Level of Awareness of Grade 12 STEM Students of the University of San Agustin Against

Gender-Based Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural Social Norms

Jann Annyle P. Gumalas

Seth Christopher C. Macahilig
Evronne Elaiza D. Alapa-ap
Benidict L. Sayson
Michelle Paula R. Zaldarriaga
Kristoffer Lloyd S. Dela Cruz
Giemerson Leonard M. Parreñas
Trisha Anne C. Carumayan

Basic Education Department - Senior High School

University of San Agustin
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

ABSTRACT
Gender-based violence is violence directed at individuals or groups on the basis of their gender. The main
cause of it is cultural and social norms which refer to the different values, actions, and other sociocultural
factors that often dictate what is acceptable and not in society, as well as the actions of those individuals
and institutions. This type of violence against women has been prevalent up until now and since the
public in the Philippines does not hear all of the voices of young people on the issue, this research aims to
fill this gap by determining the level of awareness, and any other impressions of Grade 12 Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics students of the University of San Agustin. This study used a
descriptive quantitative approach since it described the said issue as it happens in nature. An online
survey tool was utilized and the data gathered in this study statistically interpreted and explained the
varying perceptions of the participants which helped in achieving the objective of the study.

Background
Gender-based violence (GBV) is violence
directed at individuals or groups on the basis of
their gender (Kangas, Haider, & Fraser, 2014).
Specifically, most GBV cases root in cultural
and social norms against women wherein
misogynistic views and stereotypes affect the
perpetrators’ actions and behavior. This issue
has long been prevalent thousands of years ago
and up to this date, there have been a number of
reports of GBV targeted on women. On the other
hand, cultural and social norms have various
qualities that are uniquely different in each
country. These norms often dictate what is
acceptable and not in society as well as the
actions of those individuals and institutions are
influenced by the norms, values, language, and
other cultural factors (“Relationship Violence
and Culture,” n.d.). Culture also controls how
GBV is viewed such as in some cases in
societies where violence is minimized and
considered as an accidental problem, as a
convenient explanation by communities, or
linked to stereotyping by systems (“Culture &
Gender-Based Violence,” n.d.). GBV occurs all
over the world and the majority of these victims
are women. The World Bank reported that 1 in 3
women are affected in their lifetime and that
35% of women worldwide have experienced
either physical and/or sexual violence from an
intimate/non-intimate partner (“Gender-Based
Violence (Violence Against Women and Girls),”
2019). Global statistics also show that 30% of
females experienced sexual abuse and as many
as 150 million girls worldwide are raped or
subject to sexual violence each year (Zafar,
2020). Furthermore, the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID) said,
“GBV is affecting 2.5 million women in the
Philippines adding that lockdowns against the
COVID-19 pandemic in the country have
increased the risks for women to suffer abuse,”
(Reyes, 2020). It was also stated in the 2017
National Demographic and Health Survey that 1
in 20 women, and girls aged 15-49 have
experienced sexual violence in their lifetime
(Gender-Based Violence Prevention and
Response,” n.d.). Western Visayas also faces a
number of GBV with Iloilo having the greatest
number of cases. In relation to this, the
researchers of this study observed a significant
increase in GBV that is linked to cultural and
social norms and is particularly against women.
Therefore, it is important to know that these
cases do not only come from gender inequality
and discrimination but from cultural and social
norms that still exist and perpetuate the problem.
The main cause of GBV, which is cultural and
social norms, must be acknowledged in order to
end and prevent the rapid increase of GBV
cases. Identifying these helps in correcting the
flawed system and the behavior of an individual
because some of these unhealthy norms also
exist in homes and societies that may negatively
affect the person’s views on gender.
GBV against women has been prevalent up until
now and see how a number of international and
local GBV cases were introduced above, the
researchers became interested in addressing the
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
said issue by determining the level of awareness
of Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) students of the
University of San Agustin (USA) against GBV
due to cultural social norms. There have been
several studies that have been conducted in the
field. The study of Mahlori, Byrne, and Mabude
(2018) states that GBV is mostly active in places
where there is a power inequality which has
made the respondents feel unsafe about
discussing the issue. According to the study by
Maquibar, Hurtig, Vives-Cases, Estalella, and
Goicolea (2018), nursing students regarded
GBV as something that should be eradicated
immediately. For Mosavel, Ahmed, and Simon
(2011), youths are concerned with the issues of
their safety on how they feel about GBV and the
researchers indicated that there should be
multi-sectoral interventions to decrease the
number of cases. Researchers also found certain
gaps upon looking into several pieces of
research. Most studies focused on identifying
communities with the current level of
knowledge of both minors and adults on GBV
