Vlibvations & Waves “ue Introduction Euler's disk - explanation Ry increasing Prequaney Tuning fork - bony he specie shope. Heaw ing range —> QoHz - 20 kHz Simple Harmonie Oscillebion ne n, Cr (we+ 7] 09 - vadfs Te am Pe oe Tv % Projechon oP a cirailar motion on a line gives SHo Massless spring fuse m Fema mar = -knSe Solukon: 1: 2, cos ( we+¥) is independent of inikial conditions x 0 * Spring Is hung verteally , Sn Still hes = Complex numbers Useful te rmonipulate sinusoidal egushons 2: cos O+j smo = ev dan 2 a. Can be proved by Taylor exponsion = HQ. SP Bs were $ 2A ase) nm is given os R Cz] T= mg cos % mg® (small arglt) Restoring Pores mg sin ® mn +rmg8=0 n:20 — 6440-0 => =: L "a T- an [Lk 4fy Beats and Damped Osiilletions pe % ASH with some amphbde ,but different Prequang a, A ws 65,t ma, A wos BE A: tn, = QA wos (ase) ws ( ibe) b a 2 Friction causes oscillations to decay Fs -¢F-o,¥ 5 % Thr low spuds drog term fr en HX Dreg Pressure dominates the Prichonal bra. We will ignore pressure term in thas course Consider the case oP spring mass system ri ma = -Ka-be m|—> a ket bel nN:0 m e ro —> 41K 4 Dn-0We wall solve tris using tomples plane 2+ V¥24 2 =0 Zeb 2 pei oe (-p*+ Vjp+@, |z-0 SP 1+0, then eqpahng ieneginary pont 4 Zero give p:0. However ps0 iS unaceptabl. as it would mean no oscillahons p must be womplex Lek p= nijs where 9,5 ER we r = rh -s*4}ans =» )-is*-¥s4020 —_O —ans +7n=0 —® @ > set O gives Zz 2 nz OO) - ¥ 5 . Set n= 2 -. 2: A exp [ j (nt ajst) +] ach .t [nt +«]tt Ae* > decays with %- 2/1 “g -4t nz Rel2] = Ae® ws letra] Quality Poclor — > measure of domping Q- Bo —» 8: 092. 7 he % How many osdllations does one need b wait until amplitude decays & fe b2NT 2 NT. NT = Qn 2 N+ Q oscillations lates tae amehtude decreases 6 fe Hmes- vT Consider an RLE ctreuit =) \e Bo zy ‘ als—> IR+0+V,-V, = -Ldi ke a Se LG FRE theo G+Rar+ a= MV —» y= R bs cL te Ll cL Le SP RNS was Zero, gq: G4, e* cos (wt +00) att JP RWS is mon gero, g- 4, @ wos (wlie) + Vag where Qos CM & 4, and & are obtained using Initial Values as ~Lnax tana: -¥ ad % Ghat iP d > We a We had ns Oo - 1 Using this valuz of 9 in p=niysnH: =A, ep[ o-(E wr) le + Avep[ toe. % This is an overdomped systum. No osuilahons 2)" Chen 9,21 <=» erikical domping z ety n= (A+Bt) e* 3 Driven Oscillations k vem so —> F cos wok n=0 ma = -kn- ba + F, wos wt Sn tre complex plane gest Z+V2+W 2b e j t-8 Choose 2: A oe 2 Sp the motion may not be tnacly in phase coith He Acciving fever. GC ("+ ¥jo4W ) A a+ — > Cat 1joiwl)a- fe Cea ( os 84 j sin) Costs, ) A+ fo toss —_@) YWA = fe sing —@ m Solving alt): A ws (t-8) Consider A= _o/m. (92) +07) Ar (S90 A —> Folm = Fo tan8 —>0 =—p8—30 Ww, k Now consider 49 = WD, Aa: fh B mO,4 Fo q Be 8k “Thas ak vesonanu, amphkuds coll be Q mes hightr than tx ger Pregusmiy drmphtude AE W—sa Ad and 8KTor Q:5 Bmax : 0:99 Ammar = 5-03 Q is usually much higher and hene (5, 8 WD, Aenea A h de Forced oscillations - + Jk 2b jcren_@ 0), < | = = b } a Undrlven 1 @: Xe ris b (or (Wb +%) X & A —s Aepends on Icio’ . WO, — i Driven with Flo wt a: A Gr (wt-8) when ban’: Wt woe: wr where. Ac Fon J@r-s) + oY Adding the Soluhons of the driven and undziven cou ts also a Soluhon ( Qemeral soluhon) Hornogenous sdn + Special soluhon fo. xl Dpneral Soluhon t Cor (WE +0) oo ae A Co(wt -&) + Xe U—_,,—> —_ J Steady stale Transient Fant SP nem, and H=¥ ak E20, we gab unique Values 4 X andAssume that 9 is close le wW and Y & vou Small- Then a beak Frequency oscillahon sill be Observed initially x Spring - mass Shin has damping susulbing finn power dissipahon 1 = AW: Fda P: ol Fv = | a 7 Ths 1-0 mohon, PeFY Rs Ve -WA Sin