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int
int keyword is used for integers. It takes two bytes in memory.
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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Byte is the smallest addressable memory unit. Bit, which comes from BInary digiT, is a memory unit that can
store either a 0 or a 1. A byte has 8 bits.
Operators in C++
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.
C++ is rich in built-in operators and provides following type of operators:
Arithmetic Operators Decrement Operator
Relational Operators Scope resolution operator
Arithmetic Operators:
The following arithmetic operators are supported by C++ language:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
Operator Description Example
+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10
* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200
/ Divide numerator by de-numerator B / A will give 2
Modulus Operator and remainder of after an
% B % A will give 0
integer division
++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11
Decrement operator, decreases integer value by
-- A-- will give 9
one
Relational Operators:
The following relational operators are supported by C++ language:
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
Operator Description Example
Checks if the value of two operands is equal or
== (A == B) is not true.
not,
Checks if the value of two operands is equal or
!= (A != B) is true.
not,
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than
> (A > B) is not true.
the value of right operand,
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the
< (A < B) is true.
value of right operand,
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than
>= (A >= B) is not true.
or equal to the value of right operand,
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or
<= (A <= B) is true.
equal to the value of right operand,
Logical/Boolean operator:
The following logical operators are supported by C++ language:
Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0 then:
Operator Description Example
If both the operands are non-zero then condition
&& (A && B) is false.
becomes true.
If any of the two operands is non-zero then
|| (A || B) is true.
condition becomes true.
Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a
! condition is true then Logical NOT operator will !(A && B) is true.
make false.
Assignment Operators:
Assignment operator is used for assign/initialize a value to the variable during the program execution.
The following assignment operators are supported by C++ language:
Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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Example:
#include <iostream.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 10; // Local variable declaration:
do{ // do loop execution
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a = a + 1;
if( a > 15)
{
break;
}
}while( a < 20 );
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
The goto statement provides an unconditional jump from the goto to a labeled statement in the same function.
Syntax of a goto statement in C++:
goto label;
..
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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Example:
#include <iostream.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 10; // Local variable declaration:
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19
The continue statement is similar to ‘break’ statement but instead of terminating the loop, the continue statement
returns the loop execution if the test condition is satisfied.
Example:
#include <iostream.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 10; // Local variable declaration:
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces following result:
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19
Selection statements in C++
There are basically two types of control statements in c++ that allows the programmer to modify the regular
sequential execution of statements. They are selection and iteration statements.
The selection statements allow to choose a set of statements for execution depending on a condition.
If statement and switch statement are the two selection statements.
If ... else statement:
Syntax: if (expression or condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
If the condition evaluates to true, then the if block of code will be executed otherwise else block of code will be
executed. Following program implements the if statement.
# include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int num;
cout<<"Please enter a number"<<endl;
cin>>num;
if ((num%2) == 0)
cout<<num <<" is a even number";
else
cout<<num <<" is a odd number";
}
The above program accepts a number from the user and divides it by 2 and if the remainder (remainder is obtained
by modulus operator) is zero, it displays the number is even, otherwise it is odd.
you must use the relational operator ‘ ==’ to compare whether remainder is equal to zero or not.
Switch statement
One alternative to nested if statement is the switch statement which allows a variable to be tested for equality
against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each case.
Syntax:
Switch (variablename)
{
case value1: statement1; break;
case value2: statement2; break;
case value3: statement3; break;
default: statement4;
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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Example: #include<iostream.h>
void main() {
int choice;
cout<< “Enter a value for choice \n”;
cin >> choice;
switch (choice)
{
case 1: cout << "First item selected!" << endl;
break;
case 2: cout << "Second item selected!" << endl;
break;
case 3: cout << "Third item selected!" << endl;
break;
default: cout << "Invalid selection!" << endl;
}
}
Iteration statements in C++
Iteration or loops statements are important statements in c++, which helps to accomplish repeatitive execution of
programming statements.
There are three loop statements in C++. They are - while loop, do while loop and for loop.
While Loop
The while loop construct is a way of repeating loop body over and over again while a certain condition remains
true. Once the condition becomes false, the control comes out of the loop. Loop body will execute only if
condition is true.
Syntax: While (condition or expression)
{
Statement1;
Statement 2;
}
Flow Diagram:
The flow diagram indicates that a condition is first evaluated. If the condition is true, the loop body is executed and
the condition is re-evaluated. Hence, the loop body is executed repeatedly as long as the condition remains true. As
soon as the condition becomes false, it comes out of the loop and goes to display the output.
