io n wit h th at bran ch o f t he i n qui ry .

Et h eri c atoms combi ne t o form molecules i n ma ny di fferen t

ways but combi natio n s i n volvi n g fewer atoms th an the eighteen
,
 6

wh i ch give ri se to hydrogen make n o i mpressi o n o n t h e physi ca l

,

sen ses n or o n p hysi cal i n stru men ts of res e arc h Th ey give ri se

.

t o vari e ties of mol ecular e t her t h e comprehe nsi o n of wh ich

,

begi n s t o i l l um i nat e real ms o f natural mystery as yet entirely

u n t rodde n by t he ord i nary physi ci st Com bi n a t ion s below 1 8
.

i n n umber giv e rise t o t h ree varie t ies of mo l ecu l ar eth er t he

,

fu nc t i on s of wh ich whe n they com e t o be m ore ful l y s t u d ied wi l l

cons t i t ute a depar t men t o f natural kn owledg e o n t he t hreshol d
of wh ich we already s t and . S ome day we may p erhaps be pre
sen t ed wi t h a vol u me o n O ccul t P hysics as i mpor t an t i n i ts way
as t he present diss e r t a t ion o n Occu l t C h e m is t ry
.
w h i ch g i .

96 1 1 5 6 5 no

to v ar i e t

b egi n s t o
u n t ro d d e

in numb '

fu n c t i o n s

c on s t it ut e
of wh i ch
sen t ed w
t he pr
 C H AP T E R II .

D E TA I L S O F T H E E A R LY RE S E A R C H .

THE articl e detail i ng th e resu lts of the researc h carried o n i n

th e year 1 8 9 5 (se e the N ovember issue for that year of th e
magazi n e t hen called L u cif er ) began with some general remarks
,

about the clairvoyan t faculty al ready discussed i n th e precedi ng

,

chapter Th e o r i g i nal record the n goes o n as fo ll ows

.

The p hysical worl d is r e garded as bei ng co mposed o f between

sixty a n d seventy ch e mi cal elemen ts aggregated i nto an i n fin ite ,

vari e ty of co mb in ati o ns These comb in ati on s fal l u n der t h e

.

t hree mai n h eads of sol i ds l iqu i ds an d gases the recogn ised

, ,

substates of p hysical matter with the theoretical ether scarcely

,

admitted as materi a l E t her to t he scientist i s n o t a substate

.
, ,

or even a state of matter but i s a someth i ng apart by i tsel f I t

,
.

would n ot be al lowed that gol d could be raised to t he etheric

co n diti o n as i t m ight be to t he l i qu i d a n d gaseo us whereas t he
occultist kn ows t hat t he gaseous i s succeeded by the etheri c as ,

th e sol i d i s succeeded by the l iqu id and h e kn ows also that the,

word et her covers four s ubst ates a s di s t in ct fro m each oth er

as are th e sol i ds l i qu i ds an d ga s e s a n d that all chemical elements
, ,

hav e their fo u r etheri c substates t he h ighest bei ng commo n to

,

all an d co nsisti ng o f the ulti mate p hysica l atoms to wh ich al l

,

elemen ts are fi nal l y reduci ble The chem ical atom is regarded
.

as t he u l t i mate particle of any element an d i s supposed to be ,

i n divisi ble an d u n able t o e x i st i n a free state M r Cro okes . .

’

researc hes have led th e more advan ced ch emi sts to regard the
atoms as comp o u n d as a more o r less complex aggregati o n of
,

protyle .

T o astral visio n ether i s a vi si ble th i ng an d i s seen permeati ng ,

“ "
al l substances an d e n circl i ng every parti cle A sol i d body i s .

a bo dy composed of a vas t n umber of particles suspended i n

ether each vi brati ng backwards a n d forwards i n a parti cular fiel d
,

at a h igh rate of velocity ; t he parti cl e s are attracted towards

each other m ore stro ngly than they are attracted by extern al
 8

i n fl uen ces an d they co here o r mai ntai n towards eac h othe r a

, ,

defin ite relation i n space C loser exami nati o n sh o w s that the ether
.

i s n ot ho mogen eous but co n sists of particles o f n u merous ki n ds ,

di ffering i n t he aggregati on s of the m i nut e bod ies composi ng

them ; an d a careful an d m ore d e tai led meth od of analysis
r e v e als t hat i t has fo ur d isti n c t degrees givi ng us with th e sol i d , , ,

l iqu id a n d gaseous seven i nstead o f fo ur substates o f matter i n

,

t h e physi cal world .

These four eth e ri c s u bstates wi ll be best u nderstood i f t he

meth od be e x plai n e d by wh ic h th ey were stu die d Th is met hod .

con sisted o f taking what i s called an ato m of gas an d breaki ng ,

i t u p tim e aft e r t i me u nt i l w hat proved to be th e ulti m ate

,

p hysica l ato m was reach ed th e breaki ng up o f t h i s last resu lti ng

,

i n t he p roductio n of astral an d no l onger p hysical matter

, .

I t i s o f course i mpossi ble to co nvey by words t he clear

, ,

co nceptio ns t h at a r e gai n ed by direct vis io n of the o bj ects '

of study an d the accompanyi ng di agram —cleverly draw n fro m

,

t he descri pti on give n by the i nvestigato rs —i s o ffered as a s u b s t i

tu t e h owe ver po or for th e lacki ng visi o n o f t he readers T he
, , .

horizo ntal l i nes separate from each o ther t he seven substates o f

matt e r so l id l iqu i d g a s ether 4 ethe r 3 et her 2 eth er 1
, , , , On , , .

th e ga s level are rep resen ted t h ree c he mical atom s o ne of ,

hydroge n (H ) on e o f oxyg e n (O ) o n e o f n itrogen (N ) Th e

, , .

successi ve changes u n dergone by e ach chemical at om are shown

i n t he co mpar t ments vert ically abov e it the left han d colum n ,
-

sh owi ng t he breaki ng up o f the hydrogen ato m th e m i d d l e ,

col umn that of the o xgye n atom t he right h and colum n t hat of ,
-
,

the n itrogen atom T he u ltimate physi cal ato m i s marked a

.
,

an d is drawn on ly o nc e alth ou gh i t is t he same th ro ugh out

, .

Th e n umbers 1 8 2 9 0 and 2 6 1 are the n umb e rs o f t h e u lti mate

,

physi cal atoms foun d to exist i n a c he m ical ato m .

The dots i n di ca t e th e l i nes alon g wh i ch forc e i s o bser v ed to

be playi ng and the arrowh eads s how t he d irectio n o f the force
, .

No attempt h as be e n made to sh o w t h i s b e low E 2 except i n t he

case of the hydrogen T h e le t ters give n are i nten ded to help
.

t h e reader to trace u pwards any special body ; th us (I i n th e

oxygen ch e mical ato m o n the gas l e v e l may be foun d aga i n o n
E 4 E 3 an d E 2
, , I t must be r e mem b e red t hat t he bodies
.

shown diagrammati cal ly i n n o way i nd icate relative s ize ; a s a

 9

bo dy i s raised fro m o ne s u bstate to t he o n e i m med iately above

i t i t i s en ormously magn i fied for th e purpose of i nvestigatio n
, ,

an d t he ultimat e atom o n E 1 i s represen ted by t he dot at o n the

gaseous l evel .

T h e first chemi cal ato m selecte d fo r t his e xami nati on was an

atom of hydroge n (H ) O n looking carefully at i t i t was seen to
.
,

consist of s i x smal l bo dies co ntai ned i n an egg li ke form I t

,
-
.

r otated with g r e at rapi dity o n i ts o wn axis vi brati n g at the same ,

t i me an d th e i n tern al bod ies performed si m ilar gyratio ns T h e

,
.

w hole atom sp i ns a nd quivers an d h a s to be st e adied before exact

,

o bservatio n i s possible T h e six l itt l e bodies are arranged i n two

.

sets of t h ree form i ng two triangles that are n ot i nterch ang e able
, ,

but are related to each o th e r as o bj ect an d i mag e (T he l i nes i n .

t h e diagram of it o n t he gaseous s u b plan e are n ot l i nes of force

-
,

but sh ow t h e t wo triangles o n a p l an e surfac e the i nt e rp enetra

t i on o f the tri angles can not be clearl y i n d icat e d ) Further the .
,

s i x bodies are not al l al ike they each contai n th ree smaller

bodies — each o f th e se bei ng an ultimate physi cal ato m —but i n
t wo of them t h e t hree a t oms are arrange d i n a l i ne wh ile i n t he ,

remai ni ng four t hey are arranged i n a tri angle .

T he w a l l o f t h e l i miting sph eroi d i n wh ich the bodi e s are

enc l osed bei n g composed o f the matter of t h e t hir d or gaseous , ,

ki n d drops away when th e gaseous ato m i s rai sed to t he n ext

,

leve l an d the s i x bodies a re s e t fr e e T h ey at o nce r e arrange

, .
-

t he mselves i n t wo triangles each e nclose d by a l i m iti ng sp here

,

t he two marked b i n t h e diagram u n it e wi th o ne o f those marked

b to fo rm a body wh i c h shows a positiv e ch arac t er th e remai n i ng
’

t hree form i ng a seco n d body negativ e i n type These form the .

hydrogen particles o f t he lo west p lane o f ether mark e d E 4 ,

eth er 4 —o n the diagram O n raisi n g t hese further they u n dergo

.
,

a nother d i si ntegrati o n l osi ng thei r l i m i ting wall s ; th e positive

,

body of E 4 o n losi ng its wal l beco mes two bodies one co n

, , ,

sisti ng of th e two particles marked b disti ngu ishable by the

, ,

l i near arrangemen t o f t he co n tai n ed ul timate ato ms enclosed i n ,

a wal l an d t he oth er being t he t h ird body en closed i n E 4 an d

,

n o w set free T h e n egati ve body o f E 4 s i m i l i a r l y o n losi ng its

.
,

wall beco mes two bo dies on e consisti ng o f t he two particles

, ,

mark e d b an d th e s e co n d the remai n i ng bo dy bei ng set free

’

, ,
.

These free bodies do n ot remai n o n E 3 bu t pass i mmed iately to

 1 0

E 2, leavi ng t he positive an d negative bo dies each co ntai n i ng ,

two par ti c les as th e repre sen tatives of hydrogen o n E 3 O n

, .

taki ng these bo di es a step h igh er th eir wal l d isappears an d t he ,

i n t ern al bodies are s e t free th ose co ntai n i ng t he ato ms arranged

,

l i neally be ing posi tive an d th ose wi th the triangular arrangemen t

,

bei ng n egat ive These two fo rms represen t hydroge n o n E 2 bu t

.
,

si mi lar bo d i es of th i s state o f matter are fou n d enterin g i n to

oth er com bi n ati ons as may be seen by referri ng to f o n E 2 o f
,

n itroge n (N ) O n raisi ng these bo dies yet o n e step further the

.
,

fall i ng away o f t h e wall s s e ts the co ntain ed atoms free an d w e ,

reac h th e u ltimate p h ysi cal ato m t he matter of E 1 Th e d i s i n

, .

t e g ra t i o n of th i s sets free part icles of ast ral matter so that we ,

have reach ed i n th is t he l i mi t o f ph ysi cal matter The T heo .

sop h ical reader will n otice with i nterest th at we can th us o bserve

seven di sti n ct substates o f p hys ical matter an d n o more , .

Th e ul ti mate atom wh ich i s the same i n al l t he observed

,

cases i s an exceedi ngly co mp l e x bo dy an d o n ly i t s mai n ch arac

, ,

t e r i s t i c s are given i n th e d iagram I t i s comp osed entirely of

.

spira ls t he sp iral bei ng i n i ts turn composed of s p i r i l l ee an d

, ,

these aga i n of m i n uter s p i r i l l ae A fairly accurate drawi ng i s

.

“
given i n B abb itt s Pri nciples o f Ligh t an d Colo ur
’
p 1 02 ,
!
. .

Th e i ll ustrat i ons t here give n of atom ic co m bi nation s are enti rely

wro ng an d misleadi ng b ut i f th e stove pi pe run th rough th e
,
-

ce ntre of t he single atom b e removed the p i c t ure may be take n ,

as correct a n d wi l l give some i dea of t he complex i ty of th i s

,

fu ndamental u n it of th e ph ysi cal u n iverse .

Turn ing to the force si de o f the ato m an d its combi nati o ns ,

we o bs e rve th at forc e po urs i n t he heart shaped depression at -

the top of t h e atom a nd i ssues fro m the po i nt an d i s changed

, ,

i n ch aracter b y i ts passage ; fur t h e r force rushes th rough every ,

sp iral an d every spi ril la an d th e changi ng shades of colo ur th at

,

flash o ut from t h e rap i dl y revo lving a n d vi brating ato m depen d

o n the several activi ties of t he sp iral s ; someti mes o ne some ,

t imes anoth e r i s th rown i nto more energet ic acti on an d wi th

, ,

t he ch ange o f act ivi ty from o ne spi ral to an o t her th e colour

c hanges .

The buildi ng of a gaseous ato m o f hydroge n may be traced

down ward fro m E 1 an d as stated above the l in es given i n th e
, , ,

d iagram are i nten ded to i n d icate th e play of t he forces wh ich

 I I

bring abo ut th e several combi nati on s S peaki ng gen eral ly .

,

positive bod ies are marked by t hei r co ntai ned atoms setti ng
t hei r po i nts towards each other an d the centre of t he ir com
bi n a t i on and repell i n g each ot her outwards ; negative bodie s
,

are marked by th e heart shaped depressi on s bei ng turne d i n

-

wards an d by a tenden cy to m ove towards each other i nstead of

,

away E very com bin at io n begi ns by a welli ng up o f force at

.

a centre wh ich is to form t he centre of th e combin ati o n i n th e

,

first posi tive hydrogen combi nati on E 2 a n ato m revolvi ng at , ,

righ t ang l e s to t he plan e of the paper an d also revolvi ng o n its

o wn axi s forms th e cen tre an d force rush i ng out at i ts l ower
, , ,

p oi nt rushes i n a t th e depressi on s of two o t h er atoms w h i ch

. ,

t hen s e t th emselves wi t h their poi n ts to th e ce ntre t he l in es are

sh own i n b righ t han d figure (Th e left h an d figure i ndi cates
,
-
.
-

t he revol uti on of the atoms each by itself ) As th is atom i c triad .

wh irls ro un d i t clears itsel f a space pressi ng back th e u n d i ffe r

, ,

e n t i a t e d matter of the plan e an d maki ng to i tself a wh i rl i ng wal l

,

o f th is matter th us taki ng th e first step towards bu ild ing up th e

,

c hemi cal h ydroge n ato m A negative atom i c triad i s si m il arly

.

formed the three atoms bei ng symmetri cally arranged rou n d th e

,

c e ntre of o ut welli ng forc e These atom ic triads th e n c o m bi n e

-
.
,

two o f the l i near arrangemen t bei ng attracted to eac h other an d ,

two of t h e trian gu lar force agai n w ell i ng up and fo r m i n g a centre

,

an d acting o n the triads as o n a si ngl e atom and a l imiti ng wal l ,

bei n g agai n formed a s th e combi natio n revo lves rou n d its cen tre .

The n ex t stage is produced by each o f t hese comb i nati o n s o n

E 3 attracti ng to itsel f a thi rd atomic triad of th e triangular type
fro m E 2 by t he setti ng up of a n ew centre of u p well i ng force
,
-
,

following t he l ines traced i n t h e combi n atio ns of E 4 T wo o f .

t h ese un itin g an d th e ir trian g les i nterpen etrati n g the chemi cal

, ,

ato m i s formed an d we fi nd i t to contai n i n al l e ighte e n ulti mate

,

p hysical atoms .

T h e next substance i nvestigated was oxygen a far more com ,

pl ica t ed an d p uzz l i ng body ; the di fficul ties of observati on w e re

v ery much i n creased by the extraordi nary activity sh own by t hi s

element an d th e dazzl i ng bri l liancy of some of i ts const ituen ts .

The gaseous ato m i s an ovoi d body with i n wh i ch a spi ra l ly ,

co i led snake l ike bo dy revolves at a h igh veloc ity five brill ian t
-
,

poi nts of l igh t shi n i ng o n the coi l s The snak e appears to be a .

 [2

sol i d rounded bo dy but o n raising t he ato m to E 4 t he snake

,

spl its length wise i n to two waved bo d ies a n d i t i s see n that th e ,

appearan ce o f soli d ity i s due to the fact th at th es e spi n f ou n d a

common axis i n opposite di rec t io ns a n d so presen t a co nti n uou s
,

surface as a ri n g of fire can be made by w hirl i n g a l igh ted stick

,
.

T he brill ian t bod ies see n i n th e ato m are o n th e crests of t h e

waves i n t h e positive s n ake an d i n the h ollo ws i n t he n e gative
,

o ne th e sn ake i tsel f co nsists o f small bead l ike b od ies e leve n of -

,

wh ich i nterpose betw e en t he larger bri ll iant spots O n rai si ng .

th ese bo dies to E 3 t h e snakes break up each bright spot carryi ng ,

wi th i t six beads o n o n e si de an d fiv e o n th e oth er ; thes e twist

an d wri th e abo u t stil l with the same e xtraordi n ary activity ,

rem in d i ng o n e of fi re fl i e s sti mul ated to w ild gyration s I t can

-
.

bee n seen that the larger bri l l iant bo di es each e nclose s e ven u l ti
mate atoms wh ile th e beads e ach e n cl ose two (E ach bri g h t
, .

spot with its eleven beads i s e nclosed i n a wall acci den tal ly ,

om itted i n t he d iagram ) On t h e next stage E 2 t he fragme n ts

.
, ,

of th e snakes break up i n to t heir co n stitue nt parts the positi ve

’
an d negat ive bo dies marke d d an d d sh owi ng a d i fferen ce o f
, ,

arrange me nt o f t h e ato ms co n tai ned i n them Th ese agai n final ly .

d i s i n t e ga t e setti ng free th e ultimate physical atoms ide ntical

, ,

wit h those ob t ai n e d fro m hydroge n The n u mber o f u ltimate .

atoms co ntai n ed i n the gaseous atom o f o g yge n i s 2 9 0 made u p ,

as fol lows
2 i n eac h bea d o f wh ic h ther e a r e 1 1 0 ;
,

7 i n each bright spot o f wh i ch there , are 1 0

+ 290
2 x 1 1 0
7 0 .

Whe n t h e o bservers had worked out th is they compared i t ,

with t he n u mber o f ultimate a t o s i n hydroge n

m
1 8) 29 0

T he respective n u mber o f u lti mate atoms con tai ned i n a

chem ical ato m of these t w o bod ies are th us seen t o cl osel y
correspo n d with their accepted weight n umbers -
.

I t may be sai d i n passi ng that a c hem ical atom of ozone

app e ars as an o blate sphero id with the contai ned sp iral m uch
,

compressed an d wi dened i n the ce ntre ; t he sp iral co nsists o f

t hree snakes o ne positive an d two negative formed i n a si ngle
, ,
 l 3

revolvi ng body On raising t h e chem ical atom to the n e xt plane

.
,

the snake d ivi des i nto three each bei ng en c l os e d i n i t s own egg
,
.

The che mica l atom of n itrogen was t h e t h ird s e lec t ed by

t h e stud e n t s for e xamin ation as i t seemed comparativ e l y quiet i n
,

contrast wit h t h e ever e xcited oxyg e n I t prov e d h owev e r to be

-
.
, ,

the mo st compl i cated o f al l i n i t s i nterna l arrange men t s an d i t s ,

qu iet was therefore a li tt l e deceptive M ost pro mi nen t was t h e .

bal l oo n shap e d body i n t he m iddle w ith s i x smaller bod ies i n

-
,

two horizo ntal rows an d on e larg e egg sh aped o n e i n t h e mi dst -

,

con t ai ned i n i t S ome ch e mical atoms were seen i n wh i ch th e

.

i ntern al arran g ement of these contai ned bodies w a s c hang e d an d

t he two h orizo ntal rows b e came verti cal ; thi s change seemed
to be co n nected wi th a greater activi ty o f t he wh o l e body bu t the ,

o bs e rvat io ns o n th is h e ad are to o i n co m plete to be rel iab l e Th e .

balloo n shaped body i s po sitive an d i s apparently drawn down

-
,

wards towards t h e n e g at ive egg shaped body below i t co ntain i n g

-
,

seven smal ler particles I n addi t io n to t hese large bodies four

.
,

small on es are seen two posi t ive an d two n egative the p ositive
, ,

co ntai n i ng five a n d the n ega t ive fo ur m i n u ter spo t s O n rais i ng .

the gaseo us ato m to E 4 t he fall i ng away of the wall sets free t h e

,

s i x co ntai ned bo dies an d both t h e ba l loo n an d the egg rou n d

,

th e mselves appar e n t l y with t he remova l of their pro pi nqu ity a s

, ,

th ou g h th ey ha d exercised over e ac h ot her some at t ractive

i n flue nce The smaller bo d ies wi th i n t h e egg—mark e d g o n
’

E 4 — are n ot o n o ne p lan e an d t h ose with i n i t a n d 0 form

,

r e spec t ively square based an d triangular based pyram i ds

i
-
On -
.

ra i s i n g a l l th ese bo dies to E 3 we fin d t h e wal ls fal l away as

“
u sua l an d the co nten ts of each
,
cell are se t free : p of E 4
con tain s s i x small bod ies marked k an d th ese are sh own i n k of ,

E 3 as co n t ai n i ng each seven l itt l e bod ies—marked c —eac h of

,

wh ich has w i th i n i t t wo ulti mate atoms ; t h e l ong form of 1) E 4

— mark e d l — appears as t he l on g form I on E 3, an d th i s has
'
th ree pairs of smal l er bod i e s W i th i n i t f g an d h co n tai n i ng , , ,

resp e c t ive l y thre e fou r an d s i x u l ti mate atoms q o f E 4 wi t h i ts

, ,

s e ve n co ntai ned particles 1 1 1 h a s t hree par t i c l es m o n E 3 e ach

, , ,

showi ng t hree ulti mat e atom s wi th i n t hem ; 3 from n of E 4

b e co m e s i of E 3 wit h co ntai ned bodies 6 sh o wi ng two u l timat e
, , ,

atoms i n e ach ; wh il e 3 fro m o of E 4 beco mes j of E 3 each

'

h avi ng three smal ler bodies wi t h i n it c with two ul timate atoms ,

’

,
 I 4

i n eac h O n E 2 th e arrangemen t of t hese ulti mate atoms i s

.
,

sh own and t he pairs f g an d h a r e see n w ith the l i nes of force

,
’

i n dicated ; the triads i n f—fro m m of E 3—are si milarly sh own ,

an d t he du ads i n e an d e — from i an d f of E 3—are give n i n th e

'

same way When all these bodies are raised to E 1 t he u ltimat e

.
,

physi cal ato ms are set free i den ti cal o f co urse with that pre
, , ,

v i o u s l y descri bed R ecko n i ng u p the n u mber o f u ltimat e

.

p hysi cal ato ms i n a chem i cal atom of n itroge n we fin d th ey

amou n t t o 2 6 1 th us divide d
,

62 bo dies with 2 ulti mate atoms 6 2 x 2 1 24 ,

2

24 2 24 x 2 z
48
0 1 21 x
3 63
2 2 x
3 6
2 x
4 8
2 6 z 1 2

26 1

Th is agai n app roach es closely th e weight n umber assigned t o -

n itroge n
1 8) 26 1

Th is i s i nterest ing as checking t h e o bservati o n s for weight ,

n u mbers are arrived a t i n s o very di ffere n t a fash i on an d ,

e special ly i n the case of n itroge n t he approxi mati o n is note

wort hy from the co mp lexi ty o f the bodies wh ich yield the
,

n umber o n analysis .

S ome ot h e r o bservatio n s were made wh ic h we nt to show that

as w e ight n umbers i n creased there w a s a correspon di ng i n crease
-
,

i n the n u mber o f bodies discerned wi th i n the c hemical ato m ;

t hus g o l d showed fo rty seven co ntai ned bo dies ; but t hese
,
-

o bservat io n s need repet iti o n a n d ch ecki ng I nvestigat io n o f a .

mo lecu le of water rev e aled t he presen ce of twelve bo dies from

hydrogen an d th e characteristi c snake of oxygen the en circl i ng ,

walls of the c h emical atom s bei ng broken away B u t h ere again .

,

further o bservati on s a re necessary t o substantiate d e tai ls The .

presen t paper i s o nl y o ffere d as a suggesti o n of a n i nviti ng l i n e

of research pro m isi ng i n terest i ng results o f a sci enti fic character
,

the o bservat io ns recorded have been repeated several ti mes a n d

are n ot t h e work of a si ngle i nv e stigator and the y are bel ieved to
,

be corr e ct s o far as they go .

 1 5

TH E P LATO N I C so u p s .

S ome of our readers may be glad to have a drawi ng of the

Pl ato n ic solids si n ce they play s o large a part i n the bu ildi ng u p
,

o f elements T h e regular sol i ds are five an d five only i n each

.
,

(1 ) T he l i n e s are equal .

(2 ) The angles are equa l .

(3) T h e surfaces are equal .

Th e PM . P la ce n t a 5 02m

f m
ro/r u ba Cu b e an d c a hz d m
P Z
O O ec a fi eal m an d « 71 6 W

I t wil l b e seen th at th e tetrah edro n i s th e fu n damental form ,

t he t hree sided pyram i d o n a triangular base i e a sol id figure

-
, . .
,

formed from fo ur triangles Two of these generate t h e cube an d

.

the octah edro n five of these gen erate the dodecah edro n an d the
icosahedron .

The rh ombi c dodecahedro n i s n ot regular for th ough th e ,

l i nes an d surfaces are equal t he angles are n ot , .

 1 6

N OT E S .

M r C j i n a raj a d as a writes :
. .

Th e asteri sk pu t before metargo n i n t he l ist of elements

shoul d be omitted for metargo n had been discovered by S i r
,

Wi l liam R amsey an d M r Travers at the same ti me as n eo n (see

.

P r oceed i ngs of t h e R oya l S oci ety vo l lxi i i p an d therefore

, .
, .

before i t w as observed c lairvoyantly I t is n o t h owever , give n .

,

i n the latest l is t o f elements i n th e R eport of N ovember 1 3 1 9 0 7 , ,

of th e I nternati on al Atomi c Weights Co mmissi on so i t wo u l d ,

seem a s though i t w e re n ot yet fu ll y rec ogn ised .

N eo n was d iscovered i n 1 8 9 8 by R amsey an d Travers an d ,

th e weight given to i t was 2 2 Th is al most correspon ds with ou r

.

weight for meta neon 2 2 3 3 ; th e latest weight g iven t o neo n

-
,

i s 2 0, a nd that corresp o n ds with i n one tenth to our weight 1 9 9 -

,
.

Fr om th is i t woul d seem t hat neo n was e xam in ed i n the la t e r

i nvestigatio n s and meta neo n i n t he ear l ier
-
.

H e says furth e r o n a probable fou r th I n t e rp e r i o d i c G ro up

T h i nki ng over the d iagrams i t seemed to me l ikely th at a
,

fourt h grou p e x ists com i ng o n t he paramagn eti c si de di rectly

, ,

u nder iron co bal t n ickel j ust on e complete swi n g of t he

, , ,

pendul um after rho diu m ruthen iu m pallad i um

,
T his wou ld ,
.

make four i n t e rp e r i o d i c grou ps an d t h e y woul d co me al so

,

p er i od i ca l ly i n t he table too .

I took the diagram for Osmi u m an d i n a bar postulat e d o nl y ,

th ree col umns for th e first elemen t o f th e new groups i e o n e , . .

,

col umn less t han i n Osm iu m Th i s woul d make 1 8 3 atom s i n

.

a bar ; th e n ew grou p then would foll ow i n a bar 1 8 3 1 8 5 1 8 7 , , , .

H ere I fou n d to my surpri se t hat the th ird postulated g ro up

wo ul d have a remarkabl e relatio n to Os I r Pt , , .

Th us
O s — 24 5
.
(i n a bar )
. Ir 24
7
Pt 2 49
.

strange to s a y a l so
R uth e n i u m (bar )
R hodiu m
Pal lad i um

S ee foo t no t e in n e x t C hap t e r .
 1 7

are I ron Cobalt an d N icke l

B u t 7 2 , 74 , 7 6 , , .

S o there does pro bably e x ist a n e w group wi th bars

1 8 5 1 8 7 1 8 9 with atomic weigh ts
, , ,
.

X ! bar 1 85 a t oms 25 0
9 , wt . 1 43 3
Y 1 8 7, 2 6 1 8, wt . 1 45 4
Z 1 89 , 64 6 , wt . 1 47 0 .

They co me probably among th e rare eart hs Probab l y also .

N eodym i um an d Praseodymi um are two of the m for th e i r ,

weights are 1 4 3 6 1 40 5 , .
 C H AP T E R III .

TH E L AT E R R E S E A R C H E S .

T H E first di fficul ty t hat faced u s was the i dentificatio n of the

" s
forms seen o n fo cusi ng t he sigh t o n gases We coul d o n ly .

procee d te ntatively Th us a very co m mo n form i n t he a i r had

.
,

a sort o f d u m b bell shape (see Plate I ) ; we exam i ned th is

-
,

compari ng ou r rough sketches an d co u nted i ts atoms ; these , ,

d ivi ded by 1 8 —the n u mber o f ulti mate atoms i n h ydroge n

gave us as atom ic weight an d th i s o ffere d the p r esumpti on ,

that i t w a s sod ium We t he n to ok vari ous substances —common

.

salt etc — i n wh ich we knew so di um was p resent a n d fo u n d the

, .
,

dum b bell fo rm i n all I n other cases we took smal l fragme nts

-
.
,

of metals a s i ron ti n zi n c si lver gol d i n others agai n p ieces

, , , , , , ,

of ore m i neral waters etc etc an d for the rarest substances

, , .
, .
, , ,

M r Leadbeater visited a m i neralogical museum

. I n all 5 7 .
,

chem i cal elements were exami n ed , ou t o f t he 7 8 recogn ized by

modern chemistry .