Gt-8) P= -F,WA Corwt Sn (wt-8) 2 Fy WA bs wt [Sm wk Cor8 - Groot Sind] Average oe P Avex Sin Ot Grwt +0 “a 4 Jo a cycle. Average 4 Gaveot = Vo P= Fo WA Sin8 =But Sin8 = oe * [(wo2-w")" +) } ° a es 20 [ (we-o FP +wod'] = fy am | (OP -a) +7 wo Sf y¥—a@ , P—»o ace lees oP WO — W, P —> max Value Ye - ee aK amy x At hal? power widths Y with Co4V beting the cianRLe cireuit V, lorwk iR+0+Vv,-V, tswt = -Ldi dt =p LE+Ri+ i = -V,0 Snwt S C+ ¥L4@,i= Now Sn wt =p L where YeR wo: to we =» t= To Sn(wt-%) Lec-5 Coupled Oscillators Two pendulums Connectid by a ai 4 spring @osknt Kk.Any raohon will be a Saperposihon, 4 Goo hosmal mods x Noval modes: Two objects rmovirg (Sith Same Pregame and tila in phase ov out @ phase CO. —> Lowen mode Cin phase) D, —> highs rod (out phase) Mpton is ahoays @ linear Combinahon 4 2 modes. a, 2 nN, Gr (WE+L) +, Cos (ed,t + %,) n= Cos (ott?) - ay, Cos (wb +4) iy oo wt ~~ x cS - ft —> Obvious as spoiry hes no ePheck To Pin 09 To myo & m4mn = -akn - TSin® . -akn- tog L se 2 2 =p N+ aint WW, n=0 oe 2 n+ (21929; ) n= 0 5 te [awe > Layer then Suppose ak bso: m2 Veo 20 Yr0 Using the inifal condihos 91,. and m,, and D and Oy can be Soued t obtain P20 Yeo Also m= ape & Zz o> Nz Cf Cott + © Cos WE z 2 i a: & GOt-& lo wf 2 re N= Cle jeter: lo [oe] a= Cc Sin [eter] So [2 ele z= UJ —__,_ 3 Fast Slow % Beat phenomenon when 62 &W, au dow totus* What iP the posihon g te Spring 15 ynoved up? “This decreams the toupling and brings US. and 69, clover. So the beat Prequiray becomes smaller % With h toupled oscillators, we ge nr normal modus O Dave toch objet a displacemint Prom =m @ Newtons a4 law for cath objert Q objet —> 3 unknowns = A nm US A= CGswt A= C, lorwt C, Cy and od Solve hr Si and oS 2 %& The normal modes ase aluoays titer in phase on out 6 phase as the Aarnping 1s Qtburmid Zero- [Fs |= kCa,-2u)@ mm, = es +k (n,-1) Wee I~ mn = —™m = -k(a,-2) %, + (Loy + 0) a, - oo yo wh, + (0) + oo, ) m- an nm, 20 Q) Subshht mz C, Cs Wt and ay: Cy Cor DE 2 2 -c, + C, (wp +w?) -¢, OF =o -O G+ C Cwosewe) - c, Wes 0 Q eqns: —3 8 Unknowns (C, G RW) Solve Br ot and US a ee ° > a- Oss = W's Wt wh Co =U + We WOE cog 2 =p -W+ wis 02. t Os =p Ws +02 F We 2 2 2 2 =p OS = WO OO, = WO, + aws hey WO: Get 0D: Wy++ Double pendulum eer zZ g m @ C224 Co, m ) — cri 2 ey Lowest mode Hight mae Series conta kK k kK k a sn m L_cosen ro 4 : cron R A ‘ ‘ 1 +L —s ime eae _ . — +1 ° a — <— — +1 fh +1Triple _penduluvn Double pendulum We: 4 Sm Os me L t Sin O. tam L "t “hr Small anglin Ty % amg m %,= —Ty Sin B, = Og (a,-2,) L a+ CS, a, - WF nm, <0 — @ ma, - - T, Sin 8, +72 Sin B, = -Bme ni + mg Sn (oan a) 1 Teng&, +3} n,- 02% =0 —_ a) Re in the trial soluhons A,= C, Cr wl A= C, Cr wl ° 2 2 2 ae ~C,W) + 3, %,- Wo Cr =O 2 2 2 = 5c, +¢, (wi-w) = 0 a Two equahors with 3 unknowns. Solve using determinants fr many equations This gives ° 0 = (2-FE)O5 =p WD x0, (o = Qs) oP (2) = 14 {2 x Quy * Now we will daive the system Sin® = ah 2 So T can Sigly make tas change in oO: 2 L 2 H+ BUS, n, - Wy m,= RUS, M, bos WE Sin tHe Ble is driven, the UW is Axed by me. “Thevefre we Con now diredty solve for C&C, - oo IW Yo (ude -W" ) 3 (9:r 22. + 2 1 el o70- ow (w*-00) (w+ ) G for solurown © yar 70 =D Deke 4 C, 20S ', D Consider 3 coupled masses eet i % ay a ey ‘ ry ‘ : ‘ i Let mo arm, %g>7 This is Just to kup te Sprlty Pores in tre same daveshon mm, = —kla-4q) + Rl a n) mat, = -k (m,-a,) + ( m3-m2) mil, = -R (m,-%y) - RagTriad Renchons: H,= C, Cor WE 2 = C, Cowl aty- Cy Cor ot Determinant for Solving -rawe -We 0 D- = -wrawe -W} ° -0 — -cFr ant Solving D=0 gives tS. = (a-Jz) we 2 a os, QW; , U9, = Caria) oF Lee Multiple coupled oscillates an 4%, wees + t 2 3 4 N mass-m Tension - T % “tor modest amplitudes, T Yemaine constant4 % Consider an inchenk Whew Xr! 7 xp . pach the partir om lovafid 1Yert ide 1 dpe 6——___ 6» Qs Mrown po P pt mip = -TSn mp + T Sin op = -T C4p-Yp-1) + T C4eh-¥p) £ L Choose (Qo = 7 mL dpt2O, dp 7 wo, [ip +e] 20 (Oe will have N such equshons - But Yor? and Yn =O “hy the cam Ned Gj, 420, 9, - ©, [de tafe a of 4a y.