UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA

DE CUAUTITLÁN IZCALLI

BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSENSORS

JOSÉ ARTURO FLORES HERNÁNDEZ

Gastón magañas Ana Laura

Barreto villa fuerte Citlali
Hernández nava Omar Alejandro
Gabriel Antonio
Miramontes Juárez Alberto
Tabla de contenido
Process that was used for each procedure.............................................................................................4
DTH11 temperature sensor...................................................................................................................4
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor...................................................................................................................5
RESISTANCE, CONDUCTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY.................................................................6
Conductivity (CE) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)..........................................................................8
Water conductivity...............................................................................................................................8
Conductivity and water hardness..........................................................................................................9
Application Sector.................................................................................................................................10
Fertilizer dosages Hydroponics and irrigation systems....................................................................10
Metallic working Preparation of minerals, processing of bauxite....................................................10
Describe the communication processes................................................................................................12
Describe each sensor its characteristics................................................................................................21
HC-SR04................................................................................................................................................21
OPERATION......................................................................................................................................23
Sensor DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature......................................................................................23
Typical Application............................................................................................................................25
Power and Pin DHT11’s...................................................................................................................25
Communication Process: Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two-Way)............................................25
Overall Communication Process.....................................................................................................25
MCU Sends out Start Signal & DHT Responses..........................................................................26
DHT Responses to MCU..................................................................................................................27
Data "0" Indicación............................................................................................................................28
Eléctrica Características...................................................................................................................28
Atentaos o aplicación........................................................................................................................29
Arduino Uno...........................................................................................................................................30
Overview.............................................................................................................................................30
Summary............................................................................................................................................30
Power..................................................................................................................................................31
Memory...............................................................................................................................................32
Input and Output................................................................................................................................32
Communication..................................................................................................................................32
Programming......................................................................................................................................33
Automatic (Software) Reset.............................................................................................................33
 USB Overcurrent Protection............................................................................................................34
Physical Characteristics...................................................................................................................34
Perform analysis processes of possible improvements (scientific method)......................................34
Design of media for fermentation processes.....................................................................................38
Fermentation in solid substrate...........................................................................................................39
Bioreactor scaling..................................................................................................................................39
Sewage Treatment................................................................................................................................40
Mode of operation and cultivation systems........................................................................................41
Design of a bioreactor with aeration........................................................................................................42
Transport phenomena analysis................................................................................................................43
Process that was used for each procedure

The procedure of the entire project was of a great investigative nature because a large collection
of information had to be given with respect to all the sensors that we deal with such as internal
temperature and the environment, ultra-sonic for the level of water in our bioreactor, the census
of pH that in our case was based on the conductivity of the water for the agents that are diluted in

our water.

DTH11 temperature sensor

Thanks to the characteristics and the easy use of our inversion temperature sensor within the
project, we can identify the internal and external temperature within a range of 0 to 50 degrees
Celsius since the project falls within the regime that we need to be able to register requested.
This sensor is characterized by sending a calibrated digital signal so it ensures high quality and
reliability over time, it has excellent precision and a quick response in measurements and being
easy to use with programming in Arduino generates a wide range of uses.

When making an intercommunication with the LabVIEW software, it was possible to throw a
dialog box where it indicates the temperature with respect to the milliseconds of census and thus
be able to have exact measurements in time and shape inside and outside our bioreactor.
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor
Also known as a proximity detector that works free of mechanical friction and that detects objects
at distances ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. The sensor beeps and measures
the time it takes for the signal to return. These reflect on an object, the sensor receives the echo
produced and converts it into electrical signals, which are produced in the evaluation device.
These sensors work only in the air and can detect objects with different shapes, colors, surfaces
and different materials. The materials can be solid, liquid or dusty, however, they must be sound

deflectors. The sensors work according to the echo time, that is, the time distance between the
emission pulse and the echo pulse is evaluated. The sensor works best by detecting objects at a
30-degree angle and at a distance of approximately 4.5 meters (Figure 3). Thanks to the given
programming, the sensor was configured to detect the level of water that is inside our bioreactor
and thus see in real time what is happening inside without altering the medium. Given the
distance we have from the initial point of water to the total point of the net capacity that was used,
in this distance it was divided between the different sizes for programming and thus counting is
for example half the tank, in its total capacity or if it is empty.
Conductivity cells (illustration 4) In metallic conductors, the transport of electric current takes
place due to the movement of electrons in the metal under the action of a potential difference. As

it is a single type of transporter (electrons), the electronic conductor can be considered as

homogeneous and for him Ohm's Law is valid
where R is the resistance of the conductor (in Ohm, ), V is the applied potential difference (in
volts, V) and I is the current intensity flowing through the conductor (in amps, A). In the case of
electrolytic solutions, the current is carried by the ions in the solution. In the absence of an
electric field, the ions, which constitute an ionic conductor, are in constant random movement.
This movement is due to the action of thermal and convective forces. When ions are subjected to
the action of an electric field (by the application of a potential difference) they move, in one
direction or another, according to their charge, a phenomenon known as ionic migration. Under
these conditions, dissolution can be considered as a homogeneous electronic conductor that
follows Ohm's Law.