I n add itio n to these we fou n d 3 ch emical wai fs an u n r e c o g

,

n i ze d stra n ger between h ydrog e n an d hel iu m wh ich w e n amed

o c cu l t u m for purp oses o f re feren ce , an d 2 varieti es of o n e

,

elemen t wh ich we name d kal o n an d meta kalo n betwee n xen o n

,
-
,

a nd osmi u m we also fou n d 4 varieties o f 4 recognized elemen ts

a nd prefixe d meta t o the name of each a n d a seco n d form o f ,

pla t in u m that we named Pt B

, Thus we have t abu lated i n . .

al l 6 5 chemica l elements o r ch e mi cal atoms completing th ree , ,

d r awi ngs of t h e e l e m e n t s w e r e don e b y t wo T h e osophi cal a rt is t s H e rr

Th e ,

H e ck e r a n d M r s K i r by whom w e si n c e r e l y t hank t h e di a g r ams showing t h e d e t a i l s

.
, ,

of t h e cons t r uc t ion of e a c h e l e m e n t we o w e t o t h e mos t pains ta ki n g l a b our of

“
,
!

M r J i na fij adasa wi t hou t whos e a id i t wou l d hav e be e n impossi b l e fo r us t o have

. r ,

p re s e n t e d cl e a rl y and d e fi i t e l y t h e comp l ica t d arr a n g e m e n t s by which t h e c h e mi c a l

n e

e l e m e n t s a r e bu l t up W e hav e a l so t o t h a nk him for a n u m b e r o f mos t us e fu l no t e s

i .
,

im p l yi n g mu c h ca r e fu l r e s e a rc h whi c h a re inco r po r a t e d i n t h e pr s e n t s e r i e s and

,
e ,

wi t ho ut w hi c h w e c o ul d no t hav e wri t t e n t h e s e pap e rs .

P L AT E I

S o nu nL
 I 9

o f S i r Wi lliam Cro okes lem n iscates su fficien t for so me amoun t

, ,

o f gen eral izatio n .

I n co u nti ng th e n umber of u lti mat e ato ms i n a c h e m ical

eleme ntal atom we did n o t cou nt the m t hro ughout o ne by
, ,

o ne ; when for i nstan ce we co u nted up th e u lti mate atoms i n

, ,

sod i um we dictated t he n u mber i n eac h co nve n ien t g roup to

,

M r j i n a r aj a d as a an d h e mu ltipl ied o u t the total d ivi ded by 1 8

“

.
, .
, ,

a n d an nou n c e d t he result Th us sodi um (see P late I ) is com

.

posed o f an upper part divisi ble i n to a globe an d 1 2 fun nels ;

,

a l ower part si m ilarly divi ded ; an d a con necti ng ro d We

, .

co un ted the n u mber i n the upper part : gl obe — 1 0 th e n u mber

i n two or th ree of t he fu n nels— eac h 1 6 ; t he n umber of
fu n nel s— 1 2 ; the same for the lower part ; i n the co n necti ng
ro d—1 4 M r j i n araj a d as a recko ned
. . 1 0 (1 6 x 1 2 ) 20 2 ;

h ence 2 0 2 202 1 4
4 1 8 divi ded by 1 8 recurri ng .

B y th i s meth o d we guarded ou r coun ti ng from a ny prepossessi on ,

as i t was impossi ble for u s to kn ow h ow the various n umbers

wou ld resul t o n add iti o n m u ltipl i catio n an d divisio n an d t h e
, ,

exc iti ng momen t came when w e waited to see i f ou r results

e n dors e d o r approach ed any accepted weigh t I n th e h e avier .

eleme nts such as gold with 35 46 atoms i t woul d h ave b e en

, , ,

i mpossi ble to co un t each ato m withou t qu ite u n necessary wast e

o f t ime wh en maki ng a preli mi nary i nvestigation Late r i t may
, .
,

be worth wh ile to cou nt each d ivisio n separa t ely as i n some w e ,

n otice d th at t w o gro ups at firs t sigh t al ike di ffered by 1 o r 2

, ,

a t oms, an d so me very sligh t errors may i n th is way have crep t , ,

i nto ou r calc ulat io ns .

I n the followi ng table is a l ist of the chem ical elements

exami ned ; t he first colu mn giv e s t he names th e a sterisk a ffixed ,

t o some i n di cat ing that t hey have n ot yet been discover e d by

orthodox chem istry The seco nd co lum n gives t he n u m b e r o f
.

u lti mate p hysical atoms co n tai ned i n one c hem ical atom o f t h e
eleme n t co n c e rned Th e th ird col um n gives th e wei g h t as
.

co mpared with hydrogen tak e n as 1 8 , an d th is is obtai n ed

,

by d ivi ding t he calculated n u mber of ultimate atoms by 1 8 .

T h e fourth co l u m n g ives t he recognized weigh t n umb e r m ostly -

,

accordi ng to th e latest l ist o f ato m i c wei g hts the I ntern atio nal ,
" “
List of 1 9 0 5 give n i n E rdman n s Lehrbuch der U n organischen
,
’

C hemie . These wei g h ts di ffe r from those h itherto acc e pt e d ,

 P L AT E If

M A LE .
FE M A L E .
 21

a n d are generally lighter than th ose given i n e arlier t e x t bo oks -

.

I t i s i n terest i ng to n ote that o ur cou nti ng en dors e s th e e arl ier

n umbers for the most part an d w e m ust wai t to s e e i f later
, ,

o bservatio n s wi l l endorse the last resul t s o f ort ho dox chemistry ,

o r con firm ou rs .

As t h e words ulti mat e p hysi cal ato m must freq uen t ly occur
“
,

i t i s n ecessary to state what we m e an by the ph rase A ny gaseous .

ch emical atom may be dissociated i n to l ess comp l i cated bodi e s

t hese aga i n i nto still less compl i cat e d ; these agai n i nto yet sti l l
, , , ,

l e ss compli cat e d These wil l be deal t wi th presently Aft e r t he

. .

t h ird di ssocia t io n but on e more i s possi ble ; the fourth dissociatio n

gives t h e u ltimate physical a t o m T h is may van i sh f r o m the .
!

p hysi cal plan e but i t ca n u n dergo n o further dissociatio n o n i t

. .

I n th is u l ti mat e state o f p hysi cal matter two typ e s of ato ms h av e

be e n observ e d ; they a re al ike in ev e ryth i ng sav e t h e directi on o f
t he ir whorls an d of the force wh i ch po urs through them I n th e .

“
on e cas e force pours i n fro m the o u t si d e fr o m fou rth d i m e n
‘

,
-

s i on al space r and passi ng t hrou g h t he atom po urs i n to t he

‘
, ,

physi cal worl d I n th e seco n d i t p o urs i n from t h e p hysi cal

.
,

“
world an d out th ro ugh t h e ato m i nto t h e o utsi de a ga i n t i e
, , . .
,

van ish es from t he p hysi cal world Th e o ne i s l ik e a spri ng fro m .

,

wh ich water bubbles o ut ; t he ot h e r i s l i ke a h o l e i n t o wh ich ,

wat e r d isappears We cal l t h e atoms fro m wh ich force com e s

.

ou t p os i t i v e or m a l e thos e th rou g h wh i ch it disappears n ega t i v e ,

o r fema l e Al l atoms s o far a s o bserved are o f o ne or other of

.
, ,

t hese two forms (P lat e I I ) . .

I t wi l l b e seen that t h e atom i s a sp her e sl ightly flattened an d , ,

there i s a depressi on at t he po i n t wh e r e the force flows i n causing ,

a h eart like form E ac h atom i s su rroun d e d by a fiel d formed o f

-
.
,

t he atoms o f t he four h igh er plan es wh ich surrou n d an d i n t e r ,

p e netrate it .

“
Th e ato m can scarcely b e sai d to be a t h i ng th o ugh i t i s ,

the m a t erial o ut of wh ich al l th ings physi cal are co m posed I t i s

formed by the flow of the l ife an d van ishes wi t h its e b b .

Th e a t omic s ub p l an e -
.

l T h e as tr a l p l an e
' '
.

1 K no wn t o T h e osophis t s as ! oha t , th e forc e o f whi c h a l l th e physica l p l an e forc e s

—e l e ctr i c i ti e s —
a re di fiere n t i a t i on s
'

.
 22

When t h is force ari ses i n space —t he apparent void wh ic h

mu st be filled with substan ce of so me ki n d of i n co n c e ivabl e ,

ten u ity— atoms appear i f th i s be arti fi cia l ly stopped for a si ngle

atom th e ato m d isappears ; th e re i s n oth ing left Presu mabl y
,
.
,

were that flow checked b ut for a n i nstan t the whole p hysi cal ,

worl d wo u l d van i sh a s a cl ou d melts away i n t he empyrean I t

,
.

i s only the persiste n ce of that flow i wh ich main tai ns t he ph ysical

basis of t he u n ivers a l
I n order to exam i n e t he constructio n of the ato m a Space i s ,

arti ficial ly made § then i f an open i ng be made i n t he wall t hu s

,

con structed t he surrou n di ng force fl ows i n an d th ree whorl s

, ,

i mmediately appear surrou n di ng the hole wi th thei r tri pl e

,

sp iral of two a n d a half co i ls an d return i ng to thei r origi n by a ,

sp iral wit h i n th e atom t hese are at o n ce followed by seven fi ner

wh orls wh i ch followi ng the sp iral of th e first three o n the o uter
,

surface an d return i ng to t hei r origi n by a sp iral w ith i n th a t

, ,

flowi ng i n the oppo site d irectio n — form a caduc e u s wit h the first
'

three E ac h of the three coarser whorls flatte ned out makes a

.
, ,

closed ci rcle each o f the seven fi ner on es si m il arly flatte n e d ou t , ,

m akes a cl o sed ci rcle T h e forces w h ich flow i n t hem agai n , come

.
,

from o u tsi de fro m a fo urth di men sio n al space ! E ach o f th e

,
-
.

fi ner wh orls i s formed o f seve n yet fi ner o nes set successively at ,

right angl e s to each oth er eac h fi ner t han i ts predecessor ; th ese

,

we cal l
I t wil l be u n derstood from the forego ing th at th e ato m can n ot ,

be sa i d to have a wall of i ts own u n less th ese wh orls o f force can ,

“ “ !
b e so d e signated ; its wal l i s t he pressed back space As !
.

“
said i n 1 8 9 5 of t he c hem ical atom t h e force cl e ars itsel f a spac e
, , ,

pressi ng back th e u n di fferen ti ated matter o f the p l a n e an d maki ng ,

to i tself a wh i rli ng w a l l of t his matter The wal l belo ngs to space .

,

n o t to t h e ato m .

Wh en !oha t digs ho l e s i n sp ac e .

‘
l T h e fi r s t l ife wav e t h e wo r k of t h e t hi rd Logos
'
-
, .

I A m aya tr u l y , .

By a c e r t a in a ct ion o f t h e wi l l known t o s t ud e n t s i t is possib l e t o mak e such a

, ,

s p a c e b y p r e ssi ng bac k a n d wa ll ing o ff t h e m att e r o f spac e .

HAg a in t h e as tr a l wo rl d .

E a c h spi r i ll a is a n ima t e d by t h e l i fe fo r c e of a p l an e and fo u r a re a t pr e se n t

-
,

n o r ma ll y ac t iv e o ne fo r e ach round T h e i r ac t ivi t y in an individu al may b e pre ma t ure l y

, .

fo r c e d by yoga p r ac t ic e .
 23

I n the three wh orls fl ow curren ts of d i ffere nt electric ities ; the

seven vibrate i n respo ns e to etheric waves of al l ki n ds —to sou nd ,

l ight h eat etc ; they show th e seve n colours o f th e spectrum ;

, , .

g ive o ut the seven sou nds of th e natu ral scale respo nd i n a vari et y
of ways to physi cal vibratio n —fl a s h i n g si ng i ng pulsi ng bodies , , ,

t hey move i n cessantly i nco n ceivably b e autifu l an d bril l ian t

, .
!

T h e ato m has—as observed so far— t hree proper moti on s i e , . .

,

motion s of its o wn , i n depen den t of any i mposed u pon i t fro m

outside I t turn s i n cessa ntly upo n i ts own ax is spi n n ing l ike a
.
,

t op i t descri bes a smal l ci rcle with its axis as t hough t he a x is o f ,

the sp i nn i ng top moved i n a small c i rcle i t h a s a regular p ulsa _

t ion a co n tracti o n an d exp an sion l ike the p u lsa t io n of th e heart

, , .

When a force i s bro ugh t t o bear upo n i t i t dances up an d down , ,

flings i tself wi ldly from side to si de performs t he most asto n ish i ng ,

and rapi d gyratio ns bu t the three fundamental mot io ns i n cessantly

,

persist I f it be made to vi brate as a wh ol e at the rate wh ich

.
, ,

gives any o ne o f the seven co lors t he who rl belo ngi ng to t hat ,

color glows out bri ll iantly .

A n el ectric curre nt bro ught to bear upo n the atoms c hecks

th eir proper motio ns t e ren ders them sl ower ; th e atom s exposed
, . .
,

t o it arrange themselves i n parallel li n es an d i n each l ine the ,

heart shaped depressi o n receives t he flow wh i c h passes o ut

-
,

th rough the apex i n to the depressio n of the n ext an d so o n , .

The atoms always s e t themsel ves to the curren t The well kn own .
-

divi sio n of diamagneti c an d paramagneti c depends gen eral ly o n

th i s fact or o n an analogous acti o n o n molecules as may be
, ,

see n i n th e accom p anyi ng d i agra m s T .

numb e rs o f t h e sun T h e s e a r e c a ll e d D i s—i n re a l i t y sp a c e— t h e for c e s

Th e t e n .

sp r e ad in spac e t hr e e of which are con t ain e d in t h e S un s A t man or s e ve n t h p ri nc i p l e

,
’
, ,

and s e ve n a re t h e rays sho t ou t by t h e S un Th e a t om is a s u n in minia t ur e in i t s

.
!

own univ e rs e o f t h e inco n c e ivab l y minu t e E ach o f t h e s e ve n whor l s is conn e c t e d

.

wi t h o n e of t h e Pl an e t ary Lo goi so t ha t e a c h P l a n e t ary Logos has a di r e ct in flu e n c e

,

p l ayi n g on t h e ve ry ma tt e r of whi c h a l l things are cons t ruc t e d I t may b e su ppos e d .

t ha t t h e t h r e e conv e ying e l e c t rici t y a di ffe r e n t ia t ion o f ! oha t a re r e l a t e d t o t h e

, , ,

S ol ar Logoi .

1 T h e ac t ion of e l e c t rici t y op e ns up ground o f l arg e e x t e n t and canno t b e d e a lt

'
,

wi t h h e r e D o e s i t act on t h e a t oms t h e m se l v e s o r on mo l e c ul e s or som e t im e s on

.
, ,

o n e and som e t im e s on t h e o t h e r ? I n so ft iron f or i n s t anc e a r e t h e in t e rn al arr ang e

, ,

m e n t s o f t h e ch e mica l a t om fo r ci b l y dis t or t e d and do t h e y e l as t i c a ll y r e tur n t o t h e i r

,

o r igina l r e l a t ions wh e n r e l e as e d ? and in s t e e l is t h e dis t or t ion p e rman e n t ? I n a l l t h e

di a g r ams t h e h e art shap e d body e xagg e ra t e d t o show t h e d e pr e ssion c au se d by t h e
-
,

i n flow and t h e poin t c au s e d by t h e o ut flow is a sing l e a t om ,

.
 24

Two atoms posit ive an d n e g ative broug h t near to each other

, , ,

negative or n eutral accord ing to t he i n terna l mo le cu lar arrange

,

ment ; the n eutral are rel ati vely stable th e posi tive an d n egativ e ,

are co n t i nual ly i n search of t heir resp ective opp osites with a ,

V i ew to establ ish i ng a relati v e ly permane n t u n i o n

.

Thr e e states of matter exist betwee n the atomi c stat e

—
an d th e gaseo us the state i n wh i ch t he chem i cal atom s
are foun d t he r e cogn ized chem ical elemen ts ; for our p urpose s
,

we may ign ore th e l iqu i d an d soli d s tates For the sa k e o f .

cl earness an d brevity i n description we have bee n obl ige d to ,

n ame t hese states ; we call t he ato m i c state of the chem ist

el em en ta l the state wh i ch resul ts fro m breaki ng up chemi ca l
eleme nts , p romel em en ta l ; the next h i g h er me ta p r o el e men ta l
-
,
- -
‘

t he next higher hyp er r ne t a p row el e m en t a l t hen comes the ato mi c

,
~ - -
‘

state These are briefly marked a s E l Pro to M eta an d H yp e r fi

. .
, .
, ,
<

The simp lest u n io n s of ato ms n ev e r apparen t l y co nsisti ng

, ,

of more t han seven form the first molec ular sta t e of physical
,

matter .

H ere are some characteristic co mbi nati ons of the H yper state ;
th e atom i s co nve nti on al wi th t h e depressi o n emphasised ; the
,

lines always enteri ng at t he depressi on an d comi ng out at the

,

apex sh ow t he resultants of l i nes o f force ; where n o l i n e appears

,

T h e se sub p la n e s a e fa mi l i a r t o t h e T h e osophis t as g a s ous e t h e r ic sup e r

- r e , ,

e t h e ric sub a t omic a t omic ; or as G as E t h e r 4 E t h e r 3 E t h e r 2

,
-
, , , E th er 1
, ,
.
 25

enteri ng th e depressi on t he force well s up fro m fourth d i me n

,
-

sio u al sp ace ; where n o l in e appears leavi n g t he ap e x t he fo rce ,

d isappears i nto fourth di men sio nal space ; wh e re th e po i n t of

-

entry an d departure is o u t si d e th e atoms it i s i n di cated by a do t ", .

T YP E S or H YP ER M E TA P R O T O EL E M E N TA L M A TT ER
- -
.

Th emo l ecules s how al l kin ds o f possi b l e co mbi natio ns ; t h e

comb i nati on s sp i n turn head over h ee l s an d gyrat e i n e ndl e ss
, ,

ways E ac h aggreg atio n i s surro u nded wit h an apparent cell

.

wall th e circl e or oval due to t h e pressure o n the surro u n din g

, ,

ma t ter caused by i ts wh irl i n g m oti o n th e y strike o n e ach o t h e r ] L

an d r e bound dart h ither an d th ither for reaso ns we h av e n o t

, ,

dist inguish e d .

1 V“

The M e t a s t ate i n so m e of i t s combi nation s appears at first

, ,

sigh t to repeat those of th e H yp e r stat e ; t h e only obvi ous way

of distinguish i ng to w hi ch some o f the m o lecul e s of less com
“
p l e x i t y b e l ong i s to pull th em o ut o f t h e cell wal l i f they -

are H yper mo l ecules th e y at on ce fly o ff as s e parat e atoms ;

i f t hey are H yp e r M eta mole cu l e s th e y br e ak u p in to two o r
-

more mo lecules co ntai n i ng a sm al l er n u mber of atoms T h us .

o ne of t h e M eta mol e cules o f iro n contai n i ng seven atoms i s, ,

i denti cal i n app e arance wi th a H yp e r heptad but the l atter ,

dissociat e s i nto seve n ato m s t he form e r i nto two triads an d a

,

It mus t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h at t h e diagrams r e p r e s e n t t h r e e dim e nsiona l obje c t s

-
,

a n d t h e a t oms a re no t a ll on a p l an e n e c e ssari l y
, .

1 T ha t is t h e s u rro u nding magn e t ic fie l ds s t rik e on e ach o t h e r

,
.
 26

si ngle atom Long co nt i n ue d researc h i nto the detailed play of

.
-

forces an d t hei r results i s necessary ; we are h ere on ly able to

give prel i m i nary facts an d detai ls— are open i ng u p t he way .

The followi ng may serve as ch aracteri sti c M eta types

TY P E S or M E TA P R o r o E L E M E N T A L M A TT E R
- -
.

These are t aken fro m c o nst ituents of th e vario us eleme nts ;

1 from O I ; 2 an d 3 fro m Fe ; 4 from B 0 ;
5 6 an d 7 fro m C ;
,

8 fro m H e ; 9 from P I ; 1 0 1 1 , 1 2 fro m L i ; 1 3 a n d 1 4 fro m N a

, .

Oth ers wi ll be seen i n th e co urse o f breaki ng up th e el eme nts .

Th e Proto stat e preserves ma ny of the forms i n t he elemen t s ,

mo dified by release fro m t he pressure to wh ich they are su bj ected

i n th e ch em i cal atom I n th i s state vari ou s group s are t hu s
.

recogn izable wh ich are c haracteri sti c o f all ied metals .

T YP E S or P R O T O E L E M E N T A L M A TT E R
-
.

Th ese are take n fro m th e pro du cts o f th e first d isi n tegratio n

o f the chemical atom by forcibly removing it from its hol e
, .

The gro ups fly apart assu min g a great variety o f forms ofte n
,

m ore or less geometri cal ; t he l i nes bet w ee n the co nstituents

of t he groups where i n di cated n o lo ng e r rep rese nt l i nes o f force
, , ,

but a r e i n te nded to represent the i mpressio n o f form i e o f the ,

. .
,

re l ative posi tion and mot io n of the con sti tuents made o n th e ,

m i n d o f t h e o bserver Th ey are el usi v e for t here are n o l i n e s

.
, ,
 27

b ut the appearance of l in es i s cau sed by the rap i d motio n of t he

c o s t i t u e n t s up an d down or along them backwards an d for w ards
,

T he dots represen t atoms or groups of atoms with i n t he proto

, ,

e lements . 1 i s fo u n d i n C ; 2 a n d 3 i n H e ; 4 i n Fl ; 5 i n Li ;
6 i n N ; 7 i n R u ; 8 i n N a ; g a n d I o i n C 0 ; 1 1 i n Fe ; 1 2 i n S e .

We sh all return to these when analysi ng t h e elemen ts an d shal l ,

m eet many other proto el e mental group in g s -

.

Th e first th ing w h ic h i s n oticed by th e o bserver whe n he ,

turn s h i s atten tio n to the c hemical ato ms i s that they Sh ow ,

c ertai n defin i te forms an d t hat with i n th ese forms mo di fie d i n

, ,

v ari o u s ways ,
s u b gro up i ngs are o bservable w h i ch recur i n co n
-

n e x i o n with the same mod i fied form T he mai n types are not
.

very nu merous an d w e fo un d th at wh en we ar ra nged t he atoms

, ,

w e h ad o bserved acco rd i ng to thei r e x ternal forms t hey fell

, ,

i nto n a t ural classes ; wh en these i n turn w e re compared with , ,

S ir Wi ll iam Cro okes classi ficat io n th ey proved to be si ngularly

’

a l ike. H ere is hi s arrange m en t of the e l eme nts as i t appeared ,

i n t h e P r oceed i ngs of t h e R oya l S oci ety i n a paper read o n ,

J u n e 9th 1 89 8
,
.

“
Th is i s to be read fol l owi n g t h e l i nes of the figures of
,

e igh t H H e Li G 1 B C N an d s o on each successive

, , , , , , , ,

e le men t bei n g heavier t h an t he o n e preceding i t i n order Th e .

d i sks wh i ch fall i mmed iately below each other form a class ;

t hus H Cl B r I th ese resemble each o ther i n vario us ways
, , , ,
 28

and as we shall p resently s ee t he same forms an d group i ng s

, ,

r e appear
-
.

An oth er chart —take n from E rdman n s L eh r b a ch — arranges ’

t he elemen ts o n a cu rve d l i n e w h ich curiously resembles t h e ,

curves w ith i n t he sh el l of a n au til us Th e rad iati ng l i nes s how .

t he classes the who le d iameter bu il di ng up a fami ly ; i t wi ll b e

,

observed t h at there i s a n e mpty ra dius between h ydrogen a n d

hel i um an d we have placed o c c u l t u m there ; o n t he O pposit e
,

rad ius i ro n rubi diu m an d osm i u m are seen

,
.

T he e x tern al form s may be cl assi fied

“

as fol lo ws ; the i n ternal

details wi ll be deal t with l ater
I Th e D a m b b el l —T h e c haracteri sti cs of this are a h igher
.
-
.

an d l ower grou p eac h sh ow i n g 1 2 proj ecti n g fu n n els grouped

, ,

rou n d a ce ntral b ody a n d a co n n ecting ro d I t appears i n

,
.

!
sod iu m co pper silver an d gold
, ,
an d gol d i s give n (1 o n
, ,

Plate I I I ) as t he most e x tremely m odi fied e x ample of t h is form .

T h e 1 2 al mon d l ik e proj e ct ion s a bov e an d bel ow are severally

-
, ,

co ntai ned i n shadowy fu n n els imp ossi ble to repro duce i n th e

,

drawi ng ; t h e central globe co ntai n s th r e e g l obes an d the con ,

n e cti n
g portion h as swollen out i nto an egg with a very co m ,

T h e fift h m e mb e r o f t his g r oup was no t sough t for .

 me forms an d groupings

’
L eh r b a ch —arranges
from E rdman n s
ne wh ich curiou sly resembles the
t h e e lements o n a curved l i
,

Th e rad iati ng l i nes Show

curv e s wi t h i n the Sh e l l of a nautil us .

bu il di ng up a fam i ly ; it will be
t h e c l ass e s the whol
,
e diameter
betwee n hydrogen an d
obs e rv e d t ha t t here is an mptye radius
o c cu l tu m
there ; o n t he opposit e
h e l ium a n d we have placed
,

radius iron rubidium an d osmium are seen .

. ,

t rna l forms may be classi fied as fo l lo ws ; i ntern al

The ex e

d e t a i l s wil l be dealt with l ater

.
l Th e D u m b b el l —T h e characteristics of this are a h igher
and l ow e r group e ach sh owin g 1 2 proj ecting fu n n els grouped ,
,

round a c e ntr a l bo d y a n d a co n n e cting rod I t appears in

.

sod i um copp e r si l v e r an d gold

, , ,
an d gol d i s give n (I on
,
"6

Pl a t e 1 1 1 ) as t h e most e xtr e m e l y m o di fied exampl o f th is for

e m .

e
The 1 2 a l m o nd l
- i k e proj e ct ions abov e an d
,
bel ow are s vera l l y ,

e i n th e
con t a i n e d i n shado w y fun n e ls imp ossible to repro duc
,

drawin g ; t h e c e n t ra l glob e co ntai n s t hr e e g l obes and the con ,

com
n e c t i n g por t i o n has swo l len out i nto an e gg with a very ,

Th e fi ft h m e m b e r of t his g r ou p was no t sough t f or .

P L AT E III .
 29

p l icated central arrangem e n t Th e du mb b e l l appears also i n .

-

c h lori n e brom i ne an d i od i n e bu t t here i s n o trace of i t i n

, ,

hydrogen the hea d o f t he gro up We ha v e not met i t e l s e where

,
. .

I t may be remarked t hat i n S i r Will iam Cro okes scheme i n

’

, ,

wh i ch t hey are al l c l assed as mo n ads t hese two groups are the ,

n earest to t he n eutral l i n e o n the i ngo i ng an d o utgo i ng series

, ,

a n d are respectiv e ly p osi t ive an d ne g ative .

I I an d I I a Th e Te t r a h e d r o n — T h e characteri stics of thi s

. .

form are four fu n nels co n tai n i ng ovo i d bodies open i n g o n th e

, ,

face of a tetrah e dron Th e fun n els gen erally but n o t always

.
, ,

radiate from a c e ntral globe W e give beryl l iu m (gl uci n um ) as.

t h e si mplest examp l e (2 o n Plate I I I ) an d to th is grou p bel ong ,

c alc iu m an d stro n ti um Th e tetrah edron i s t he form of ch romi u m

.

a n d molybd e n um but n o t that o f the h ea d of th ei r gro up

, ,

o x ygen which i s l ike hydrogen s a i ge n er i s Th ese two g roups

, , , .

a r e marked i n o rth odo x chem istry as respectively positive an d

negative an d are c l osely al lied A n ot her pair of groups Sh ow

, .

t h e same tetrahedral form : magn e si u m zi n c an d cadmi um , ,

posi tive ; sulp hur sele ni u m and t e l l uri um n egative S el en i u m

, , .

i s a pecul iarly beautiful el e ment w i t h a star floati ng a c r o s s t h e

'

mo ut h o f each fun nel ; t his star i s e x tremel y sen sitive to li g h t ,

a n d its rays tremble violently an d ben d i f a beam of l ight fal ls

o n it. A l l these are dyads .

The tetrahedro n is n ot co nfi ned to the e x ternal form o f t h e

a bove ato ms i t seems to be o ne o f t h e favo uri t e forms of nature ,

a n d repeate d ly appears i n th e i n tern al arrangements T here i s .

o ne tetrahedro n with i n t he u nkn own elemen t o c c u l t u m ; two

a ppear i n hel i um ( 3 o n P l ate I I I ) ; yttri u m has also two with i n
i ts cube as has german i u m five i n tersecti ng are fo un d i n n eon
, , , ,

meta neon argo n metargo n krypto n meta k rp yt o n x en on

-
, , , ,
-
, ,

meta xen o n kalon meta kalo n ti n ti tan i um an d zircon i um

-
, ,
-
, , .

G old co ntai ns n o l ess t h an t wenty tetrahedra .

I I I Th e Cu b e —T he cub e appears to be t he form o f triads

. .

I t h as s i x fu n n e l s con tai n i ng ovo i ds a nd open i ng o n t h e faces

, ,

o f t he cu be B oro n i s chose n as a n examp le (4 o n P late I I I )

. .

I ts group members scan di um an d yttri um h ave t h e sam e form ;

, ,

we h ave n o t e x ami ned th e fo urt h ; t he group i s p ositive I t s .

n egative comp lement consists of n itrogen van adium an d n iobi u m , ,

a n d we h ave agai n to n ote that nitrogen l ike hydrogen an d ,

 30

oxyge n departs fro m its group type Two o t her triad groups t h e
‘

, .
,

positive alumi n i u m gall i u m an d i n d iu m (th e fourth u nexami ned )

,

a n d t he n egative ph osph orus arsen i c an d an timony (the fourth u n ,

exami ned ) have al so s i x fu n n els open ing o n t h e faces of a cube

,
.