- [ysey] <0 Choose trial funchon Yp= Ap Cos wt — USA, t 2OSA, - O2 (A+ Ae) =0- WTA, + 200, A, ~ 9, CA,+A,) <0 ~ 0 Ap+ ato) Ap - 0," (Ao #Aper)? 0 He for on mode osullahon, choose Aan = C, sin pri ‘ Net Ter example, in First mode Ap, - C, Sin pil N+I Ay nea, Bone C, Sin 2p Ntl From the eq uahons Apt Apr = -GOnt 20a Ap 005" ® Sa ana Friganorang 0. aft Ble hi + -W+ aw, Ntl Wee =p U9,= 2W, Sin Nl Unt) Son Aon los St“hor ex: if N=5 U9,= QW), Sinis’ = 0-51 W, W, + 2W, Sindd = Ee Whew o> | U9, + AW, Sin HE = 1-41 W, 3 z OD, = QW, Sin G0" = 1-13 O, to, + aw, Sin 1S = 1-93 Wo GOe see that 9,2 1-930, Wy 2130, W,+ 3-35 O, We: 3-73 od, The general Soluhon is thus the superpocthon oF all these. Whn N—> 0, the Sole bho suceenive moder te Rest mode. ger Qs, 1,2,3 This Is tre com a contywoun radium. The ndividuel mane au suplaud by te ram | Unik Langlh * Consider a sechon 4 \ a wope with bension | T as thrown hwu- i ! 1 Q x Bo mass] unit bryThe tension T Can be assumud Same if tre displacenmt ts Small Fue -— T Sine + T Sin @+A8) dm. 4 = TAB => dap y = Tae Also tano = 2 7” Taking derivative 1 de = ay Cos*8 ln ont H dn Fy = Tan dy | tor small 0 olt* an tos’ &! * This is a big — ) T 8b aw Moment x Any Single valued Rinchon ge f Caact) will Sahshy te above — equahen- Check: 8° P(meck)= c> f’(ntct) ote SO P(mect) = PF" (meet) on c=] rusk be satsbied #* C has the dimension 4 velo cis Thus the dilrentiol equahon ton be woritem as x Pln-ve) is a Forwaad Fravaling toove x Similarly Plmevel) denols a hark vwoand traveling cone Lec-g % Noxmal modes in a wnhnucus media Si gout) > Asin 2 (m-vt) a2 vP. v Blt l # " Fs a | Define. 2fl 2 R —> Wavenumber D y (ak) = A sin (Rn- 9b) * In this Rem, W is Immediately knoon, As all kK and also oO. K Now assum 2 waves y, (mt) = A sin (kn-v9t) gy, (ajt) = A sin (kntudt) . ys Uitye- an Go AN spahel AN Rew In forimahon inBemehon This is @ Standing voave- {-——_______j Yeo ok XO, Lb Xo Xe& + < Cc a L 3 v (F\ yy Crt) = AL sin (=) Gs 09,t x Ary superposihon 4 Yn Ry Voniow valun fn cam be @ Soluhon. Consider now the Cox Sound In a cavity 77 O'splawrumk aur moles Tree § The nodin and Gnknody arr Pormud Suth thar dlisplaumunt is maximum at te unlu fox ne1 The xprusion in Hams 4 oven pamuar above 1ahm Com be walter asPaz Pa Cos ( fix.) (os U9, tol 49,: nr Lu % Sinw Ve 34oWw/, 18 Pred, W, con be changed only by Snanying L Energy in @ traveling wave ste ge A Sin kKCn-*) AE: 1 (dm) vv? . € 2 (A) Nye 5 Bom (4) dg. -Aky Cos Rin -ve) alt ( 2g): Arey Go? k(n-vt) at a J cot k(a-vb) da oO 4 Plo . 2,2 pam rang -* Fan HA Ee —» Kinehe enw in one coavelength@ Theo Is also polenta enna whidr Is Uned do stretdy the tring against the tension @© J turns out that PE in ome warvelenytn is ali Same as te Kinete eng % Check or thin denivahon Cin Hunch book) +7. Total Energy 2 2 AY UT in om wavelengte a At the instant Shown “In Figuoe Vyro and all nm ensrgyy n poknhal. J. Total cnangy = PE at nin posihon. Sina the shape Is Same as that 4 @ traveling voave the PE mut also be te Same -Eu In Standing wove = Power to gernati a traveling coave awit x(0\7? - Qattty Dn a> Consider now 2 Att shings af Onn @r Tension T is te —_+—___. sam in © &@) x0 a » wz eflectud weve Y <— v2 [Z 