(Bisika, 2008), on exploring the perceptions of
students regarding GBV, particularly against
women with the inclusion of domestic and
sexual violence (Muzaffar A1, Shenoy VK2,
Vaswani VR3, Badiadika KK4, 2020), and on
conducting the study to university staffs only
where students were not involved (Mahlori, et.
al., 2018). The aim of this research, therefore, is
to center on the perceptions of students,
specifically the Grade 12 STEM students against
GBV in the Philippines due to cultural social
norms. The results of this study will benefit in
filling out the above-mentioned gaps, improving
the welfare of the students of the University, and
raising awareness of the effects of GBV due to
cultural social norms on the youth.
Currently, there are no studies that have been
conducted on the Grade 12 STEM students of
the USA about their level of awareness of the
said phenomenon. That is the research gap that
the researchers would like to fill. There are only
limited studies that work on the level of
awareness of people about GBV around the
world due to cultural social norms. This does not
provide a justifiable solution and enough data
for the researchers since the target location
where the respondents are identified is within
the senior high school department of the USA.
There is a need for the researchers to address
this gap because not all voices of young
individuals are heard by the public in the
Philippines about the said issue. Since GBV due
to cultural social norms is a worldwide
occurrence, the researchers would like to know
the level of awareness of these individuals in a
particular setting which are the Grade 12 STEM
students of the USA. The researchers identified
that this gap is still relevant at present because
there is a need for them to know how the
students feel about the issue.
GBV has negative psychological, economic, and
health implications. GBV in schools is also a
very serious occurrence that frequently stops
children from learning and growing. This study
will look at the differences in the level of
awareness of male and female Grade 12 STEM
students about the issue, as well as their level of
awareness. This research will offer a new
methodology, theory, and approach to the issue.
The researchers aim to determine the perception
of the Grade 12 STEM students of the
University of San Agustin against Gender-Based
Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms. Specifically, the researchers seek
to answer the following questions:
(1) What is the level of awareness of the Grade
12 STEM students of the University of San
Agustin towards Gender-Based Violence in
the Philippines Due to Cultural Social
Norms as a whole and when grouped
according to their sex?
(2) What is the significant difference in the
level of awareness towards Gender-Based
Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms among Grade 12 STEM
students of the University of San Agustin
when grouped according to their sex?
Methods
This study used a descriptive quantitative
approach since it described GBV in the
Philippines due to cultural social norms as it
happens in nature. Descriptive research is
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
“aimed at casting light on current issues or researcher decided on the specific characteristics
problems through a process of data collection and quotas of sample members to be selected
that enables them to describe the situation more (Omona, 2013). In choosing the respondents in
completely than was possible without employing the study, the researchers created subgroups
this method,” (Fox & Bayat, 2007). It was according to gender with a sample size of 222.
intended to specifically determine the level of
The data needed for the current research was
awareness of the Grade 12 STEM students of the
obtained from the research instrument that was
USA about this global issue. Almost 25% of the
utilized in this study which was a survey
total population of the Grade 12 STEM students
questionnaire. This was distributed to the
were chosen as participants in the study. The
respondents with the use of Google Forms. This
Senior High School STEM Strand learners of the
sampling technique of collecting data was
USA are known to be objective and
employed for convenience, accessibility, and
straightforward, making this the reason for
size of the population to be sampled. The total
conducting the study among them. An online
number of questions for the respondents to
survey tool was utilized and the data gathered in
answer was made sure to be time-saving. The
this study statistically interpreted and explained
first part of the questionnaire asked the
the varying levels of awareness of the Grade 12
respondents for their demographic profiles such
STEM students which helped in achieving the
as name, sex, and section. The remaining part
objective of the study.
ensured the measuring of the level of awareness
Slovin’s formula was used in determining the of the respondents.
sample size needed in the study. Slovin's
The respondents were the Grade 12 STEM
formula gives the researchers an idea of how
students of the USA and the data-gathering
large the sample size needs to be to ensure
technique that was used in obtaining the data
reasonable accuracy of results (Ellen, 2020).
was in the form of a questionnaire. It contained
With a population size of 500 and a margin of
GBV due to cultural social norms statements and
error of 5%, a total of 222 respondents
five-point Likert scales: (1) not at all aware, (2)
participated in the study. The process of how the
slightly aware, (3) somewhat aware, (4)
researchers were able to come up with the total
moderately aware, and (5) and extremely aware.
number of respondents is shown below.
Procedures:

