Name Selena Jallad

Period 2
Date In-Text Citation (APA/MLA) Key Term/Idea Type of Source

10/7 (Hein et al., 1993) Trauma and mental health of Scholarly Journal
Gaza Children

10/7 (Dastagir, 2021) Trauma children in Gaza Website

experience is unlike anywhere
else in the world

10/12 (Jamei, 2021) A new mental health crisis is Website

raging in Gaza

10/12 (Al Jazeera, 2021) Israel attacks solidarity protests Website

for escaped Palestinians

10/20 (Wispelwey, 2020) The Great March of Return Scholarly Journal

10/20 (Thabet et al., 2013) Death Anxiety, PTSD, Trauma, Scholarly Journal
Grief, and Mental Health of
Palestinians Victims of War on
Gaza

10/26 (Tomasi, 2019) The invisible mental health crisis Web-video

plaguing the West Bank

11/5 (Al Jazeera, 2015) Website

Palestinian children live in
trauma without end

11/5 (El-Khodary et al., 2020) Scholarly journal

Traumatic Events and PTSD Among
Palestinian Children and
Adolescents: The Effect of
Demographic and Socioeconomic
Factors.

11/15 (Hirst, 2019) Trauma, resilience, and the Website

impact on learning

11/15 (Kataoka et al., 2012) Responding to Students with Scholarly Journal

PTSD in schools

11/29 (Marie et. al, 2020) Anxiety disorders and PTSD in Website
Palestine: a literature review

12/9 (Afana et. al, 2004) Mental Health Needs in Website

Palestine
12/13 (Thabet et al,2002) Emotional problems in Scholarly Journal
Palestinian Children living in a
war zone: a cross-sectional study

12/22 (Agbaria et al, 2021) Prevalence of post-traumatic Scholarly Journal

stress disorder among
Palestinian Children and
adolescents exposed to political
violence: A systematic review
and meta-analysis
 Selena Jallad

2021-2022

Annotated Source List

Afana, A. H., Quota, S., & Sarraj, E. E. (2004, November). Mental health needs in Palestine.

Humanitarian Practice Network. https://odihpn.org/magazine/mental-health-needs-in-palestine/

This magazine article is about the causes, scale and nature of mental health problems, and

proposes a comprehensive mental health plan to deal with mental health, for people living in Palestine.

The Palestinian population has been exposed to a series of traumatic events, including imprisonment,

torture, land confiscation, and house demolitions, which have a psychological impact towards them. The

conflict in the Gaza Strip proves the women and children have been impacted the most. The Gaza

Community Mental Health Programme is a non-profit organization. It provides clinical mental health

services, such as training courses, and offers special services for women exposed to domestic and political

violence. In order to improve the mental health in Palestinians, the authors believe there should be stigma

reduction, acceptability, strengthening, and training for health professionals.

This magazine was written by well known psychologists found in Palestine, who specialize in

PTSD/other Mental Health Issues. This magazine will help expand on research because it covers the

events Palestinians may go through/how that impacts them, which is a key component to the research.

Agbaria N, Petzold S, Deckert A, Henschke N, Veronese G, et al. (2021) Prevalence of post-traumatic

stress disorder among Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence: A

systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 16(8): e0256426.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256426

This journal article goes into detail about Palestinians in the Gaza strip, and what the authors

believe may be the causes for their PTSD based on other studies and the research they found through
meta-analyses. PTSD was found among 36% of all people in Gaza. The authors found high prevalence of

PTSD in Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence. According to studies, long-

term exposure to political violence, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is a major threat to public

health. Furthermore, political violence affects the mental health and development of children and

adolescents. Rates vary depending on factors, including participants' age, the time elapsed since the event,

the version of the DSM diagnostic criteria used and the sample characteristics. Most published studies in

the area of violence experienced by Palestinians have included children and adolescents in their study. The

review of PTSD research on children and adolescents in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt) suggests

that future research strategies should consider different diagnostic systems, which could affect treatment

and therapy.