Example: #include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n, i=1, sum=0;
cout<< "Enter a value for n \n";
cin>>n;
while(i<=n)
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}
cout<< "sum of the series is "<<sum;
}
Do …While loop
The do... while statement is the same as while loop except that the condition is checked after the execution of
statements in the do..while loop.
Syntax: do{
Statement;
While (test condition);
Statement;
}
Flow Diagram:
Its functionality is exactly the same as the while loop, except that condition in the do-while loop is evaluated after
the execution of statement. Hence in do..while loop, Loop body execute once even if the condition is false.
Example: #include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n, i=1, sum=0;
cout<< "Enter a value for n \n";
cin>>n;
do{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
} while(i<=n);
cout<< "sum of the series is "<<sum;
}
For loop:
The for loop statements (loops or iteration statement) in C++ allow a program to execute a single statement
multiple times (repeatedly) , given the initial value, the condition, and increment/decrement value.
syntax:
for ( initial value ; test condition ; increment/decrement)
{
Statement;
}
A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a
specific number of times.
Example: #include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, sum=0;
cout<< "Enter the value for n";
cin>>n;
for(i=1;i<=n; i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
cout<< "the sum is" <<sum;
}
1.4. Using modular programming approach
Many programs are too long or complex to write as a single unit. Programming becomes much simpler when the
code is divided into small functional units (modules).
Modular programming is a programming style that breaks down program functions into modules, each of which
accomplishes one function and contains all the source code and variables needed to accomplish that function.
Modular programs are usually easier to code, compile, debug, and change than large and complex programs.
The benefits of modular programming are:
Efficient Program Development
Programs can be developed more quickly with the modular approach since small subprograms are easier to
understand, design, and test than large and complex programs.
Multiple Use of Subprograms
Code written for one program is often useful in others.
Ease of Debugging and Modifying
Modular programs is generally easier to compile and debug than monolithic (large and complex) programs.
1.5. Using arrays and arrays of objects
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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BTC/133-14
BAHIR DAR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
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Namespace
Namespaces are used in the visual C++ programming language to create a separate region for a group of variables,
functions and classes etc. Namespaces are needed because there can be many functions, variables for classes in
one program and they can conflict with the existing names of variables, functions and classes.
Therefore, you may use namespace to avoid the conflicts.
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the namespace name as shown bellow.
namespace namespace_name
{
// code declarations
}
Let us see how namespace scope the entities including variable and functions:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// first name space
namespace first_space{
void func(){
cout << "Inside first_space" << endl;
}
}
public:
int cube()
{
return (val*val*val);
}
};
int main ()
{
Cube cub;
cub.set_values (5);
cout << "The Cube of 5 is::" << cub.cube() << endl;
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
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Example: #include<iostream.h>
class student
{
protected:
int rno,m1,m2;
public:
void get()
{
cout<<"Enter the Roll no :";
cin>>rno;
cout<<"Enter the two marks:";
cin>>m1>>m2;
}
};
class sports
{
protected:
int sm; // sm = Sports mark
public:
void getsm()
{
cout<<"\nEnter the sports mark :";
cin>>sm;
}
};
class statement: public student,public sports
{
int tot,avg;
public:
void display()
{
tot=(m1+m2+sm);
avg=tot/3;
cout<<"\n\n\tRoll No :"<<rno<<"\n\tTotal : "<<tot;
cout<<"\n\tAverage : "<<avg;
}
};
void main()
{
statement obj;
obj.get();
obj.getsm();
obj.display();
}
3. Multilevel Inheritance:
When a derived class is created from another derived class, then that inheritance is called as multi level
inheritance.
public:
void disp(void)
{
tot = sub1+sub2;
put_num();
put_marks();
cout << "Total:"<< tot;
}
};
int main()
{
C std1;
std1.get_num(5);
std1.get_marks(10,20);
std1.disp();
Example:
Example: #include<iostream.h>
Class A
{
int a,b;
public :
void getdata()
{
cout<<"\n Enter the value of a and b";
cin>>a>>b;
}
void putdata()
{
cout<<"\n The value of a is :"<<a "and b is "<<b;
}
};
class B : public A
{
int c,d;
public :
void intdata()
{
cout<<"\n Enter the value of c and d ";
cin>>c>>d;
}
void outdata()
{
cout<<"\n The value of c"<<c"and d is"<<d;
}
};
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword.
catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you
want to handle the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.
try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions will be activated. It's followed
by one or more catch blocks
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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return 0;
}
Hardisk Space Minimum 5400 RPM hard disk, recommended 7200 RPM or higher hard disk
Microsoft Windows XP , Microsoft Windows Server 2003 , Windows Vista, or Latest
Supporting Operating System
version
CD ROM or DVD Drive Required
The setup wizard will start copying needed files into a temporary folder. Just wait.