RESISTANCE, CONDUCTANCE AND CONDUCTIVITY

For a certain volume of a solution (Figure 1), its resistance, R, is given by:

where  is the resistivity of the solution (in ohm cm), A is the area through which the electric flux
occurs (in cm2) and l is the distance between the two planes considered (in cm). Resistivity,
which is normally a function of temperature, is a characteristic of the material in the cylinder and
is independent of the geometric shape of the material, while R depends on how long and thick the
cylinder is. Taking the reciprocal of the relation (2) we obtain
Figure 1: Cylinder of cross section A and length l. The cylinder can be a metal or an aqueous
solution of an electrolyte. The electrolytic conductance (L) is defined as the inverse magnitude of
the resistance (L = 1 / R),) whose unit is Siemens (S or  -1). We define the inverse of resistivity
as conductivity, . Another name used for conductivity is specific conductance. We rewrite the
relationship (3)

The units of  are, then, S cm -1. According to the equation, the expression of  () the
conductivity of a solution is its conductance enclosed in a cube of 1 cm3 (  l = 1cm, A = 1cm2).
The ratio (  l / A) is defined as the constant of the conductivity cell, k. The relation (4) can now
be written:

Thanks to these conductivity sensors it was possible to replace it with a pH sensor based on all
the practice that was carried out.

Electric conductivity

Conductivity is a variable that is controlled in many sectors, from the chemical industry to
agriculture. This variable depends on the amount of dissolved salts present in a liquid and is
inversely proportional to its resistivity.

With conventional instruments, the conductivity measurement is obtained by applying a voltage

between two electrodes and measuring the resistance of the solution. Solutions with high
conductivity produce higher currents. To contain the intensity of the current in a highly conductive
solution, it is necessary to decrease the surface of the probe or increase the distance between
the poles. For this reason, different probes must be used for different measurement ranges.

Only the 4-ring method can measure different ranges using a single probe. The advantages of
this method with respect to that of two points (ammeter method) are numerous: linear readings in
a wide range, without any polarization, and without the need for thorough cleaning due to scale.
INFOAGRO offers a wide range of Ammeter and Potentiometric meters. Particular models are
available for the measurement of many parameters with a single instrument (CE, TDS, pH and
temperature), or studied for specific applications (for example: thermo-hydraulics and agriculture).

Conductivity (CE) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Definition Conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct electric current and is
the opposite of resistance.

The unit of measurement commonly used is the Siemens / cm (S / cm), with a magnitude of 10
raised to -6, that is, micro Siemens / cm (µS / cm), or 10 raised to -3, that is, milli Siemens (ms /
cm).

Water conductivity
 Pure water: 0.055 µS / cm
 Distilled water: 0.5 µS / cm
 Mountain water: 1.0 µS / cm
 Water for domestic use: 500 to 800 µS / cm
 Max. for drinking water: 10055 µS / cm
 Sea water: 52 ms / cm

In the case of measurements in aqueous solutions, the value of conductivity is directly

proportional to the concentration of dissolved solids, therefore, the higher the concentration, the
higher the conductivity. The relationship between conductivity and dissolved solids is expressed,
depending on the applications, with a good approximation by the following rule:

1.4 µS / cm = 1ppm or 2 µS / cm = 1 ppm (parts per million CaCO3)

where 1 ppm = 1 mg / L is the unit of measurement for dissolved solids.

In addition to normal conductivity meters, there are instruments that automatically convert the
conductivity value to ppm, directly offering measurements of the concentration of dissolved
solids. The conductivity of a solution is determined by molecular motion. Temperature influences
this movement, so it must be taken into account when making precision measurements.
Generally, for comparative measurements, the reference temperature is 20 c or 25 c. To correct
for the effects of temperature, a compensation factor ß is used. It is expressed in% / c that varies
according to the composition of the solution being measured. In most applications, the ß
coefficient is set at 2% / ºC. Conductivity measurement It is possible to differentiate the different
conductivity meters according to the measurement method they use, that is, ammeter or
potentiometric. The ammeter system applies a known potential difference (V) to two electrodes
and measures the alternating current (?) That passes through them. According to Ohm's law, the
two dimensions are subject to the relationship: I = V / R. Where R is the resistance, V is the
known voltage and I is the current going from one electrode to another. Therefore, the higher the
current obtained, the higher the conductivity. The resistance, however, depends on the distance
between the two electrodes and their surfaces, which can vary due to possible deposits of salts
or other materials (electrolysis). For this reason, it is recommended to limit the use of the
amperometric system for solutions with low concentration of dissolved solids, 1 g / L
(approximately 2000 µS / cm). The 4-ring potentiometric system is based on the induction
principle and eliminates common problems associated with the amperometric system, such as
the effects of polarization. An alternating current is applied to the two outer rings; while the two
inner rings measure the potential difference induced by the current flow, which depends on the
conductivity of the solution where the probe has been immersed.