The authors have links/email addresses attached to reach out to, and show previous papers they

worked on; and all work in the field of mental health. This will help expand research because it is a very

recent article and gives a proper view as to what is currently occurring and what may determine how

PTSD is developed/main factors towards it.

Al Jazeera (2021, Sep. 9). Israel attacks solidarity protests for escaped Palestinians.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/9/dozens-of-palestinians-injured-at-rallies-in-support-of-

prisoners

This article explains the crisis occurring since the six Palestinian men escaped an Israeli prison

through a tunnel they dug, causing an uproar. The Palestinian detainees set fires in their cells as a protest

against mistreatment. Israel deployed drones to track down the prisoners. According to the article, when

the Isaelie’s could not find the prisoners, the Israel army captured the escaped prisoners' relatives, making

it a “Mafia-Style” tactic. Moreover, the source states, Israelie prisons violate the law for all prisons, since

they mistreat detainees and take away prisoners’ privileges if they are Palestinian.
 The author is well known since it is a news station that is broadcasted all over the Middle East,

and in other countries. This is a credible source since they went to the scene and interviewed the people

who were protesting, which will help get a better understanding on what is currently happening and how it

may impact the children in present day Palestine.

Al Jazeera. (2015, December 6). Palestinian children live in trauma without end.

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/6/palestinian-children-live-in-trauma-without-end

This article talks about Abu Shebab, a citizen who was diagnosed with PTSD, and what he does to

help overcome it. Abu Shebab was diagnosed after an Israeli bombing occurred. The Community Mental

HEalth Programme (CMHP) used different techniques to treat children with PTSD and other

psychological conditions, including behavioral therapy, family counseling, and the arts. Although Abu

Shebab has PTSD, he still enjoys doing the things other people do: coloring and drawing. Moreover,

Frima, a specialist who works with people to help diagnose the level of PTSD they have, explained how

drawing and painting are good ways for children to express how they feel without being afraid.

The author is a well-known news station broadcasted in the Middle East. It is a credible source

since they interviewed Abu Shebab, who lives in Palestine and is struggling with PTSD. This source will

help provide primary information and help expand ways to overcome PTSD from someone who already

has it.

Dastagir, A. E. (2021, May 18). Trauma children in Gaza experience is unlike anywhere else in the world.

USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2021/05/18/israeli-palestinian-

conflict-mental-health-impact-traumatized-kids/5144155001/

The article mentions the ways children in Gaza have been traumatized and how it impacts their

daily lives. During the current escalation between Israel and Gaza militants, 52 Palestinian children were
killed. Human rights experts say children traumatized by the conflict in Gaza need more attention and

have a negative effect on children. Gaza children are exposed to more dangers than children anywhere

else in the world. Ghannam said the children in Gaza feel trapped because they are unable to leave the

narrow coastal strip. A study found that more than 80% of Palestinian children have experienced personal

trauma and nearly 90% have witnessed trauma. Moreover, children in Palestine are exposed to traumatic

events, such as sirens and sudden explosions, that can be traumatic for them. Furthermore, children in

Gaza are being exposed to fear and trauma, and the fear is intensified for those who have lost adult

caregivers. These children are not spending enough time playing and building social-emotional skills with

their peers, and many are afraid of their caregivers and are unable to express their feelings.

The author is a reporter who focuses on mental health, however, she has written many articles

regarding mental health but none of them are specifically related to psychology. This article will help

provide multiple primary sources for studies that were taken in Palestine itself, and they are accessible by

clicking on the links listed in the resources section. Moreover, some causes of trauma were not listed in

previous research, which may be helpful in the future.

El-Khodary, B., Samara, M., & Askew, C. (2020). Traumatic events and PTSD among Palestinian

children and adolescents: The effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Frontiers in

Psychiatry, 11, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00004

This study is about investigating PTSD in children in Palestine, and what are the common

things found among children who were diagnosed with PTSD and those who were not. The group

interviewed 909 children; 909 had experienced trauma, 861 had witnessed trauma to others, and 908 had

seen destruction of property. Among the girls, boys were significantly exposed to more traumatic events.