𝑁 I. Constructing of Questionnaires
𝑛 = 2
1 + 𝑁𝑒 In the creation of questionnaires, a
500 rating or Likert scale was used. The first
= 2
1 + (500) (0.05) part asked for the respondent’s
demographic profile while the second
= 222 and last part contained the rating or
Likert scale which was mainly used in
determining the respondent’s level of
n: sample size
awareness. The questions were derived
N: population size from previously published articles that
have the same objectives and study as
e: desired margin of error
the current paper. This was to ensure the
reliability and validity of the
questionnaire. The questions were also
Quota sampling was used in determining the
validated by teachers who possess
participants needed in the study. Quota sampling
adequate knowledge regarding this field.
is a type of non-probability sampling where
There was a total of five choices per
researchers will form a sample of individuals
statement namely (1) not at all aware,
who are representative of a larger population
(2) slightly aware, (3) somewhat aware,
(Simkus, 2022). In this sampling technique, the
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
(4) moderately aware, and (5) extremely
aware.
II. Creating a survey questionnaire on
Google Forms
Once the statements from the
questionnaire were finalized, they were
then transferred to Google Forms.
III. Identifying and Selecting Respondents
The Grade 12 STEM students were
selected using Slovin’s formula to
determine the sample size and in
finalizing the actual number of
respondents, while quota sampling was
utilized as the sampling technique.
IV. Informing the participants
The ones who participated in the study
were informed ahead of conducting the
study.
V. Sending of Google Forms link
The link to the Google Forms to be
answered by the participants was sent
through their email address and through
messenger with the help of every
president of each section who
disseminated it to his/her own class.
VI. Gathering of answered Google Forms
The researchers regularly monitored the
number of respondents who had
answered the survey. Once the desired
number of respondents had finally
reached, the researchers no longer
accepted new answers.
VII. Analyzing the data
Once the required data was finally
obtained, it was then solved, and
analyzed, to quantify the level of
awareness of Grade 12 STEM students
using a mean scale wherein the average
performance on an evaluation of a set of
students is computed by summing all
individual students' scores and dividing
by the total number of scores.
Interpreting the data uses the mean to
explain the sample with a single number
representing the data's center. The
results were then eventually presented.
In conducting this research, the researchers
assure that the participants were not coerced to
participate and were given the necessary
information before they agreed or declined to
take part in the study. The Google Forms survey
questionnaire that was sent to them included an
Informed Consent Form in which the researcher
clearly stated the purpose and process of
analyzing the participants’ responses. The
anonymity of the participants was also verified;
confidentiality was emphasized, and potential
harm was neutralized. The researchers also
ensured that this study was free from plagiarism
or research misconduct and that the results were
accurately presented.
This study mainly focused on the Grade 12
STEM students of the USA who had sufficient
background knowledge on GBV in the
Philippines due to cultural social norms. Their
characteristics also include being in the age
range of 16-19 years old and can comfortably or
freely share his/her insights regarding the issue.
Some characteristics of the Grade 12 STEM
students were excluded from the study to
prevent unusual results or confusion in the data
gathering. These criteria included Grade 12
STEM students who had no idea about the topic,
GBV in the Philippines due to cultural social
norms. Since the research was mainly addressing
the issue of GBV on women, students needed to
have background knowledge for them to
participate and answer the survey. Other criteria
that were excluded from the study were Grade
12 STEM students who were uncomfortable in
sharing their insights and students who had
personal experiences and existing traumas on
GBV. GBV in the Philippines is a serious issue
and the researchers did not want to bring it up on
vulnerable students since it might cause or
trigger traumas and unwanted memories.
Data Analysis
Researchers will perform an analysis of the
responses given by their subjects from the online
survey with a large sample size. The researchers
will use a descriptive type of analysis to report
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
the level of awareness among Grade 12 STEM
students in the USA about GBV due to cultural
social norms.
Table 1. Weighted Mean of the Level of
Awareness of Grade 12 STEM Students on
GBV.
Mean Mean Rating Interpretation
Statistic
4.21 - 5.00 Extremely Very High
Aware
3.41 - 4.20 Moderately High
Aware
2.61 - 3.40 Somewhat Medium
Aware
1.81 - 2.60 Slightly Low
Aware
1.00 - 1.80 Not at all Very Low
Aware
For Statement of the Problem 1, “What is the
level of awareness of the Grade 12 STEM
students of the University of San Agustin
towards Gender-Based Violence in the
Philippines Due to Cultural Social Norms as a
whole and when grouped according to their
sex?,” the tool that the researchers will use is the
Measure of Central Tendencies otherwise known
as the Mean Rating. It is a tool that can help
quantify and measure the level of awareness of
the respondents. It will also help the researchers
identify the level of awareness of students as a
whole or when grouped according to sex.
Gathering all the responses and summing them
all up to get the average or the mean is the best
tool for this statement. According to Macfarlan
(2014), “Measures of Central Tendency provide
a summary measure that attempts to describe a
whole set of data with a single value that
represents the middle or centre of its
distribution.” Moreover, for Statement of the
Problem 2, “What is the significant difference in
the level of awareness towards Gender-Based
Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms among Grade 12 STEM students
of the University of San Agustin when grouped
according to their sex?,” the tool that will be
utilized in this study is Variability or Dispersion.
This tool was chosen since one of the objectives
of the study is to find out the differences in the
level of awareness of the respondents.
Variability or Dispersion is the most suitable tool
as according to Bhandarin (2020), Variability
describes how far apart data points lie from each
other and from the center of a distribution. These
data points or the level of awareness of students
was essential to find out what level of awareness
was uncommon. In addition, the researchers will
use statistical software in helping them analyze
the data gathered. According to the study by
Nunes, Alvarenga, de Souza Sant'Ana, Santos,
& Granato (2015), statistical software allows
researchers to analyze complex sets of data
using processing techniques. They can provide
user-friendly interfaces that are easy to
understand. For the data analysis of the
researchers, they are going to use the SPSS
[Statistical Package for the Social Sciences]
Statistics software by the International Business
Machines (IBM) Corporation. In the study of
Devare Suresh (2015), he stated that the SPSS
software is an analytical software known for its
practicality. He also stated that the software
includes a wide selection of functions, from
basic techniques to advanced capabilities that
are easy to comprehend. The software will allow
the researchers to calculate quickly large
amounts of data without having difficulties in
understanding processes.
The reports from the analysis will be presented
using graphs and charts followed by an
explanation of each illustration in the form of
words. A descriptive analysis of the respondent’s
demographic profile will also be included. Each
response will be compared and the researchers
will determine what kind of frequency they
reflect, whether it may be in a low, medium, or
high response. After the data analysis is created,
the researchers will proceed to the major
findings and conclusions that they will establish.
Result and Discussion
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Statistic

