NAT SCI 1

ROMEO FERNON C. STO. DOMINGO

BSBA, IRREG
MAM. RENILDA MARTINEZ
I. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM (MID TERM)
ELECTRIC CHARGE - is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a
force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It has two general types: positive and
negative. Most electric charge is carried by the electrons and protons within an atom.
Electrons are said to carry negative charge, while protons are said to carry positive
charge, although these labels are completely arbitrary (more on that later). Protons and
electrons attract each other.

ELECTRIC CURRENT- is a stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions,

moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is measured as the net rate of flow
of electric charge through a surface or into a control volume. The moving particles are
called charge carriers, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the
conductor. In electric circuits the charge carriers are often electrons moving through
a wire. In semiconductors they can be electrons or holes. In an electrolyte the charge
carriers are ions, while in plasma, an ionized gas, they are ions and electrons.

ELECTRIC ENERGY - is the power an atom’s charged particles have to cause an

action or move an object. The movement of electrons from one atom to another is what
results in electrical energy. Examples of this kind of energy are also seen in electric
eels, lightning, and batteries.

Formula of Electric Energy = P × t = V × I × t = I2 × R × t = V2t / R.

MAGNETISM - Magnetism is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force. It

refers to physical phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets, objects that
produce fields that attract or repel other objects. A magnetic field exerts a force on
particles in the field due to the Lorentz force, according to Georgia State University
Hyper Physics website. The motion of electrically charged particles gives rise to
magnetism. The force acting on an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field
depends on the magnitude of the charge, the velocity of the particle, and the strength of
the magnetic field. The most familiar example of magnetism is a Bar Magnet, which is
attracted to a magnetic field and can attract or repel other magnets. Ancient people
used lodestones; natural magnets made of the iron mineral magnetite

II. SUN – EARTH – MOON SYSTEM

GRAVITY- is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its centre.
The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun. Gravity is what
holds the planets in orbit around the sun and what keeps the moon in orbit around
Earth. The gravitational pull of the moon pulls the seas towards it, causing the ocean
tides. Gravity creates stars and planets by pulling together the material from which they
are made. Gravity not only pulls on mass but also on light. Albert Einstein discovered
this principle. If you shine a flashlight upwards, the light will grow imperceptibly redder
as gravity pulls it. You can’t see the change with your eyes, but scientists can measure
it. Gravity on Earth is very important to us. We could not live on Earth without it. The
sun’s gravity keeps Earth in orbit around it, keeping us at a comfortable distance to
enjoy the sun’s light and warmth. It holds down our atmosphere and the air we need to
breathe. Gravity is what holds our world together. However, gravity isn’t the same
everywhere on Earth. Gravity is slightly stronger over places with more mass
underground than over places with less mass.

ROTATION - Rotation is the circular movement of an object around an axis of rotation.

A rotation around a completely external axis, e.g. the planet Earth around the Sun, is
called revolving or orbiting, typically when it is produced by gravity, and the ends of the
rotation axis can be called the orbital poles.

REVOLUTION - The Moon takes about one month to orbit Earth (27.3 days to complete
a revolution, but 29.5 days to change from New Moon to New Moon). As the Moon
completes each 27.3-day orbit around Earth, both Earth and the Moon are moving
around the Sun.

TIDES - The Sun causes tides just like the moon does, although they are somewhat
smaller. When the earth, moon, and Sun line up which happens at times of full moon or
new moon the lunar and solar tides reinforce each other, leading to more extreme tides,
called spring tides.

MOON PHASES, ECLIPSES - Lunar eclipses occur at the full moon phase. When
Earth is positioned precisely between the Moon and Sun, Earth’s shadow falls upon the
surface of the Moon, dimming it and sometimes turning the lunar surface a striking red
over the course of a few hours. Each lunar eclipse is visible from half of Earth.

SEASON AND CLIMATE - Climate is the average conditions that are expected at a
certain place over a number of years. Season is one of the four periods of the year:
spring, summer, autumn and winter. Climate and season are two words that are often
heard in meteorology. Season and climate are totally different from each other. The
main difference between the two is that season changes with four different periods in a
year, while climate does not change for longer periods.
Climate is the average conditions that are expected at a certain place over a number of
years. For example, if a place is constantly warm and dry, the climate of the area is said
to be warm and dry. Scientists claim the Earth’s climate system includes five major
components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere.
Climate can see changes, however these changes happen slowly and over a large
period of time. For example, due to global warming, the melting of glaciers is causing
snow in places where it has never snowed before. The climate of a location is affected
by latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents.
Climate is determined by the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure,
wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental
measurements.