A PP display keeps the current flow fixed and constant. With this method it is possible to measure
conductivity with ranges up to 200000 µS / cm and 100 g / L.

Conductivity and water hardness

Using conductivity meters or dissolved solids, it is possible to obtain with a very good
approximation, the value of the hardness of the water, even in French degrees. The hardness of
the water is determined by the concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which constitutes
approximately 90% of the solids dissolved in the water. The most common unit of hardness
measurement is the French degree (of), defined as:

1ºf = 10 ppm of CaCO3

Dividing by 10 the measurements in ppm obtained with a dissolved solids meter, the hardness
value of the water is obtained in of. As noted above, 1 ppm = 2 µS / cm of conductivity, therefore:

1ºf = 20 µS / cm
Dividing the measurements in µS / cm by 20, the water hardness value is obtained in French
degrees.

IMPORTANT: Measurements of water hardness by means of conductivity meters or TDS meters

must be carried out before water decalcification treatments. In fact, these devices replace calcium
(carbonate) with sodium, reducing the degree of hardness of the water, without changing the
concentrations of dissolved solids.

 Conductivity and water hardness

 ppm µS / cm ºf Hardness
 0-70 0-140 0-7 very soft
 70-150 140-300 7-15 soft
 150-250 300-500 15-25 slightly hard
 250-320 500-640 25-32 moderately hard
 320-420 640-840 32-42 hard
 greater than 420 greater than 840 superior 42 very hard
 

Application Sector
Graphic arts Calibration baths, film processing

Beer and yeast production Cleaning and control of filters in the facilities, dosage of salt in the
yeast

Desalination Treatment of inlet water in the facilities, control of depletion of softening resins,
control of osmotic membranes

Fertilizer dosages Hydroponics and irrigation systems

Chemical industry Control of losses in heat exchangers, control of the concentration of acidic and
alkaline solutions and of the concentration of salts in production processes

Heat generators / boilers Ion exchangers, salt reds in boiler water, loss control in humidifiers and
condensersGalvanic Chemical etching solutions, zinc plating, galvanic baths, rinsing in
semiconductor manufacturing

Metallic working Preparation of minerals, processing of

bauxite
Food industry Canned vegetables, leaching, brines, sugar mills, cheese making
Textile, paper, tanning industry Waste water treatment, bleaching and detergent baths, mordants
Detergent production Elimination of non-combined glycerin in soap production, leaching Cooling
towers Diagnosis of scale and control of the aggressiveness of the cooling water
PH tests In the first instance, physical tests were carried out on different water samples with
chlorine, with salt and other agents that could alter the water samples, a pH test was carried out
on each of these samples, a chlorine and pH tester was used for the measurement thereof. In a
sample of water with salt it gave us a result of 7.6 and water with chlorine a 7.2 on the scale
when entering the conductivity cells with a software in labview, the variation in mV was evident in
each of the samples since depending on whether the sample was more acidic or more base there
was a minimum voltage variation and thanks to this we were able to determine and generate an
established parameter for pH measurement by means of physical testing with the kit (Illustration
5).This is a Pentair Rainbow #752 2 in 1 Chlorine Test Kit that tests for pH and Chlorine using a
drop test and color comparator. The reagents in this kit are 1/2 ounce. This is a perfect test kit for
small residential pools. Kit comes in a compact box with instructions.

Testing sanitation levels and pH are the most important tests for pools. The chlorine level should
stay between 1.0 and 3.0 parts per million (ppm) to maintain a healthy pool. A pool's pH levels
should be maintained between 7.2 and 7.6.