Std. 1.134 1.057 1.129

Question 1: Gender-based violence occurs Deviation
mostly on women. Statistic

Grade 12 Male Female

STEM Students Students
Students

N Statistic 119 40 79 Question 3: Gender-based violence happens in

Philippine society as a whole.
Range 3 2 3
Statistic Grade 12 Male Female
STEM Students Students
Mean 4.30 4.10 4.41 Students
Statistic
N Statistic 119 40 79
Std. .776 .632 .825
Deviation Range 4 2 4
Statistic Statistic

Mean 4.36 4.25 4.42

The table above shows that the Grade 12 STEM Statistic
students of the University of San Agustin have a
Very High level of awareness with a mean rating Std. .800 .742 .826
of Extremely Aware and a mean statistic of 4.30. Deviation
Specifically, the male students have a High level Statistic
of awareness with a mean rating of Moderately
Aware and a mean statistic of 4.10. In contrast,
the female students have a Very High level of
awareness with a mean rating of Extremely
Aware and a mean statistic of 4.41. Furthermore, Question 4: Gender-based violence includes
the female students have a range statistic of 3 rape, physical assault, emotional cruelty,
and a standard deviation statistic of .825 thus harassment, etc.
revealing a higher level of awareness compared
to the male students who have a range statistic of Grade 12 Male Female
2 and a standard deviation statistic of .825. STEM Students Students
Students

N Statistic 119 40 79
Question 2: Gender-based violence occurs in my
community. Range 3 3 3
Statistic
Grade 12 Male Female
STEM Students Students Mean 4.67 4.60 4.71
Students Statistic