2 transmitted wave ty —> @ Incident coave Be: At m0 y= 4, and dy = dye an dn yie A; sin (Bt -k,w) gus Ay Sin (aot + kx) OO: kv, = Reve ye Ay, Sin (0t - &, x)At 70 Aut Aye Ay __ Te aking derivative Ack, + Ay ky = ~ke Ay —@) From O&O , we com gh Ae Ai Ai Vite | ui ReFreehvity Trtaneriitrane (R) (1) Thun iP Vso =p Re-l and Tr 0 Yi =0 =p HS =—b X-0 is Pad * Ty ton newer be regahive. x 4 HH. => trae is no junthon te R—v0 Ty) % H=0 => open end, tn Rol Ty —+(o2) rot SP fH, -0, this means ae z > which is not practical. Also 7) —> 00 —> energy in on 7) 30 2 Tw > +8 cloes not Canty amy rntariongLee- q hy a String 4 Lungth- L, tendlon-T anal MAE] unit deny — ve {TL De WT A P - Dz al —p Pe NV Ses ‘ ak Any= QL » Pye ov PS ae Ve Rindamental —9 loo2 = QooHr, Soo He de For one end ppm condihon, Sonilatly ’ YL — Do-AL ap fh: ae BI ae Seo> Are AL =p fiz (an-i)v Qn-1 aL P > tool2 =p 800 Hz, Soote ete. % Tor Hee Some L, the Pundamurdal In an open-end String is hal? that Ay te doud end % For string inehmwmunti, it is diPheatt t sualin open ends. % However ik is coy in tomd instruments - However in ain is un odjuntabl . Bur in shying inshumenls T is Adyuntabole- Speed 4 Sound in a gan = m R—s ges constant —“T —> tumperalure m —3 molewtar weight Yod Hulk sound —> Almost Rindametel onky \tofin > Norge amount 4 overtonus:1-D Jeransverse wave non @, 1 Soe t Se att Standing woave!. ye AY Sin (0 (ANCOR g (mt ns (st) n Two dimensonal tsansveur wave hon. 2, - 2, oe 4+ Oy . 1 38 2 yy att or ay or a Plane attaudl on all ends 2D M20, Ly =D Z10 ba yo Ly 3-0 Z Cm git) = Pian Sie (nite ) soo) Co St ra ir Sulsstiahng 2, in tee wave equahon gives SO. +k ae w (ety cat) bn% b a Open in the 3, direchon at botn ends e+ de+ap- 1 oP Bn dye BR att Pina * ime (EEE) Ge (et) Se(FE) & Here both Lm tan go th 0 abo whik m Cannot be gZeve Suboshhihng in the wave eapahon gives hm % ICE) (Be) * (Ee)fac-iv —> Review the concepts Qeorned > — 5 Waller Lawsin demonst soles breaking @ wine los boy exciting 1G Steronvamt paqpsemery Lect tor @ string ated ak both ends, When Ler Je oscilla. from an jnihal condition, glut) eB B, Sin Ran fs Ot oe! Doe ue the boundosuy condthons kent OO. VR, rle At t:o y (1,0) = B Sin Was B, Sin ata +B, Sin .. -. Lymeral Brat Fen): Ao + 3 A, mnt ZB, Sin ima 2 Gaal m1 O @ @ H —> nadians Fln) —s periodic in all, sing. Valusd FinchonIntegral ng LHS &RHS Prom -l t TL @—0c @—o t T v Jteodn | Boda » TAs -T Tt 2 Ohen we feke v [8 e) Coonn-dn O©—-0 330 a @—-o exept at men qT J Sex) Ca nn du = 1 An Grma-da < AAT Aas Simi larly T T S960 Sn na dn = | 8,,Stma-dne Bot - a Tv -. Ane Lf Pen) (on on sda Ww -T 7 Bye LJ Pla) Sin mn de To * hy a Periodic Rinchon chr A Is in metres and periodle with QL0 rad yCx,b) = Por BA, G mln + SB, Sin mln aS ai L ab y= LL { Plon) - Con(mifn.) oe = = ° Bos aie (n)- Sin (2) da Even Rincon: (n)=-f (-x) Odd finchon: Pla)= £(-x) * Odd Rinchows —> B,n = * Even funehons —s Aim = 0 % HalP wave Symmeby —p PCE) = -f (t-Th) Then all even harmonies —> 0 * IP a Rinckion has hal? wave Symmabry and Ie alo Syromnatric about tie midpoint § the te &-ve hal? cycles fs gpuarley wave Syramebnp % A Finchon that har darker coave symm com alas be made een er edd by shifting left ov wight * Consider te con 4 a String Stretched initially as BownA ave traveling ae Froweling 4 \ Lae Dwae a loavt At t=d Thy teot %® Toy b>o, the inihal trample splih up a & Rrwand traveling ave ane backward traveling wave, Cath Creakng is Own Suflectad Waves % The Same Scenosio cam aho be eqplvalunty — viaoed 2s the indivituol Purisn componmmts osdillahing 2s Standing Wwoves- % Simulahon shows that th. hoo am eqwlvalmk