Features

Tests for Chlorine and pH

 Reagents are 1/2 ounce

 Reagents: OTO 1 Solution and pH solution (phenol red)
 Instructions for 2 in 1 Chlorine Test Kit

Effect of conductivity on the pH measurement of water The pH of drinking water is a vital

measurement. If the pH is acidic, the water will cause corrosion in the distribution system and in
the pipes of the houses. The pH of the water also influences other properties such as taste, odor,
clarity and disinfection. The pH of drinking water is a vital measurement. If the pH is acidic, the
water will cause corrosion in the distribution system and in the pipes of the houses. The pH of the
water also influences other properties such as taste, odor, clarity and disinfection. Most
purification plants use surface water (lakes, rivers, and streams) or groundwater. Surface water is
typically lower in mineral content, so it will have a lower electrical conductivity / TDS value.
Groundwater that has seeped into limestone rocks will have a higher mineral content than
surface water. Groundwater sources with low mineral content also exist. Measuring the pH in low
salt water is very difficult. If the salt concentration is very low, so will the conductivity value. The
low conductivity value of water represents a challenge, because the pH meter is an
electrochemical system based on the fact that water has sufficient electrical conductivity. The
customer of a water purification plant contacted Hanna Instruments with a problem in pH
measurement. They noted that the reading had a sustained deviation. After a calibration it was
determined that the slope was adequate and that the electrode was in good condition. When the
user was asked what the conductivity value was, he replied that the value was approximately 35
µS / cm. This very low conductivity value, together with the use of a ceramic single junction
electrode, represented a real problem. Instead, the HI 1153B dual reference refillable electrode
was recommended. This electrode also has triple ceramic bonding, which represents a more
effective flow of electrolyte between 40 and 50 µL / h.
This flow provides greater continuity between the reference electrode and the indicator electrode,
making it ideal for measurement in water with a low ionic concentration. To optimize electrolyte
flow, the user was recommended to remove the filler cap from the electrode during
measurements. This facilitates adequate pressure for the electrolyte to flow easily from the
reference electrode. Following these directions, the customer obtained faster measurements and
eliminated the problem of sustained deviation from pH readings.

Describe the communication processes

In the past LabVIEW was a graphic programming language that was developed to facilitate the
task of data acquisition in laboratories.
LabVIEW is very easy to use, just connect the cables from the controller to the computer and
start data acquisition, but LabVIEW is currently used for many more purposes than the previous
one:

• Acquire instrument data.

• Process data (filters, transformed
• Analyze data.
• Control of instruments and equipment.
For engineers, LabVIEW makes it possible to enter information from the outside world into the
computer, make decisions based on the acquired data and send the calculated results back to
the world in order to control a part.

In the image below we can see an example of a program (front panel) that performs the
temperature measurement process of a piece of equipment, compares the results with the
desired temperature (setpoint) and provides an output signal to the controller to try to control the
setpoint temperature

El LabVIEW Interface for Arduino (LIFA) Toolkit ayuda a establecer interfaz fácilmente con el
microcontrolador Arduino usando LabVIEW.

Con este juego de herramientas y LabVIEW, podemos controlar y adquirir datos desde el

microcontrolador Arduino. Una vez que la información está en LabVIEW, la podemos
analizar usando los cientos de bibliotecas integradas de LabVIEW.

The Arduino microcontroller acts as an I / O motor that connects to LabVIEW VIs through a serial
connection. This helps to move information quickly from Arduino pins to LabVIEW without
adjusting communication, synchronization or even a single line of C code.
By using Open, Read / Write, Close in LabVIEW, we can access the digital, analog, pulse width
modulated, I2C and SPI signals of the Arduino microcontroller.
The Arduino microcontroller must be connected to the PC with LabVIEW via a USB, serial,
Bluetooth or XBee link. This toolkit does not make autonomous operation possible.
The Arduino cards supported are: Arduino UNO, MEGA, Nano and Leonardo (beta).
Arduino Configuration:
The Arduino configuration is done very simply, just upload a specific file and it will be ready for
connection to LabVIEW.
The file in question can be downloaded from here.
Once all the files have been downloaded and saved in the same folder, we open the
“LVIFA_Base.pde” file with the Arduino IDE, in this way, all the files linked to it will be
automatically opened.
 

The next step is to load the program into the Arduino as any other one loads.
Once we have installed the NI package, we must install the NI-VISA (Virtual Instrument Software
Architecture) drivers, which is a standard for configuring, programming and troubleshooting
instrumentation systems that use the GPIB, VXI, PXI interfaces, serial (RS232 / RS485), Ethernet
/ LXI, and USB.
The complete file weighs 641.1 MB.
Finally, we must download the VIPM (VI Package Manager) program that is responsible for
installing the LIFA.
To properly install the LIFA, we open VIPM. We wait for you to load all available applications and
look for the one we want to install.