I V Th e Oct a h ed r on Th e simplest example o f th is i s carbo n

. .
-

(5 o n Plate I I I ) We have agai n the fun nel with i ts ovoi ds but

. ,

n o w ther e are eigh t fu n n els open ing o n t he eigh t faces o f t h e

o ctah edron I n t itan i u m (6 o n Plate I I I ) the form i s maske d

.

by the pro t ru d i ng arms w h ich giv e the appearan ce o f th e ol d

,
'

R osicrucia n C ro s s a n d R ose but when we look i nto th e detail s ,

later th e carbo n type co mes o ut clearly Zirco n i u m i s exactly

, .

l i ke titan iu m i n form but con tai ns a large n umber of ato m s

, .

We di d no t exam i ne the remai n in g two members o f th i s group .

Th e grou p i s tetrato mi c an d p ositive I ts n egati v e pen dan t .

sh ows t he same form i n sil icon german i u m a n d t i n ; agai n t h e , ,

fou rth was u nexam i ned .

V . Th e B a r s —Th ese characterise a s e t o f closely al lie d

.

“
groups termed , i n ter peri odi c Fo urteen bars (o r seve n
- .

crossed ) rad iate fro m a ce ntre as i n iro n (1 o n Plate I V ) a n d , ,

t he members of each group — iro n n ickel cobalt ; rutheni u m , , ,

rh o di um pallad iu m ; o smi um i ri di um p lati nu m —di ffer fro m

, , ,

each other by th e we ight of each bar i ncreasi ng i n orderly ,

successio n ; the detai ls wil l be given later M anganese i s ofte n .

grouped wi th iron ni ckel an d cobalt (see Crookes lem n iscat e s )

, ,
'

“
but its fo urtee n protrudi ng bod ies r e p eat t he l i t h i u m sp ike
(proto elemen t 5 ) a nd are grouped roun d a central ovoi d Th i s
-
.

wo ul d appear to con n ect i t wi th l ith i um (2 on Plate l V) rather

than with fl uori ne (3 i n Plat e I V ) with wh ich i t i s often classed , .

“
The l ithiu m sp ike re appears i n potassi u m an d ru bi dium -
.

T hese details agai n w i ll com e ou t more clearly later

, , .

VI Th e S t a r —A flat star with five i n terpen etrati ng tetra

. .
,

h edra i n t he centre i s the characteristi c o f n eo n a n d i ts alli es

,

(4 o n P late I V ) leaving apart hel ium wh ich as may be seen by , ,

referri ng to 3 P late I V h as an enti rely d i fferent form

, , .

There are t h us six clearly defined forms typ i cal of classes , ,

wi th two li th i u m an d fl u o r i n e —o i doubtfu l a ffin i ties

— It is .

worthy of n otice that i n d iato mic elements f ou r fu nn els open o n

t he faces of tetrahedra ; i n triatom i c , si x f u n nels o n the faces o f
c ubes ; i n tetratom ic eigh t fu n nels o n the faces o f o c t ahedra
, .
P L AT E I V
 a r m wh i c h
give
by the protru d ing s

R osicru cia n Cross an d l ose ,

bu
c m e s o ut cl
later th e carbo n type
,

h t co n tai n s

l ike titanium i n form ,

e ma i n i n g
We di d no t exami ne th e
Th e grou p i s t e t r a t o m : an d p
sh ows the same form i r s i l i con ,

fo urth was u nexami ned .

V .
Th e B a r s — Th e e ch
grou ps termed
,
“
i n t e m e r i o

rad iate fro m ace n t

crossed )
the members of each { o u r
rho di um palladiu m ; c m !
,
‘
each other by th e we h
succ e ssio n ; the detai ls
grouped with iron , ni c k
but its fo urtee n p ro t r u
( proto element
-
5 ) a n d
woul d appear to c o m
than with fl uori ne (3
’
“
The l ithiu m Sp ike
These details agai n , ,

VI Th e S ta r
.
.

hedra i n the centr e

(4 o n Plate I V ) lea
referring to 3 P lat ,

There are thu

with two —l i t h i u t
worthy of n otic e
the faces of tetr
cubes ; i n tetr :
 31

Th us we have a regular sequence of the plato n i c sol ids an d t h e ,

question suggests itsel f wi ll further evol utio n develop elements ,

sh aped to the dodecahedro n an d the i cosahedron

II .

We n ow pass fro m the co ns i derati o n of the o uter forms o f

the chemi cal elements to a st ud y o f t hei r i n tern al stru cture the ,

arrangemen t w ith in th e element of more or less c ompl icated

groups —proto elements — capabl e o f separate i n depe n den t
-
,

existence t hese on ce more may be dissoci ated i n to yet simpler

, ,

gro up s —hyper meta p roto ele men ts—equal ly capable of separate

- - -
,

i ndepe n den t ex istence an d resolvable i n to si n g le ulti mate physica l

,

atoms t he irreduci ble su bstratu m o f the physi cal worl d (see

,

Th eosop h i s t 1 9 0 8 pp 35 4
, , .

W e shall have to study the general i nternal structure an d ,

t he n the breaki ng up of each eleme n t an d the admirable ,

diagrams patiently worked o u t by M r j i n a raj a d as a wi ll make

, .
,

t he study comparatively easy to carry on .

The diagrams of c o urse can o n ly give a very general i dea o f

, ,

the facts t hey represe n t they give groupi ngs an d sh o w r e latio ns ,

b ut m uch e ffort of th e i magi n at io n is needed to transform t he

t w o di men sio nal d iagram i n to th e t h ree d imensio nal obj ect
- -
.

The wise studen t w il l try to vi sual ize the fi gure from the diagram .

Th us t h e two triangles of hydrogen are n ot i n one plane ; t he

ci rcles a r e sp heres an d the atoms wi th i n t hem while preserving
, ,

to each other t hei r relative positi on s are i n swi ft movemen t ,

i n t hree di mensional space

-
Where five atoms are seen as in .
,

bromi n e a n d i od i n e t hey are generally arranged wit h the central

,

ato m above t h e fo ur a nd th ei r m o t i o n i n dicates l i n e s wh ic h

,

ere ct fou r p lan e triangles — meeti ng at t heir ap ices —o n a square

base forming a square based fo ur s ided p yramid
,
E ach dot - -
.

represen t s a Singl e u lti mat e atom T h e e nclosi ng l i nes i ndicat e .

the i mpre ssio n of form made o n th e observer an d the groupi ngs ,

of the atoms t he grou ps will d ivi de along these l i nes whe n t h e ,

e l ement i s broke n up so t hat t h e l i nes h ave sign i ficance bu t

, ,

they do n ot e x ist as stable walls or e n closin g films but rather ,

mark l i mi t s n ot l i nes of vibration s I t shoul d be not e d th a t i t

, ,
.

T his
wi t h r e fe re n c e s wh i ch app e a r l a te r (pp
, .
32 , 33, 5 0, r e l a t e s t o a rt ic l e s
which app e a re d in t h e Th eoi op lzzst 1 908 '

, .
 32

is n ot possible to show five of the prisms i n th e five i ntersecti ng

t etrahedra of pri sms an d 30 atoms m ust t herefore be added
, , ,

i n coun ting .

The diagrams a re n ot draw n to scale as suc h drawi ng wou l d,

b e i mpossi ble ; th e dot repr e senti ng th e ato m i s en ormously

t o o large compar e d with the en closures wh ich a re absurdly too ,

smal l ; a scale drawi ng woul d mean an almost i nvi si ble dot o n a

s h e et of many yards squar e .

“ “
Th e u s e of th e words pos i ti ve an d negative n eeds to
be guarded by the fo llo wi ng paragraph s fro m the article o n
C hem istry i n the E n cycl op azd i a B r i t a n n i ca We u s e the .

words i n th eir or d i nary tex t book mean i ng an d have n ot s o

-
, ,

f ar detected a ny characteristi cs whereby a n ele ment can be

,

d eclared at Sigh t to be e i ther positive or n egative

, ,

“
Wh en bi nary compou n ds or compou n ds o f two e leme nts
, ,

a re deco mp osed by a n electri c c urren t t he two elements make ,

t hei r appearan ce a t opposi te poles T hese elements wh ich are

.

d i sengaged a t th e n ega t ive p ol e are terme d electro p ositive or -

p ositive or basylou s e l em e nts wh ile th ose

,
d isenga g ed at t he
p osit ive po le are t e rmed e l ectro n egative or n e gative or ch lorou s
-

e lements B u t t h e d i fferen ce between t hes e two classes o f

.

elements i s o n e of degree on ly a n d th ey gradu ally merge i n t o

,

e ach other ; m oreover th e electri c relation s of elem e n ts are n ot

absolu te but vary accord i ng to t h e state o f co mbi nati o n i n

,

w h i c h th ey e x ist so th at i t i s j ust as i mp ossi ble to d ivi de t h e

,

elemen ts i n to t w o classes accordi n g t o t h is pro perty as it is to

separ a t e th em i nto two distin ct c l asses of metals a n d n o n
m etals .

We fo l l ow here th e group i ng accord i ng to external forms ,

an d th e stu den t shoul d compare it with th e grou ps marked i n

t he lem n iscate arran gemen t sho wn i n Articl e I I (p 37 7 proper l y .
,

p 4 37 F e bruary) reading the group by t h e disks that fa l l bel ow

.
, ,

each o t h e r ; t hus t h e first group i s H C l B r I (hydro gen , , , ,

ch lori n e brom i n e i odi ne) an d a blank for a n u n di scovered

, ,

e leme n t The elemen ts grow d e nser i n desce n d i ng order ; th u s

.

hydrogen is an i nvisi ble gas ; ch lori ne a d e ns e r gas vi si ble by its

c olour ; bro mi ne i s a l i qu i d ; iodi ne i s a sol i d — all of cours e , ,

wh en te m perature an d pressure are n ormal B y th e l oweri ng o f .

te m pera t ure an d t h e i ncrease of pressure an e l em e n t wh i ch i s ,

 33

n ormally gaseous becomes a l iqu id an d th e n a sol i d S o lid ,

.
,

l iqu id gaseo us a r e t hree i nterchangeabl e states of matter an d

, , ,

an el e ment does not a l ter i ts co nstituti on by chan g i ng i ts state .

“
S o far as a chemical ato m i s co ncerned i t matt e rs not !
,

wh ether it be drawn for i nvestigati o n from a so l id a l iqui d or a , ,

gas ; but t h e i n ternal arrang e ments of t h e atoms become much

more c ompl ica t ed as they become denser a n d denser as is seen ,

by the compl e x arrangements n ecessitated b yt he pr e s e n ce o f the

!

35 4 6 u lti ma t e atoms co ntai n ed i n the ch emical a t o m of go ld ,

a s co mpared wit h th e si m ple arrangem e n t o f t he 1 8 u l ti mat e

atoms o f hydrog e n .

A ccord ing to t he lem n iscate arra n gement we shou l d com ,

men c e w ith hydrogen as th e h e ad o f the first negativ e group but ,

as it d i ffers w ho l l yfrom th ose place d wi th i t i t i s better to take ,

it by its e l f H ydrogen i s th e l ightest of t he kn own elem e n ts an d

.
,

i s therefore taken as I i n ordinary ch em istry an d all atomi c ,

weigh ts are mul tiples of t h is We take i t as 1 8 because i t co n .

,

tai n s eighteen ulti mate atoms t h e s mal lest nu m b e r we have ,

fou n d i n a c hemical elemen t S o our n u mber weights are .

-

o btai ned by divi ding th e total n u mber of a t o ms i n a n elemen t by

1 8 (see p 34 9
j anuary
.
) , .

H Y DR O G E N (Plate V — H ydrogen n ot o n l stands apa r t

y ,

fro m i t s reputed grou p by n ot h avi ng the charact e risti c dumb

bel l shape wel l sh own i n so diu m (P late 1 opposi te p 34 9
, ,
.
,
,

J an uary ) but i t also

,
stan ds apart i n bei n g posi tive serving as a ,

base n ot as a chl oro u s o r aci d radica l t hus playi ng t he par t

, , , ,

o f a metal as i n hydrogen c h loride (hydroc h lori c acid ) h y

,
!
,

drogen sulp ha t e (sulph uri c acid ) e t c ,

.

I t i s most curi ous t hat hydrog e n o x yg e n an d n itrog e n the , ,

most wi d e ly spread gases all di ffer fu n dame ntal ly i n form from ,

"
the grou ps th ey repu t edly h e a d f H ydrogen was t he first

S in ce wri t i g n the abov e I h a ve no t ic e d in , t h e L on don , E di n bu rg h an d D u bl i n

P h i l osop h i ca l M a g a zi n e a n d [ ca r n a l of S ci en ce c onduc t e d by D r J oh n J o l y and M r
, . .

W i l l iam ! rancis , i n an ar t i cl e e n t i tl e d E vo l u t ion and D e vo l u t io n of t h e E l e m e n t s ,

!

th e s t a t e m e n t t h at i t is prob a b l e t ha t in “ t h e n e b u l ous s tat e of m a tt e r t h e re a re fou r

s ubs ta nc e s t h e fi r s t t wo b e i n g unknown u pon e ar t h t h e t hi r d b e ing hyd rog e n a n d t h e
, ,

four t h h e l ium I t a l so s e e ms p r ob a b l e t h a t
. hyd r og e n t h e t wo unknow n ,

e l e m e n t s a n d h e l ium are t h e f ou r o r igi n a l e l e m e n t s f r om whi c h al l t h e o t h e r e l e m e n t s

,

form T o dis t inguish t h e m fr om t h e o t h e r s w e w i l l t e r m t h e m pro t ons

. T his is sug .
!

g es t i v e a s r e ga r d s hydrog e n bu t do e s no t h e l p us wi t h r e ga r d t o o xyg e n and ni tr og e n

, .
 34

c hemical elemen t exami ned by us n early th irtee n years ago a nd

, ,

I reproduce here t he substan ce of what I wrote i n N ove mber ,

1 8 9 5 fo r we h ave n oth i ng t o add to n or amen d i n it

, .

P LA T E V

H ydrogen co n sists o f Six small bod ies co ntai ned i n a n egg

,

l ike fo rm (the o uter forms are n ot g iven i n t he d iagrams ) T he

.

six l ittle bodies are arran g ed i n two sets of th ree forming two
,

triangles wh i ch are n ot i nterchangeable but are related to each

,
 35

other a s o bj ect an d i mage The Six bodies are not all al ike ;
.

t hey each co ntai n three ulti mate p hysical atoms but i n four of ,

the bodies t he th ree ato ms are arranged i n a tr iangle an d i n t he ,

remai n in g two i n a l i n e .

H Y DR O GE N 6 b od ies of 3
Atom ic weight
N u mber weight

I .
— T H E D U M B B E LL G R O U P
-
.

I a .
—Th is group co n sists of Cl an d I (ch l ori n e bromi ne
,
B r, ,

an d i odi n e ) t hey a r e mon ads diamagn e tic an d n egative ,

.

C H LO R I N E (Plate V —As alr e ady said the gen eral form i s

, ,

t hat of t he d umb bel l th e lower an d u pper parts each con sisti ng

-
,

o f twelve fu n n els s i x slop i n g u pwards an d s i x do wnwards t h e

, ,

fun nels radi ati ng outwards fro m a cen tral glo be an d th ese t w o ,

parts bei ng u n ited by a con n ecti ng ro d (s e e agai n sodi um , , ,

Plate
Th e fu n nel (Shown flat a s a n i sosceles tria ngle stan di ng o n ,

its apex ) i s a so m ewh at co mpl i cate d structure o f the same type ,

as that i n sodi um (P late V I t he di fferen ce co n si sti ng i n the

,

add it io n of o ne more g lobe co ntai n i ng n i n e additi on al atoms

, .

Th e cen tral glo be i s the same as i n sodi um but t he co n n ecting ,

rod d i ffers We have here a regular arrangement of five gl obes

.
,

co ntai n i ng t h ree fo ur fi v e four th ree ato ms respect ively

, , , , ,

whereas so diu m h as on ly three bodi es co ntai n ing four s i x four , , ,

.

B u t copper an d si lver its cong e ners have t heir co n nec t i ng rods

, ,

of exactly the same pattern as the c hl ori n e rod a n d the ch lori n e ,

ro d reappears i n bot h bro mi ne and io d i n e These close si milari .

ties p o i nt to so me real r e lati o n betwee n t hese groups of elements ,

wh i ch are pl aced i n th e lemn i scates equ i di stan t fro m th e cen tral

, ,
-

l i ne thou g h o ne i s o n the swi ng wh i ch is goi ng towards that

,

l i ne an d the other is o n t he swi ng away from it .

els O f 25 ato ms 30°

C H LO R I N E : U pper part
a ] g l obe 1 0

Lower part same 31 0

Con necti ng ro d 1 9

T otal 6 39

Atomi c weigh t 3
N umber weight 6 3 9
1 3 35 5 0
 36

(The Atomi c Weights are mostly fro m E rdman n and th e ,

N u mber Weights are t hose ascertai ned by us by cou nti ng the

atoms as descri bed o n p 349 j anu ary an d d ividi ng by 1 8
.
, , .

P rof T W R ichards i n N a t u r e j u ly 1 8 1 90 7 gives

. . .
, , , ,

B R OM I N E (Pl ate V I n brom in e each fun n e l h as t hree

,
-
,

additi o nal bo dies ovoi d i n shap e an add itio n o f 33 atoms bei ng

, ,

t h us made without any d i sturban ce of form two pairs O f atoms

are added to the central globe a nd a rearrange men t o f t h e atoms ,

is e ffect e d by drawi n g together a n d l e s s e n i n g the swi ng of th e '

pai r of triplets t h us m aki ng symm etri cal roo m fo r th e new

,

comers The co n necti ng ro d remai n s u n changed Th e tota l

. .

n u mber of a t o ms i s th us raised fro m the 6 39 of chl ori n e to 1 4 39 .

Over an d over agai n i n th ese i n vestigati on s were we remi nded

, ,

o f Tyndall s fasci n ati ng descri pti o n o f crysta l bui lding an d h i s

’

fan cy of the t i ny i ngen ious bu ilders b usi ed t herei n Truly are

, .

t here suc h bu i lders an d th e i ngenui ty an d e ffective ness o f th ei r

,

d evi ces a r e del ightful to sce f i <

1 2 fun n els of 8 atoms 69 6

B R O M I N E : U ppe r p a r t

Lowe r part sam e

C e n t ra l g l o be
5
{ 1 4

7 1 0

Co n n ecti ng ro d 1 9

T otal 1
4 39

Atom ic weigh t 79 95 3
N um ber weight
3
1 9
7 9 9 44
l OD l N E — W e fi n d h erei n t hat the c e ntral gl o be
(P late V ,
g ai n s 4 atoms th e two pai,
rs b e comi ng 2 quartets ; the co n nec t

i n g rod exactl y repro duces t he ro ds of ch l ori n e an d bro m i n e

th e fu n n el i s also t h at O f brom i ne e xcept that five bod i es co n , ,

t ai n i ng 35 a t oms are adde d to it

, The 1 4 39 ato m s of bro mi ne.

a re th u s raised to 2 8 8 7 .

1 2 fu n ne l s o f 9 0 ato ms 1 1 1 6
I O D I N E : U pp e r part Ce ntral glob e
Lo wer part same
{ 1 8

1 1 34

C o n nec t i ng ro d 1 9

Tota l 2 28
7
Atomi c we igh t
gg
2 7
N umber w e ight

T h osophis t s c a l l
e t hem N at u r e S pi r i t s and oft e n u s e
-
,
th e m e di ae v al t e r m
E l me n t al s
e . B e ings con c e r n e d wi t h t h e e l e m e n t s t r ul y a re t h e y , e v e n w i t h ch e m i cal

e lem ts
en .
 37

Th e pla n u n derlyi ng the bu il di ng up of gro ups is here clearly

S hown ; a figure i s bu ilt up o n a certai n p l an i n th i s c a s e a dumb ,

bell i n t he succeedi ng mem bers of th e group addition a l atom s

are symmetrically i ntroduced modi fyi ng t h e appearan ce but , ,

followi ng t he ge neral i dea ; i n th is case t he co n necti ng ro d

remain s u naltered wh i le t he t w o e nds beco me larger and larger
, ,

more and more oversh adowi ng i t an d caus i ng it to beco m e ,

s horter and th icker Th u s a grou p is gradually form ed by

.

additio nal symmetri cal additio n s I n th e u n discovered re .

mai n i ng member of th e group we may su ppose that th e ro d

wi ll have beco me st il l mo re egg l ike as i n the cas e of go ld -
,
.

I h —The correspo n di ng p ositive grou p to that wh i ch we

‘

have bee n co n si deri ng co n sists of Na Cu Ag an d Au (so diu m , , , ,

‘

copper si lver an d go l d ) with an emp ty disk between si l ver an d

, ,

go ld showi ng wher e an element o ugh t to be T hes e fo u r

, .

elemen ts are mo nads di amagn eti c an d posit ive an d they show

, , ,

t h e dumb bell arrangemen t alth ough i t i s mu c h mod i fied i n

-
,

gol d ; we may presu me that the u n discovered elemen t betwee n

silver an d gold wo uld form a l i n k betwee n t hem .

SO D I UM (P late V I 2 ) has bee n already descri bed (p 349

, .
,

J an uary ) as a,
type of t h e gro up s o we n eed only refer to ,
its
i ntern a l arrangemen t i n order to n ote that it is t h e sim ples t o f
the dumb bell group I ts tw e lve fu nn e l s Sh ow o n ly four e n
- .

cl osed bod ies th e same as we s e e i n ch l ori n e bro mi ne io di n e

, , , ,

copper an d silver an d wh ich i s very l ittle modified i n go ld I t s

, .

'

ce ntral gl obe i s th e si mp les t o f all as i s its c o n n ecting ro d ,

.

We may therefore take it t hat so di um i s t h e grou n d plan of t h e -

whole grou p .

fu n nel s o f 1
1 2 6 each
SOD1 U M : U pper Part
Central globe
Lo wer part same 20 2

Co n n ecti ng 1 4

Total 41 8

Atomi c weight
4 1 8
N umber wei g ht T§

C O PP ER (Pl ate V I 3) i n tro d uces an additi on i n the fu n ne l

, ,

that we Shal l fi n d elsewh ere e g i n si lver gold iron plati

,
. .
, , , ,
 38

n um zin c ti n the triangu lar arra ngemen t n ear the mout h of t h e

, , ,

fu n nel an d adds to the te n ato ms i n t h is n i neteen more i n three

additional en closed bodies thus raisi ng th e n umber of atoms i n
,

a fu n nel fro m the sixteen o f sod i um to forty h y e T h e n umber

- .

i n t he ce ntral gl obe i s dou bled a n d we meet for th e first ti me

,

the pecul iar cigar o r p rism shape d s i x a t o m e d arrangement that

- -
,

P LA T E V I .
 39

is o ne of t he most commo n of atomi c gro ups I t ough t t o .

i mply some defin ite qua l ity with i ts co n ti n ual recurren ce Th e

,
.

cen tra l co l um n i s th e three four five fou r t hree arrangeme nt

, , , , ,

alrea dy n oted .

C O PP E R : U pper part J
fu n nels of
I 2
4 5 atoms
(Central globe
Lower part same
Con necti ng rod

Total

Atomi c weigh t 63 1 2

N umber weigh t 1
12
9 63 2 77

S I L V E R (Pl ate V I , 4) foll ows copper i n t he co nstitu tio n of

five of th e bo dies enclosed i n t he fun nels B u t t h e triangular .

grou p contai n s twenty o ne atoms as agai n st ten an d th ree

-
,

ovoi ds eac h contai n i ng th ree bodies with eleve n atoms rai se

, ,

the n u m ber of ato ms i n a fun nel to seven ty n i ne T he ce n tral -

.

globe is decreased by five an d th e prisms have disappeared

,
.

Th e con necti ng ro d i s u nal t ered .

S I LV E R U pper pa f
1 2 u n nels of 79 atoms
Central glo be
Lower part same
Co n n ecti ng ro d

To tal

Atom i c weight 7 93
1 0

N umber w eigh t I 08 0 5 5

(T hi s atom i c we igh t i s g iven by S tas i n N a t u r e A ugu st 2 9 ,

, ,

1 90
7 bu t i t has been argued later that t h e weight sh ou ld n ot be
,

abov e
GO L D (Plate V I I ) i s so compli cate d th at it deman ds a whole
plate to i t sel f I t i s di fficu lt to recogn ize the fam il iar du mb bel l
.
-

i n thi s elongated egg but when we come t o e xami ne i t t he

, ,

characteristi c groupings appear The egg i s the enormously

.

s wollen co n necti ng rod an d the upper and l ower parts with

,

their central globes are th e al mo nd l ike proj ecti on s above an d -

below , with th e central ovo id R oun d each almo nd i s a S hadowy

.

fun nel (not drawn i n t he di agram ) an d wi th i n t he alm o n d i s the

,
 40

col lecti o n of bo di es s h own i n e wherei n the two lowest bodies

,

are the sam e as i n every other member of th e negative an d

posi tive group s the th i rd asce ndi ng i s a very sl ight m o d i fi c a
, ,

tio n of t he oth er th i rds ; t h e fo u rt h i s a u n ion an d r e arrangemen t

-

o f th e fo urth an d fifth the fifth of fo ur ovo i ds adds o ne to th e

, ,

P LA T E V I I .

three ovo i ds of bro mi ne i odi ne and silver ; t he triangular gro up

,

i s l ike t hat i n copper a n d si lver th ough with 2 8 atoms i nstead of

,

1 0 or 2 1 ,
an d i t may be n oted th at t h e co ne i n iro n h as also 2 8 .

Th e central body i n the ovo i d i s very compl i cated an d is shown

,

i n c t h e bo d ies o n each si de d are eac h made up o f two tetra

, , ,

hedra o ne wit h four S i x a t o m e d prisms at i ts angl e s an d the

,
-
,
 41

o t h er with four sph eres a pair w it h fo ur ato ms and a pair with

,

three We t hen come to t he co n necti ng ro d O n e of the fou r

. .

si mil ar groups i n th e ce ntre i s en large d i n a an d o ne o f t he ,

Sixtee n circl i ng gro ups i s e n larged i n b These grou ps are .

arrange d i n t w o plan e s i n cl i ned to one an other .

fun nels o f 9 7 atoms

1 2 1 1 64
GO L D U pper part
Central ovoi d c 1 01

2 d , 38 7 6
Lower part same I 34 I

Co n necting rod 4 a 84 336

1 6 b 33 5 28

T otal 35 46

Atomi c weight I 9 S 74
°

“
N um ber w eight
g
3 I
97
I t may be n oted that t h e co n necti ng ro d i s made u p of
exactly Sixteen ato ms of o c c u l t u m an d th at si x teen such ato m s ,

co ntain 8 6 4 ultimate atoms th e exact member of ato ms i n

,

titan i um .

III .

O ccul t um w as observe d by us i n 1 8 9 5 an d find i ng that i t , ,

was s o light an d s o Si mple i n its compositio n we though t

, ,

th at i t m igh t be heli um of wh i ch we were unable at the ti me

, , ,

to o btai n a samp le Wh en h owever h el i u m itself came u n der

.
, ,

o bservation i n 1 9 0 7 i t proved to be qu i t e d i ffere nt from th e

,

o bj ec t before o bser v ed so we dubbe d t he u n recogn ised o bj ect

,

O c c u l t u m u ntil o rth o dox science shal l fi n d i t an d label i t i n

,

p ro per fash i o n .

O CC U L T UM (Plate V I ,
1 , p .

We here meet t h e tetrahedro n for th e first ti me with eac h ,

angle occupied by a s i x a t o m e d grou p the atoms arrange d as o n

-
,

the e n d triangl e s o f a prism Th is f orm recurs very often an d

.
,

was noted l ast mo n th a s see n i n copper (Plate V I

, ,
it ,

revo lves with extrem e rapi dity arou n d i ts l ongitudi nal axis ,

an d looks l ike a penc i l s harpened at both e n ds or a cigar ,

taperi ng at both en ds we habitual ly spoke of i t as th e c igar

“
.
!

I t appears to be strongly co heren t for as wil l be see n below , , ,

i ts s i x atoms remai n attache d to each other a s meta comp o un ds -

 42

an d even wh en d ivi ded i n to two tri plets as hyper compo u nds -

,

t h ey revolve ro u nd each other .

A bove t he tetrahedro n i s a balloon Shaped figure apparently -

,

drawn i n to shape by th e attract i o n of th e tetrahedro n The body .

below the tetra hedro n looks l ike a co i l o f rope an d co ntai n s ,

fi fteen atoms t hey are arranged on a slan ti ng d isk i n a flat ri ng ,

an d the force goes i n at t he top of o n e atom an d out o f th e ,

bottom o f i t i nto t h e to p o f th e next an d so o n maki ng a closed , ,

c ircu it Th e two l ittle sp heres eac h co n tain i ng a triplet are l ike

.
, ,

fil l u p paragrap hs to a compo si tor— they seem to be kep t stand i ng

-

and popped i n wh ere wan ted Th e sphere marked as i s a proto

.

compoun d the ball oo n wh en s e t fre e

, .

As w a s n oted u n der gol d (p S ixteen o c c u l t u m bod ies

.
,

r e arranged make u p th e co n n ecti ng ro d i n g ol d

-
,

O CCU L TU M Tetrah edro n

B alloo n
Tri plets
R ope circle -

Total

Ato m i c weigh t
N u mber weight

D I SS O C I AT I ON O ! ATO M S .

B efore pro ceeding to the stu dy of oth er chemical atoms as to ,

t heir general i nternal arrangemen ts i t i s desirable to follow out , ,

i n th ose already sh own t h e way i n wh ic h t hese atoms break up

,

i nto si mpler forms yiel di ng successively w hat we h ave called

,

proto meta an d hyper co mpou nds I t i s natural ly easi er to

-
.

follow th ese i n t he si mpler atoms th an i n th e more complex an d ,

i f the earl ier di ssocia t i on s are shown t h e l atter can be more ,

readily an d more i ntel li g i b l y descri bed .

Th e first t h i ng t hat happens o n removi ng a gaseous atom fro m

!
i ts h o le (see pp 2 1 to 2 3) or en circl i ng wall i s t hat the
“
.
,

co ntai ned bodies are s e t free an d evidently released fro m , ,

t re men do us pressure assume sp heri cal or ovo i d forms the

, ,

ato ms with i n each r e arrangi ng themselves more or l e ss

-
, ,

“ “ !
w ith i n th e n ew h o le or wa l l Th e figures are of cou rse .
, ,

t h re e d imensional an d often rem i nd o n e o f crystals ; tetrahedral

-
, ,
 43

octago n al an d other l ike forms being of co nstan t occurrenc e

, .