Kee % (hun spe 4 propagehon 4a wave depends on the Preguaney , tu medium is Calld a dispersive. medium x Consider the co d N masses 4 M tonnuctdd on a sing at dishna L bli te masses <—<—\|_ — L ——_> te ——ffor onet2,3...N , we have sem that WO. 20, Sin nt Q¢n+) when 69, - OW aes 24, M Dur ke boundary tondihon, ‘Rk, = nil under Con ne OE Speed nopagahon : V2 On ame = % R, gon linearly ap bat On gon as Sin nil anu) Ve Dy don nc go Linas with k =p V depends on 8 x Slope ak Cech Preqpumy Is @ meena bt Woaty . This is am example § dispersion * Wave on 4 strivg ore also dispersive% Oonsidn 2 Wave with ayysent Frequencies ge A Sin (Ra-B\b) =p v= Sik, gi A Sin (Rx -8.t) =» Viz Bil, gry, = 2A on [fuk n- tout | Cos [ Ri- fe n- ea] 2 2 a 2 Now assume that R,@k, and 9,202 Yr QASin [ kn- wel lan 2 z xX The Sine Compormmt alone is @ traveling ware roving cit 2 phese velocity ) % The cose Lomporund Yow coith Yo BO call te qeoup Velosiiy- ey)* HY Vy and Vp ont dlilfumk tha envelope awd te sone wavs move ak differnt Ndboattin X ty a non dispeuive mdium, (9-k wwe ba Brrayhk Sime r ® vp 2 e Ar high feapanaiin Np >a hy © tor cue @), te Valin f Vy>, a high duquncian K Gk may be even posite that the group vdouly js -Ne while Vp in posikive% Thin abro means that ot P, A inerann an Preqpmmay incveanes. However thin in ron. Wave hon. shi * We devivd Fy st dy On> ye ate And we got = [= VE Howener in deriving the equahon, we neglelid the gnfhren . JF we incude shhh, woe have ust: vat ak! X>0 *% Thun a Plano Shring 4s a dispersive mulium k Phase Velouity > Droup velotity —> oe * Deep welts wovw —> Wekin & dusper than a Wavelyth Les an Sol dispersive WD: gk + S. x 3248 me $= 0-012 N/m f §= 10% kgs?Po Up. tas He D =U: /4 pele ele s d . wage HES hy A ragnebic permeabilitymR. AR, am voy dpeqpumy dependent - tor o-10 Hz Kyxte vac 1 In somge @ 5 tor Fin tHe visible Spetum fs sxio'Re Ke i179 oo At such high Frequencies , the dipole ce walin Cannot eftutively Billoo the E Redd Vatlahon and thu Re is qpie Small - =p Ve Cf 133 Lec-13 Maxwell EquationsA _usehl subation: TR = OAn + OPy ye dAz on oy oz i ; k dy 82 — 4 2 9 2a | sei f me | VXA = dn dy dz a4 3x dn An Ay As +h oa - Ms | dn dy TR 2 (7-7)a- BEV [rate tyhe Ak] ={ DAn + SAn 4 9A. | ft a thy tay) On aye oa + An + aA + dA k On ay d2*H fo => V-E-0 => Ux(GE) = -VE = Tx (-38) t —> Vx d8 = 3 (V8) a [He 2 | OF OE a ok —» Vxd8 = pe Se at ae . = % This is @ Wave equation in te E in Vacuum. The Velociky 4 the wave = 1 x 3x10! ws" Ube # Similan approach cam be und & obtaim tu wave equahon in B Vea= Hw o8 ateConsider Vx (JxB) TxKGx8) = -VCV-8)- 98 => LHS: TxH® de - He 2 (VLE) Bt Ot —b-f,f 28 - -v'B at * EM waves au characlinised by 2 inkrdapendunt oseillaton, —> B &E My a RT x10" Hl -12 & > 385xI0- Fin I ~ 3x 10’ ms" J Ho% ~Solutions te the twoave equahon nu % Consider a2 Sduhon Wh E is only fn fa 2 dAlrechon = E, Cor (uot- kz) Ey-0 E,-0 Jen. Shr co =p VE Fenn on dy aa Thun the wave eqporon is L, 2 HM, & On - 3 En fre wave eqpahon att a2 =p RE,, Sm (wk-kz) = -38 Oe =p B= REx Cos Cook -kz) =) By Eon Gos (oSE-k2) whe ¢c: 8.1 c a\# The magnihude 4 8 is C times Smaller x Also E and B on In phase and Ly Jo eash often x Each om is ly do te divchon 4 chon. ra oC) X “The € Fild ond B Red of omy Instant at ony plan ty do 2 divedhon is tu same. Thin b why toy an called plan. usaver. “Thin i ten Yow by and E, whidh do wt depend on a ky at any tnskant 4 hime - * E Field Aivechon always in the Same rrechon on te my Plane is cohlid Kneoaly polaxiud radiahon. ¥ Es E, Cos (wt-kz) % + Ey Gs (cok-kar8) Is also a perPeck soluhon.x 4 $0, tun tu mt B fd always pan Wn tae Some