And with all these steps we have already installed and configured the Arduino interface for
LabVIEW.
INTERFACE PROTOTYPE

On the front panel, observe the visualization of the interface that is running for the capture and
saving of the necessary data to be able to carry out a census of the voltage differences that are
being captured by the ARDUINO microprocessor, which helps us perform serial communication
with LabVIEW
In the image we visualize the pertinent connections to be able to make a serial connection which,
as already mentioned, will allow us to capture the signals, in the same way we are using the
Arduino tools to make, an input is observed, in the same way a pin input digital to help us capture
the signals by a voltage difference
The inputs for the sensors which will help us to have a data, for example, with the DHT11 sensor,
which will give us a temperature and humidity data to identify the response surface of the
temperature and humidity in the biorreactor

Describe the voltage analysis process

Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Pure water is not conductive of electricity, however, when certain substances are added to the
water the electric current is conducted. These substances are known electrolytes and form
negative and positive ions that will carry the electric current. The flow of the current depends on
the magnitude of the potential applied and the resistance of the solution between the electrodes.
Result of this conduction can characterize the electrochemical behavior, determine ionic
constants of dissociation, determine ionic mobility, measure the ionic content of solutions,
determine the endpoint of conductimetric titrations, detect elution of charged species in ionic
chromatography and monitor vapors of solutions
Said resistance or conductance measurements are traditionally performed with a Wheatstone
bridge and in general, the conductivity measurement of electrolytes such as salts, acids and
bases in aqueous solutions is obtained from them.

Conductivity is the ability of a material to let electrical current through it. To know the conductivity
of water you have to know what kind of water we talk about. Pure water, H2O, does not conduct
electricity. However, practically all the water with which we are in contact (in the tap, mineral, rain,
sea ...) is not pure water, but is water with a solution of salts in different concentrations. Salts in
water have the ability to transport electrical energy. Since all the water with which we are in
contact has dissolved salts, the water with which we are in contact if it conducts electricity. Given
this direct relationship between salinity and conductivity, conductivity is used to measure the
salinity of water.

The value given of the conductivity of a solution is referenced at 25 ° C. The units of measure for
conductivity are in unit of resistance / unit of length. The most commonly used are dS / m
(deciSiemens per meter), mmhos / cm (millimhos per centimeter) and mS / m (milliSiemens per
meter).
Water conductivity is measured with an EC conductivity meter. The conductivity in water is
measured through an ammeter (measuring current) or potentiometric (measuring power) system.
The greater the intensity passed or the greater the power generated, the greater the conductivity.
siemens per centimeter (s / cm) or millisiemens per centimeter (ms / cm).

Once we have the conductivity value it is possible to pass it to the salinity value by multiplying it
by a factor and it will give you the salinity in mg / L. This factor depends on the type of water you
are measuring, but as a reference value you can take 0.6 or 0.7 for this factor, in the next section
you can see examples of conversions for different types of water.

There are precisely measuring devices, called dissolved solids meters, TDS that gives you the
value directly of dissolved solids. This device works by conductivity and applies the factor to give
you the value of dissolved solids in ppm.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR FOR WATER LEVEL
MEASUREMENT
An application of ultrasound sensors that does not seem so obvious is the measurement of liquid
level in a container. In this post we will show you how you can make your own water level sensor
using an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and your favorite arduino board.
We will measure the distance between an ultrasonic sensor placed on the top of a container and
the surface of the liquid it contains to know at all times the volume contained in the container and
calculate the filling percentage.
It is necessary to put sensor hc-sr04 emitting ultrasound towards the interior of the tank and this
will indicate the distance to which the water level is, with this information we will calibrate two
distances, one for full tank and another for empty tank.
If the distance is less than the empty tank, we will show a message by console «Empty tank»
If the distance is greater than the full tank, we will show a message by console «Tank full»

Sensors
A sensor is an object capable of detecting physical or chemical quantities, called instrumentation
variables, and transforming them into electrical variables. The instrumentation variables can be
for example: light intensity, temperature, distance, acceleration, inclination, pressure,
displacement, force, torque, humidity, movement, pH, etc. An electrical quantity can be an
electrical resistance (as in an RTD), an electrical capacity (as in a humidity sensor), an electrical
voltage (as in a thermocouple), an electrical current (as in a phototransistor), etc. In this practice
we will use the DHT11 which has a capacitive sensor to measure humidity and a thermistor, a
type of semiconductor.

"SERIAL" monitor: a serial port

A serial port sends the information through a sequence of bits. For this, at least two connectors
are required to perform data communication, RX (reception) and TX (transmission). It is the way
the Arduino has to communicate with a computer.
When the board transmits data, you will see that the TX and RX LEDs turn on and off. Digital pins
0 and 1 are linked to these LEDs, so you will see that for now we are not using them.
The DHT11 is a digital sensor, internally it has two sensors (temperature and humidity) and a
processor that performs the measurement process and offers the results through a digital signal
on one of its pins. As the output signal is digital, we will connect it to one of the DIGITAL pins of
our Arduino board.