The study shows that demographic factors may affect PTSD in Palestinian children. Children living in

areas of violence and terrorism are at risk for developing psychiatric symptomatology. PTSD symptoms

are related to age, gender, and status. The presence of an unemployed father holds risk for developing
anxiety, and depression in adolescents. In Gaza, every child has been exposed to at least three or more

traumatic events. 42% of Palestinian children have experienced trauma. 54.7% of Palestinian children

have been exposed to a traumatic event in their lives. It was found that age, family size, and family

income were positively correlated with PTSD, and family income was negatively correlated with PTSD

and functional impairment.

This article is reliable since the authors have written other articles and work in the Department of

Psychology, located in the United Kingdom. This journal will help expand one's knowledge by providing

data for tests that were done in Gaza to determine where PTSD is most common and what symptoms the

children who have it have in common.

Hein, F. A., Quota, S., & Thabet, A. (1993). Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza. National

Center for Biotechnology Information, 306, 1130-1131.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1677511/pdf/bmj00017-0056d.pdf

In the journal, it mentions how the children in Gaza are not the only ones suffering from trauma,

but their families too, and who is impacted the most by the trauma. Many families suffer from trauma and

psychological disorders after experiencing political and military violence. A survey was conducted to

obtain demographic information about the participants, and a checklist to measure the most common

traumatic experiences families in Gaza could have faced during the last war on Gaza. Many of the

families experienced traumatic events such as hearing bombing and jet fighters, seeing mutilated bodies,

and being exposed to burns by bombs. Moreover, the author conducted another study to further their

research, that showed PTSD is associated with reactions in relation to loss, grief, and death anxiety among

Palestinians; the results showed trauma was in fact higher in women than men, specifically women in

Kosovo, and is higher among ethnic minorities. Additionally, parents with children from Gaza who were

exposed to continuous shelling reported 8.5 traumatic events.

 The authors of the journal’s professions are in the psychological field; they have published many

other articles relating trauma and Palestinians, and are stationed in Palestine itself. This journal will help

advance in researching children in Palestine because it provides valuable information on how the people

currently living in Palestine feel, and what they have experienced, survey’s for accurate evidence on

people living in Palestine (Gaza), and what the major traumatic events Palestinian family’s may

experience.

Hirst, E. M. (2019, July 2). Trauma, resilience, and the impact on learning. American Bar Association.

https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/committees/childrens-rights/articles/2019/

summer2019-trauma-resilience-and-the-impact-on-learning/

This web is about children who suffer from trauma, and what was most commonly found with

them, focusing on their symptoms and behavior. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

published a study, “Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE),” and Adverse childhood experiences are

common among Caucasian, college-educated adults and have correlations to health/behavior in children

and adults. The original study of 17,500 adults showed a strong relation between having an ACE score

and risk-taking behaviors in adults. The 2013 Philadelphia ACE survey found a high-risk correlation

between community violence, bullying, discrimination, and foster care. Another analysis done by ACE,

discovered that half of the youth have experienced a poor childhood in the United States. Children of color

are more likely to experience more ACEs than Caucasian children. Complex trauma and toxic stress have

profound impacts on cognitive and social functioning, as well as behavior and physiology. These impacts

can leave traumatized children to be mistrustful with others and to have difficulty taking someone else's

perspective and navigating social relationships. After abuse or neglect, a child may not trust adults and

therefore may not trust hugs, high fives, fist bumps, elbow taps, and handshakes; which results in hyper-

vigilance/fight or flight.
 The author does not have a link to click on, and the website is made by a group, which wants you

to join it, so it may not be as reliable; however, they use statistics from CDC which is a reliable website.

This article may be able to provide more statistics on what childhood experiences children experienced

that may have led them to develop trauma, and what they had in common with other children; and what

they believe the characteristics may be for those who have PTSD.