direchon Thadpre it Is alto Imconby poland *% x G=90 , than the disuchon continnounly rampn om the ay plant: The locus 4 the E vectra Hae 2y-plame. moves On an dhipse —y E thipPeally pelarinad sadiahon Se Eo. Boy —o Uraulasly polasiced x So dliptic and civulor polarisohon, the Imagnihds dl tae E ved is nen zoto —» beraun chin E, 72 ,Eyto The general wave = (¥t) Lohow Ve mnrygeze el ECR t): Ey Cm (wt-k 7%) wh R= Rar R Gtk 2 R > dinechon 4 p29 pagahon fe % Rl. 2s | ebe RP a Re re LM] # Consida a hoo dimmsional com whe k= Rate + ky (Fox a devivahon {the propagahon veetor K Sa. Pa 15), Bekeh)* On a lime Ly de te dhvedon ) Ry te roogvithade 3 ghey w constant (°° ¥ CoB is constomt for au Y on tu lin) % In 2D, the KV Constant are Viv, while jn 3D tng ax fplanin Ly te the dlivechon 4 mohon % Ak a given instant J tim, He E and call be Constant eveupohn On the plane , and te Plant mover out ooith Valo chy ¢ #* Noha that te inkoept On fae n- oxin & y- ax hen Ha awe moved by om 2 in mweh lays thom 7 elyc= Re Oe WeeNps £ee & x Von s Yey and Vp, Orn Way highs than C. Bub at Ja ne violahon 4 special sulabvity as Huss ‘ono erangy moving boith thet Vos % Physically & Sapsaranti the number Sodians | plane advancumumt Ry in the amount 4 pow odvane along the 2-divechon The 3-D_ wave tyahon % Dpmervalising te I-D wave equohon , Noha that (%y,3) moat appear Symmanicolly im @ 3-D Veuion ov . vi Ber deca] —0 oF oe Og The plane wave equation mnt be a svluhon ie Ys P, Go Wot-- RF) must sohsty 0 SY . - WY, & (wt-RF) = =o 3 = Ry = R mt Ry yt ka 3 eav 2 -k YD ae 2 -ky & B®. KY on OF op 0 % Thun ~ WF Pav RR RE] Y =» ote vO the guneralind plant wave es a Soluhon, Spherical wave * A Point Ouhvasxal , Sounte whieh pulsats socliobes Inward awd disturbing tha medium sovsounding itt Asiifovebay in oth divechons Wau owks a9 ten tonumbic Sphou and Y only a Ainchon ouactial distance Casha te 3-D Wave eqpahon in sphuical bo-ordinatu We hove a, a 2 ae -V (wv desde] at Br Oy OF Also ve weg eye —=y ay OX = Qn =p OY A on on % —» ov . oY dy = a wh on dy da Y_391 av ev +a dv or) y Oy Sn YF Vr ON) oP 2 1 oY tala oo v Or aY an + av L- 2) ort ay y 2 oP nw + Bt [ _gt3* or y cre Ox ~ oY >i 2 Sabshhuhng in te coave cquaho Se iv lf e7P ea x2 | ot? ox Y or Thin equahon cam be writlon os LOW . | Ets) e+7 oy whidh hos te Same dein. a4 tw [|D Lwave quahon yP A Cr (t-kr+b) is a soluhon VOy) = a Co (u9t- Ry +)1S te cupsunentahon ga Sphoxal 3-D wave * AL Ou gun hee, it Seprannls 0 Chunk & conumic Sphaw in space a Amplihuce falls Mos ty wolile nadiaticl pour will fo Ye os Vp Polarisers % Unpolarised light =bE Feld divechon chanyn with time in Yandom mann x A Polanser han a poufued divechon /\ Ge Are light thet Comn out mi Feld E Ped ot diff instents x The mmaynthach dW dutpuk E's Eyl whe 8 tn te Argh Pfay ta direction tnddenk E and hu papend dizschon- % Thay the intensity gan ox Cee. The auusy Valu f Cosby Yh. Ture the inkensily suduein by hallx In Practice | Hue iy some additonal absorphen. Causing seduction. in output intensiby % Why don te aluminiuin channd block tu sedan ot Some culo gap in te dispersion demo in Lee-12? fee-t4 Energy densa im te E> Be n|- a 2 Erangy dmaity in te B= LB . a. Zo uv # For a shawling tome, 1B. LE > L&E CTH, : Loe Ree Power = Uy,.c: GEBc> EB (w mn Ho mt ol founting vets S= EX ony He dm EM wars ELB- |. S= m o Ho Es E, (swt B> B, Crwt Cott = CAveoy value 4 Co aot’)+ Averoy Value = 1 si 2 Exampl. x E,= loo Vin, thn ZS>= LK ioe 13 Wher = Pee Eva exposeal to 13 W istble i Vich i ot Pos w 4 vis got (co ie Ghraled by te bedy) will not be notaolte. # UY E,+ 1000Vm , thn = (300Wle. This esl fay ge