This sensor has the following characteristics:

Temperature measurement between 0 and 50 ° C
Humidity measurement between 20 and 80%
1 Hz sampling rate (one reading per second)

Describe each sensor its characteristics

HC-SR04

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats or
dolphins
do. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an
easy-to-use package. From 2cm to 450cm or 1” to 16ft. Its operation is not affected by sunlight or
black material like Sharp rangefinders are (although acoustically soft materials like cloth can be
difficult to detect). It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.
Features:

 Power Supply: +5V DC

 Quiescent Current: <2mA
 Working Current: 15mA
 Effectual Angle: <15°
 Ranging Distance: 2cm – 400 cm / 1" 13ft
 Resolution: 0.3 cm
 Measuring Angle: 30 degree
 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
 Dimensión: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm
OPERATION
The timing diagram of HC-SR04 is shown. To start measurement, Trig of SR04 must receive a
pulse of high (5V) for at least 10us, this will initiate the sensor will transmit out 8 cycle of
ultrasonic burst at 40kHz and wait for the reflected ultrasonic burst. When the sensor detected
ultrasonic from receiver, it will set the Echo pin to high (5V) and delay for a period (width) which
proportion to distance. To obtain the distance, measure the width (Ton) of Echo pin.
Time = Width of Echo pulse, in us (micro second)

 Distance in centimeters = Time / 58

 Distance in inches = Time / 148
 Or you can utilize the speed of sound, which is 340m/

Sensor DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature

DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor complex with
a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and
temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term
stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC
temperature measurement component, and connects to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller,
offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-effectiveness.
Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely accurate on humidity
calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programmed in the OTP memory, which are
used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The single-wire serial interface makes
system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power consumption and up-to-20-meter
signal transmission making it the best choice for various applications, including those most
demanding ones. The component is 4-pin single row pin package. It is convenient to connect and
special packages can be provided according to users’ request

Technical Specifications:
Typical Application

When the connecting cable is shorter than 20 meters, a 5K pull-up resistor is recommended;
when the connecting cable is longer than 20 meters, choose an appropriate pull-up resistor as
needed.

Power and Pin DHT11’s

power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do not send any instruction to
the sensor in within one second in order to pass the unstable status. One capacitor valued 100nF
can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering.

Communication Process: Serial Interface (Single-Wire Two-Way)

Single-bus data format is used for communication and synchronization between MCU and DHT11
sensor. One communication process is about 4ms. Data consists of decimal and integral parts. A
complete data transmission is 40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first. Data format: 8bit
integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data + 8bit check
sum. If the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8bit of "8bit integral RH
data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data".

Overall Communication Process

When MCU sends a start signal, DHT11 changes from the low-power-consumption mode to the
running-mode, waiting for MCU completing the start signal. Once it is completed, DHT11 sends a
response signal of 40-bit data that include the relative humidity and temperature information to
MCU. Users can choose to collect (read) some data. Without the start signal from MCU, DHT11
will not give the response signal to MCU. Once data is collected, DHT11 will change to the low
power-consumption mode until it receives a start signal from MCU again.
 MCU Sends out Start Signal to DHT (Figure 3, below)
Data Single-bus free status is at high voltage level. When the communication
between MCU and DHT11 begins, the programmed of MCU will set Data
Single-bus voltage level from high to low and this process must take at least
18ms to ensure DHT’s detection of MCU's signal, then MCU will pull up
voltage and wait 20-40us for DHT’s response.

MCU Sends out Start Signal & DHT Responses

DHT Responses to MCU

Once DHT detects the start signal, it will send out a low-voltage-level
response signal, which lasts 80us. Then the programmed of DHT sets Data
Single-bus voltage level from low to high and keeps it for 80us for DHT’s
preparation for sending data.

When DATA Single-Bus is at the low voltage level, this means that DHT is
sending the response signal. Once DHT sent out the response signal, it pulls
up voltage and keeps it for 80us and prepares for data transmission.

When DHT is sending data to MCU, every bit of data begins with the 50us
low-voltage-level and the length of the following high-voltage-level signal
determines whether data bit is "0" or "1" (see Figures 4 and 5 below).
 Data "0" Indicación

Figure 5 Data "1" Indication

If the response signal from DHT is always at high-voltage-level, it suggests

that DHT is not responding properly and please check the connection.
When the last bit data is transmitted, DHT11 pulls down the voltage level
and keeps it for 50us. Then the Single-Bus voltage will be pulled up by the
resistor to set it back to the free status.