I n t he diagrams of th e proto compo u n ds t h e co nstitu e n t atoms

-
,

are Shown by dots I n the diagrams of t h e meta compou nds

.
-

t he dot becomes a heart i n order to s how t h e resultants of the

,

l i nes o f force.I n the diagrams of th e hyper compou n ds t he -

same pla n is followed The l e tters a b c & c e n able t h e

.
, , ,

student to follow the breaki ng up of each group through its

successive stages .

H YDR O GE N (P l ate V 1 p , , .

The Six bod ies co ntai n ed i n the gaseou s ato m i nstantaneous l y

r e arrange th emselves withi n two sp heres
- t he two l i n e ar triplets
u n ite wit h o ne triangu lar t ripl e t h oldi ng to eac h oth er relat ive
,

p o sitio ns wh ich if con nected by three righ t li nes wo uld form a

, ,

tri angle with a triplet at eac h a ngle ; th e remai n i ng t hree

triangular triplets si mi larly arrange th emselves i n th e seco n d
sp here These form the proto co mpou n ds of hydrogen
.
- .

I n the dissociatio n of th ese each group breaks up i n t o two

, ,

the two l i near tri plets j o i n i ng each oth er an d setting fre e t hei r
tri angular co mrade wh i le t wo o f th e triangu lar triplets si milarly
,

remai n together casti ng out th e th i rd so that h ydrogen yiel ds

, ,

four meta compou nds

-
.
 44

I n t he hyper co n dition t he co nnex i o n between th e double

-
,

triple t s is broken a n d they beco me fo ur i ndependent groups two

, ,

l ike ix i n t h e hyper types (p

,
-
an d two remai n ing l i near but
.
,

rearrangi ng t heir i nternal r elat io n s 5 the two remai n ing gro ups
break up i nto t wo p ai rs an d a u n it .

The fi nal dissociatio n sets all the atoms free .

O C OU L T U M (Pl ate V I ,
1 ,
p .

On th e first d issoci atio n of t h e compo n e nt parts of o cc u l t u m ,

“
th e te t rahedro n separates as a wh ol e with i t s fo ur cigars , ,
!

flat t en ing i tsel f out with i n i ts hole a ; t wo cigars are positiv e

,

'
and two negative marked respectively a an d a
, T h e rop e .

becomes a ri ng wi th i n a sphere b an d t h e two bodi es d d

, , ,

wh ich are loose i n the gaseous atom come with i n th is ri ng ,

.

The balloo n beco mes a sp here .

“
O n further dissociati o n th e cigars go o ff i ndepen den tly
, ,

Sh owi ng two types a n d these a g ai n each d ivide i nto triplets as

, ,

meta compou nds

-
. B o n th e meta level casts out the t wo d
,
-
,

“
bodies wh i ch become i n depen den t triplets an d the
,
rope ,

bre aks i n to two a cl ose ri ng of seven atoms an d a do uble cross

,

of eight Th ese su bdivide agai n to form hyper compou n ds t he

.
-
,

ri ng yi e l d i n g a qui ntet an d a pai r an d the dou ble cro ss separati ng

,

i nto its two parts .

 45

The bal loon c becomes much divided th e cohesion o f i ts

, , ,

parts being sligh t ; i t forms two triplets a pair an d a u n i t an d

, ,

these s e t free o n further dissoc i ation no l ess than five separat e

, ,

ato ms an d two duads .

Th e two trip l ets of d each cast out an ato m o n di ssociation ,

an d form two pairs an d two u n its .

SO D I U M (P late V I ,

I t is co nven ien t to co n si der So diu m ne x t because i t i s th e ,

basic pattern o n wh ich n ot o n ly copper Silver an d gol d are ,

formed bu t also ch lori ne bromi n e an d iodi ne

, ,
.
0

When sodi u m is set free from i ts g aseo us co n dition i t divides ,

up i nto th irty one bodies —twen ty four separate fu n nels fou r

- -
,

bodies derived from th e two central g l o bes an d thre e fro m the ,

co n necti ng rod The fun nels become sph e res and each con tai n s
.
,

four en closed Spheres wit h more or l ess compl i cated con tents
, .

E ach central globe yields a sex t et an d a qu art e t an d the rod sets ,

fr e e two quartets an d a pecu liarly formed se xtet .

 46

When t he pro to co mpou n ds are di ssociated the fu n nel sph e re

-
,
-

sets free : (I ) the con ten ts of a rearranged i n to two groups o f ,

fo ur with i n a co mm o n sp here ; th e sphere yields four duads as

hyper co mpo u nds (2 ) th e co n ten ts of b wh i ch u n i t e themselves
-
,

i n to a quart e t yiel d i ng two duads as hyp e r co mpou n ds ; an d

,
-

(3) t h e co n t ents of t he two sp heres c wh i ch mai ntai n th eir , ,

separatio n as me t a co mpou n ds an d become e ntirely i n depe n den t

-
, ,

the ato ms with i n the sp here r e volvi ng ro u n d eac h other but the ,

sp heres ceasi ng th ei r revolutio n roun d a co mmo n ax is an d go i ng ,

o ff i n di fferent dir e cti on s T h e atoms break o ff from each other

.
,

“ !
an d gyrate i n i n depen den t sol itud e as hyper com pou nds .

Th us eac h fu n n el y ie l ds fin ally ten hyper bodies -

.

T h e part of the cen tral globe marked d wi th i ts s ix atoms , , ,

wh irli ng ro un d a co mmo n cen tre beco mes two tri plets at th e , ,

meta stage prepari ng for the co mplete separatio n of t hese as

-
,

hyper bodies The seco n d part of the same globe marked e

-
.
, ,

a wh ir l i ng cross with an ato m at each p oi nt becomes a quartet

, ,

i n th e meta state i n wh ich three ato ms revo lve rou n d a fo u rt h

-
, ,

an d i n t he hyper stat e t his central atom i s s e t fre e leavi ng a

-
,

tri plet an d a un it .

E ac h of t h e two bo dies marked f l i berate d fro m the co n n e ct ,

i ng rod Sh ows fo ur ato ms wh irl i ng ro und a com mo n cen tre

, ,

exactly resembl i ng e i n appearan ce ; but th ere m ust be so me

di fferen ce of i n ner r e lation s for i n the meta state they r e arrange
, ,
-
,
-

t hemselves as t wo pai rs an d d ivide i n to two as hyper bodi e s

,
-
.

T h e body mark e d g is a four sided pyramid wi th two clos e l y

.
-
,

j oi ned atoms at i t s ape x ; th ese sti l l cl ing t o e ach i n m utual

revoluti o n a s a meta b ody e n circled by a ring o f four an d th is
-
, ,

leads to a furth er disso ciati on i nto t hree pairs o n the hyper level -
.

C H LO R I N E (Plate V 2 p , , .

T he d e scri ptio n o f the fun n el of sodi um ap pl ies to that o f

ch lori ne u ntil we come to the bo dy nearest the mo uth the
, ,

sphere co ntai n ing th ree additio nal bodies ; th is r e mai ns with i n

the fu n nel i n t he first disso ciation so that agai n we h ave ,

twenty fou r separate fun n e ls as proto compou n ds ; the cen tral

- -

globes are th e same as i n sod i um an d yiel d the same four ,

bodi e s ; the co n necting ro d sets fre e five bod ies o f which two ,

are the same ; w e hav e th us t h irty th ree s e parate bodies as the -

 47

result o f th e dissociati o n o f chl ori ne i n to i ts proto comp ou n ds -

.

As al l th e co mpo u n ds wh i ch are i n so diu m break up i n the same

way i nto meta an d hyper co mpounds we n e e d n ot r e peat t h e
-
,

pro cess here We h ave o n ly to co nsi der t h e new meta an d

.

hyp e r compo un ds of th e high est sphere Wit hi n the fu n nel an d

-
,

th e two triplets and on e qu i nte t fro m the con n ecting rod .

Th e additio nal body with i n th e proto fu n nel i s of a very -

Si mpl e character th ree contain ed tri angles w ith i n the flatte ned
,

sp here O n rel e ase from t he fu n n el o n th e meta level th e atoms

.
,
-
,

rearrange th emselves i n a whi rl i ng s e t o f t hree triplets and these ,

break o ff fro m each other as hyper co mpou n ds T h e t w o tri plets

-
.

fro m the co n n ect i ng rod also are of the s i mplest c haracter an d

, ,

need n ot de l ay u s The fi v e a t o me d bo dy a fo ur sided pyrami d

.
-
,
-

as a proto compou nd become s a ri n g w h i rl i ng rou n d a cen tre

-
,

o n t he m e ta a n d two pairs wi th a u n i t o n th e hyper

, .

B ROM I N E (P lat e V ,

T hree additi o nal bod ies appear at the top of t he fun nel ,

wh i ch oth erwi s e re peats that o f chl ori ne The co n n ect i n g ro d i s .

the same an d may be d i sregar d ed Th e cen tral gl obes become .

more co mplex T h e additio n s are h owev e r of very e asy typ es

.
, , ,

an d hen c e are read ily deal t with E ach o f the t hree si m ilar
.

ovo i d bodies con tai n s two tri plets— each a tr ian gle a n d a qu inte t
— a four s ided pyramid
- T h ese are the same as may be see n i n
.
,
 48

t he con n e ct ing ro d of ch lori n e a n d we need n ot repeat th em

, .

O nly t he globe remai n s Th is does n ot break up as a proto

.

compo un d bu t i s merely se t free a an d th e 2 bs wh irl i ng i n a

,

p l ane verti ca l t o t h e paper an d t he t wo smal l er bod ies cc , ,

wh irl i ng o n a plan e at righ t an g les t o t he o t her These two .

d isengage themselves form ing a quartet as a meta compou nd

,
-
,

wh i le a m akes a wh irl i ng cross an d b b a si ngle sextet ; t hes e

further dissociate themselves i nto four pairs an d two trip lets .

I O D I N E (Plate V ,

I odi ne has noth i ng new to give us excep t five sim i lar ovo i d
,

bodies at t he top o f eac h fu n nel an d two quartets i nstead of two

,

pai rs i n the cen tral g lobe The ovo i d bod i e s beco me sph e res
.

whe n th e fu n n els are t hrown o ff an d a crystall i ne fo rm i s

,

i nd icated w ith i n t he sp here . The ato ms are arranged i n two

t e trah edra with a co mmo n apex an d t h e relationsh ip is mai n
,

t a i n e d i n t he meta body a septet

-
,
T he latter breaks up i n to two
.

triplets an d a u n i t o n th e hyper l evel - I n the central gl obes

.
,

t he a of bro mi ne i s repeated twi ce i n stead of t he pai rs i n cc .

C O PP ER (Plate V I ,

We have a l ready disposed of o c c u l t u m on th i s plate an d of

, ,

sodi um wh ic h l ies at th e root of bot h groups Copper we n o w

, .
,

fi nd i s also very largely o ff our han ds as t h e fun nel provides u s

, ,
 49

with o n ly t wo new types—two sph eres — eac h co ntai n i ng five

atoms i n a n ew arrangemen t an d t he triangular body at the ,

mouth w it h its ten atoms Th is triangular body wi th a n

.
,

i ncreased n umber of ato ms reappears i n vari ous other chemica l

,

elements The central glo bes are di fferent from any we h ave
.

had before i n thei r i ntern al arrangeme nt but the co n stituen ts

, ,

are famil iar ; th ere are two co ntai ned sp heres wi th fo ur atoms
“ !
each the a i n the gl obe of brom i n e (see above ) an d 2 cigars
, .

“
The cigars may be foll owed u n der o c c u l t u m (s e e above ) .

The con necti ng rod is as i n chl ori ne bro mi n e an d i odi ne ,

.

The atom s i n the bod ies a a n d b are curiously arranged .

A co nsists of two square based pyrami ds turned s o as to meet at

-

the ir api c es an d breaks up i nto two quartet ri ngs an d a duad

,
.

B i s agai n two fo ur si ded pyram ids bu t the bases are i n contact

-
,

a n d s e t at righ t angles to each ot her ; th e secon d apex i s n ot

seen a s i t i s directly below the first The pyrami ds separate as
, .

meta bo dies an d t h e atoms assume th e pecul iar arrang e men t

-
,

i nd i cated a nd then break up i nto fo ur pai rs an d two u n its o n the

hyper level .

IV .

S I L V E R (Plate V I 4 an d Ag bel ow )
,
.

S i lver presen ts us wi th o n ly two new bodies , an d even these

are o nly new by sl ight add itio n s to ol d models The triangular .

Shaped body at th e apex o f the fu n nel co ntai n i ng 2 1 atoms i s , ,

i n termedi ate betwee n the si m ilar bod ies i n copper an d i ro n As .

a p r o t o e l e m e n t i t beco mes thr e e tri angles j oi ned at th ei r ap i ces

o
, ,

i n fact a tetrahedro n i n whi c h n o atoms are distri buted o n the

fourth fac e The faces separate o n t he meta level an d g ive three
.

seven a t o m e d figures an d each of these breaks up i n to two

-
,

triplets an d a u n it The central gl obe o n ly di ff ers fro m t ha t

.

o f bromin e by the additio n of one atom wh ich gives the fami l iar ,

four si ded pyram i d with a square base as i n ch lori ne (s e e p

-
.

G O L D (Plate V I I an d A u bel ow ) .

T he d is i n tegratio n of gol d first yields forty seven bodies o n -

t he proto level th e twen ty four fu n nels separate and the cen tral
- -
,

lobes wh i ch ho ld each twelve together s e t free thei r s i x con tai ned

g
g l obes (c d ) th
,
irty bo dies
,
be i ng th us l i berate d T h e sixteen .

4
 50

bo dies o n t he ce n tral i n cli ned plan es marked b break away

, , ,

t hei r central globe with i ts four c o ntai ned gl obes remai n i ng

, ,

u n c hanged B u t th i s co n di ti o n d oes n o t last The motio n o f

. .

th e fu n n el s changes an d th us the fu n n e l s cease to exist a n d t hei r

co ntents are set free eac h fu n nel th u s l i berati ng n i ne i n depen den t
,

bod ies the sixtee n b separate i nto two each ; th e fou r a li berate
five each ; th e two c s e t free th irteen eac h ; th e fo u r at fin al ly
l i berate two eac h 30 2 proto elements i n all .

Th e fu n n el i s al most that of i odi n e re arranged Fo ur o f the

,
-
.

first ring i n t he i odi n e fu n nel are repl aced by th e triangul ar

body wh ich beco mes a four sided py ram i d wi th an o ccup ied
,
-

base The seco n d ri ng of three ovoi ds i n i odin e becomes fo ur i n

.

gold but the i n tern al arrangement of each ovoi d i s the same

,
.

The n ext two sp h eres i n the i od i n e fu n nel coalesce i nto o ne

sph ere wit h Si mi lar co ntents i n the go ld fu n nel The fift h i n
, , .

i odi n e is slightly rearranged to form the fourt h i n desce nt i n

gol d an d the remain i ng two are the same B has been broken
,
.

u p un der o c c u l t u m (p 6 2 8 ) and can be fol lowed there The

. .

si xteen ri ngs set free from th e fou r a after gyrati ng rou n d

,

t h e central body now beco me a sph e re break up as i n

, , ,

o ccu l tu m ( see p 44 ) i n to a meta seven a t o m e d ring an d an

.
-

eight a t o m e d dou ble cross an d so o n to the h yper level The

-
, .

sphere with its two co ntai ned bodies b reaks up i n to eigh t

 5!

triangles o n the meta leve l an d eac h o f these o n th e hyper i nt o , , ,

a d uad an d a u nit Th e twelve septets of c assume the form of

.

prisms as i n i o di n e (s e e p 4 8 ) a nd pursue the same course w hi le

.
,

its ce ntral body a fo ur s ided pyram i d with i t s s i x attendants

,
-
,

divi des o n the meta level i nto six duads revo lving ro u n d a ri ng ,

with a central ato m as i n ch lori ne (p t he duads go ing Off .

i n dependently o n the hyper level an d the ri ng breaki n g up as i n -

“
chlori ne The cigar tetrah edro n of d fol lows its co urse as
.

i n o c c u l t u m an d the other sets free two quartets and two triplets

,

o n the meta level yieldi ng S i x duads an d two u n its as hyper

,

co mpo un ds I t will be seen th at complex as go ld is i t is

.
-

, ,

co mposed o f con st ituents already famil ia r an d h as i odi ne an d ,

o c c u l t u m as its nearest al lies .

II AN D I l a —T H E TE T R A H E D R A L G R O U PS .

lI .
—Th i s group co n sists o f berylliu m (gluci nu m ) calci um , ,

stro ntiu m an d bari um all diatomic paramagn eti c an d positive

, , .

T h e correspon d ing group con sists of oxygen , chro m ium m o l yb ,

d e n u m wol fram (tu ngsten ) an d uran iu m wit h a blan k disk

, ,
a

between wolfram a n d u ra n i u m : these a r e diatomi c para ,

magn e ti c an d negative We have n ot exam i n ed bari um

, .
,

wolfram , o r u ran ium .

B E RY LLI U M (P late I I I 2 a n d P l a t e V I I I I n th e tetra

, , ,

h e d r o n four fun nels are fo u n d the m outh of each fu n n el open i ng ,

on o n e of its faces The fun nel s radiate fro m a cen tral glo be
.
,

an d each fu n nel contai n s four ovo ids each w ith ten atoms wi th i n
i t arranged i n three sph eres I n the acco mpanying diagrams .

o ne fun nel with its four ovoids is sh own an d a si ngle ovo i d wi t h

i ts three sp heres co n tai n i ng several ly three four an d th ree
, , ,

atoms i s seen at the left han d co rn er of t he plate (7 a ) Th e

,
-
.

members of th i s gro up a re alike i n arrangemen t di ffe r i ng on ly ,

i n t he i ncreased complexity of the bodies co n tai ned i n th e

fu n nels B eryl l ium i t will be O bserved i s very si mple whereas
.
, , ,

calci um an d stro nti um are co mpl icated .

B E R Y LLI U M 4 fu n n els of 40 atoms

Cen tral glo be

Total

Atomi c weight
N umber we ight 1 5 4
1 3
 52

C A LC I UM (Plate V I I I 2 ) sh ows i n each fu n nel three co n tai ne d

,

spheres of wh i ch t he ce ntral o n e has w i thi n i t seve n ovoids

,

i dent ical with those of beryl l i u m an d the sph eres above an d

,

P LA T E VIII .

0x y ém
O O O OO O 9
6)

0 6 6 6 9 9 09

3
below it con tai n each five ovo ids i n wh ich th e three
(7 )
b co n
d spheres h ave respectively two five an d t w o atoms T he
t ai e
.
n , , , ,

ce ntral gl obe i s dou ble globe w i th i n globe an d is divi ded i n to

, ,
 53

eight s e gments radiati ng fro m the ce ntre l ike an orange ; th e

,

i n tern al part o f the segme nt belongi ng to th e i n ner g l obe ha s a

trian g u lar body with i n it con tai n i ng four atoms (7 c) and the
, ,

extern al part bel o ngi ng to the e ncircl i n g gl obe shows th e

, ,

“
famil iar cigar (7 d ) I n th is way 7 2 0 atoms are packed i n to
.

th e si mpl e beryll i u m type .

C A LCI UM 4 fun nels o f 1 6 0 atoms

Ce ntral globe

Total 7 20

Atom i c we i gh t 39 7 4
N umber weigh t 7n0
S T R ON T I U M (Plate V I I I 3) Sh ows a sti ll further compl icatio n
,

with i n the fu n n els n o less t han e igh t sp heres bei ng fo u n d with i n

,

each E ach o f t he h ighest pai r co ntai n s four subsi diary spheres

.
,

wi t h five sev e n seven fi v e atoms respectivel y (7 e g f ) Th e

, , , , , , .

g grou ps are i denti cal with th ose i n gold but d i ffere n ce o f p ressure
,

makes t he co ntai n i ng bo dy sp heri cal i nstead of ovoi d ; simi lar

gro ups are seen i n t he top ring O f the iodi n e fu n nel wh ere also ,

“
the h ole i s ovo i d i n form Th e seco n d pai r of sph eres
.

co nta i n s ten ovo ids (7 b ) iden ti cal wit h t hose of calci um The .

th ird pair co ntai n s fourteen ovoi ds (7 a ) i dentical with those of

beryll i um wh ile the fo urth pair repeats th e seco nd with the
, ,

ovo ids r e arranged T h e i n t e r n a l division s of t he dou ble sph ere

-
.

of the central globe are t h e same as i n calcium but th e con t ents ,

“ !
di ffer The cigars i n t he e xternal segments are rep laced by
.

seven a t o m e d ovo ids (7 h ) —t he i odi n e ovo i ds —an d the external

-

segments co ntai n h y e at o m e d triangl e s (7 i ) T hus

- atoms .

have been packed i n t o th e beryll iu m type an d our wo n der i s ,

agai n aro used by the i nge nu ity wi th wh ich a type is preserved

while it i s adapted to new co n d ition s .

S T R ON T I UM 4 fu n nel s of 36 8 ato ms 1
47 2
Cen tral gl obe 96

Total 1 5 68

Atom i c weigh t 86 95
N um ber wei g ht gg
I s

Th e correspo nd i ng group headed by oxyge n — oxyg en

, ,

ch ro miu m molybdenum wol fram an d u ran i u m —o ffers u s

, ,

an oth er pro blem i n its first member .

 54

O X YG E N (Pla t e V I I I Th i s was exami ned by us i n 1 8 9 5

, ,

a n d the descriptio n may be reproduced here with a much

i mproved diagram of its very peculiar co nstitutio n Th e gaseous .

ato m i s an ovoi d body wit h i n wh i ch a spirally co iled snake like

,
- -

bo dy revol ves at a h igh vel oci ty five bri ll i ant poi n ts of l ight
,

sh i n i ng o n th e coi ls Th e appearance give n i n the former

.

diagram w ill be o btai ned by placi ng the five septets o n o ne si de

o n the top of t hose o n t he ot her so that t he te n become i n ,

appearan ce five an d t h us dou bl i ng t h e wh ole t he dou bl i ng po i nt

, ,

leavi ng eleven duads o n each si de The co mpositio n i s h ow , ,

ever much better seen by flatte n i ng ou t t he w h ol e O n the

, .

proto level the two snakes separate and are cl e arly see n .

55 s ph eres o f 2 atom
O X YG E N : Pos i t ive snake 1 45
5 disks o f 7 atom
N egative snake 1 45

To t al 2 90

Atomi c weight 1 5 87
N u mber weight
C H R OM I U M (Plate V I I I 5 ) reverts to t he an cestral type
, ,

t he tetrah edro n ; the fun nel i s wi de n ed by th e arrangemen t of

i ts co nten ts th ree sph eres formi ng its first ri ng as compared
, ,

with t he u n its i n beryll i u m an d cal ci um an d the pairs i n stront i um

,

an d molybden u m T wo of t h ese sph eres are ide nti cal i n thei r

.

co ntents —two qu i n tets (7 f ) a qu i ntet (7 and two qui ntets

,
.

(7 e) e an d f b e i ng to each other as o bj ect a n d i mage

,
Th e .

remai n i ng sphere (7 b ) i s i denti cal wi th th e h ighest i n th e

calcium fu n nel The remai n i n g two sp h eres o n e bel ow t h e
.
,

oth er are i dent ical with th e correspo n di ng two sp heres i n

,

cal ciu m Th e ce ntral gl o b e as regards i ts ex t ernal segments

.
, ,

i s agai n identical w ith that of cal ci um but i n the i n tern al ,

segments a six a t o m e d triangle (7 k) i s substituted for t he cal ci um

-

fo ur a t o m e d on e (7 e)
- .

C H ROM I U M 4 fu n n el s of 2 1 0 atoms

Cen t ral gl o be

Total

Atomi c wei g ht
N um ber weight 93
9 6
 55

M O L Y B D E N U M (P l ate V I I I 6 ) very closely resem bles stront iu m

, ,

di fferi ng from i t o n ly i n th e compositio n of the h ighest pai r o f

spheres i n the fu n nels an d i n the presence o f a l ittle sp here ,

contai n i ng t w o atoms on ly i n the m i ddle of t he cen tral globe

, .

Th e t opmost sph eres co ntai n n o less th an eight su bsi diary sph er e s

with i n each th e h ighest o f th ese (7 e) h as fo u r atoms i n it t he
next three h ave fo ur , seve n an d four (7 e g e) respectively ; th e ,

next three are all septets (7 g) an d t he last has four—maki ng i n ,

all for t hese two spheres 8 8 ato ms a s agai n st the 4 8 i n corre ,

s p o n d i n g sp heres of stro ntium maki ng a d i fference of 1 6 0 i n the ,

four fu n nels .

M O L YBDE N UM 4 fu n nels of 4 0 8 atoms 1 6 32

Cen tral glo be 9 8

T otal 1
7 30

Ato mic weight

1 7 30
N umber weigh t 9 6 1 1
1 8

I I a —Thi s group contai ns magnesi u m zi n c cadm iu m an d

.
, , ,

mercury wi th a n emp t y disk between cadmi um an d mercury ;

,

we di d n ot exami ne mercury All are diatom ic diamagneti c an d .

,

positive ; t he correspon di ng g ro up co nsists of sulp h ur selen i u m ,

a n d tel l urium also al l diato mi c an d di amagneti c but negative

, , .

'

Th e s a m e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of four fu n ne l s ope n i ng o n the faces of

a tetrahedro n are fo u n d i n all but magnesi u m an d su l ph ur have ,

n o cen tral globe an d i n cadm i u m an d tell uriu m th e glo be has

,

become a cro ss .

M A G N E S I U M (Plate I X 1 ) i ntroduces us to a new arrangemen t

,

e ac h group o f t h ree ovo i ds forms a ri ng an d t he th ree ri ngs are ,

w i th i n a fu n n el ; at first glan ce t here are th ree bodies i n the ,

f u n nel ; o n exam i nati o n each o f t hese i s see n to co nsist o f th re e ,

w ith o ther bod ies sp heres agai n with i n t hem Apart fro m th i s
, , .
,

the co mp ositi o n i s s i mple en ough al l t he ovo i ds bei ng alike an d , ,

c omp osed of a triplet a sep tet an d a duad , .

M AG N E S I U M : 4 fun nels of 1 0 8 atom s 43 2

Ato m i c weigh t
4 3 2
N u mber weight 1 3
Z I N C (Plate I X 2 ) also bri ngs a new devi ce th e fun nel i s of
,

th e same type as that of magnes iu m wh ile septets are substituted ,

 56

for the triplets an d 36 add itional ato ms are t hu s sl i pped i n

, .

The n we see fo ur spikes alternati ng with th e fu n nels an d

,

p oi n ti ng to th e angles eac h addi ng 1 44 ato ms t o th e total

, Th e .

P LA T E I X .

Z i/rw

spikes sh ow the te n a t o me d triangle already met with i n other

-
,

metals th ree very regular p i llars each with six sp heres con tai n i ng
, , ,

two three fo ur fou r th ree two ato ms respectively

, , , , , ,
. Th e
s u p p o r t i n g s p h e re s are o n t he model o f the cen tral globe bu t
'

,
 57

contai n more ato ms Fu n ne ls a nd sp i kes alike radiate from a

.

simple cen tral globe i n wh i ch five co ntai ned spheres are arranged
,

crosswise prepari ng for th e f ully developed cross of cad mium

,
.

The en ds o f t he cross touc h th e botto ms o f the fun nels .

Z I NC 4 fun n e ls o f 1 44 atoms
4 spi kes of 1 44 atoms
Central globe

Total 1 1
7 0

Atom ic weigh t
N umber weigh t 1 1 30
C A D M I U M (Plate I X 3) has an i n creased co mplexity o f fun n els
,

t he diagram sh ows o n e of the three si mi lar segmen ts wh i ch li e

with i n the fun nel s a s cyl i n ders ; each o f t hese co ntai n s four
sp heres t hree p ill ars a nd t hree ovo i ds l ike t he Spike of zi n c
, ,

turne d u psi de down a nd t he zin c t e n a t o m e d triangle ch anged

,
-

i n to t hree ten a t o m e d ovo i ds The centre p iece i s a n e w form

-
.
-
,

th ough p r e figu re d i n t he cen tral globe o f zi nc .

gm e n t s of 1 64 a t oms !
49 2 )
CADMI U M
n nel s
of 4 9 2 ato ms
Ce ntral body

To tal

Atomi c weight
N u mber we i ght
Th e correspo nd i ng negative gro u p i s h e aded by
S U L P H U R (P late X wh ich l ike magnesium h as no ce ntral
, , ,

g lobe an d co nsists si mply o f t he zi n c fu n n els much less

, ,

compressed than zi nc but t h e same i n co mpo sitio n .

S U LPH U R 4 fu n nel s of 1 44 57 6
Ato mic weight
N umber weigh t 5 1 5
1 5 32 00

S E LEN I U M (P late X 2 ) i s disti nguished by the exquisite

,

peculiarity already n oticed of a qu iver i ng star floati ng across

, , ,

th e mou th of each fun nel and dan ci ng V iolen tly when a ray of
,

l ight falls upo n i t I t is kn own t hat the con ductivi ty of selen i u m

.

vari es with the i nten si ty of the light falli ng upon it an d it may ,

 58

be th at th e star i s i n so me way co n nected wit h i t s c o n duct ivity .

I t will be see n th at the star i s a very c o mp licated body, an d i n

eac h o f its s i x po i nts th e two h y e a t o m e d sph eres revolve rou n d
-

P LA T E X .

the seven a t o m e d co n e The bodi es i n t h e fu n n els resemble

-
.

those i n magnesi um but a reversed i mage of th e top o n e i s

,

i nterposed between itsel f an d the s ma l l duad and each pai r h as

,

its own en closu re The central glo be i s t he same as that of zi n c

.
.
 59

SE LENI UM fun nels o f 1 9 8 ato ms

4
4 stars of 1 5 3 atoms
Central globe

1 4 2 2

Atomi c weight
1 4 22
N u mber weigh t 1 8

TE L L U R I U M (Plate X it wi ll be seen closely resembles

, ,

cadm ium a n d has three cyl i n dri cal segments—o i wh i ch on e i s

,

fi g u r e d — maki ng up t he fu n n el T h e con tai ned bo dies i n th e

.

pil lars ru n th ree four five fou r three two i nstead of starti ng
, , , , , ,

with two ; an d a quartet r eplaces a duad i n the globes abov e .