Jamei, Y. A. (2021, June 4). A new mental health crisis is raging in Gaza. Scientific american.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-mental-health-crisis-is-raging-in-gaza1/

The magazine article speaks of the deaths that are occurring in Gaza, and how it may impact

children’s current mental health. For instance, six-month-old babies started to show distressing symptoms

of trauma in the third day after the bombings in Gaza. Mothers would arrive in the pediatric emergency

department with screaming children. During those nights, one could often hear gunfire from the high

fortifications of the Israeli settlements. In 2014, psychologists from the Gaza Community Mental Health

Program (GCMHP) formed crisis response teams that provided Psychological First Aid to children

suffering from behavioral changes. After the 2014 attacks, the number of children suffering from PTSD

increased, and more children were diagnosed with bedwetting. The physical effects include 242 deaths,

1,948 injured, and 107,000 internally displaced people.

The author only has one article that they wrote which is this one. The article is written in first

person, and is based on the author’s experience in Gaza, however, the statistics were obtained from news

reports the author found during those times. This article may be able to provide information on young

children suffering from PTSD, since the author spent time in Gaza.

Kataoka, S., Langley, A. K., Wong, M., Baweja, S., & Stein, B. D. (2012). Responding to students with

posttraumatic stress disorder in schools. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North

America, 21(1), 119–x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.009

 This journal is about how PTSD affects children in school, and ways to help students when they

are dealing with PTSD. PTSD, dissociation, decreased IQ, reading ability, GPA, increased school absence,

and decreased rates of high school graduation are common among youth exposed to traumatic events.

According to the author, because they are able to help students with trauma in the classroom and through

therapy, school can be used as a place for professionals to get involved with the children. Students can

experience a wide range of traumas that can impact their functioning in school. 4 - 6% of youth in the

general population nationwide will experience symptoms of PTSD following a traumatic event. These

symptoms can include poor concentration and intrusive thoughts which can also severely interfere with

school functioning. A program called "Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools"

(CBITS) has been developed in collaboration with school and community leaders. Results suggest that

CBITS can effectively be delivered by non-mental health-trained staff and that this program may improve

school performance. PTSD can affect children in a variety of ways, including separation anxiety,

developing fears, questions about death/dying, unfocused, and not trusting people.

The authors have links to click on to see the other articles they have written; they all have other

articles on Mental Health and Trauma. This journal will help advance research because it provides

statistics on children in the school’s being impacted by trauma, and how it changes them and affects their

brains.

Marie, M., Saad-Adeen, S. & Battat, M. (2020). Anxiety disorders and PTSD in Palestine: A literature

review. BMC Psychiatry 20, 509. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02911-7

This article discusses the anxiety and PTSD that children living in Palestine may suffer from, and

why they may be suffering from these things. Palestinians are at a higher risk for developing anxiety

disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder due to the continuous exposure to political violence and the

lack of services. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders around the world, especially in

women, and affect 18.1% of people in the U.S., and those who suffer from these disorders, are six times
more likely to be hospitalized than people without anxiety disorders. Some anxiety disorders can be

diagnosed at an early age. Researchers found that only 9.8% of people with anxiety received treatment in

a WHO survey in 21 countries. Al-Ghazali, ibn Sahl al-Balkhi and Ali al-Tabari developed Islamic

psychotherapy to heal patients suffering from mental disorders, which was used in the Cave of Hira by the

Prophet. Palestinian adolescents, especially boys who develop anxiety disorders and PTSD, need to face

multiple types of challenges such as hunger or severe poverty that families face on a daily basis. In a

study, a descriptive-analytic study was utilized to examine the impact of trauma on children exposed to

the Israeli military operation on the Gaza Strip in November 2012 and who lived in five localities of the

Gaza Strip (north Gaza, Gaza, Middle area, Khan Younis). The study found that among Palestinian

children, resilience items such as spiritual beliefs (religious beliefs), citizenship, and feeling safe are

common in coping with stress and trauma.

The author works at the Ministry of Health-Palestine in Palestine, which means they are in the

profession of Mental Health and are a credible source. This will help expand on the topic of research since

it talks about statistics of where anxiety is common in children and what may be the reasons for their

anxiety.

Thabet, A. A., Tawahina, A. A., Sarraj, E. E., & Vostanis, P. (2013). Death anxiety, PTSD, trauma, grief,

and mental health of Palestinians victims of war on Gaza. Health Care Current Reviews, 1(2), 1-8.

http://doi.org/10.4172/hccr.1000112

The journal discusses where trauma in Palestinian families is most commonly found, Palestinian

families experience trauma and psychological disorders after experiencing political and military violence.