III. EATH INTERNAL PROCESS

STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL EARTH – Earth’s interior is generally divided into three
major layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The outer core is molten and liquid
iron and nickel, while the inner core is solid and much more, dense than either iron or
nickel at the surface.
CONVECTION - Convection in the mantle is the same as convection in a pot of water
on a stove. Convection currents within Earth's mantle form as material near the
core heats up. As the core heats the bottom layer of mantle material, particles move
more rapidly, decreasing its density and causing it to rise.

TECTONICS - Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms

are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. In plate tectonics, Earth’s
outermost layer, or lithosphere made up of the crust and upper mantle is broken into
large rocky plates.

VOLCANISM – Sixty percent of all active volcanoes occur at the boundaries between
tectonic plates. Most volcanoes are found along a belt, called the “Ring of Fire” that
encircles the Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those that form the Hawaiian Islands,
occur in the interior of plates at areas called “hot spots.”

MAGNETIC FIELD – Earth’s magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is

the  magnetic field  that extends from the  Earth’s interior  out into space, where it
interacts with the  solar wind , a stream of  charged particles  emanating from the  Sun.
The magnetic field is generated by electric currents due to the motion of convection
currents of a mixture of molten iron and nickel in the Earth’s outer core: these
convection currents are caused by heat escaping from the core, a natural process
called a geodynamic. This makes the compass usable for navigation. The cause of the
field can be explained by dynamo theory. A magnetic field extends infinitely, though it
weakens with distance from its source. The Earth’s magnetic field, also called the
geomagnetic field, which effectively extends several tens of thousands of kilometres into
space, forms the Earth’s magnetosphere.

IV. WAVES
NATURE OF WAVES – A vibration is a back and forth disturbance in a medium. A
wave is a vibration that transfers energy through matter or space. No matter whether
you are talking about vibrations or waves, all of them can be characterized by the
following four characteristics: amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.

WAVES PROPERTIES - There are many properties that scientists use to describe
waves. They include amplitude, frequency, period, wavelength, speed, and phase.

Amplitude - is generally calculated by looking on a graph of a wave and measuring the

height of the wave from the resting position. The amplitude is a measure of the strength
or intensity of the wave. For example, when looking at a sound wave, the amplitude will
measure the loudness of the sound. The energy of the wave also varies in direct
proportion to the amplitude of the wave.

The frequency - of a wave is the number of times per second that the wave cycles.
Frequency is measured in Hertz or cycles per second. The frequency is often
represented by the lower case “F”.

The period of the wave - is the time between wave crests. The period is measured in
time units such as seconds. The period is usually represented by the upper case “T”
Wave Length - the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a wave. It is
measured in the direction of the wave.

Wave speed - is the speed at which a wave travels. Wave speed is related to
wavelength, frequency, and period by the equation wave speed = frequency x
wavelength. The most commonly used wave speed is the speed of visible light, an
electromagnetic wave.

Phase specifies - the location or timing of a point within a wave cycle of a repetitive

waveform. Typically, it is the phase difference between sound waves that is relevant,
rather than the actual absolute phases of the signals. Two sound waves that are in
phase add to produce a sound wave of greater amplitude.
BEHAVIOR OF WAVES - All waves behave in certain characteristic ways. They can
undergo refraction, reflection, interference and diffraction. However, as they approach
the complex coastline of New Zealand, they can refract, diffract, be reflected and
interfere with one another. Refraction is the change in direction of a wave as it slows
down. In shallower water near the coast, waves slow down because of the force exerted
on them by the seabed. If a wave is approaching the coast at an angle, the near shore
part of the wave slows more than the offshore part of the wave (because it’s in
shallower water).

This is why the wave front changes direction. Reflection of water waves at a coast is
usually not an important part of their behaviour, unless the coast has a steep cliff or a
seawall. However, reflected waves tend to interfere with the oncoming waves, and
these patterns can be studied. Interference is important for surfers because it affects the
size of surf waves. When two sets of swells with similar frequencies interact, they
interfere with each other and form groups. Diffraction is interesting to wave researchers
because it means that wave energy reaches ‘shadow zones’ where you wouldn’t
otherwise expect energy to be. It’s an important part of wave behaviour at ports,
harbours, built structures and offshore islands.Diffraction is more important in shallow
water than it is in deep water.