Eléctrica Características
VDD=5V, T = 25℃ (unless otherwise stated)
Conditions Minimum Typical Maximum
Power Supply DC 3V 5V 5.5V
Current Measuring 0.5mA 2.5mA
Supply
Average 0.2mA 1mA
Standby 100uA 150uA
Sampling Second 1
period
Note: Sampling period at intervals should be no less than 1 second.
Atentaos o aplicación

Operación condiciones
Applying the DHT11 sensor beyond its working range stated in this
datasheet can result in 3%RH signal shift/discrepancy. The DHT11 sensor
can recover to the calibrated status gradually when it gets back to the
normal operating condition and works within its range. Please refer to (3) of
this sec on to accelerate its recovery. Please be aware that opera ng the
DHT11 sensor in the non-normal working Condi ones will accelerate
sensor’s aging process.
Atención ti chemicol material
Vapor from chemical materials may interfere with DHT’s sense vet-
elements and debase its sense city. A high degree of chemical
contaminates on can permanently damage the sensor.
Restoration process when (1) & (2) happen
Step one: Keep the DHT sensor at the condi on of Temperature 50~60Celsius,
humidity <10%RH for 2 hours;
Step two: K keep the DHT sensor at the condi on of Temperature 20~30Celsius,
humidity
>70%RH for 5 hours.
Temperatura etc.
Real or humidity largely depends on temperature. Although temperature
compensate on technology is used to ensure accurate measurement of RH, it
is so strongly
advised to keep the humidity and temperature sensors working under the
same temperature. DHT11 should be mounted at the place as far as possible
from parts that may generate heat.

Long me exposure to strong sunlight and ultraviolet may debase DHT’s performance.
Connection wires
The quality of connect on wires will affect the quality and distance of
communicate on and high-quality shielding-wire is recommended.
Other attentions
* Welding temperature should be bellow 260Celsius and contact should
take less than 10 seconds.
* Avoid using the sensor under dew condi on.
* Do not use this product in safety or emergency stop devices or any other
occasion that failure of DHT11 may cause personal injury.
Storage: Keep the sensor at temperature 10-40℃, humidity <60%RH.
Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno R3 Front Arduino Uno R3 Back

Arduino Uno R2 Front Arduino Uno SMD Arduino Uno Front Arduino Uno Back

Overview

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other
new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to
the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with
the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is
the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.
Summary

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Schematic & Reference Design

EAGLE files: arduino-uno-Rev3-reference-design.zip (NOTE: works with Eagle 6.0

and newer) Schematic: arduino-uno-Rev3-schematic.pdf
Note: The Arduino reference design can use an Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an
ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is
identical on all three processors.

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's
power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can
be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default)
of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt () function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for
the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software
 includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to
upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates
using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line
to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more
information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno
is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this
capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half- second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make
sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side
of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also
be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110-ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line;
 see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfused that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the
fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital
pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100-mil spacing of the other pins.

Perform analysis processes of possible improvements (scientific

method)

Automated Control Module

The control module gathers a large part of the electrical components to process and store the
information and results, as well as command mechanical actions and send signals to activate or
deactivate actions, according to the predefined parameters in the control software. The
automated or automatic control module is essential for operation.
Sensors and support equipment

Generally, in a fermentative process it is necessary to control the temperature, agitation, pH and

dissolved oxygen of the culture medium to optimize the multiplication of microorganisms. For this,
the following equipment is used:
Thermostatic bath, for heating and cooling the water to circulate in the jacket or in the serpentine
of the dorna. The servant-motor, promotes agitation (rpm) and the homogeneity of the crop.
The air compressor and the flushometer are to promote aeration and injection of gases into the
culture medium. Peristaltic pumps promote pH, foam control and nutrient dosing. The dissolved
pH and O2 sensor perform the reading of dissolved pH and O2 in the medium, and the ultrasonic
sensors to measure proximity.
Type of bioreactor more convenient to use.

To achieve the optimization of the bioreactor system, the following operating rules must be
followed strictly:
1. The bioreactor must be designed to prevent the entry of contaminating organisms and to
contain the desired organisms.
2. The cultivation volume must remain constant, that is to say that there are no leaks or
evaporation.
3. The level of dissolved oxygen must be maintained above the critical levels of aeration and
agitation of the crop for aerobic organisms.
4. Environmental parameters such as temperature, pH, etc., must be controlled, and the volume
of the crop must be well mixed. The standards of the materials used in the construction of
sophisticated fermenters are important.
Design of media for fermentation processes
Water is the center of all biotechnological processes and in most cases, it will be the dominant
component of the media in which microorganisms will grow. Once liquid fermentation processes
have reached optimum production levels, water removal is a major factor in the cost of bioproduct
recovery and subsequent processing. The quality of the water is very relevant, since it affects
microbial growth and the production of specific bioproducts. In the past, traditional beer-making
centers were established in locations where high-quality water was provided by natural sources,
thus avoiding having to resort to extensive pre-treatment.
Fermentation in solid substrate.
There are many biotechnological processes that involve the growth of microorganisms on solid
substrates in the total or almost total absence of free water. The most widely used solid
substrates are cereal grains, legume seeds, wheat fiber, woody materials such as straw,
sawdust, or wood shavings, and a wide range of plant and animal materials. Most of these
components are invariably polymeric molecules - insoluble or of very low solubility in water - but
which are mostly cheap and easily obtained and represent a source of concentrated nutrients for
microbial growth.
The microbiological components of solid substrate fermentations can be pure single cultures,
identifiable mixed cultures or fully mixed indigenous microorganisms.