The cen tral cross o n ly di ffers fro m that of cadmiu m i n havi ng a

seven a t o me d i nstead of a fou r a t o m e d cen tre
- S o c l ose a
-
.

si m ilar i t y i s striki ng .

3 segmen ts of 1 8 1 atoms 5 43
TE LLU R I U M
4 fun nels of 5 4 3 ato ms
Central body

Total

Ato mic weigh t

N umber w e igh t 2
fg
3

V .

We m ust n ow co n si der the ways i n wh ic h the members of

t he tetrahedral groups break up a nd as we proceed with t h i s ,

s tudy we shal l fin d h o w conti n ual are th e repetit io n s and h ow ,

N ature w ith a l i m i ted nu mber of fu n dam en tal meth ods creates

, ,

by varied co mbi nati ons h er i nfi n ite variety of forms .

(Plate 1 1 1 2 a n d V I I I
B E RY LLI U M , , ,

B eryll i u m o ffers u s four si mi lar fu n n el s an d a cen tral gl obe ,

a n d t he proto elements con sist of these five bo dies set free T he

-
,
.

fu n n el released fro m p ressur e assumes a sp heri cal form with i t s

, , ,

four ovoi ds sp i n n i ng wi th i n i t a n d th e cen tral g l obe remai n s a

,

sph ere co n tai n i ng a wh irl i n g cross O n th e meta leve l th e

, .
,

ovo ids are se t free an d two fro m each fun n el are seen to be
,

posit ive two n egative —sixtee n bo dies i n al l p l u s th e cross i n

, , ,

wh i ch t h e resu ltan t force li nes are ch an g ed pr eparatory to its

-
,
 60

breaki ng i nto two d u ads o n the hyper level On that level th e .

,

decades d isi ntegrate i nto two trip lets an d a quartet the p ositive ,

with t he depressi o ns i nward the negat ive with t he depress io ns

,

ou tward .

C A L C I U M (Plate V I I I ,

Th e fun nels as usual assu me a sp herical form o n th e p roto

, ,

level an d Show i n each case th ree sph eres c o ntai n i ng ovoi ds

, , ,
.

These Sp h eres sti ll o n th e proto level break free fro m th eir

, ,

con tai n i ng fu n n el as i n t h e case of go l d (p

,
twelve bo dies .

bei ng thus l iberated wh i le the central globe breaks up i n to e igh t

,

segme n t s each o f wh i ch beco mes globu lar an d co ntai ns with i n

, ,

i t a cigar an d a so mewhat h eart sh aped bo dy Fou r spheres -

.
,

each con tai n i ng seven ten a t o m e d ovo ids are i den t ical with those
-
,

i n beryl l i um and ca n be fol lowed i n i t s diagram E igh t sp heres

,
.
,

each co n tai n i ng five n i ne a t o me d ovoi ds of a di fferen t type s e t

-
,

free o n t he meta leve l eighty duads —forty p ositi ve a n d forty

, ,

n egative —an d forty qu i n tets wh i c h are i denti cal wi th those i n

,

ch lori n e O n th e hyper l evel the duads become si ngle atoms

.
, ,

wi t h i n a sp h ere an d the ce ntral ato m fro m the qu i ntet i s also set

,

free o ne h u n dred an d twen ty i n a l l The remai n i ng fo ur atoms

, .

o f t he qu i n tet divi de i nto t w o d u ads .

Th e central globe divi di ng i n to eigh t becomes eight s i x

, ,

a t o me d spheres o n the meta

“
t he cigar behavi ng as usual
,
!

,
 61

four cigars b e i ng po sitive a n d fo ur n egative an d beco m i ng ,

d i ssociated i nto triplets t h e fo u r atoms with i n th e h e art sh aped -

body appear as a te t rahedro n remai n together o n t h e meta l evel , ,

an d break u p i nto duads o n t h e h yper .

S T R ON T I U M (P L AT E V I I I ,
The t h ird member o f th is group repeats th e a groups of
bery l l iu m an d th e b groups of calci um and they d issociate i nto ,

th e bodies already descri bed u n der t h ese respe ctively T h e two .

upper g l obes i n each fu n nel repeat each other but each gl o be ,

contain s four s m al ler sph eres showi ng three varieties o f form s .

Th e two marked g wh i ch are repeate d i n the central globe as h

, ,

a re seven a t o m e d an d appear as sp heres or ovoi ds accordi ng to

-
,

pressure Th ey ar e fi g ured o n p 4 8 u n der io di ne e a n d f a re

. .
,

related as obj ect an d i mage a n d we have already seen t hem i n ,

copper (pp 38 an d . i n each case as i n copper they u n ite , ,

i n to a ten a t o m e d figure ; o n th e meta level the pai r of fours

-

form a ri ng an d t he remai n i ng two atoms form a duad ; i

, ,

wh ich repeats f makes a ri ng wit h t he fifth i n t he cen tre as i n

, ,

th e fi v e a t o m e d b o f cal ci u m as sh own above There i s thu s

-
, .
, ,

n oth i ng new i n stron ti um but o n ly repetition s o f forms already

,

studied .

O X YGE N (P LA T E V I I I ,

Th e di si n tegratio n o f oxygen as given i n 1 8 9 5 may be repeated

h ere an d the better presen tati o n given o n p 5 4 ren ders it easier
, .

“
to follow t he process O n th e proto level th e two snakes .
!

divi de ; the brill ian t d isks are seven at o m e d but are di fferently -
,

arranged the posi ti ve s nake havi ng th e ato ms arranged a s i n t he

,

i o di ne ovo i ds wh ereas the negative sn ake has t hem arranged as

,

i n a cap ital H Th e snakes S h ow t he same extraord i nary activity

.

o n the proto l evel as o n the g aseou s twist in g an d wri thi ng , ,

darti ng an d co i li ng Th e b ody of t he snak e i s of two a t o m e d

.
-

beads positive an d n egat ive O n the meta level th e snakes break

, .

i nto ten fragments each con sist i ng of a disk with S i x beads on

, ,

o ne Si de an d five o n th e other remai n i ng as l ively as t h e origi nal ,

snake Th ey sh iver i nto th eir co n sti tuent disks an d b e ads on

.
,

the hyper level t here yiel di ng t he ten disks five positive an d

, ,

five negative and the 1 1 0 beads fi ft y fi v e positive an d fi ft y h y e

, ,
- -

n egative .
 62

C H R OM I U M (P LA T E V I I I ,

Whe n we go o n to ch rom i u m an d m olyb de n um we retur n ,

to our fam i liar fu n nel s an d ce ntral gl obes a n d the seco n dary ,

sph eres wi th i n t he fu n nels—qu ickly s e t free as before o n the , ,

proto level —give u s n o n ew comb i nat i on s i n thei r con tai ned

spheres an d ovo i ds The a o f b e ryl l i u m th e b of calci u m an d
. .

stro n ti u m an d d of calci um the e and f of stro n ti um are al l

, , ,

there ; j i n chro mi u m i s the same as t he central sp here i n the b

ovoi d I n t he ce ntral globe k is a pai r of tri angles as i n hydrogen
.
, , ,

co n sisti ng of on ly Six atoms wh ich o n the meta level revolve

,

rou nd each o ther an d break up i n to two d u ads an d two un its o n

,

t he hyper .

M O L Y BDE N UM (P LA T E V I I I ,

M olybden u m p resen ts us with o n ly two n e w forms an d ,

these are merely four a t o m e d tetrahed ra , occurri ng i n pairs as

-

obj ect an d i mage All th e o t h er bod i es have al ready bee n

.

a nalysed .

I I a —W e co me n ow to t he seco n d g reat tetrahe d ral gro u p ,

.

wh i ch tho ugh very muc h co mpl i cated is yet , fo r th e most part a

, ,

repeti tio n of famil ia r form s .

 63

M A G N E S I U M (P LA T E I X ,

We a r e stil l amo ng tetrahedra s o have to do wi th fo ur ,

fu n nels b ut each fun n el co ntai ns t hree ri n g s an d each ri ng

, ,

th ree ovo i ds o n the pro to level a tri pl e d issociat io n takes place ,

fo r the fu n nels let free t he ri ngs as large spheres i n each of ,

wh i ch ro tate th ree twelve a t o m e d ovo i ds an d t hen the ovo id s

-
,

break loose from the sp heres a n d themselves become spherical

, ,

so t hat we have finally t hi rty six proto comp o un ds from th e

-

tetrahedro n O n the meta level the co n tai ne d bo dies a triplet

.
, ,

M g a a septet M g b an d a duad M g c are s e t free fro m each

, , , , ,

globe th us y ield i ng o n e hu n dred an d eight meta compou nds

,
.

O n the hyper level the tri plet beco mes a du ad an d a un it ; the

duad becomes t w o u ni ts and the septet a triplet an d a quartet .

Z I NC (P L A T E I X ,

We can leave aside t he fu n nel for t he o nly d i ffere nce between

,

i t and the magnesi u m fun nel i s the su bstitutio n of a seco n d

septet for t he triplet an d the septet i s already sh o wn i n t he
,

mag nesi um diagram We have therefore o n ly to c o n sider th e

.
, ,

sp ikes po i nti n g to the angles of th e enclosi ng tetrahedron an d

, ,

t he cen tral globe These are set free o n the proto level an d the
.

sp ikes i mmediately release their co ntents yieldi ng t hus th irty two ,

-

separate bodies .
 64

T h e t ri angular arran g e men t a t t h e t op of t he sp ike is t he same

as o ccurs i n copper (b o n p a n d can b e t here foll owed
. One .

o f t h e t h r e e si mil ar p i l l ars i s sh own i n t he accompany i ng

diagram un der Z n a T he compresse d lon g oval be comes a
.

gl obe wi t h s i x bo di es revolving wi t h in i t i n a ra t her pecul iar

,

way : t h e quar t e ts t urn ro un d each o t her i n t he m i ddl e ; t he

t ri ple ts revolve rou n d t h em i n a slan t i ng ell ipse ; t he duads do
t h e same o n an el lip se slan t ing a t an angl e with t h e firs t so me ,

w h a t as i n gol d (a an d b p ,
The sp h e res wi th i n th e
.

gl ob es a t th e base o f t h e spikes Z n b behave as a cross—th e

, ,

cross i s a favouri t e devi ce i n t he I I a groups F i nally t he

.
,

cen t ral globe Zn c fol lo w s t h e same cruci form l i n e o f di s

, ,

i n tegrati on .

C A DM I U M (Plate I X,

Cadmi u m foll ows very C los e ly o n t h e l i n es o f zin c ; t he pil lars

o f t h e zi n c s p ike a re repr o du c e d i n t h e ri ngs of t he cadmi um
fu n n e l ; t h e g l o b e s are al so th e glo b e s of cadm iu m ; so n either
o f t h e s e n e e d s att e nti o n We h ave o n ly to co nsider t h e t hree
.

t o n a t o m c d ovoi d s wh ich a r e su bstitut e d fo r t h e o ne t e n a t o m e d

-
,
-

t ri a n g l e o f zi n c a n d t h e c e ntr a l cross
, T h e ovo ids become
.

s ph e r e s (C d a ,
b ) t h e co nt a i n e d b o d i e s r e vo lvi n g with i n t h e m
, ,

a whi r li n g o n a d i a m e t e r o f t h e s p h e re cutti n g i t i n h a lv e s
°

, ,

a s it w e r e,
and I ;wh i t l i n g rou nd i t at ri g h t a n g l e s ; t h e cross
 65

also becomes a sp here (C d c) but t he cruc iform type i s m a i n,

t a i n e d wi th i n i t by th e relati ve p osit io ns o f t h e co nt ai n ed
sp heres i n th ei r revoluti on The subsequent stages are sh own
.

i n th e di a gram .

S U L P H U R (Plate X I
) ,
I .

S ulp hu r has n oth i ng new bu t sh ows o nly th e fu n nels a l r e a d v

,
°

fig ured i n magnesiu m with the substi tut i o n of a sec o n d s e pte t

,

f o r t he triplet as i n zi nc
, .

S E L E N I U M (Plate X ,

The fu n n el o f selen ium i s a r e arr a ngemen t of the t w e lv e -

a to m e d ovoi ds of magnesiu m a n d t h e ten a t o m e d o v o ids of -

cadm i um The funn els O I I di si n t e g ra t ing s e t free tw e lv e

.
, ,

groups , eac h co nt a i n in g n i n e sph e re s O n t h e meta l ev e l t h e

.

t e n a t o m c d b o d i e s a re s e t fr e e an d t h e twelve a t o m e d d ivi d e i nto

-
,
-

d uads an d d e cads th us y i e ld i n g seventy two d e c a d s a n d t h irty

,
-

six duads ; the d u a d s h o w e v e r a t (N I C O rec o mbi ne i nt o hex a ds

, , ,

th u s g ivi n g on ly tw e lv e m e t a e l e m e nts o r ei g h ty fou r i n a l l ,

-

fro m t h e fun n e ls T h e c e n t ra l g l o be h old s t o g e th e r o n t h e

.

pro t o l e v e l b u t yi e l d s l i v e m e t a e l e m e nt s
, T h e s t ar a l so .

at fi rst r e m ai n s zt u n it o n t h e p r oto l e vel a n d t h e n sho o t s ,

o ff i nto s e ve n b o d ie s l l l t c e n t re k e e p i n g t o g e th e r a n d t h e
,
‘

,
 64

The tri angular a rran gemen t at th e top of t he spike i s t he same

as o ccurs i n C opper (b o n p a n d can be t here followed O ne
. .

of the th ree si mi lar p i l lars i s sh own i n the accompanyi ng

d iagram u n der Zn a The compressed lon g oval becomes a
.

gl obe with s i x bo dies revolvi ng with i n i t i n a rather pecul iar

,

way : the quartets turn roun d each other i n the m i ddl e ; the
triplets revolve rou n d th em i n a slanti ng ell ipse ; the duads do
t h e same o n an e l lipse sla nting at a n angle wi th the first some ,

w hat as i h gol d (or an d b p The spheres with i n the

,
.

glob es at th e base of th e spikes Z n b behave as a cross—th e

, ,

cros s i s a favourite device i n t he I I a groups Fi nally the

.
,

central globe Zn 8 fo llows th e same cruci form l i ne o f di s

, ,

i n tegrat io n.

C A DM I U M (Plate I X ,

Cadmi um foll ows very closely o n the l i nes of zin c the p illars
of the zi n c sp ike are reproduced i n th e ri ngs of t he cadmiu m
fu n nel ; the globes are al so the globes of cadm i u m ; so n ei ther
of t hese ne e ds attent ion We h ave o n ly to consider t he three
.

ten a t o m e d ovo ids wh ich are substituted for t he one ten a t o m e d

-
,
-

triangle o f zi n c a nd the central cross

,
The ovo i ds become
.

spheres (Cd a b ) the co ntai ned bodies revo lvi ng with i n them
, , ,

a wh irl ing o n a diameter of the sphere cutti ng i t i n halves

, ,

as i t were an d b wh i rl i ng rou n d i t at righ t angles ; the cross

,
 65

also b e comes a sp here (C d but the cruciform type is m ai n

t a i n e d wi th i n i t by the relativ e posit io ns o f t h e co ntain ed
sp heres i n their revol ution The subsequent stages are sh own
.

i n the d iagram .

(Plate X I
SU L PH U R ,

S ulp hu r has nothi ng new bu t sho w s o nly th e fu n nels already

,

fig ured i n magnesium with th e substi tutio n of a seco n d septet

,

f o r the tripl et a s i n zi nc
, .

S E L E N I U M (Plate X ,

The fu n n el of sel e n iu m i s a r e arrangemen t of the twelve -

a t o m e d ovoi ds of magnesium an d t h e ten a t o m e d o vo ids of -

cadm i um . Th e fun nels o n d isi nt e grating s e t free tw e lve

, ,

groups eac h co nta i n i ng n i ne sph eres O n the meta level t he

, .

te n a t o m e d b odies are s e t free an d the twelve a t o m e d divi de i nto

-
,
-

duads an d decads thus yi el di ng seventy two decads an d t h irty

,
-

s i x duads ; t h e d uads h owever a t o nce reco mbi n e i nto hexads

, , ,

th u s givi n g only twelve meta elements or eighty fo ur i n al l ,

-

from th e fu n nels T h e central globe hol ds togeth e r o n th e

.

proto l evel b ut yiel ds five meta elements

,
The star also .

at first remai n s a u n it o n the proto l evel an d then sh o ots ,

o ff i nto seven bodies th e c e ntre keep i ng together an d t he

, ,
 66

s ix po i nts beco mi ng sp heres wi th i n w h ich the two co n es

, ,

base to base wh irl i n the ce ntre an d th e gl o bes ci rcle rou n d

, ,

th em . O n th e meta level al l th e t hi r t y bod ies co ntai ne d i n

t he star separate fro m eac h other a n d go o n the ir i n depen dent,

ways .

S elen i u m o ffers a beau tiful e xample of the co mbi nat io n of

simple elements i n to a most exqu isite whol e .

TE LL U R I U M (Plate X ,

Tell uri u m very cl osely resemb les cadm ium an d th ey are , ,

therefore p laced o n the s ame d iagram Th e p i llars ar e the same .

as i n ch lori ne a nd i ts congen ers with a d uad added at t h e base

, .

T he ten a t o m e d ovo i d i s t h e same as i n cadm iu m an d foll ows

-

the same co urse i n breaki ng u p I t would be i nteresti ng to .

k no w w h yt h i s du ad remai n s as a duad i n selen i um an d breaks

up i n to a s e p t a d a n d tri ad i n t he other members o f the group .

I t may be due to t he greater pressure to wh ich it i s subj ected i n

selen i u m or t here may be some o ther reaso n The cross i n
, .

tell uri u m i s i den tical with that i n cadm ium except that t he ,

centre i s seve n a t o m e d i nstead of four a t o m e d

- -
.

VI .

III AN D I I I a .
—
TH E C U B E G R O U PS .

We have here four groups to co nsi der a l l the me mbers o f ,

whi ch are tr iads an d have s i x fun nels open ing o n t h e s i x faces

, ,

of a cu be .

I I I B oro n scan d iu m an d yttriu m were exam i ned they are

.
-
,

a l l triato mi c paramagnetic a n d po si tive The corresp ond ing

, , .

group co nsists of n itroge n vanadium an d n io bi um ; th ey are

,

triato mi c paramagnetic a n d n egative We have n ot ex am i n ed

, ,
.

t he remai n i ng memb e rs o f these group s I n these two group s .

n itro ge n do mi nates an d i n order t o make t h e co mpari son easy

,

th e n i trogen eleme nts are figured o n both P l at e X I an d Plate X I I .

I t wi ll b e see n that scan di um an d yttriu m of th e pos i ti ve gro up , ,

d i ffer o n l y i n details fro m va nad iu m an d n iob ium of t he negative ,

group ; t h e grou n d plan o n wh i c h t hey are bu il t i s t he sam e

-
.

We n oted a si milar cl ose resemblance betwee n t he positive

stro n ti u m an d t h e n egative molybde nu m .
 67

B O R ON (P late a n d P l ate X I
I I I , 4,We have h ere t he ,

s imp lest form of the cu be ; the fun n e l s co ntai n o n ly fi v e bodi e s

fo ur s i x a t o m e d ovoi ds an d on e six a t o m e d
-
“
cigar T he -
.

ce ntral globe has but fou r fi v e a t o m e d sp heres I t i s as si mple

-
.

i n relation to i t s congeners as i s beryl l i u m to i ts group m e mbers - .

B O R ON 6fun n e ls of 30 atoms
Cen tral globe

Total

Atom i c
N um ber w e igh t 2
1

SCAN D I U M (P late X I , For t h e first t ime we meet fu n nel s

o f d i ffer e n t t ypes , A an d B , t hr e e of each ki n d ; A appear
to be positive an d B negative but t h is m ust be stated wi t h ,

reserve .

I n A t he boro n fu n nel i s r e pro duced t h e c igar h avi ng ,

risen above i ts com pan io n ovoids ; but th e most i mp ortan t

m atter to n ote i n respect to th is fun nel i s o ur in troductio n to the
body m arked a 1 1 0 Th i s bo dy was observed by u s first i n
.

“
n itrogen i n 1 8 9 5 and we gave i t t h e n ame of t he n i t rogen
, ,

balloo n for i n n itrogen i t takes the bal l o o n form wh i ch it also

,
!

often assumes i n other gaseo us eleme nts H ere i t appears as a .

sp here—th e form al ways assumed o n the proto level — a n d it will

b e seen o n refe ren c e t o the detai l e d dia g ram 4 a to be a com
, ,

p l icated b o dy consisti ng o f s i x fourt e en a t o m e d globes arranged

,
-

rou n d a lo ng ovo i d con t ai n i ng sp heres wi t h thr e e fou r s i x s i x , , , ,

four th ree ato ms respectively I t wil l be o bserved th at th i s

, ,
.

ball oo n appears i n every memb e r of these two g ro ups e x c e pt ,

b oro n .

T he B fu nn el ru n s largely to triads c an d b b (s e e 4 b ) h avi ng , ,

n ot on ly a triadi c arrangement o f spheres with i n i ts contai ned

globes but eac h sph ere has also a triplet of atoms I n c (s e e 4 c)
,
.

t here i s a triadic arrange men t of sp heres but each co ntai ns ,

dua ds B i s completed by a fi v e a t o m e d sp h ere at th e t 0 p of the

‘

.
-

fu n nel I t sh oul d be n oted that a b an d c al l are con stituen ts o f

.
,

n i t rog e n .

Th e cen tral gl obe repeats that of boron wi th an addition al ,

fou r a t o m e d sp here i n the m

- iddle .
 68

SCAN D I U M 3 fu n n el s A
( ) of 1 4 0 ato ms
(B ) of 1 1 6
3
Centre gl o be

To t al

Atomi c weigh t
N u mber weight 7 9 2
71 3
-

P LA T E XI .
 69

Y TT R I U M (P late X I ,
H ere we have a quite n ew arrange
ment of bodies with i n the fu n nel —the fu n nel bei ng of o ne type
o n l y Two cigars wh i rl o n t hei r own axes i n th e centre near
.

t he top wh ile four eight a t o m e d glo bes (s e e 4 e) chase each

,
-

o ther i n a circle rou nd t hem sp i n n ing mad ly o n the ir own axes

,

—th i s axi al spi n n i ng seems co n stant i n al l co ntain ed bodies —al l

the ti me Lower down i n the fu n nel a si milar arrangemen t i s
.
,

seen wi th a globe (se e 4 d ) —a n itrogen elemen t—replaci ng the

,

“
cigars an d s i x a t o m e d ovoi ds replaci ng the globes
,
-
.

Th e n itroge n balloo n o ccu pi es th e th ird p lace i n the fun nel ,

n ow sh owi ng its usual sh ape i n combi nati o n wh i le th e b g l obe ,

(see 4 b ) o f scandi u m takes o n a l engthe ned form bel ow it .

The central globe presen ts u s with two tetrahedra recalli ng ,

o n e of the combi natio n s i n gol d (see Plate V I I d p an d , .

di ffering fro m t hat on ly by th e su bst itutio n o f two quartets for

th e two triplets i n gol d .

On e fun nel o f yttriu m co n tai ns exactly the same n u mber o f

atoms as i s co nt ai n ed i n a gaseous atom o f n itrogen Further .
,

a,
b an d d are all n itrogen eleme n ts
, W e p ut o n record t hese
.

facts with o ut tryi ng to draw an y co n clusi o n s fro m them S o me

, .

day w e —o r others—may fi nd o ut thei r sign i fican ce an d trace

, ,

th rou g h th em o bscure relatio n s .

Y TT R I U M 6fu n nel s o f 2 6 1 ato ms

Central globe

Total

A to mi c
we igh t
N umber weight 1 326
The correspo n di n g n e g ative g roup of n itro g en van adiu m
, ,

a nd n iob i um i s rendered partic ularly i nteresti n g by the fac t th at

,

i t i s h eaded by n itrogen wh ich —like t he ai r of w h ich it forms

, ,

so large a part —p ervades s o many of th e bodies we are studyi n g .

What i s there i n n itrogen wh ich ren ders i t s o i nert as to co n

v e n i e n t l y dilute the fiery oxygen an d make it breat hable w hi le i t ,

is so extraordi narily active i n some o f i ts comp o un ds that i t

en ters i nto th e m ost powerful explosives S o me chemist o f th e
future perh aps wi ll fin d th e secret i n the arrangemen t of i ts
, ,

c o n stitue n t parts wh i c h we are able o nly to describe

, .
 70

N I T R O GE N (Plate X I I 1 ) does n ot assu me t he c ubi cal form

,

of i ts relatives but i s i n shape l ike an egg R eferri n g a g ai n t o

, .

o ur 1 8 9 5 i nvesti g at io n s I quote fro m them Th e ball oo n sh ape d

,
.
-

body (s e e 4 a ) floats i n t he m i d dle o f the egg co nta in ing s i x ,

small sp heres i n two h orizo n tal rows an d a l o ng ovoi d i n th e ,

m i dst th is ball oon sh ape d body i s posi t ive an d i s drawn down

-
,

towards th e n e g ative body 6 (s e e 4 b ) wit h i t s seven co n tai ned -

sp heres each of wh i ch has n i n e atoms with i n i t—three triads

, .

Four spheres are seen i n add itio n to t h e two lar g er bodies two
,

o f these (see 4 d ) each co ntai n i n g five smal l er g lo bes are

, ,

positive an d two (s e e 4 c) co ntai n i n g four smal ler g l obes are

, ,

n e g ative .

N I T R O GE N B al loo n
Oval
2 bod i es of 20 atom s
2 2
4

Total

Atomi c wei g h t
N u mber wei g h t 2 6 1
1 9

V ANA D I U M (Plate X I I 2 ) cl osely fol lows scan di um havi ng two

, ,

types of fu n n els Fu n nel A o nly d i ffers fro m that o f scan di um by

.

h a v i n g a g l o b e (see 4 d ) i n serted i n t h e ri n g of fo ur ovo i ds ; fu n nel

B h as a s i x a t o m e d i nstead o f a fi v e a t o m e d g lo be at th e top an d
-
,
-
,

slips a th ird globe con tai ni ng twen ty ato ms (see 4 d ) betwee n t he

t wo i denti cal w ith t hose o f scandi u m (see 4 c) The central .

glo be h as seven ato ms i n its m i ddl e bo dy i n stead of four .

I n th i s way does vanadi um succeed i n overtopp i ng scan d iu m

by 1 2 6 atoms .

V A NA D I U M 3 fu n nel s (A ) o f 1 60 atoms
3 (B ) n
1 37
Central gl obe

Total

Atom ic weigh t
N umber weigh t 9 1 8
1 9
-
 71

N I O B I UM (Plate X I I 3) i s as close l y related to yttriu m as i s

,

vanadi u m t o scan di um T he l ittle globes t hat scamper ro un d

.

“
th e cigars contai n twe lve atoms i n stead O f eigh t (s e e 4 e) .

The rest O f t h e fun n e l i s the same I n t he cen tral globe both

.

“
t he tetrah edra have ci gars and a cen tral ni n e a t o m e d g lobe
,
-

sp i n s ro un d i n th e centre (s e e 4 f ) seventee n atoms bei ng t h us

,

added .

P LA T E X I I .
 72

N I OBI U M 6fu n n els of 2 7 7 ato ms 1 66 2

Central glo be 57

Total 1
71 9

Atomi c we ight
N u mber weigh t 1 1 9
1 53

III a .
—Al u mi n iu m g al l i um
a nd i ndi um were exam i ned from
,

th i s grou p Th ey are triato m ic diamagneti c an d positive The

.
, ,
.

correspo n di ng group co ntai ns ph osp horu s arsen ic a n d anti mo ny ,

bismuth al so bel o ngs to i t but was not exam i ned ; they are,

triatom i c diamagnetic an d n egative

, They have n o centra l .

gl o bes .

A LU M I N I UM (Pl ate X I I I the head of t he gro up is as usual

, , , ,

s imple .T here are six si m ilar fu n nels each con tain i ng ei g ht ,

ovo i ds bel ow wh i ch i s a glo be

, .

A LU M I N I U M 6fu n n els of 8 1 atom s 4 86

Atomi c weight
N u mber weigh t 1 54 8 5

G AL LI UM (Pl ate X I I I , 2 ) has t w o segmen ts i n every fu n nel ;

!
i n t he segmen t to the left a cigar balan ces a gl obe equall y ,

six a t o me d i n th at of t he righ t an d the gl obes to right an d left

-
, ,

are four at o m e d as agai nst th ree a t o m e d I n t he next row t he

- -
.
,

smaller co ntai n ed glo bes have s i x ato ms as agai nst fo ur an d ,

th e co n es have respectively seve n a n d five B y these l ittle .

addit io n s the left h an d fu n n el boasts o ne hu n dred a n d twe lve

-

ato ms as agai n st n i nety ei g ht -

.

G A LLI U M Left segme nt 1 1 2 atoms

R ight segmen t 9 8
6 fu n nels of 2 1 0 atoms

Ato mic weigh t

N u mber weight 1
3
0

I N D I U M (Plate X I I I 3) repeats the segmen ts o f gal l i um

,

exactly save i n th e su bstitutio n o f a sixteen a t o m e d body for

,
-

t he seven a t o m e d co ne of t he le ft han d segme nt an d a fourteen

- -
,

a t o me d body fo r t he fi v e a t o m e d corresp o n di ng o ne i n gall i um

-
.