In the welcome setup wizard page you can enable the tick box to send your setup experience to Microsoft if you want
.in this case we just leave it unchecked. Just wait for the wizard to load the installation components.
Click the next button to go to the next step
The setup wizard will list down all the required components need to be installed. Notice that visual studio 2008 needs
.Net Framework version 3.5. Then click the next button.
In the installation type, there are three choices: default, full or custom. In our case, select the full and click the install
button. Full installation required around 4.3GB of space
The installation starts. Just wait and see the step by step, visual studio 2008 components being installed.
Any component that failed to be installed will be marked with the Red Cross mark instead of the green tick for the
successful. In this case we just exit the setup wizard by clicking the Finish button.
The Windows Start menu for Visual Studio 2008 is shown below.
Depending on your programming needs, you will select one of the visual studio component Settings.
The Visual Studio 2008 is configuring the development environments to the chosen one for the first time use.
Create a Project in VB.NET
A Visual Basic Project is container for the forms, methods, classes, controls that are used for a Visual Basic
Application.
Steps to Create a VB.net Project:
1. Click on the Programs->Microsoft Visual Studio.net 2008.
2. Choose File -->New Project from the Menu Bar to get the New Project window.
3. Select the type of Project as per the requirement from following choices Windows Application, Class Library,
Console Application, Windows Control Library, Web Control Library, Windows Service, Empty Project, and
Crystal Reports.
To develop a Windows Based Application, Choose Windows Application, and fill in a Name for the application
By default, a project named My Project and a form Form1 will be created. Project name and form name can be
renamed later.
Solution Explorer
Solution Explorer in Visual Basic.net 2008 lists of all the files associated with a project. It is docked on the
right under the Toolbar in the VB IDE. In VB 6 this was known as 'Project Explorer'
Solution Explorer has options to view the code, form design, and refresh listed files. Projects files are displayed in
a drop down tree like structure, widely used in Windows based GUI applications.
Properties Window
Windows form properties in Visual Basic.net 2008 lists the properties of a selected object. Every object in VB
has it own properties that can be used to change the look and even the functionality of the object.
Properties Window lists the properties of the forms and controls in an alphabetical order by default.
A form is created by default when a Project is created with a default name Form1. Every form has its own
Properties, Methods and Events. Usually the form properties name, caption are changed as required, since multiple
forms will be used in a Project.
Form Properties
The developers may need to alter the properties of the forms in VB.net.
Following table lists some important Properties of Forms in Visual Basic.net 2008.
Properties Description
BackColor Set's the background color for the form
BackgroundImage Set's the background image for the form
Specifies whether to accept the data dragged and
AllowDrop
dropped onto the form.
Font Get or sets the font used in the form
Locked Specifies whether the form is locked.
Text Provide the title for a Form Window
Determines whether the ControlBox is available by
Control Box
clicking the icon on the upper left corner of the window.
Name of trainer: Sisay Date: ____/____/04
Institution Name Document No.
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Boolean Integer
Char Long
Date String
Double Single
Constants in VB.NET
Constants in VB.NET 2008 are declared using the keyword Const. Once declared, the value of these constants
cannot be altered at run time.
Syntax:
[Private | Public | Protected ]
Const constName As datatype = value
Do … while code
Do
statement-block
Loop While condition
Do
statement-block
Loop Until condition
Example: find the factorial of a number n inputted from the keyboard using do…while or do …until loop.
Dim fact, i As Integer
fact = 1
i = 1
Do
fact = fact * i
i = i + 1
Loop While (i <= Val(TextBox1.Text))
TextBox2.Text = fact
Or
Dim fact, i As Integer
fact = 1
i = 1
Do
fact = fact * i
i = i + 1
Loop until(i > Val(TextBox1.Text))
TextBox2.Text = fact
We need to select Show Data Source from data on the menu bar. Then, click on Add New Data Source.
When you click on the link Add a New Data Source, you will see a screen shown bellow. Then select Database
and click next.
Write the server name and your Database name. Then click on Test Connection to check the connection.
Click on Next.
Here, you can select which tables and fields you want. Tick the Tables box to include them all. You can give your
DataSet a name, if you prefer. Click Finish and you're done.
When you are returned to your form, you should notice your new Data Source has been added:
All the Fields in the Address Book database are now showing.
To add a Field to your Form, click on one in the list. Hold down your left mouse button, and drag it over to your
form:
In the image above, the FName field is being dragged on the Form.
When your Field is over the Form, let go of your left mouse button. A textbox and a label will be added.
Click the Navigation icons to move backwards and forwards through your database.