body. A Sue's poor 2 3-9.x16* W Distane fom Sun bo costh % Soni” km 2b Solon we 8 3-9 XI10 8 \4o0 Win constant Ax (isoxid)” —_——_ x Maximum Soler power ther Can be herwverial ea Sqm = lHoo W However, we Should vot associat E'=lo00Viimn with Soler radiahon. M% in m te Ram 4 Vani oun Lomponinis:% How an EM wan guneatid? —> Acceluaton \ changes - [o, >u Ab2ct ° > (0, ct) * Charge 4 at O af aut x Aceceati the nora. upoards voitn Aceelrahon & (pr At Seconds, lo suach 0 % The charge now be a veboisy U=aDt upworcls- x seconds latin the charge i at 0. a Thu 48 now @ tpn with aba oF 0 and soda CCE tAE) cubicle which the would hes no kemovoludye About what happnid de the char at 0, becoun that musay ood have te travd Rati than c- % So the Sam © lin alovy x would have moved to 0) howA The segion iithim He 8 rein is ushoe te dintd dina tonnct ith cach otur * UL and EL au. the Componnts § Gand € ly bb 7 x El uv tu © fd G te Lronding Wow x By Congunt Ds Ex . Ut - ade = Abt En cat che < Also Ex 2 ALY =p Ey. 21% Ey En @ a Bur Eee. =p FE, UK 4+ Aer ce 4M emY™ % Thy Ei Falls QE ax Mv ID observe a € Tan E(wt)= -Ut)% BUF tE= FxElAd chalet c xX ALK SinB R SK Sind Than acerlevatid charge gin out Sphurteal coon ‘in aU divechony. But the shrenyth fa woave I ang drruchon Depends om 6. % Then shremyh fl tm EM ware woud be minimum thin obwared obo ta. divechon | aceduahon-“Far arcary feom the Stigin, coe cam apprximali Hat wave socal 04 @ plant Lowe % E is always in tu plant \ Yaa Alo ELV |el«x\as\ \el Teronamh om anes az A Cork twohue A= _tEolm ug - wt ae ap ie tte 2 Ctl oI O9,"- Wr Now sradiatd Power x a” Pp « 09” . (wo?-) H w< Foeqpamoy Kemaims Same x ta 0, AN,, 0, >> visi lighk fequumen. % Thy blue Tigh gus Scottrd mew by Abmosphur bu wy 15 — (2s 2 Wed Wud —x YH te porkcle Size 1 Quilt high, then the Roytiyh Seatteriong Wweolems =p The is equal seottoimg Probability L * hy unpolarina (ighk incident 7 On dae Samm normally, Ha EB “ Vector @u as Alown. (ie abioays In tee plant A Scrum) x % A Pork noo scallion thin light at @, Any obsewer on tue plam i at 2d to tu incident light vail sea. E in only one diuchon Rasybrigh scat ving — Lunan edlipte — Moon is oud tohm ib uu Comptetily in tne Anadow q te coud: — Perogel — Small silica postin Sumowr bie Jight by Scattering - Sky u ble and in sud wolum decking oct te aun at tu horizon. - Sky wWhin docked at Jo with Supt So the Sun ig lock dimwasls polaxiadPowen suosliatid oor the axcolrnatid Chosas. From the Previou devivahon E (y, >) = - 44, Ce) Sind HT f 1 Loum “Y —5 vector from the drorge vo the observer The divechon 4 = in ¥x(4 xa) hide points along —a * Also B (a,b) = Sx Et) c “|S Exel. Petey site x we ie 1b we vo ISG@e| - Vale!) Sito IGT &¥e3 5 Magnitude [S\a Snr t 1 | I A crew -Sechon 4 the odiahon palien Cue tb an aceeleraled point change.Lasumen fovmula dor te nodiolid ~pown The net pow xadinlad 18 obtained by inkegrating over & Aphurical volurm anowmd the Change being ot ls amb Slyb)| ay Sind do tL P(t) = | t eel!) y att | Swe ae j= 4 Lt @c? 3 yal) x A 3 gTeQc? 5 Larmor formula % Reod about tee oscllahny current cument & dipele anknne (Ps -280, Behl)Kec-i5 Dopplen_EFfet % Choy. in Frequaney twolun ten ib melon blo te Souree 4 was amd obcervet % The whist moving 1 observer anc tu cbseiver raving to whist an dilleumk * 4 te whist moves axco4 from observer with ta Speed 4 Sound , the obsavin hia voting Wi = Stor/s tose, gi. Al Ns-Vw fw Vey Nis -Ve —_— % Derive te doppler efyet eqyahon thy at, ap P90 Vie => PoE x Thr a Sound Source moving asound in a rele the P' Varies — Sinwsol dolly about ?X EM sadlahon alr chou doppler shilt “Fa Em