B u t eac h fu nn el n ow has three segmen ts i n stead of two t hree

fu n n els out of t he six co n tai n two segme nts of type A a n d o n e of
t ype B ; th e remai n i ng th ree co ntai n two o f type B , an d on e
of type A .
 73

I NDIUM : S egmen t A 1 21 atoms

S egment B 1 0
7
3 fu n nels o f 2 A an d 1

3 2 B an d 1

Atomi c weigh t
N umbe r weigh t 205 2
1 8

P LA T E X I I I .
 74

Th e correspo n di ng negative gro up p hosph orus arsen ic a n d

, , ,

an ti mo ny ru n o n very si milar l i nes t o those w e h ave j ust

,

e xami ned .

P H O S P H O RU S (Plate X I V 1 ) O ffers us a very curi ou s arrange

,

m e nt o f atoms wh ich wi ll give so me n ew forms i n breaki ng up

, .

Two segments are i n eac h fun nel i n fact the o nly two of
,

grou p I I I a wh ich do n ot sh ow th i s arrangemen t or a m o di fic a

,

ti o n t hereof are al um i n ium a n d arsen i c

, .
 7S

PH OS PH OR US Left segmen t 5 0 a toms

R i g ht segmen t 4 3
6 fu n nels of 9 3 ato ms 558
Atomi c wei g h t
N umber w e igh t

AR S E N I C (Plate X I V 2 ) resembles alum i n i um i n h av m g eigh t

,

i n ternal s u b d ivi si on s i n a fun nel an d th e ovoi ds wh i ch form

-
,

t h e top r ing are i denti cal save for a m i n ute di ffere n ce that i n
,

a l u m in iu m the ovo ids stan d the reverse way from t hose i n °

arsenic I t wi l l be n oted t hat i n the former th e top an d bo ttom

.

t riangles of atoms h ave t he apices u p w ards a n d th e middle ,

o n e has i ts apex downwards I n arsen ic th e top an d bottom .

,

o n es po i nt down wards and the middle o ne upwards

, Arsen i c .

i n serts sixteen spheres between the o vo i ds an d glo be sh own

i n al umi n ium an d th u s adds n o less than on e h u n dred an d
,

forty four atoms to each fu n nel

- .

AR S E N I C 6 fu n nels o f 2 2 5 atoms 1 3 50
Atom i c weigh t
N um ber weigh t 33 1 0

AN I ’ ‘

(Pla t e X I V , 3) is a cl ose copy of i n diu m an d the

I M ON Y ,

a rrangemen t of types A an d B i n t he fun nels i s i den tical I n th e .

m idd l e ri ngs of both A an d B a trip l et i s substituted for a u n i t at

t he cen tre of t he larger globe I n the l owest body of type A t he
.

cigar h as van ished a nd is represented by a seven a t o m e d

,
-

c rystall i n e form .

AN T I M ON Y S egment A a t o ms
1 28

S e g ment B 1 1 3 atoms

3 fu n n els o f 2 A an d 1 B 1 1 07

3 2 B an d 1 A 1 05 6

Total 21 63

Atomi c weight
N umber weight
 76

VII .

B ORO N ( Plate I I I 4 an d Pl ate X I

, , ,

The disi ntegrati on of boro n i s very si mp le : the fu n nel s a re

set free an d assume the sp heri cal form showi ng a central cigar ,

an d fou r globes each co ntai n ing two tri p lets The ce ntral gl ob e .

i s also s e t free w ith i t s fo ur qu i ntets an d breaks at o n ce i n two

,
.

“
O n the meta leve l the cigar breaks u p as usual an d th e triplets ,

separate . O n t h e hyper lev el th e cigar follows i ts usual

,

course an d th e tripl ets be co me duads an d u n its Th e globe

, .

forms two qu i ntets o n th e meta level an d these are resolved i n t o

,

t r ipl ets an d d uads .

(Plate X I
S CA N D I U M ,

“
I n fu n nel A the cigar an d the ovoi ds behave as i n boro n ,

“
but the balloon a 1 1 0 (X I
,
!
. escapes fro m the fu n nel as i t
,

ch anges to a sp here an d hol ds toget h er o n the pro to level ;

,

o n th e meta i t yields s ix globes each co ntai n i ng seven duads

, ,

an d t hese are al l s e t free as d uads o n the hyper level th e ovoi d

i s also s e t free o n the meta level becom ing a sph ere an d o n the ,

hyper level li berates i ts co n tai n ed bodies as two trip lets two , ,

quartets an d two sextets .

I n fu n nel B there is a qui ntet t hat beh aves l ike those i n th e

,

globe of boro n o n e scap ing from th e fun nel i n wh i ch the bodie s

, ,

remai n o n the p roto level wi th the except i o n of b 6 3 wh ich

, ,
 77

e scapes O n t h e meta level c (Plate X I

.
,
c assu mes a tetrah edral
,

form with s i x atoms at each po i n t an d th ese h ol d togeth er as

,

s extets o n t he hyper level At t he meta stage b (Plate X I 4 b )

.
, ,

sets free seven n i ne a t o m e d bo dies wh ich beco me free triplets

-
,

o n th e hyper The cen tral globe shows a cross at i ts cen tre

.
,

w it h th e four qu i n tets wh irl i ng rou n d i t o n th e proto l evel , .

O n the me t a the qu in tets are se t free an d follo w t he boro n type

, , ,

w h i le th e cross becomes a quartet o n t he meta level and t w o ,

d u ads o n the hyper .

Y TT R I U M
(Plate X I ,

I n yttrium o n the proto level a 1 1 0 an d b 6 3 both escape

, ,

fro m the fun nel an d behave as i n scand i um Th e ovo ids an d

, .

!
cigars s e t free o n t he meta l evel behave as i n boro n Th e
, ,
.

c en tral globe breaks up as i n gol d (pp 4 9 an d four q uartets

.

bei ng s e t free i n stead o f t w o quartets and two trip lets We have .

o n ly t o co n sider (3 8 an d d 2 0 (Plate X I E 8 i s a tetrahedral ,

a rrangement of duads o n th e meta l evel s e t free as duads o n th e ,

hype r D 2 0 is an arran ge men t of pairs of duads at t h e angles

.

of a squar e based pyrami d o n the meta an d agai n fr e e duads

-
,

O n the hyper .

N I T R O GE N (Plate X I I ,

N itrogen h as n othing n ew to sh ow u s all its co nstituents ,

h aving appeared i n scan di um a n d yttrium .

 78

V ANA D I U M (Plate X I I ,

T he A fu n n el of vanadi u m repeats the A fun nel of scan d ium ,

wi th t h e addi ti o n of d 2 0 already st u d ied ,

I n t he B f u n ne l .

scandiu m B is repeated wit h an additio n o f d 2 0 an d a sextet

,

“
for a qu i n t et ; th e sextet i s the c o f t h e n i trogen balloon .

The cen tral glo be follows boro n save that it h a s a septet for i t s
,

ce ntre ; t h i s was figured i n i o di ne (p .

N I O B I U M (Plate X I I ,

N iobi um o nly di ffers from yttriu m by the i ntrod u ctio n o f

triplets fo r duads i n e ; o n the m e ta l eve l we have t herefore
triplets an d o n the hyper each tri plet yi e l ds a duad an d a
,

u n it T he o nly other di fference i s i n th e cen tral glo be T h e

. .

“
tetrahedra separate as usual but l i berate eight cigars i nstead
,
!

o f fo ur wi th fo ur quartets ; t h e c e n tral bo dy i s simp le becomi n g ,

three triads at th e angles of a triangle o n t he meta l evel a n d ,

th ree d uads an d three u n its o n t li e hyper .

A L UM I N I U M (Plate X I I I ,

The fu n nels let go t he globes b ut the eigh t ovoids remai n ,

with in t hem so t ha t seven bo dies are l et loose o n t he proto level

, .

When the ovo i ds are set free a t t he meta stage t hey beco me
sp herical a n d a n i ne a t o m e d body i s produc e d wh i c h breaks u p
-
,

i nto tri angles o n th e hyper l evel Th e g l ob e beco mes a cross at

.

t he meta stage wi t h o ne ato m from the d uads at each arm i n

,

addi tio n t o i ts o wn a n d these form four d uads on the h yp e r a n d

, ,

a u n it fro m the centre .

GA LLI U M (P l ate X I I I ,
I n gal l i um t he fun n el d i sappears o n th e proto level settin g ,

free its two contai ne d s e gmen ts e ach o f wh ic h forms a cyl i n der

, ,

th us yield i ng twelve bodies o n t he proto level O n the meta t h e .

,

thr e e u pper globes i n each l eft han d segme nt are s e t free an d

-
,

soo n vani sh each l i berati ng a cigar an d two s e pte ts the quartet

, ,

and triad u n iting On t h e hyper t he quartet yields t w o d uad s

.

b ut t he triangle persi sts The se co n d s e t of bodi es di vi d e o n th e

.

meta level formi ng a sextet an d a cross wit h a d uad at e ac h arm

,

t hese o n the hyper level divi de i nto t w o trian gles four duads and ,

a u n it Th e seven a t o me d co ne bec o mes two triangles u n ited by

.
-
 79

a si ngle ato m an d o n t he meta level these fo rm a ri ng rou n d

,

the u n i t ; o n t h e hyper they form th ree d uads a n d a u n i t .

I n the right ha n d segmen t the same pol icy i s fo l lowe d th e

-
, ,

four tri ads becomi ng two sextets wh ile t he central bo dy adds

,

a th i r d to t he n umber The seco n d ri ng has a quartet i nstead o f

.

the sex t et but otherwise breaks u p as does th at o f th e left ; th e

,

qu i ntet at the base fol lows th at o f boro n .

I N D I U M (Plate X I I I ,
T he compl i cati o n of th ree segmen ts of di fferen t types i n each
fu n nel does n ot a ffect th e pro cess of breaking up a n d i n di u m ,

n eeds l ittle atten ti o n A i s exactly the same as the left han d

.
-

fu n nel of gal li um save for t he su bstituti o n of a globe co n tai n i ng

,

“
t h e famil iar c igar an d two square based pyram i ds B i s the
!
-
.

same as th e righ t han d fun nel of gal li u m except th at its l owest

-
,

bo dy co n sists o f two square based pyrami ds an d a tetrahedron

-
.

All these are fam il iar .

P H O S P H O RU S (Plate X I V ,

The ato ms i n the s i x sim i l ar spheres i n the segments o f t h e

p hosph orus fu n nel are arranged on the eigh t an g les o f a cu be ,

a nd t he central on e is a t tached to al l o f th e m O n the meta lev e l

.

fi v e of the n i n e atoms h ol d together and p lace themselves on t h e

angles O f a square based pyram id th e remai n ing fo ur set them
-
 80

s elves o n the angle of a tetrahedro n They yield o n the hyper .

,

l evel two t r iads a duad , an d a u n it T he remai n ing bo dies are

, , .

s imple an d fam il iar .

AR S E N I c (Plate X I V ,
Arsen ic shows th e same ovoi ds an d globe as have al ready
b een broken up i n al um in i um (see a n te) t he re mai ni ng sixteen
sp heres form n i ne a t o me d bodi es o n t he meta level all si milar to
-
,

t hose of alum i n i um th us yiel di ng twelve posit ive an d twelve

,

n egative ; t he globe also yields a n i ne a t o m e d body twenty fi v e

-
,
-

b odies o f n i ne .

A N T I M ON Y (Plate X I V ,

A nti mony fo l lows closely i n t he track o f gall i u m a n d i n di um ,

th e upper ri ng o f spheres bei ng i denti cal I n th e secon d ri ng a .

,

triplet i s su bstitute d for th e u n it an d th is apparently t h rows th e

,

c ross out of gear an d we have a n ew eleven a t o m e d figure wh i ch

,
-
,

breaks up into a triplet an d two quartets o n th e hyper l evel The .

l ow e st seven a t o m e d sph ere of th e th ree at t he base i s th e sam e

-

a s we met w ith i n cop per .

VI I I .

IV .
— T H E O CT A H EDR A L G R OU PS .

These group s are at th e turn s of the sp iral i n S i r Wi l liam

’
Crookes lem n i scates (see p O n th e o ne side i s carbo n
.
,

wi th bel ow i t ti tan i um an d zirco n i u m o n t h e oth er si l i con wi t h ,

 81

germani u m an d ti n The characteri stic form i s an octahedron

.
,

round e d at the angles an d a l i tt l e depressed between th e faces

i ri consequen ce of the rou n di ng ; i n fact w e di d n o t at first , ,

“
recognize i t as an octah e d ron and we called it the corded bal e , ,

the neares t l i ke ness that s t ruck us Th e m embers of t h e group .

are a l l tetrads a nd have eight fun nels open i ng o n the e igh t faces
, ,

of t h e o ctah edron T h e first grou p i s paramagnetic and positive ;

.

t h e correspo ndi ng o ne i s diamagnetic an d ne gative T he t vVO

'

grou ps are not closely al l ied i n compositi on though both titan i um ,

and ti n have i n common t he fi ve i ntersecting tetrah edra at thei r

respective centres .

C A RB O N (P late I I I 5 an d XV 1 ) gives u s the fundamen tal

, , ,

octahedral form which becomes s o masked i n titan i um a n d

,

zi rcon i um As be fore sai d (p

. the protrusi o n o f the arms i n
.

th ese suggests the old R osicrucian symbol o f th e cross an d rose ,

but t hey show at t h e ir e n ds t he eigh t carbo n fun n els with their

ch aracteris t i c co n ten ts an d th us j ustify thei r relation sh i p The
, .

fu n nel s are i n pairs o ne o f eac h pai r sh owi n g th ree cigars

, ,
!

a n d h avi ng as i ts fel low a fu n nel i n which t h e m iddle

s cigar
i s trun cated t h us loosi ng o n e a t o m
,
E ac h cigar has a leaf .

l i ke body at its base an d i n the centre of th e o ctah e dro n i s a

,

gl obe con tai n i ng four ato ms each wi th i n i ts o wn wal l thes e l i e

,

o n th e d ivi di ng l i nes of th e faces an d eac h hol ds a pai r of the ,

fu n nels togeth e r I t seems as th ough th is a t o m had been

.

e co nomi cally taken from t h e cigar to form a l i n k Th is wi l l .

be more cl e arly seen whe n we come to separa t e th e parts from

“
each other I t wi l l be n oticed that the atoms i n the leaves a t
.
!

t h e base vary i n arrangemen t being alt e rn ate l y i n a l i n e an d i n a

,

triangle .

lef t 2 7
C A RB ON : O ne pair of fun nel s righ t 2 2 5 4 z

centre 1
4 pairs of fu nn el s of 5 4 ato ms
Atom ic weight
N umber wei gh t 1 5
21 -

T I TA N I U M (Plate I I I 6 an d XV 2 ) has a complete carbon

, , ,

atom di stribu t ed o v er the en ds of its four arms a pai r of fun nel s ,

wi t h th ei r l i nki ng ato m bei ng seen i n each Then i n each arm .

, ,

c o mes t he el aborate body sh own as 3c wi t h i t s eighty eig ht atoms ,

-
.

6
 82

A ri ng o f twelve ovoi ds (3d) each h o ldi ng wi th i n itself fourteen

ato ms distri buted amo ng three co ntai ned glo bes— two quartets
,

an d a sextet —is a n ew devi ce for crowding i n material Lastl y.

comes the cen tral bo dy (46 ) of five i ntersecti ng tetrah edra w ith a
,

“
c i g ar a t each o f t hei r t w enty poi nts —o f wh ic h o n ly fifteen
can be s hown i n the diagram—an d a ri ng o f seven atoms ro u n d
an eigh t h that forms the m i n ute cen tre of t he wh ole I nto th is
, .

elaborate bo dy on e h u ndred and t w enty eigh t atoms are bu ilt

-
.

P LA T E XV .
 83

T I T AN I U M O ne carbon a t o m
4 c of 8 8 atoms
1 2 d of 1 4

Cen tral globe

To tal 864

Atom ic we igh t
N umber weigh t 8 -6
1 ?
Z I R CON I U M (P late XV 3) has e x ac t l y the same outli ne as
,

titan iu m t he carbo n ato m is si milarly distri buted an d th e central

, ,

body i s i d entical O n ly i n 5 c a n d d do we fi n d a di fference o n

.

compari ng them with 4 c an d d Th e c ovo i d i n zirco n i um sh ows

.

n o less than fift e en seco n dary gl ob e s wi thi n t h e five co ntai ned i n

the ovoi d an d these i n turn co ntai n altogether sixty n i ne smaller
, , ,
-

sp heres wit h two h un dred an d twelve atoms wit hi n t hem

, ,

arranged i n pairs tri plets quartets qu i ntets a sextet an d septets

, , , ,
.

Fi nally th e ovoi ds of the ri ng are also made more elaborate

, ,

showi ng th irty six ato ms i nstead of fourteen I n th is way th e

-
.

clever bu i lders h ave p iled up i n zi rco n i um n o less tha n 1 6 2 4 ato ms .

Z I R C ON I U M O n e Carbo n ato m 21 6
4 c of 2 1 2 atoms

1 2 d o f 36 4 3 2

Ce ntral globe 1 28

Total

Ato mic w eigh t

N um ber weigh t
S I LI C ON (Plate XV I , ) is at the head of th e group wh i ch
1

correspo n ds to carbon on th e opposite turn of the lemn iscate .

I t has th e usual eight fu n n e ls contai n i ng fo ur ovoi ds i n a ci rcle

, ,

an d a trun cated cigar but n o central bo dy of any ki n d All .

th e fu nn el s are al ike .

SI LI CON 8 fu n nels of 6 5 atoms 5 20

Atom i c weigh t
N umber weight 1 5 5 2 )

G ER MAN I U M (Plate XV I , 2 ) shows the eigh t fun ne l s , co ntai n

i ng each four segments (XV I , wi thi n which are three ovoids
“
and a cigar . I n th is case the fun nels radiate from a central
 87

“
says : T hese bodi s are i n t e r p e r i o d i c
h t s excl u de th e m fr m th e small peri ods
l e m e n t s fall an d b e c u se t heir ch emical
,

m bers o f th e neigh b o ri ng groups sh ow

i n t e r p e r i o d i c i n t h es e n s e o f being i n

case sh o ws fo urtee n b as rad i ati ng from a

i ro n Pl ate I V 1 (o p p ci t e p
, ,
While .

ch ange d th rough out t h i n crease of weight ,

to th e n u mber of a t o m s zo n t a i n e d i n a bar .

up n ot of si ngle c hem al el eme n ts as i n

,
°

su b groups eac h c o n t a i i n g th ree elemen ts

-
, ,

each s u b gro u p are v ry cl o se ; moreover

-

by two atom s per b f m aki ng a weight ,

-
eigh t i n t he wh ol e T h u sv e have per bar
.

72 P al l a di m 1 36
74 Osmiur 24 5
7 6 I ridiu m 2 47

1 32 P l at i n m A 24
9
1 34 P l at i n u i B 25
7
e d (Pl ate X V I I 3 4 t h t each bar h a s two
, , ,

t h e th ree l o wer secti o n s 1 iro n co balt an d

al ; i n the upper sect i on s o u h as a con e of
.

IS
,
wh i le co balt a n d n i ck t have each t hree
3se th e m i ddle o nes alo n e ( ffe r an d that o n ly ,

>e s t h i s g l o be bei n g four a t m e d i n co balt an d

,
-

ds with i nach bar r e v o l w r o u n d the central

e

em a i n i n paral lel wi th i t w ile e ach sp i n s o n

g ,

i ro n co n e sp i n s roun d as t ough i mpaled on

I V, a n d XV I I , 3)
I ,

bars of 7 2 ato ms
o m i c weigh t
I mber w e i gh t
1 00 8
9 1

ate XV I I 4) ,

bars of 74 atom s
om i o weigh t

i m ber we i ght
1 05 6
1 8
 84

glob e formed of two I n tersecti ng tetrah edra

,
,
“ cigars
each poi n t en clo si ng a fou r a t o m e d glo be
-
.

GE RMAN I U M 8 fu n nels o f 1 5 6 atoms

C e n tra l glo be

Total

Atomic weigh t
N um ber w e igh t 1 3 00
1 8

PLA T E X V I .

5 031 00 7 1
 85

TI N (Plate XV I 3) repeats t h e fun nel of german i um an d t h e

, ,

c e n tral glo be w e met wi t h i n titan i um of fi v e i nt e rsec t i ng tetra ,

“
h edra carryi ng twen ty cigars ; th e lat t er how e ver om i ts the
,
!

, ,

e igh t a t o m e d centre o f th e globe that was fou n d in titan ium and

-
,

h en ce has o ne hu n dred and twe nty atoms therei n i nstead of o n e

hu n dred an d twenty eigh t Ti n to make ro o m for th e n ecessary
-
.
,

i n crease of ato ms adop t s t he system of spi kes w h ich we met

, ,

wi t h i n zi n c (s e e p 5 6 Plate I X 2 ) these sp ik e s l ike the

.
, , ,

fu n nels rad iate fro m the ce ntral glo be but are o nly six i n n umber
, ,
.

The twen ty on e a t o m e d co ne at th e head of the spike we have

- -

already seen i n si lver an d we shal l aga i n fin d it i n i rid iu m an d

,

plati n um ; the pill ars are new i n detai l though n ot i n pri nci ple ,

th e co ntained globe s yi e l di n g a series of a tri pl e t qu i n te t sexte t , , ,

sep t e t s e x tet qui ntet triplet

, , , .

TI N 8 fun n els of 1 5 6 atoms

6 sp ikes of 1 2 6
Cen tral globe

Total

Ato m ic weight
N umber weigh t 1 2
9 4

V .
—T H E B ARS G R O U PS .

H ere for t h e first time we fin d O u rselves a little at i ssue with

, ,

t h e accepted system o f chemistry Fl u ori n e stan ds at t he h ead .

of a group —called t he i nter peri o di c—whereof the remai n ing -

members are (s e e Crookes tabl e p manganese iro n cobalt ’

, .
, , ,

n icke l ; ruth en iu m rh od ium pallad iu m ; osm i um iri dium

, , , ,

plat in um I f we take all these as group V we fi nd t hat fluorine

.
,

an d manganese are violently forced i nto company wit h wh ich

they have h ardly any po i n ts of relati o n sh ip an d th at t hey i n t rude ,

i nto an oth erwise very harmo n i ous gro up of closely si m ilar com
i
po sitio n M oreover ma ngan ese r e p r o d u c e s t h e ch aracteristi c
,

l ithi um sp ike an d n ot the bars of t hose i nto whos e company

i t i s t hrust an d i t is thus all ied wit h l i th ium wi th wh i ch i n deed
, ,

it i s al most i den tical B u t l ith i u m i s p l aced by Cro okes at th e

.

head of a group the other members of wh ich are potassium

, ,

rubi di um an d c oe s i u m (the last not exami ned ) Followi ng thes e -

.
 86

i den tities of c o m p o s i t i o n l t hi nk i t is bet t er to remove ma n g anese

,

an d fluori n e from thei r in congruo us com pan i on s an d place them

wi th l ith iu m an d its all i es a s V a t he S p ike G roups marki ng by
, , ,

t he i den ti ty o f n um be r si mi larities of arrangemen t wh i ch exist

, ,

PL AT E XV I I .

3 4 5

an d by th e separati on the di fferences o f co mpositio n I t i s worth

.

“
wh ile n oti ng what S i r Wi l l iam Crookes i n h is G enesis of the
,

E lements remarks o n th e relat io n s of the i n t e r p e r i o d i c g rou p

,
!
 87

“
with its n e igh bours H e says : These bodies are i n t e r p e r i o d i c
.

because t heir atom i c weights exclu de th e m fro m th e small peri ods

i nto wh ic h the other elemen ts fall an d b e cause t heir chemica l ,

relatio n s with so me members o f the neigh bouri ng groups Sh ow

that th ey are probably i n t e r p e r i o d i c i n th e sense of being i n
transitio n sta g es .
!

G roup V i n every case shows fourtee n bars rad iating from a

centre as shown i n i ro n Plate I V 1 (opp osi te p ,
While ,
.

t he form remai ns un ch anged th rough out the i ncrease of weight ,

i s gai ned by ad di ng to th e n u mber of atoms co ntai n ed i n a bar .

Th e group i s made up not of si ngle c hemical el emen ts as i n

, ,

all other cases but of s u b groups eac h con tai n i ng three elements
,
-
, ,

an d th e relat io n s wi thi n each s u b group are very cl ose ; m oreover

-

the weights o n ly di ffer by two atoms per bar m aki ng a weight ,

d i fferen ce of twenty eigh t i n t he wh ol e

- Th us we have per bar .

I ro n 72 Palladi um 1 36
N i ckel 74 Osmi u m 2 45

Cobal t 76 I ridiu m 247

R u then iu m 1 32 P lati n u m A 2 49

R h o d iu m 1 34 Plati n um B 257

I t wil l be n oti ced (Plate XV I I 3 4 th at each bar h as two

, , ,

sect io n s an d th at the three l ower secti o n s i n i ro n co balt an d

, ,

n ickel are i dent ical ; i n the upper secti on s i ro n h a s a con e of ,

twen ty eigh t ato ms wh i le cobal t an d n ickel have each thre e

-
,

ovo ids an d of t hese th e mi ddle o nes alon e d i ffer an d that on ly

, ,

i n their up per gl obes th is g lobe bei n g four a t o m e d i n co balt an d

,
-

s i x a t o m e d i n n i ckel
- .

The l ong ovoids with i n each bar revolve ro u n d the central

axi s of the bar remai n ing parallel with i t wh ile e ach sp in s o n
, ,

its own axis ; the iro n co n e Sp in s roun d as th ough impaled on

the axi s .

I R ON (Plate I V I a nd xv 1 1 3)
, , ,

1 4 bars of 2 ato ms
7
Atomic weigh t
1——
N u mber w e igh t 1 80 9 8 -

C O B A L T (Plate XV I I 4) ,

1 4 bars of atom s
74
Atomi c wei g h t
N um ber weight 2g 6 1
 88

N I C K E L (Plate XV I I 4 ) ,

1 4 bars o f
7 6 atoms 1 0 64

Ato mi c wei g h t
“
N umber weigh t 3 4

(T he weight o f cobal t as given i n E rdman n s L eh r b u ch , is

’

but M essrs Parker an d S exto n i n N a t u r e August 1 1 9 0 7 ,

.
, , ,

give the we igh t as the result O f t h e i r e x peri men ts as

, ,

The n ext s u b group ruth e n i um rh odi um an d palladi um has

-
, , , ,

n oth ing to detai n us I t wi ll be observed t hat each bar co n tai ns

.

e ight segme nts i nstead o f th e six of cobalt an d n i ckel ; that

,

ruthen iu m an d pal ladiu m have t he sam e n umber o f atoms i n

th eir u pper o voi ds alt hou g h i n ruth en i um a tri plet an d quartet
,

represe nt the septet o f palladiu m ; an d th at i n ruthen i um a n d “

rhodi um the lower ovoids are iden tical th o u g h o ne has th e ,

order : sixteen fourteen sixteen fourteen ; an d the other

, , ,

fourteen si x teen four t ee n s ixteen

, , On e con stantly asks one
, .

self : What i s the s i g n i fi c a n c e of t hese m i nute changes ?

Further i nvestigators wi l l probably disco ver t he an swer .

R U T H E N I U M (Plate XV I I I , 1 )
14 bars of 1 3 2 atoms
A tom i c wei g h t
N um ber wei g h t

RH O D I U M (Plate XV I I ,
2)
14 bars of 1 34 ato ms
Atomi c weigh t
N um ber weigh t 1 8 7 6
1

P A LLA D I U M (XV I I I 3) ,

1 4 bars o f 1 36 atoms 19 04
Atom ic weigh t 1 057 4
1 9 04
N umber weight 1 05
77

The th i rd s u b group osmi u m iri d iu m a n d plati num is of

-
, , , ,

course more compl icated i n its compositi on bu t i ts bu ilders

, ,

succee d i n preservi n g t he bar form g ai n i ng the necessary ,

i ncrease by a multipl icati o n o f co ntai ned Spheres wi t h i n t h e ovo i ds .

Osmiu m has o ne pecul iari ty t he ovo id marked a (Plate X V I I I ,

4) takes t h e place o f ax is i n the upper hal f of t h e bar an d t h e ,

th ree ovoids marked b revolve ro un d i t

, ,
I n the l ower h alf t h e .
,
 89

four ovo ids c revo lve ro u n d t he cen tral axis

, ,
I n p lati num we
.
,

h ave mark e d two forms as plati nu m A an d plati n u m B the latter

,

havi ng two fou r a t o m e d spheres (Plate XV I I I 6 b ) i n the plac e o f

-
,

the two triplets marked a I t may w e l l be tha t wh at we h ave ca l l ed

.

P LA T E XV I I I .
 90

plati num B i s n ot a variety of plati n u m but a n ew el emen t th e , ,

additi on of two atoms i n a bar bei ng exactl y that wh ich separates

the other elemen ts wi th i n each of th e s u b groups I t wil l be -
.

n ot i ced that the fo ur l ower secti o n s o f th e bars are ident ical i n

al l t h e members of th i s s u b group each ovo i d co n tai n ing thirty
-
,

ato ms The upper ri ng of ovo i ds i n i ri di u m an d plati n u m A are

.

also i den tical bu t for t he substitu tio n i n plat i n um A of a

, , ,

qu artet for a triplet i n th e secon d an d thi rd ovoids thei r co nes

are identi cal con tain i ng tw e n ty o ne ato ms l ike those of si lver
,
-
,

an d tin .

O S M I U M (Plate XV I I I 4) ,

1 4 bars of 2 4 5 atoms

Atomi c weight 3
N u mber weigh t
I R I D I U M (Plate XV I I I 5 ) ,

1 4 bars of 2 4
7 atoms
Atom ic weight
N u mber weigh t 3 3 3

P LA T I N U M A (P l a t e XV I I I 6 a ) ,

1 4 bars of 2 49 ato ms

Atom i c weigh t
“
N u m ber weigh t g s

P LA T I N U M B (Pl ate XV I I I 6 b ) ,

1 4 bars of 2 5 1 ato ms
Atom ic w e igh t
N u m ber wei g h t 3 4 3

V a .
—T H E S P I K E G R O U PS .