Bioreactor scaling
Most biotech processes will have been identified on a laboratory scale and commercial success
will ultimately depend on the ability to scale the process first from the laboratory to a pilot plant
and then to a full commercial scale. Achieving success in a scaling up process must meet a
number of physical and economic constraints. Identification of some of the control parameters
can generally be done with laboratory scale bioreactors (5-10 liters) and then brought to the pilot
plant scale level.
A pilot plant is, in reality, a large-scale laboratory that has been designed to give flexibility to the
accommodation and adaptation of equipment for the operation of the process.
Pilot plant bioreactors range from a total volume of 100 to 10,000 liters and the largest can
occasionally be used as production units. Full-scale industrial bioreactors can range in volume
from 20,000 to 400,000 liters. Managing the scale-up process requires a high capital investment
in mixing and aeration, in monitoring and control systems, and in rigorous maintenance of
sterility.

Sewage Treatment
The main areas of application and research for bioreactors in wastewater treatment are to date
six: critical reviews, fundamental aspects, treatment of municipal and domestic wastewater,
industrial wastewater, treatment for water purification and others, which They include gas
removal, sludge treatment, and hydrogen production. With the above, it can be seen that the
application and research in this field is gaining extraordinary importance since the deepening of
the fundamentals of the technology is basic to achieve optimal performance of the bioreactors.
The application of these technologies allows the separation of the sludge and the liquid by means
of membranes, obtaining important advantages over the separation in traditional secondary
decanters. The increase in water demand has promoted the implementation of these systems on
a real scale, especially in those cases where the possibility of reusing water is raised.
The application of these technologies allows the separation of the sludge and the liquid by means
of membranes, obtaining important advantages over the separation in traditional secondary
decanters. The increase in water demand has promoted the implementation of these systems on
a real scale, especially in those cases where the possibility of reusing water is raised.
Mode of operation and cultivation systems.
The mode of operation of a culture system is synonymous with the mode of operation of the
bioreactor or fermenter. This not only influences the design of the reactor itself, but also the
kinetic model of crop growth and the production process. There are three modes of cultivation
together with three basic modes of operation:
Discontinuous (batch): batch or batch, no feed (F); the total load of each culture or fermentation
process (batch or batch) is placed inside the bioreactor and the production process or
fermentation is allowed to take place for as long as necessary; which is called retention time.
Semicontinuous (fed-batch): batch fed, with input feeding (F1); an inlet or feed line (F1) is fed so
that the culture system has a product (biomass) with maximum growth (exponential) and
increases productivity.
Continuous: by chemostat, an input line F1 or feed is fed and an output line F2 or wash is
drained; so that the flows or flows of both lines are equal and production is continuous.
Design of a bioreactor with aeration
A vented bioreactor is by definition a continuous reactor where inlet F1 is a sterile air (O2) feed
line; outlet F2 is a sterile air scrubbing line and the growth rate limiting substrate is dissolved
oxygen (DO).
There are two basic types or designs of aerated bioreactors; both are widely used: the first is a
stirred tank with aeration line and the second is an air lift or "air lift". Of the latter there is also a
variant that is used for aerobic crops that are highly resistant to shear and hydrodynamic
stresses, and is the bubble bed.
Transport phenomena analysis.
Thermal exchange systems
Heat transfer is a process in which energy in the form of heat is exchanged between different
bodies or between different parts of the same body that are at different temperatures. Heat is
transferred by a combination of two or more of these three processes: convection, conduction, or
radiation. One of the thermal mechanisms (process) usually predominates over the other two, it is
also possible that all three processes occur simultaneously. Driving is the dominant process in
shell and tube heat exchangers and coil tube. Although the exact mechanism of the conduction is
not understood, it is known that it is due to the movement (kinetic energy) of the free electrons
that move through the crystal lattice of the solid and transport energy when there is a temperature
difference (gradient).
Fourier's Law: J = KδT / δx Where J = energy current density (J / m²s); K = thermal conductivity
(constant characteristic of the material).
The rate of heat conduction (J) through a solid body (measured per unit of cross section) is
directly proportional to the negative of the temperature gradient that exists in that body.