PTSD is associated with traumatic events of war and military violence and is higher in women than men;

as shown in a study, women in Kosovo had a higher rate of PTSD than men, and it was higher amongst

ethnic minorities. In the study conducted, it showed that 50.5% of the study participants had painful

memories or images from an event, 48.7% had recurring thoughts about the event, 43.6% were upset by
something that reminded them of the event, and 32.9% had difficulty enjoying things after the event.

According to the findings, total PTSD scores were positively associated with threats of shooting,

deprivation of water or electricity during the war, as well as witnessing people being killed by rockets.

Moreover, in another study, the authors investigated the psychological reactions in relation to loss, grief,

and death anxiety among Palestinian victims of war in the Gaza Strip; women ended up being more likely

to experience death anxiety than men.

The author has written many articles in the past, and their profession is in psychology. This will be

useful since the surveys the author took will help provide evidence as to what traumatic experiences most

families experience in Gaza.

Thabet, A. A.-M., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2002). Emotional problems in Palestinian children living in a

war zone: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 359(9320), 1801-1804.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673602087093

This journal discusses the different disorders Palestinian children may have and ways to help the

children. In general, war zones pose a threat for children; they can usually cause many emotional disorders

to develop. In a study conducted, the authors found children who were exposed to both bombardment and

home demolition had symptoms for PTSD; while children exposed to what is occurring through media or

their elders faced anxiety. Moreover, professionals and other organizations who deal with children who

have been affected by war and political violence need to be trained in how to identify and treat such cases.

This is a reliable source since there were links for the authors and they were used throughout the

research conducted. Moreover, this source will help expand on the other mental illnesses children in

Palestine face and how they lead to PTSD in the long run.
Tomasi, J. C. (2019, October 10). The invisible mental health crisis plaguing the West Bank [Video].

https://www.msf.org/invisible-mental-health-crisis-plaguing-west-bank-palestine?

component=video-274336

This video discusses Israel, and the damage they have done to Palestinians mentally and

physically. The speaker says their house was raided three times in one month, the Isreali soldiers damaged

their walls and started taking the family members one by one. They took the sons and fathers of many,

and the family members are yet to see them. According to the source, children have begun to get more

depressed since they do not have any communication with their family members while they get taken by

Israeli soldiers, and if they are lucky, they may hear from them 60 days later. Fear becomes implanted in

children, and they begin to become scared to go outside because they may get taken too. The girl who was

interviewed had to take medication prescribed by the doctor to calm herself because of her fear of going

outdoors.

This source is reliable because the taker of the short clip went to Palestine and interviewed a

family who was living there and got their views on what was happening. This video will help provide

primary information on what children in Palestine suffer from, and how they are coping with their trauma.

Wispelwey, B., & Jamei, Y. A. (2020). The Great March of Return: Lessons from Gaza on Mass

Resistance and Mental Health. Health and human rights, 22(1), 179–185.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7348434/

The journal discusses what may cause trauma in Palestine, and what the author’s have found based

on other studies/experience. According to Palestinian mental health professionals, the high rate of mental

illness in Palestinian occupied territory is not caused by trauma, but by collective suffering associated with

occupation, blockade, violence, ethnic cleansing, land theft, humiliation, and loss of faith in government

leadership. In the case of Palestinian children suffering from trauma, they are trapped and at a high risk of

suffering further psychosomatic symptoms, therefore, human rights are needed. Activism and resistance
are linked to psychological well-being and health protection. In a study conducted in the US, political

activism was associated with fewer stress symptoms. Moreover, the treatment of Palestinian children

suffering from behavioral or mood disorders caused by a wartime trauma is slowed due to the lack of

security and the fear of harm happening to them or their family members, and they maintain high levels of

anxiety and fear during treatment.

The authors have a profession in psychology and have written other articles. This article will help

provide evidence on what methods work for helping children with trauma, and what others should try

when dealing with trauma.