I p lace with i n t h is group l ith i um p otassiu m ru bid i u m , , ,

fluori ne an d manganese because of the i r si m i larity i n i ntern al

, ,

c ompositi on M angan es e has fo urtee n sp ikes arranged as i n

.
,

t he iro n group but radiati ng fro m a cen tral globe Potassium

, .

has n i ne rubi diu m has sixteen i n b oth cases radiati ng fro m a

, ,

c en tral globe Lith iu m (Plate I V 2 ) an d fluori ne (Plate I V 3)

.
, ,

are t h e two types wh i ch d om in ate the group l ith i um supplying ,

t he spi ke wh ich i s reproduced i n al l of t hem an d fluori n e t h e ,

n itrogen ballo o n w h i ch appears i n al l save l i thiu m I t wil l be .

s een that the natural a ffi n iti es are stro ngly marked Th ey are al l .

mo nads an d parama g n etic l i t hi u m potassi um a nd ru bid i um are ,

 91

p osi t ive w h i le fluori n e an d mangan ese are n egativ e We seem

, .

t hus to have a pai r corresp ond i ng wi th each oth er as i n other

, ,

cases an d the i n t e rp e r i o d i c group i s left i n t e r p e r i o d i c an d

,

congruous with i n itse l f .

PLA T E X I X .
 92

L I T H I U M (Plate I V 2 an d Plate X I X 1 ) i s a striki ng an d

, ,

beautiful form wi th its u pright con e or sp ike i ts eight radiati ng

, , ,

petals (x) at the base o f the co ne a nd the pl ate l ike support i n

,
-

th e centre of whi ch i s a globe o n wh ich t he sp ike res t s Th e

, .

spi ke revo l ves swi ftly o n i ts a x i s carryi ng t he petals wi t h it the

,

plate revol v es equal ly swi ftly i n the O pposite di rectio n Wit hi n .

the spike are two globes an d a lo ng ovo i d ; t he sp h eres with i n

th e globe revolve as a cross ; with i n th e ovo id are fo ur sph e res
co ntai n i ng atoms arranged o n tetrahedra an d a ce ntral sph e re ,

wit h an a x is of thre e ato ms surro un ded by a spi n n i ng whe e l of s i x .

L I TH I U M : S p ike of 6 3 ato ms 63
8petals o f 6 atoms 48
Ce ntral gl obe o f 1 6 ato ms 1 6

T otal 1 27

Ato mi c weigh t
1 9 -7
N umber weigh t 33

P O T A SS I U M (Pla t e X I X 2 ) co nsists of n i ne radi ati n g l ith i u m

,

Spi kes b ut h as n ot petals ; i ts ce n tral glo be co ntai n s o ne hu n dred

,

an d th irty four atoms co ns isti ng o f th e

-
,
n itrogen balloo n ,

en c ircled by six fo ur a t o m e d sph eres

- .

P O T A SS I UM : 9bars of 6 3 5 67
Cen tral glob e 1 34

Total 7 01

Ato mi c weigh t
7 9 1
N u mber weight 1 5

(The weigh t as determ

,
i ned by R i chards [N a t u r e
j u l y 1 8 , ,

I 90
7] i s
RU B I D I U M : (Plate X I X 3) ad ds a n ovoi d co n tain i ng three
, ,

Sp heres—two tri plets an d a sextet —to the lith iu m sp ike of wh i ch ,

it has Si x teen an d i t s ce ntral gl o be is composed o f th ree

,
"
bal loons .

R UB I D I U M 1 6 spikes o f 7 5 atoms
Central globe

Total

Atomi c weigh t
1
N u mber wei g h t f3°
 93

The correspo n ding negative group con sists o nly O f fluori ne

and mangan e se S O far as o ur i nvestigations hav e go n e
, .

F L U O R I N E (Pl ate I V 3 an d P l ate XV I I 1 ) i s a mos t pecul iar

, , ,

looki ng o bj ect like a proj ec t i l e an d gives on e t h e i mpressio n,

of bei ng ready to sho ot O ff on t h e smallest provoca t i o n Th e .

ei g h t spikes reversed fun nels co mi ng to a p oi n t are pro bab l y

, , ,

respo nsi bl e for th i s warl ike appearan ce The re m ai n der o f t he .

body i s occup ied by two balloo ns .

!

F LU O R I N E 8 spikes of 1 5 atoms
2 balloo n s

T otal 34 0

Atom i c weigh t
N u mber weight
M AN G AN E S E (P late XV I I , 2 ) h as fo urtee n spi kes radiating
“
from a c e n t ral bal loo n .
!

M A N G AN E S E 14 spi kes o f 6 3 atoms

Central balloo n

Total

Atom ic w e ight
N umb e r weigh t 9 9 2
1 5

IX .

We h ave n ow to co nsider t he breaki ng up o f the o ctahedra l

groups an d more an d more a s we proceed d o we fi n d that t h e
, , ,

m ost compl i ca t ed arrangements are reducibl e t o simple eleme n ts

wh ic h are already fami liar .

C A RB ON (Plat e I I I 5 and XV , , ,

C arbon i s t h e typi cal octa hedro n a n d a clear u n derstan di ng ,

of th is wil l e nable u s t o fo l l ow easily th e con stitution an d

di sintegratio n o f the vari ous members of t hese groups I ts .

appearance as a chem i cal atom i s sh own o n Plate I I I (opposite

p. and s e e P late XV 1 (p , O n th e proto level the chemical
.

atom breaks up i n to four segments each con sisting of a pai r o f ,

fun nels co n nec t ed by a Si ngle atom ; th is is th e proto e lement

wh i ch appears at the en d of each arm o f the cross i n titan iu m
 94
‘

“
an d z irco n iu m O n the meta level the five six a t o m e d cigars
.
.
-

“
Sho w two neu tral combin ati on s an d th e tru ncated cigar of ,

“
five ato ms is also neutral ; th e leaves yi eld two forms of !

trip let five di fferent types be i ng thus yielded by each pair

,

of fu nn els excl usive of t he l in ki ng atom The hyper level has

,
.

triplets duads a n d u n its

, .

T I TA N I U M (Plate I I I ,
6, and XV , 2,

O n the proto level the cross breaks up completely setti ng

, ,

free t he pai rs o f fu n n els with th e li nki ng atom (a an d b ) as i n ,

carbo n the four bo dies marked c t h e twelve marked d an d t he

,
-

, ,

central globe marked e T he latter breaks u p agai n setti ng free

.
,

i ts five i ntersecti ng cigar beari ng tetrahedra wh ich fo llow their

-
,

usual course (see O c c u l t u m p T h e e igh t a t o m e d body i n

,
.
-

the centre makes a r i ng of seve n atoms roun d a central o ne l i ke ,

that i n o c c u l t u m (se e p 44 d i agram B ) from wh i ch it o n ly

.
, ,

di ffers i n h avi n g th e ce ntral atom and breaks up si milarly , ,

setti ng t he ce n tral atom free T he ovo i d 6 sets free i ts four

.

con tai ned glo bes an d t he ovo i d d sets free the three wit h i n it
, .

Thu s Sixty o n e proto elements are yielde d by t itan ium O n t he

- .

meta l evel c (titan i u m 3) breaks up i nto star l ike an d cruciform

,
-

bodies ; the compone n t parts o f these are easil y follo w ed on th e

hyper l evel of the four forms of trip lets o ne beh aves as i n carbo n
, ,
 95

an d the others are sh own a b an d f ; the cruci form qu i ntet

, ,

yiel d s a triplet an d a duad c an d d ; the tetrahedra yield two

,

t riplets g an d h an d two u n its ; the septet a triplet k an d a

, ,

quartet j O n the meta level the bo dies fro m d behav e l ike t heir
.
,

equ ivalents i n sodi um eac h of Sh ows two quartets and a sextet

, ,

breaking up o n th e hyper level i n to four d u a d s a n d two triads

'

, , .

Z I R CON I U M (Plate XV ,
2,

Zirco n i u m reproduces i n its 6 th e four forms that w e have .

a lready followed i n t he correspon di ng c of titan i u m an d as ,

t hese are Set free on th e proto level an d follow the same c o urs e ,

o n th e meta an d hyper levels we n eed n ot repeat them The

,
.

central globe of zirco n i um 6 sets free its n in e con tai ned bodi es
ei g h t o f these are Si m ilar an d are figured i n the di ag ram ; i t wil l
“
be observed th at the central body i s the tru ncated cigar o f
carbo n ; t hei r b e havio ur o n t he meta an d hyper levels i s easily
followed there The ce ntral sphere i s also figured ; the ci g ar
.

follows its usual co urse an d i ts companion s un ite i nto a sextet

,

an d an o ctet The of ovo i d l i berates five bodies four of wh ich

.
,

we have already see n i n titan iu m a s t h e crosses and sextet of ,

sodi u m an d wh i ch are figured u nder ti tan i um th e fo ur quartets

,

withi n th e larger gl o b e also fol lo w a sodium model , an d are

given agai n .
 96

S I LI C ON (Plate XV I ,
I n Si licon the ovo ids are s e t free from t he fun nels o n t he
,

p roto level and t h e tru ncated cigar p l ayi ng the part o f a l eaf
,
“
, ,

i s also l i berated Th i s an d t h e fo ur cigars wh ich escape

.
, ,

fro m their ovo ids pass along thei r usual course The qu i n te t
,
.

an d quartet remai n togeth er an d form a n i ne a t o m e d body on

,
-

t he meta level yiel di ng a sext et an d a t ripl e t o n the hyper

,
.

G ERM A N I U M (P l at e XV I ,
2,

“
The cen t ra l gl o be with its two cigar bearin g t e trah edra
,
-
,

need n ot d e lay u s ; the t e trahedra are s e t free an d follow the

o c c u l t u m di s i ntegra t ion an d t he ce ntral fo u r ato ms i s the so diu m
,

cross tha t we had i n titan i u m The ovo i ds (XV I 4 ) a re l iberat e d

.
,

“
on t he proto level an d t he cigar as usual bursts its wa y
, , ,

t hro u g h an d go e s al ong its accusto med path T h e others r e mai n .

l i n ked on t he meta level a nd break u p i nto t w o triang l e s an d a

,

qui n t e t o n the hyper .

TIN (Plat e XV I , 3,
H ere we have o nly t he sp ike to co nsider as th e fun n e l s are ,

t he same as i n germa niu m an d t he cen tral gl obe i s t hat o f

,

t i tan i um o mitting th e eigh t a t o m e d centre Th e con e o f t h e

, .
_

spike we have had i n Si lver (s e e p 7 2 9 M ay ) an d it i s s e t free o n

.
, ,
 97

t he proto level The sp ike , as i n zin c beco mes a large sphere

.
, ,

wit h the si n g le septet i n th e cen t re the remai n i ng six bo dies ,

c ircl i ng rou n d i t o n di fferi ng planes T h ey br e ak u p as Sh own . .

(Ti n is S n ) .

I R O N (P l ate I V, 1 ,
an d XV I I ,

W e h ave already dealt with the a ffin ities o f th i s pecul iar

group an d we shall se e i n t he d isi n tegrati o n eve n mor e clearly ,
, , ,

t he close relatio nsh i ps w h ich ex ist accordi ng to th e classi ficati o n

wh i ch we h ere fol low .

Th e fourtee n bars of i ro n break asu n der o n t he proto level ,

a n d eac h sets free i ts co nten ts—a con e an d th ree ovo ids wh ich as ,

usual become spheres

, The twenty eight a t o m e d co ne b e comes
.
- -

a fo ur Si ded fi gure an d t h e ovo i ds Sh ow crystall i n e co n t e n ts

-
,
.

T hey break u p o n th e meta level as Shown i n t he d iagram an d

, ,

are all reduced to tri ple ts an d duads o n th e h yper level .

C O B A L T (Plate XV I I ,

Th e ovo ids i n cobalt are i dent i cal wit h t hose of iro n ; th e

h igher ovoi ds wh ich repl ace t h e cone of i ron S h ow persistently
, ,

t h e crystall ine forms s o n ot i ceab l e th rough out th i s grou p .

N I C K E L (P late XV I I ,

The two additi onal atoms i n a bar wh i ch alo ne separate ,

n ickel from cobalt are seen i n the upper sph ere of t he central
,

ovo id .

R U T H E N I U M (P late XV I I I ,

Th e lower ovo id s i n ru t h en i um are i den ti ca l i n comp ositi o n ,

wi t h th ose of iro n cobalt an d n ickel an d may be studied un der

,

I ron T he upper o nes o nly di ffer by t h e additio n of a tri pl e t

. .

R H O D I U M (P lat e XV I I I ,

R hodiu m h as a septe t wh ich i s to be see n i n th e

, of t itan i um c

(s ee k i n the t itan i u m dia g ram ) an d di ffers o n ly i n t his from i ts

g ro up .

P A LLA D I U M (Plate XV I I I ,

I n palladiu m th is septet appears as the upper sph ere i n every

ovoi d O f t he upper ri n g .

7
 98

O S M I U M (P l a t e X V I I I ,

We have here no new co n sti tuents ; the ovo i ds are set free
o n th e proto leve l an d the co ntai n ed g l obes o n the meta al l ,

bei ng of fami liar forms The cigars as usual break free o n th e

.
, ,

proto level , an d leave thei r ovo i d with o n ly fo ur co ntai ned

Sp heres wh ich un ite i nto two n i n e a t o m e d bod ies as i n Sil ico n
,
-

(see above ) .

I R I D I U M (Plate XV I I I ,

Th e twen ty o ne a t o m e d co n e o f si lver here reappears an d

- -
,

its proceedi n g s may be followed u n der that metal (See diag ram ,

p 7 2 9 M ay ) Th e remai n i ng bodies cal l for no remark

.
,
. .

P LA T I N U M (Plate X V I I I ,

A g ai n the si lver co ne i s with u s The remai n in g bo d ies are

.

set free On the proto l evel an d th eir co ntai n ed spheres o n th e

,

meta .

L I T H I U M (Plate I V 2 an d X I X , , ,

H ere we h ave some n ew combi nati o ns wh i ch recur per ,

s i s t e n t l y i n i ts all ies Th e bodies a i n Plate X I X 1 are at the

.
, , ,

to p an d bottom o f th e el l ipse ; they come to righ t an d left o f i t

i n t he proto state an d each makes a t w elve a t o m e d body o n th e
,
-

meta level .
 99

Th e five bod i es withi n the elli ps e three mo n ads an d two

,

sextets Show two wh i ch we have had befor e d wh i ch beha v es

, ,

l ike the qui ntet an d quartet i n Si l i con af t er their j un ction

, ,

and b wh ich we have had i n i ro n The two bod ies 6 are a

,
.

variant of the squ are based pyram id o ne ato m at the apex a n d

-
, ,

two at each of th e other angl es T he globe e i s a n ew fo rm

- .
, , ,

t h e four tetrah edra of th e pro to level maki ng a Si ngle twelve

a t o m e d on e o n the me t a T h e body a Spl its up i nto trip lets on
.

the hyper b and d follow th e ir iro n an d Sil i co n mod e ls ; of yields

four duads an d a u n it e breaks i n t o fo ur quartets .

P O T A SS I U M (Pl ate X I X ,

Potas s i um repeats th e lit h iu m sp ike th e central glo be Sh ows

“ !
t he n i t rogen balloon wh ic h we already kn ow an d wh ich i s
, ,

surrou n ded o n t h e proto level w i th S i x tetrahedra wh i ch are s e t ,

free o n th e meta an d beh av e as i n cobalt H e nce we have .

n oth ing new .

RU B I D I U M (Plate X I X ,

Agai n the l ith i u m sp ike modi fied Sl i g h tly by th e i ntro ducti o n

,

of an ovo id i n p l ace o f th e top Sphere ; the forms here are some

,

what u n usual an d t he tria ngl e s of t h e s e xtet revolve roun d each

,

o ther o n the meta level ; al l the triads break up o n the hyper

level i n to duads an d u n its .
 I OO

F L U O R I N E (Plat e I V , 3, an d Plate XV I I ,
The reverse d fun nels of fluori n e spl it asu n der o n th e proto
level an d are s e t free t h e
,
“
bal l oo ns al so floati ng o ff i n
,

depen den tly The fun nels as usual beco me sph eres an d o n th e
.
, , ,

meta level set free th eir contai ned bodies three quartets an d a ,

tri p l et from each of the eight T he bal loo ns d i si n te g rate i n th e

.

u sua l way .

M A N G AN E S E (P l ate XV I I ,

M anganese O ffers u s n oth i n g n ew bei n g comp osed of ,

“
l ith iu m spi kes an d n itrogen balloon s .

X .

VI .
—T H E S TA R G R O U PS .

We have n ow reache d the l ast o f the groups as arranged o n

S i r Wi ll iam Croo kes lemn iscates t hat form in g the neutr a l
’

c o lu mn i t i s headed by h el i um wh ic h i s su i gener i s The , .

remai n der are i n t he fo rm of a flat star (s ee Plate I V with a ,

centre forme d of five i ntersect i ng an d ci gar beari ng tetrah e dra -

,

a n d s i x radiat i n g arms Te n of these h ave been o bserved five

.
,

pairs i n wh ich t he seco nd member d i ffers bu t Sligh tly fro m th e

fi rst ; they are N eo n M eta n eo n Argon M etargo n Krypto n
,
-
, ,

M eta krypto n ; Xenon M eta xen o n ; Kalo n M eta kalo n ; t h e

-
,
-
,
-

last pai r an d th e meta form s are n ot yet d iscovered by ch emi s t s .

These al l Sh o w th e presen ce of a peri od ic law ; t aki ng a n arm of

t he star i n each of t he five pairs we fi n d the n um ber o f atoms to
,

be as follows
4 O 99 2 24 6
3 3 489
47 1 06 2 31 37 0 49 6

I t wi l l be observed th at the meta form i n each case Sh ows

seve n more ato ms than i t s fel low .

H E LI U M (Plate I I I 5 an d P l ate XX 1 ) Sh ows two cigar

, ,
“
,

beari ng tetrah edra a n d two hydrogen trian g les t he tetrahedra

, ,

revolvi ng rou n d a n egg shaped cen tral body and the triangles
-
,

spi n n i ng o n t hei r own axes wh ile performi n g a si milar revol utio n .

The wh ole has an attractively airy appearance as of a fai ry ,

e l eme nt .
 I OI

H E LI UM Two t e trahedra o f 2 4 atoms

Two triangles of 9 atoms
Ce ntral egg

Atomic weight
N umber weigh t

P LA T E XX .
 1 02

N E ON (Plate XX 2 an d 6 ) h as S i x arms of t he pattern sh own

,

i n 2 radiati ng fro m th e cen tral glo be

, .

N E ON S ix
arms of 40 atoms
Central tetrahedra

T otal

Atomic weight
N u mber w e ight £
1
1 5
9

M E T A N E ON (P l ate X X , 3 an d 6) di ffers from i t s comrade by

-

t he i nserti o n of a n additio nal ato m i n eac h of t h e gro ups i ncluded

i n the seco n d bo dy with i n its arm a n d s ubstituti ng a seven ,

a t o m e d g ro up for o n e of t he t ri plets i n neon .

M E TA N E O N
-
S ix arms o f 4 7 atoms
Central tetrah edra

Total

A to micweigh t
N u mber weight

A RG ON(P lat e X X 4 6 an d 7 ) Sh ows w ith i n its arms th e b 6 3

, ,

wh i ch we met i n n itro g en yttri um vanadiu m an d n o b i u m but

, , ,

!
n ot the ballo on wh i c h we shal l fin d wi t h it i n krypto n an d i ts
,

congen ers .

ARG ON S ix arm s of 9 9 ato ms

C e ntral t e trah e dra

Tota l 7 4
1

Atom i c weigh t
N u mber weight 7 1 4
1 8

M E T A RG ON (P late XX 5 6 an d 7) agai n Sh o w s o nly

, ,

addi t io nal seven atoms i n each arm .

M AT AR G O N S ix
arms o f 1 0 6 atoms
Centra l t etrahedra

Tota l

Ato mic weight

N u mber weight 7 5 6
1 8
 1 03

KR YP T ON (P lat e XX I 1 an d 4 an d Plate XX 6 an d 7 )
, , ,

“ !
cont a i ns t he n i troge n balloon elo ngated by i t s j uxtapositio n
,

t o b 6 3 The central tetrah edra appear as usua l

. .

K R YPT O N S ix arms of atoms 2 24

Central tetrahedra

Total 1 46 4

Atomi c weight
N umber weigh t 42 1 4
81 3 3

M E T A KR YPT ON d i ffers o nly fro m krypto n by

-
th e subs t ituti o n
z for y i n eac h arm o f t h e star .

M E T A KRY P T ON
-
: S ix arms of 2 3 1 ato ms
Central t e trahedra

Total

Atom ic wei g ht
N umber weigh t 1 5 06
1 8

ZE N ON (Plate XX ] 2 an d 4 an d Plate XX 6 and 7 ) has a

, , ,

pecul iarity shared o n ly by kalo n that x an d y are asymmetri cal

, ,

t he centre of one havi ng three ato ms an d the centre o f th e ot her

two I S th is do ne i n order to preserve the d i fferen ce o f seve n
.

from its comrade ?

ZE N ON S ix arms of 36 3 atoms
Cen tral tetrah edra

Total 22
9 8

Atom i c weight 1 2
7 1 0
N umber weigh t 3 2 8

M E T A ZE N O N di ffers from ze n o n o n ly by th e subs t itutio n

-

two z s for x an d v
’
.

M E T A ZE NON S i x arms of 37 0 atoms

-

Central tetrahedra

Total

Atomi c weight
N umber weight M 1 69 6 6
1 8

K A LON (P late XX I 3 and 4 and Plate XX 6 an d 7) has a

, , ,

curious co ne possessi ng a ki nd of tail wh ich we have not

,
 1 02

N E ON (Plate XX 2 an d 6) h a s six arms of t he pattern Sh ow n

,

i n 2 radiati ng from t h e centra l glo be

, .

N E ON S ixarms of 40 ato ms
Cen tral tetrah e dra

Total

Atomi c weight
N u mber we ight —
55 62
1 8

M E T A N E O N (P late X X , 3 an d 6) di ffers from i t s comrade by

-

t he i nserti on of an additio nal ato m i n each of t h e gro ups i n cluded

i n the seco n d body with i n its arm an d substituti ng a seven ,

a t o m e d group for o n e of the tri plets i n neon .

M ETA N E O N
-
S ix arms o f 47 atoms
Central tetrah edra

Total

Ato mic weigh t

N umber weigh t

ARG ON (P lat e X X 4 6 an d 7 ) sh ows w ith i n its arms th e b 6 3

, ,

wh i ch w e met i n n i trogen yttri um vanadiu m an d n o b i u m but

, , ,

“ !
n ot the ball oon wh ic h w e shall fin d wi t h i t i n krypto n an d its
,

congeners .

ARG ON S ix arms of 9 9 ato ms

Central t e trah e dra

Total 7 4
1

Atom i c weigh t
N umber weight 7 1 4
1 8

M E T A RG ON (Plate XX 5 6 an d 7 ) agai n Sh o w s o nly

, ,

addi t io nal seve n atoms i n each arm .

M AT AR GO N S ix
arms o f 1 0 6 atoms
Centra l t etrahedra

Total

Ato mic weight

N umber w e ight 7 5 6
1 8
 1 03

KR Y P T ON (Plate XX I 1 an d 4 an d Plate XX 6 an d 7 )
, , ,

“ !
cont a i n s t he n itroge n balloon elo ngated by i t s j u x tapositio n
,

to b 6 3 The central tetrahedra appear as usual

. .

K R Y PT O N S ix arms of atoms 2 24

Central tetrahedra

Total 1 46 4

Atomi c weight
N umber weigh t 43 1 4

M E T A KR YPT ON d i ffers o n l y fro m krypto n by t he subs t ituti o n

-

z for y i n each arm of t he star .

M E T A KRY PT ON
-
S ix arms o f 2 3 1 ato ms
Ce ntral tetrah edra

Total

Atom i c wei g ht
N umber weigh t 1 5 06
1 8

ZE N ON (Plate XX ] 2 a n d 4 an d Plate XX 6 an d 7 ) has a

, , ,

pecul iarity shared o n ly by kalon that x an d y are asymmetri cal

, ,

t he ce ntre of one havi ng three ato ms an d the ce ntre of th e ot her

two I s th is do ne i n order to preserve the d i fferen ce o f seve n
.

from i ts comrade ?
ZE NON S i x arms of 36 3 ato ms
Ce n tral t etrahedra

Total 2 29 8

Atom ic weight
N u m ber weigh t 32
2 8

M E T A ZE N ON di ffers from ze n o n o n ly by the subs t itutio n

-

two z s for x an d y
’
.

M E T A ZE NON S i x arms of 370 atoms

-

Central tetrahedra

Total

Atomi c weight
N umber weight 3—
339

K A LON (Plate XX I 3 an d 4 an d Plate XX 6 an d 7) h a s a

, , ,

curi ou s co n e possessing a ki nd of tail wh i ch we h ave n ot

,
 1 04

observed elsewhere ; x an d y Sh ow the same asymmetry as i n

zenon.

K A LON S ix arms o f 4 8 9 atoms

Cen tral tetrahe dra

Total

Atom i c weigh t
Nu mber weigh t «
3 9 5 4
1 8

P L A T E XX I .

iKa
’

n f M a
 1 05

'
M E T A K A LON agai n substitutes two
-
a s for x an d y
.

M E T A K ALON
-
S ix arms o f 49 6 atoms
Ce ntra l tetrahedra

Total

Ato m ic weigh t
N u mber weigh t 1
7 2

On ly a few atoms o f kal on an d meta kalo n h ave been fou n d -

i n t he air of a fair Sized ro om-

.

I t does no t seem worth wh ile to break up these eleme nts for ,

their co mpo nen t parts are S O fam iliar T h e comp l icated gro up s .

—a 1 1 0 b 6 3 a nd c 1 2 o —h ave al l been ful l y dealt with i n

,

preceding pag e s .

T here remai n s n ow o n ly ra di um of the elements wh i ch we ,

h ave , S O far, examin ed a n d th at w i l l b e now descri bed a n d wi l l

,

bri ng to an en d t h is series of O bservat i on s A p i ece of cl ose .

a nd detailed work of th is ki n d alth o ugh necessarily i mp erfect

, ,

will h ave i t s value i n the futu re w he n sci en ce alo ng its own l i n es

,

s hal l have co nfirmed these researches .

I t w i ll hav e bee n o bserved that o ur weigh ts obtain ed by ,

cou nti ng are almost i nvariably sl ightly i n excess of t h e or t hodox

,

o nes i t i s i nteresti ng that i n t h e latest report of t he I n ternati o n al

Comm issi on (N ovember 1 3 ,
pri nte d i n th e P r oceed i ngs of
t h e Ch em i ca l S oci e ty of L on d o n Vol XX I V N o 33 an d issued o n
,
.
,
.
,

anuary 1 9 0 8 t h e we igh t of hydroge n 1 8 n ow tak e n at 1 o o 8

j
°
2
5 , ,

i nstead o f a t 1 Th is would sl ight l y raise al l the orthodox

.

w e i ghts ; th us alum i n i u m rises from to an t i mo ny

fro m to a n d so o n .

XI .

RA D I UM .

R ad iu m has the form of a tetrahedro n an d i t is i n the tetra ,

groups (s e e article I V ) that we sh al l fi n d i ts n earest

h e d ra l
co ngeners ; calci um stronti um chrom i u m molybden u m r e
, , ,

semble i t most closely i n general i nternal arrangemen ts with ,

addition s from zi n c a nd cadm ium R adium h a s a comp lex .

 1 06

cen tral sph ere (Plate XX I I ) extraordin ari ly vivi d an d l iving ;

,

th e wh irl i ng moti o n i s S O rap i d th at co nti n ued accurate O b s e r

vatio n i s very d i fficult ; the sp h ere is more closely compacted than
t he centre p iece i n other el e ments an d is mu ch larger i n pro
-
,

porti o n to the fu n nels an d sp ikes than i s th e case with th e

e l ements above nam e d ; referen ce t o Plate V I I I wil l Sh ow that

P LA T E XX I I .

M m e- m 8 f qa l om/s
'

i n these the fu n nels are muc h larg er th an th e ce ntres whereas i n ,

radiu m the d iame t er of t h e sphere an d t he length of the fu n nel

or sp ike are about equal I ts heart cons ists o f a glo be con tai n i ng
.

seven ato ms wh ich assum e o n t he proto level the prismatic form

,

s h ow n i n cadmi um ,
magn esi u m and selen i um Thi s globe i s
.

t he c e ntre of two crosses th e arm s of wh ic h Show respectively

,
 1 0
7

th ree a t o m e d an d two a t o m e d groups R ou n d this sp here are

- -
.

arranged as o n radi i twenty four segmen ts eac h co ntai n i ng five

, ,
-
,

bodies —four quintets a n d a septet —an d Six loos e atoms wh ich ,

float h orizontally across the mou t h of th e segmen t ; t h e whol e

sph ere has th us a ki nd of surface of atoms O n th e proto level .

P L AT E XX I I I .

M i m -

f u mm d 6 /8 a Lom 5

t hese six atoms i n each segmen t gather to g ether an d form a

“
cigar . I n t he rush o f the streams presently to be d escri bed
!

on e of these atoms i s occasion al l y torn away but i s genera l ly , ,

if n ot always replaced by t he capture of an other whi ch i s fl u ng

,

i nto th e vacated Space .

 08

E ach o f th e four fu n nels ope ns , as usual o n o ne face of the ,

tetrahedro n an d t hey resembl e th e fu n nels of stronti um an d

,

molybden u m but contai n three p illars i nstead of fo ur (P l a t e X X I I I ) .

They stan d with in t he fu n nel as th ough at the angles o f a triangle ,

n ot Si de by s ide The co ntai ned bodies th ough n u merous

.
, ,

c o ntai n forms wh ic h are al l fam i li ar .

The Spikes alternate wi t h t he fu n n els an d po i nt to t h e angle s

,

o f t h e tetrahedro n as i n zi n c an d cad mi u m ; each sp ike co ntai n s

t hree l ith iu m spikes (see Plate X I X ) wi th a ten a t o m e d co n e
“ -

or cap at th e top floating above t he t hree (Plate XX I V ) The

,
.

“
petals or cigars o f l it h i u m e xist i n t he ce ntral g lobe i n
the floati ng atom s an d th e four a t o m e d gro ups wh ic h form the
,
-

l ith i um pl ate may be see n i n the fu n n el s So that t he whole o f,

l ithi u m app ears i n radium .