coves, te doppls Shit oulahon in derived using Special swlabivtty Be coon in He sulahive Veo 9 Je 4 oy 4 £ y f' Ha transmitter. Des DPac . ance + Movermt Jb a shetlin tavelungth is called Thar Shir nel Vice Vesa is Colledl sted shift Ta peci Az 2 Ci-plse) * Doppler shijt allows t colewlali ta wlodky | stars Consider a stan —s Delta Leporis Absorphon Imes Q Hain stan corresponding de Calesum CaCk) line —> 3933.c¢4 1 A=16°m N= He \ 248A —y sud Abie=p Vise 2 49 km]s % The au rmamy Story echich ar binary syst +e too Stans going arounel A Common cantir 4 mars Hew Spectra) Lous com be sum be move back Oar fotth- MH ons § te stars in itu binany ds @ newhen stan Cré) C1 a black het (GH), Hun He hoo ane guunalhy quite dor bs : ye % The poink ahow te net gravitohonal poll so 3p0 ao —— ns/ Called tre Inver Lagrangion- BR inns \agvangtom XY te inner Lagrangian Inagpems uo be woitlim tu Sho, then moaltin outside that point fll thts te ns/BH ~ The ns/BH is then colleel the acerter and te oft Shon is told tu down. % Chandraseken Vivi - Upper limik ) cohite dioond, mas Att, thio ik tellagsa inf a rwutnon dha:x A ns aleo ssimiladay has am upper limik 4 3 Solan ros alin obi it talaga ute a blade bate AL lack he. is an object wohow estape Velouy is Feongan Hoan Tar spud A igh % The event Wotizon ib the segion within es ape Velo ety ts logan than © At He event herigon, escape Weaty = ¢ which the TM oadiin te worth Rr tk de becom @ blak hdc 3S yum. “tea He Sun db be a black bolt, the Soin in 8 km- % Edwin Hubb rnads a discovow that ve Hd H ~ > Pubbln constant Hz tokmls 1 Mpe = 3-26 mihon Night eons Mpc as 3x0” 31x10" Rin Wo seceding vost i a gphooy, A —> listener pom tre caste Hubble las — > univeue is expandingThin Support the idea 4 a big bang explosion. % TY we assum that te Veboéilin did wet chomp aftr the big baw , then d. vt, - Naty => bye Lv te age te Univeut 4 Using. H= To krols | Mpe th 2 4.3x10's = I+ billion qeos % However, thos may ave ben a deeluahen dur do growta honal Dull Thin iv Cumenily being otereorchad In camologe: % Atkmd Allan Qpotts lechows on cosimolo gy % FH wan Withiably thouht that the Univeur may cllapte an cf ibsdt coving ig buen % With ta discoury 4 dark erungy, we row belle that He uriveue will expand ousen % UH 4 now peur that then wor a sudelen expancion Yn ably oft big bang. Wohen TE dlouble In Size+24 In 16'S andl tantid 15°" seconds Jaa — TnPlahonasy Univeur. hee-te * EM wove interackon with Condudbors Ynside. @ Conducloy E-0 and 9%. UxE=0 ak * Thou is no idtel conductor Skin dept. $= 2 © — onduchivity WH eK E Rud Ralls 4 exporunbially eoitiin, the conduclov and becom + Kimun at one skin dup: Boundary condihons % cloud | Suse En 2 Nah 7 , \ vac Ey \ conden E-0 ©. aA+ b. (eyo) = 1 (pav = L Pdeda w dA + 8, (ye) = 1 | i(hon dh—>o , (ey) 0 Satda —> f, AA aan * E, in cherging voit, Hire and heme Ps rut Olvo — harye Coit Hime Siolonly fr tee SB ful we gh Bye o> a —_ Surfou chose emnitiy x VKE.-88 6 Ea = -208 fohd doud de nt En € | eon Ee { (ordutlos dio €=0 © an dlso E, Lat + By db - E,idt= - Zs epee Fo seality | Ey decays exponumtt ably out the 8kin dup. S\ntady 8, = Pods ar Ty > Sie cuemh demiYoke at 2° E, = Fay fot (heck) =p Eye Ey; Cos Che + wk) 0 - JE, “. EL 5 Sin Ra Snwt w The wb @ Standing EM wave which ha a Standing E&B wa. % Howse EB an now out 4 phar by 3 in a Standing conve. Thin th becaun the tw ho rub omagy Franspoxt. im amy diechon =p the auroy Value Smut be 300. * Read about sradiahon prenune x Rodinhon prem Cas tre cole fod do comt te Move ayo fom the Sun% Rasdishon prenuw im home stow obo comes ie abmosphuae. to expamd due do tris presswe