S o much for i ts co mpositi on B u t a very pecu l iar result s o

.
,

far u n observed elsewhere arises from th e extraordi nari ly rapi d

,

wh irl i ng of the cen tral sphere A ki n d of vortex i s formed an d

.
,

there is a co nstan t an d p o w erful i ndraugh t t h rough the fu n ne l s .

B y th is particles are drawn i n fro m without an d th ese are swep t

, ,

rou n d with the sph ere t heir temperature becomi ng mu ch raised

, ,

an d they are t hen vi olently Sh ot out through t h e sp ikes I t i s .

these j ets wh i ch o ccasio nal ly s weep away an atom from t he

surface o f th e sp here Th ese parti cles may be atoms o r t hey
.
,

may be bodies from any of the etheri c levels ; i n some cases

these bodies break up an d form new co mbi nati o n s I n fac t .

l ith iu m seems l i ke a k i n d of vortex of creative activity drawing ,

i n breaki ng up reco mbi n ing Sh o ot i ng forth —a most extra

, , ,

ordi nary element .

"
R
L I T H I UM Q 4 fu n nel s o f 6 1 8 ato ms
4 sp ikes o f 1 99
Ce ntral sphere

Total

Atom ic weight
N u mber weight 23
4 7
22
7 05
 AP P E N D I X .

TH E ZE T H E R O F S PAC E .

M uch discussi o n has taken p lac e especially between phys i ci sts

,

an d c hem ists over the natu re of the substan ces with wh ic h al l

,

space must accordin g to scien tific hypoth e sis be fill ed O ne

, ,
.

Si de co nte nds t hat i t is i nfin itely t hi nne r than t he th i n nest gas ,

abso l utely fri cti o n less a n d wi tho ut we igh t the other asserts that
i t i s denser t han the den sest sol id I n th is substance the ulti mat e
.

ato ms of matt e r are thought to float l ike motes i n a su nbeam , ,

an d l ight heat a n d electricity are supposed to be i ts v ibrati on s

, .

Th eoso ph i cal i nvestigators, us i ng methods n ot at th e di sposal

of p hysi cal sci e n ce have fou nd that th is hypoth esis i n cludes
,

u n der on e head two ent irely di fferen t an d wi dely separated sets

of p h e n o m e fia They have bee n able to deal with states of
.

matter h igher than the gaseous an d h ave O bserved that i t is by

means of v ibration s of th is finer matter th at l i g h t h e at an d ,

electri ci ty man i fest themselves to us S eeing t hat matter i n

.

these higher states th us performs the fu n cti on s attri b u t ed to the

ether of scien c e they have (perhaps u nadvi sedly ) called these
,

states etheri c an d h ave t h us l e ft t hemselves wi thout a conven i ent

,

name for that substan ce wh i ch ful fils t he other part O f the

sci e nt ific requirements .

Let us for the mo men t name this su bstance koi l on Si n ce i t ,

fil ls what we are i n t h e hab it of call i ng empty space Wh at .

m ul a p ra k r t i or mother m a t ter i s to the i nco n ceivable to t al ity

,
-
,

of u n iverses koi lon i s to o ur particular u n iverse —n ot t o our

,

so lar system mere l y but to the vast u n it whic h i n cl udes all visi bl e
s u ns
. B etwee n ko i lo n and m ul a p ra k r t i there must be vario us
stages but we h ave at pres e n t no di re ct means of estimating their
,

nu mber or of kn owi ng a nyth i ng wh atever abou t t hem .

I n an an cien t o ccu lt treatise h owever w e read of a color

, ,

“
less sp iritual flu i d w h i ch e x is ts everywher e an d forms the first
fou n dati o n o n wh ich our solar system i s bui lt O utside th e .
 ii

latter it i s foun d i n its pristi n e pu rity o n ly be tween t h e stars [su n s]

,

o f th e u n ivers e . AS i t s substan ce i s of a d i fferent k i n d from

t hat k nown o n earth th e i n habitants o f t h e latter seei ng t h r ough
, ,

i t bel ieve i n th e ir ill usio n an d ign oran ce that it is empty space

, , , .

T here i s n ot o ne fi n ge r s breadth of vo i d space i n t he whol e

’

“ !
bou n dless u n iverse l
T h e mot her substan ce
.
ae
is said i n th is -
,

t reati se to produce th is ae th e r of space a s its sevent h grade of

,

density an d all obj ective su n s are sai d to h ave th is for their

,

substan ce .

T o any power of sight whic h we can bri ng to bear upo n it ,

th is ko i lo n appears to be h omogen eous though i t i s probably ,

n oth i ng of t he ki nd Si n ce h o mogeneity can bel ong to the

,

mother substan c e alo ne I t i s o ut of al l proportio n den ser th an

-
.

any other substan ce kn own t o u s i n fi n i t e l v denser— i f we may ,

be pardoned t h e expressio n ; s o mu ch den ser t hat i t seems t o

b e l o ng to an other type or ord e r of den sity B u t n ow comes th e
, , .

startl i ng part of t he i nvestigati on we might expect matter to be

a d e n s i fi c a t i o n of th i s ko ilo n it i s n ot h i n g of t he ki n d M atter .

i s n ot ko i lon ?but t h e a bse n ce of koi l on an d at first sight matter , ,

a nd space appear to h ave ch ange d plac e s an d emp t i ness has ,

beco me sol idi ty sol i dity has become empti ness

,
.

To h e lp u s to u n derstan d th i s clearly l e t u s exam i n e th e ulti

mate atom of t he p hysical plan e (s e e pp 2 1 I t i s compose d .

of ten ri ngs or wires wh ich l i e S i de by si de b ut n ever touch o n e

, ,

an other I f on e of these wires be tak e n away from the atom

.
,

an d be , a s i t w ere u ntwisted from i t s pecul i ar sp iral Shape an d

,

lai d out o n a flat surface it wil l be seen th at i t i s a compl e t e,

circle —a t igh t l y twist e d en dl e ss coi l T his co il i s itself a spiral .

co ntai ni ng 1 6 8 0 turn s it can b e u n wou n d an d i t wil l t hen make ,

a m uch larger ci rcle Th i s pro cess of u nwi n d ing may b e agai n

.

performed an d a st ill bigger ci rcle obtain ed a n d t h i s can be

, ,

repeated til l th e seve n Sets of s p i r i l l ae a re al l u nwoun d an d we ,

have a hu g e c ircle of the ti n iest i magi nable dots l ike pearls ,

t hreaded o n an i nv isi ble stri n g T hese dots are s o i nco n ceivably .

smal l t hat many mi ll ion s of the m are needed to make on e

u ltimat e p hysical a t o m an d wh i l e th e exact n umber i s not
,

readi ly ascertai n able several di ffer e n t l in es of calculatio n a g ree

,

Q uo t e d in The S e cre t D oc tr in e . H P B l avat sky i

. .
, , 309 .
 iii

i n i n di catin g i t as closely approximate to the almost i n co nceivabl e

t otal o f fourteen thousan d m i ll i o n s Where figures are so h ug e
.
,
,

di rect co u nt i ng i s obvi o usly i mpo ssi ble but fortu nately the ,

d i fferen t parts of th e ato m are su ffic ien tl y al ike to enable u s to

make an est imate i n wh ich the margi n o f error i s n ot l ikely to be
very great The ato m co n sists of ten wires wh i ch d ivi de them
.
,

selves n atural ly i nto two groups—the t hre e wh i ch are t h icker an d

mo re prom i nent and th e seven th i n ner on es wh i ch correspo nd
,

to th e co l ors an d planets These l atter appear to be i denti c al i n

.

c o n sti tuti on though t he forces flowi ng through t hem must

di ffer si n ce eac h responds most readily to its own special set
,

of vi bration s B y actual cou n ti ng i t h a s been di scovered that

.

th e n umbers of coils or s p i r i l l ae of the first order i n eac h wire

i s 1 6 8 0 an d th e proporti o n o f the d i fferent orders o f s p i r i l l ae to
o ne an other i s equa l i n all cases that h ave been exam i n ed and ,

correspon d wi th t he n u mber of d ots i n th e u lti mate s p i r i l l ae of

th e lowest order Th e ordi nary sevenfo l d rule works qu ite
.

accurately with the t h i n n er co ils but t her e i s a very curiou s

,

variat io n wi th regard to the s e t O f three AS may be se e n fro m .

th e drawi n gs th ese are obvio usly th icker an d more prom i nen t

, ,

a n d th is i n cr e ase of size is produced by an augmen tat io n (so

s l ight as to b e barely percepti ble ) i n t h e p roporti o n t o o n e
an other o f th e di fferen t orders of s p i r i l l ae an d i n th e n u mber of
dots i n the l owest Th i s augmen tat io n amou n t i ng at present
.
,

to not m ore t han o o 5 7 1 4 2 8 o f t he whole of each case su ggests

°

t he unexpected possibil ity that t h is p ortio n o f t h e atom may

be someh ow actual l y u nd e rgoi ng a c hange —may i n fact b e i n
p rocess of growth a s ther e i s reaso n to suppose that these th ree
,

th i cker spira l s origi nal ly resembled t h e others .

S i n ce o bservatio n sh ows us th at each physica l ato m i s

repr e sented by forty n i n e astral atoms each astra l a t om by
-
,

forty n i ne me ntal ato ms an d each m e n tal atom by forty n i n e

-
,
-

o f th ose o n the bud dhi c p l an e we have here evi den t ly several

,

terms of a regular progressiv e Series an d th e natural presu mption

,

is that the series co nt i nues where we are n o lo nger able to

observe i t . Further pro babi l ity is len t to thi s assumpti o n by
th e remarkable fact th at— i f w e assume o n e d ot to be wha t
correspo nds to an a t o m o n t h e seven t h o r h ighest o f our
planes (as i s su ggested i n Th e An ci e n t Wi sd o m p 4 2 ) and the n , .
 iv

sup pose the l aw of mul tip l i cat io n to b e gi n its operation s o ,

that 49 dots shal l form t he ato m of t h e n ext or sixth p lane ,

2 40 1 that O f th e fi fth an d so o n —w e fi n d t hat t he n umber

,

i nd icated for t h e p hysical atom (49 ) correspon ds al m ost exactly

6

wi th the cal culati o n based upo n the ac tual co u n t i ng o f th e co ils .

I n deed it seems probable that bu t for the Sl igh t g r owth of t h e

,

th r e e th icker wires o f th e atom the correspo n den ce woul d have

b e en perfect .

I t must be n ot e d that a p hysi cal ato m can n ot be directly

broken u p i nto astral atoms I f t he un it of force wh i ch wh irl s .

t hos e mil lio ns of dots i n to the co mpl i cated Shape of a physical

‘

atom be pressed back by a n e ffort of wi l l over t he thresh ol d of

th e astral p lan e the atom disappears i nstan tly for the dots a re
, ,

re l eas e d B u t th e same u n i t o f force worki ng n ow upo n a

.
,

h igher l ev e l expresses itself n ot through one astral atom bu t

, ,

th ro ugh a g ro u p of 4 9 I f th e p rocess of pressi ng back the

.

un i t o f force i s repeated so that it energis e s u pon th e m e ntal

,

p lan e we fin d the group there enlarged to the n um ber of 2 40 1 of

,

t hose h igh er ato ms U po n th e b u d d h ic plan e th e n umber of

.

atoms formed by the same am ou nt o f force i s very m uch greater

still —probably th e cube of 49 i nstead of t he square th ough they ,

h ave n ot been actual ly counted Th erefore on e physical ato m is .

n ot comp os ed of forty n i ne astral or 2 40 1 men tal atoms but cor r e

-
,

sp on d s to th e m i n the sense t hat th e force wh i ch man ifests

,

th rough it woul d Show itself on t hose h igher planes by energising

respectively t h ose n umbers of atoms .

The dots or beads seem to be t h e co nstituen ts of al l matter

, ,

of wh i c h we at present kn ow an yth i ng ; astral men tal and

, , ,

bu d dh ic ato ms are built of them s o we may fairly regard ,

t he m as f un damental u n its t he basis o f matter ,

.

T hese u n i t s are al l al ike Sp h e ri cal an d absol utely si mple i n

,

co n struction T h ough they are t h e basi s o f all matter t hey

.
,

are n ot th emselves matter ; they are n o t blocks but bu bbles .

T hey do n ot resemble bubbles floati ng i n the air which consis t ,

of a th i n fi l m of water separating the ai r wi th i n t hem from th e

air o utsi de so that the fi l m has both an outer an d a n i n ner
,

surfac e T heir analogy i s rath er with t he bubbles t hat we s e e

.

risi ng i n water before t h e y reac h th e surface bubbles whi ch may

, ,

8
 be sai d to h ave on l y o n e surface — that of the water w h i ch is
pushed back by the contai ned air j ust as s u ch bubbles are .

n ot water but are precisely t he spots from wh i ch water i s absen t

, ,

S O thes e u n its are n ot ko i l on but t h e absence o f koi lon — th e

,

o n ly spots wh er e it i s n ot — specks o f n oth ingness floati ng i n it ,

s o to sp e ak for t h e i nteri or of t hese space bu bbles i s an absol ute

,
-

void to the h ighes t p ow e r o f visi o n that w e can turn upo n th em .

T hat is t h e startl i ng well n igh i ncr e di bl e fact

,
-
M atter is , .

no thi ngn ess the Space obtai ned by pressi ng back a n i n fin itely
,

“
den se su bstan c e ; Fo hat di g s h oles i n Space of a v e ri ty an d ,

th e holes are th e airy noth i ngnesses th e bubbles o f wh ich , ,

!
sol i d u n iverses are bui lt .

Wh at are t hey then th es e bubbles or rat h e r w hat is thei r

, , , ,

co ntent t he force wh ic h can bl o w b ubbles i n a substance of

,

“
i n fi n i t e de n sity ? T he a n cie nts cal led that force t h e B reath ,
!

a graph i c symbol wh ic h se e m s to I mply th at t h ey who u s e d

,

it had se e n t h e kosmic process had see n th e L O G O S wh e n ,

“
H e breath e d i nto the waters of space an d made t h e bu bbles ,

“
wh ich bu i ld un iverses S ci e ntists may cal l th is
. Force by
w hat n ames t hey wil l — n ames are n oth i ng to u s Th e osoph ists , ,

i t is t he B reath of t h e L O G O S we kn ow n ot wh ether o f th e,

L O G O S of thi s solar sys t em o r of a yet m ightier B eing ; th e

l a t t e r woul d seem t he more l i kely Si n ce i n t h e above quot e d ,
-

o ccult tr e a t ise all visi bl e s un s a re sa i d to h ave t h i s as t heir

substan ce .

T he B reath of th e L O G O S t hen i s t h e force wh ich fi l ls t h e se

, ,

spaces ; H i s t he force w h ich h olds t hem op e n agai n st th e

tr e m e n dous pressure of t he ko il on ; t hey a re ful l o f H i s Li fe ,

o f H i mself an d ev e ryth i ng we cal l ma t ter o n however h igh

, ,

01
°

l ow a p lane i s i nst i n c t wit h divi n ity ; these u n its of forc e

, ,

of l ife the bricks w ith wh i c h H e bu i l ds H is u n iv e rs e a r e H i s

, ,

very l ife scat t ered through space ; truly i s i t written I

establ ish e d th i s u n iverse w ith a p ortio n o f mys e lf And .

wh en H e draws i n H is br e ath th e wat e rs of space wil l clo s e

,

i n agai n and the u n iverse w i l l hav e disappeared

, I t is o n l y .

a br e ath .

Th e O utbreath i ng wh ich makes t hese bubbles is qu i t e d ist i nc t

fro m an d lo ng anteced e nt to t he thre e outpouri n g s o r Li f e
, , ,

Waves s o fami liar to th e t h e osop hical studen t The first Life

, .
 vi

Wave catches up t hese bubb l e s a nd wh ir l s t h e m i nto the various

,

arrangeme n t s wh ich we call the atoms O f the sev e ral plan e s ,

an d aggregates t he m i nto the m ol e cul e s an d o n t h e p hysica l ,

p l an e i n to t he chemica l e lements T he wor l ds are built out of .

these voi ds these e mpti n ess e s wh ich seem to us n oth i ng but

, ,

are divin e force I t i s matter made fro m t he pri vatio n of matter

. .

H ow true w e re statements i n The S ecret D oc t ri n e !

“
M atter i s n oth i ng but a n aggr e g atio n of ato m ic forces (i i i !

B ud dha taugh t th at the pri m itiv e su bstan c e i s e tern a l an d

u n changeable I ts v e h i c l e i s th e p ur e l um in ous ze t h e r t h e
.
,

boun dless i n fin it e space n ot a vo id resu l ti ng fro m t he abse nce

, ,

of a l l forms but on the co n trary the fou n datio n o f al l forms

, ,
!

(i i i
,

H ow vivi dly how u n mistakably t his k no w ledge bri ngs h ome

,

to us t he great doctri ne of M ay a the t ran sitori ness an d u nr e ality

,

of earth ly t hi ngs t he utterly d e ceptiv e nature o f appearan c e s

,

Wh e n the can di date for i n i tiati o n s e es (n ot merely b e l ieves ,

rem e mber bu t actually sees) that what has a l ways b e for e s e emed
,

to h i m e mp ty spac e i s i n real ity a sol id mass o f i n co nc e ivable

de nsity a n d th at the matter wh i ch has appeare d to b e the on e
,

tangible a n d certai n basis of t h i ngs i s n ot o n l y by compariso n

“ “
t e nuo us as gossamer (th e web spu n by Fat her
but i s actu ally c o mposed of e mpti n ess an d n oth i ngness — i s itsel f
th e v e ry n e gati o n of matt e r — then for t he firs t ti me he thoroughly
appr e ciat e s t he val u e l e ss ness of t he p hysi ca l se n s e s as g u i des to
th e truth Y e t eve n m or e clearly s t ill stands out t h e glorio us
.

certai nty of th e i m manen c e of t h e D i v in e ; n ot on ly i s e v e ry

t h i n g en sou l e d by t h e L O G O S but ev e n i ts visi b l e m a n i festati o n
,

i s l it e ral ly part of H i m i s bu ilt o f H is v e ry su bstanc e so t hat

, ,

M atter as we l l as S p iri t beco mes sacred to t h e stud e n t wh o really

u n dersta n ds .

T he ko ilo n i n wh ic h all these bubb l e s are fo rmed u nd o ubted l y

r e pr e se nts a part an d p e rhaps t he pri nci pal par t of what scien c e
, ,

describes as t he l u mi ni f e ro us ze t h e r Whether i t is actua l ly t h e .

b e a rer o f th e vi bra t i on s of light an d heat th rough i n t erp l anetary

Space i s as ye t u n d e t e rmi n e d I t is certai n t hat th e s e vi bra t io n s
.

i mp i nge up o n an d a r e percep t i bl e to our bo di l y se nses on ly

throu g h t h e e theri c matt e r of t h e p hysical plane B u t th i s by n o .

mean s prov e s tha t t h e y a r e co nvey e d th rough space i n t h e sam e

 v ii

man ner for we know very l ittle O f t h e exten t to wh i ch th e

,

physi cal etheric matter exists i n i nterplanetary an d interstellar

space th o ugh the e x ami natio n of meteori c matter and kosmi c
,

dust shows that at least some o f i t i s scattered ther e .

The sc ie ntific theory is th a t th e mt h e r has so me qual ity wh ich

e nables i t to transmit at a certai n defin it e velo city tran sverse
waves of al l lengt hs a n d i n te n sities — that vel ocity b e i ng what i s
co mmo n l y called th e speed of l ight , m iles p e r seco n d .

Q ui te probabl y t h is may be tru e o f koi lo n an d i f so i t mu st also

,

be capable of comm un i cati ng t hose waves to bubbl es or aggrega

t io ns of bubbles an d before the light can reach our e yes there
,

must be a d ownward transfer e n ce fro m plan e to p lan e sim ilar t o

t hat taki ng place wh en a th ou g ht awaken s emotion o r causes
action .

“
I n a r e cent pamph let on T he D ensity of E ther S i r Ol ive r ,

Lodge remarks
“
j ust as th e rati o of mass to vol ume is smal l i n the case of a
solar syst e m or a ne bula or a cobw e b I h ave been drive n to
,

t h in k that the o bserved mechan ical den si ty of matter i s pro bably

an excessively sma l l fractio n o f t h e total densi ty o f t h e substan ce
or aether co ntai ned i n the space wh i ch it th u s partial ly o ccup ies
th e substance of wh i ch it m a y hypothetica l ly be hel d to be
composed .

“
T h us for i nstan ce co n sider a mass o f p lati nu m an d ass ume
, , ,

that i ts atoms a re co mposed of el ectron s or of some structures,

not wh olly dissi milar : th e spa ce wh ic h th e se bodies actually fi l l

“
as co mpar e d wi th the wh ole space wh ic h i n a sense t hey occupy ,

is co mparabl e to on e t en m il l io n th of t h e wh ole eve n i nsi de each

-
,

atom ; an d the fractio n i s sti ll small er i f i t r efers to t he visi ble

mass S o t hat a ki n d o f m i n i m u m e sti mate o f ae t h e r i a l density
.
,

on t h i s basis woul d be Someth i ng l ike te n thousan d m il l io n

,

"
ti mes t hat of p lati n um .

An d further o n he adds t hat th is d ensity may wel l turn out to

be fif t y t hou san d m i lli o n ti m es t h at of plati n um “
The densest .

" “
matter kn own h e says i s trivial and gossamer l i ke co mpared
, ,
-

with t h e u n mod ified ae t h er i n th e same Space .

!

I n cr e d i ble as th is seems to our ord i nary ideas it i s un dou btedl y

,

an u nderstatement rat her tha n an exaggerati o n of the t ru e pro

porti o n as O bserved i n the case o f koil on We Shal l u nd e rstan d
.
 viii

h ow th is can be s o i f we remem ber that koi l o n s e ems absol utely

h o mogeneo us a n d sol i d e ven when e xami n ed by a po wer of
magn ificati on wh ich makes p hysical a t oms appear i n Size an d
arrangement l ike cottages scattered over a lonely moor an d ,

wh e n we fur t h er add to t h i s t h e recol lectio n that t he bubbles of

wh i ch these ato ms i n turn a r e composed are th emselves what
may b e n ot i n aptly called fragmen ts of n oth i ngness .

I n t h e same pamph let S i r Ol iv e r Lodge makes a very strik i ng

“
es t i ma t e of t h e i ntri n si c e n ergy o f the aether H e says : Th e .

total outpu t of a mi l l io n ki l owatt p ower stat io n for th irty mi ll io n

-

y e ars exis t s permanen tly an d at presen t i naccessi bly i n every

,

cub ic mi l l i metre of Space H ere agai n he i s probably u n der

.

esti ma t i ng the stupen dous truth .

I t may n atura l l y be asked h ow i f all th is be s o it i s possi ble

, ,

t hat we can m o v e a b o u t freely i n a so l id t e n thousand mill io n

‘

ti mes denser as S i r Ol iver Lodge says than p l at i n um T h e

, ,
.

o bvi ous answer i s th at where d e n si ties di ff e r su fficie ntly th e y

, ,

can m ove t h r o ii g h each ot her wit h perfect freedo m ; water or

ai r can pass th rough clot h ; a ir ca n pass t hrough water ; an
astral form passes u nco nscio usly th rough a p hys i cal wall or ,

t hrough an ordi n ary h u man body ; many o f u s have Seen an

astral form walk t hro ugh a p hysical n either bei ng con scious of ,

th e passage i t does n ot matter whether we say t hat a gho st h as

passed t hrough a wal l or a wall has pass e d t hro ugh a gh ost
,
.

A gnome passes freel y t hro ugh a rock an d walks abo ut w ith i n ,

th e earth as co mfortably a s we wa l k abo ut i n th e air A deeper

,
.

answer is t hat con sci ousn e ss can recogn ize o n ly co nsci ousness ,

t hat si n ce we a r e of t he n ature o f th e L O G O S we can se nse on ly

th ose t h ings w h i ch are also of H is nature T hese bubbles are .

H i s essen ce H is l ife an d therefore we who also are part of

, , , , ,

H im can s e e th e matter wh i ch i s bu i lt o f h i s substan ce for all

, ,

forms are but man i festati on s of H i m The ko i lo n i s to us n o n .

man ifestati o n because we have no t u nfolded powers wh i ch

‘

enabl e us to cogn ise it an d i t may be t he man ifestatio n of a

,

loftier order of L O G O I utterly beyo n d o ur k e n

, .

AS no ne of our i nvestigators can rais e h i s co nsci ousn ess t o

t he high e st p lane o f ou r u n iverse th e ad i ta t tva p lan e i t may be
,
-
,

of i n ter e st to explai n h ow i t i s possi ble for them t o s e e wh at may

very probably be t he ato m of that plane T hat th is may be .
 ix

u nders t oo d i t i s essen tial to r e member that the power of m a gn i fi

catio n by mea ns o f wh i ch th e se e xperi ments are con ducted is
quite apart from the faculty of fu n cti o n i ng u po n o ne o r o t her o f
t he planes Th e latter i s th e result o f a Slo w an d gradual u n fo l d
.

ment of the S el f wh ile th e former i s merely a speci al dev e lopmen t

,

of o ne of the many pow e rs latent i n man Al l th e plan e s a r e

.

rou n d us h ere j us t as much as a ny oth er poi n t i n space an d i f

, ,

a man sh arpen s h is si gh t u ntil he can s e e t heir t i n i e st atoms he

can make a stu dy of t hem eve n th ough h e m ay as yet be far
,

fro m th e l e vel necessary to en able h i m to u n ders t an d an d fun cti o n

up on t h e h igher p l a nes as a wh ole or to come i nto t ouch wi t h
,

t he glori ous l nte l l igen ces wh o gather th ose atoms i nto veh i cl e s
for Themselves .

A partial analogy m ay be fou n d i n the positio n o f t he

astro n omer wit h regard to th e stel lar un iverse or let u s s ay ,

t h e M i lky Way . H e can O bs e rve its co n st ituent parts an d learn

a goo d deal abou t them alon g various l i nes bu t it i s absolut e ly
,

i mpossi ble for h i m to see it as a whole fro m outside or to ,

form any certai n c o n cepti o n of its true sh ap e an d to kn ow ,

what i t real ly i s S uppose t hat the un iverse i s as many of

.
,

th e ancien ts th o ught so me i n con ceivably vast B ei ng it is

, ,

utterly i mpo ssi ble for us h ere i n t he mi dst of i t to know

, ,

wh at that B ei ng is o r i s do ing for t hat woul d mean raisi ng

,

O urselves to a heigh t comparable wi t h H i s ; but we may make

e x ten sive an d d e tai led e x am i natio n of su ch parti cles of H i s

body as h app e n t o b e w i t h i n our reach for that m e an s o n ly
,

the pati e nt u s e of po w ers an d mac h i nery al ready at o ur

co mmand .

Le t i t n ot be supp osed th at i n t hus u n f o l di ng a l i ttl e m ore

.

of the wo nders of D ivi ne T ruth by push i ng our i nvestiga t io n s

to t h e very farth est p oi nt a t pres e n t possi b l e t o u s w e i n any ,

way a l t er o r mo dify a l l th at has b e e n writt e n i n t h eosoph i ca l

books of th e sh ape an d co nstitution o f t h e physical atom an d ,

of t he won derfu l an d ord e rly arrangeme n t s b y wh i ch i t i s

g roup e d i n to t h e vario us ch emi cal molecules ; a l l th is r e mai ns
entirel y u na ffected .

N or i s any change i ntroduc e d as r e gards t h e t hree o u t

pouri ngs fro m t h e L O G O S an d the marv e l l ous f a ci lity wi t h
,

wh ich th e matter of t h e vari ous plan e s is by th em moul d e d i nto

forms fo r t h e service o f t h e e volving l i fe B u t i f w e wish to
.

have a righ t view of t he r e a l iti e s u nd e r l yi ng man i festatio n i n th is

u n iverse we must to a co nsid e rabl e e x ten t re verse the ordinary
,

co n ception as to what t hi s matter e ssential l y i s . I n s t e ad o f

t h in ki ng o f i ts ultimate co ns t ituents as so l i d sp e cks floating i n
a vo id we must real is e th at i t i s t he apparent voi d i t s e l f wh ic h
,

i s sol i d an d that t h e Sp e cks a r e bu t bu bbl e s on i t

, . T hat
fact o n ce grasped a l l t he res t remai n s a s be fore
, . Th e
r e lativ e posi t i o n of what we have h itherto called matter an d
force is stil l fo r u s t he same as ev e r ; i t i s on ly that o n ,

closer exam i na t io n both o f t h es e co ncept io n s prove to be

,

varian ts of force th e o ne ensoul i ng com bi natio n s O f t he

,

“
ot her an d t h e real
,
matter ,
ko ilon i s se e n to b e some
!
,

th i ng wh ich has h ith erto bee n al toget h er outsi de our scheme

of t h o u gh t

I n view o f t his marvell ous distri buti o n o f H i msel f i n

“ !
space t he fam iliar con cep t of th e sacri fice o f t h e L O G O S
,
!

“
takes o n a n ew depth a n d Sp len do ur ; t hi s i s H i s dyi ng i n
“
m at t er ,
H is perp etual sacr i fice an d it may be t h e very
,

glory o f th e L O GO S that H e ca n sacrifice H imself to t h e

uttermost by thus permeati ng an d maki ng H i ms e lf o ne with
t ha t p ortio n of ko i l on wh ich H e ch ooses as t he field of H is
u n iverse .

Wh at koi l on i s what i t s origi n whether i t i s i t self ch ang e d

, ,

—
by the D ivi n e B r e ath wh i ch is p oure d i n to i t does D ark “

S pace th u s become “
B righ t S pac e at th e begin n ing of a
!

man i fes t atio n —thes e are ques t i on s to wh i ch we can not at

p resent even i n dicate answers P ercha n c e an i ntelligen t study
.

O f the great S criptures of the worl d may yiel d rep l ies .

 LO N D O N °

J OH N BAL E S O N S
, AN D D AN I E L S S O N , L T D

O X ! OR D H O U S E ,

8 3-9 1 , G R E AT T I T C H ! I E L D S T R EE T O X ! OR D S T R EET W
, , . 1 .