N Statistic 119 40 79 Std. .652 .709 .623

Deviation
Range 4 4 4 Statistic
Statistic

Mean 3.48 3.10 3.67

Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Question 5: Gender-Based violence is associated STEM Students Students

with an increased risk of sexually transmitted Students
infections such as HIV.
N Statistic 119 40 79
Grade 12 Male Female
STEM Students Students Range 4 3 4
Students Statistic

N Statistic 119 40 79 Mean 3.72 3.68 3.75

Statistic
Range 4 4 4
Statistic Std. .999 .944 1.031
Deviation
Mean 3.88 3.90 3.87 Statistic
Statistic

Std. 1.043 1.008 1.067

Deviation
Statistic

Question 8: Gender-Based Violence is more

common among those who are less socially
powerful or who are under social stress.
Question 6: Gender-Based Violence is
justifiable for others if women disrespected Grade 12 Male Female
their husbands, failed to provide good food, STEM Students Students
housework, and childcare, or went out without Students
permission.
N Statistic 119 40 79
Grade 12 Male Female
STEM Students Students Range 4 4 3
Students Statistic

N Statistic 119 40 79 Mean 3.92 3.88 3.95

Statistic
Range 4 4 4
Statistic Std. .993 1.114 .932
Deviation
Mean 2.88 2.88 2.89 Statistic
Statistic

Std. 1.354 1.381 1.349

Deviation
Statistic
Question 9: Cultural social norms are one of the
main causes of Gender-Based Violence.

Grade 12 Male Female

STEM Students Students
Question 7: The most commonly reported Students
reason for committing Gender-Based Violence
is a sense of sexual entitlement. N Statistic 119 40 79

Grade 12 Male Female Range 4 3 4

Statistic
Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Mean 3.88 3.93 3.86 Question 12: Men’s authority over women in
Statistic the family is an example of a cultural social
norm that has been one of the reasons why
Std. .940 .888 .971 Gender-Based Violence is acceptable in some
Deviation countries.
Statistic
Grade 12 Male Female
STEM Students Students
Students
Question 10: Everyday violations of women's
physical and bodily integrity are cultural social N Statistic 119 40 79
norms that cause Gender-Based Violence.
Range 4 3 4
Grade 12 Male Female Statistic
STEM Students Students
Students Mean 4.05 4.02 4.06
Statistic
N Statistic 119 40 79
Std. .999 .974 1.017
Range 4 3 4 Deviation
Statistic Statistic

Mean 3.87 3.90 3.85

Statistic

Std. 1.041 1.033 1.051

Deviation Question 13: Women are silently accepting
Statistic abusive behaviors and are afraid to take action.
This is one of the reasons why Gender-Based
Violence is still prevalent in some countries.

Grade 12 Male Female

STEM Students Students
Question 11: Discrimination in the workplace Students
and established bias toward men are cultural
social norms that cause Gender-Based Violence. N Statistic 119 40 79

Grade 12 Male Female Range 4 4 3

STEM Students Students Statistic
Students
Mean 4.19 3.78 4.41
N Statistic 119 40 79 Statistic

Range 4 4 3 Std. .959 1.000 .870

Statistic Deviation
Statistic
Mean 4.13 3.93 4.23
Statistic

Std. .926 1.023 .862

Deviation
Statistic Question 14: One’s experiences of violence as a
child are strongly associated with the
continuing of Gender-Based Violence.
Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Grade 12 Male Female Range 4 3 3

STEM Students Students Statistic
Students
Mean 3.79 3.68 3.85
N Statistic 119 40 79 Statistic

Range 3 3 3 Std. .982 .888 1.026

Statistic Deviation
Statistic
Mean 4.11 4.00 4.16
Statistic

Std. .757 .751 .758

Deviation
Statistic Question 17: Women are frequently exposed to
violence, regardless of their educational level,
social background, or ability.

Grade 12 Male Female

STEM Students Students
Question 15: Individuals who have engaged in Students
other forms of violence and illegal activities
outside the family are more prone to continue N Statistic 119 40 79
Gender-Based Violence.
Range 3 3 3
Grade 12 Male Female Statistic
STEM Students Students
Students Mean 4.15 3.85 4.30
Statistic
N Statistic 119 40 79
Std. .917 .949 .868
Range 3 3 3 Deviation
Statistic Statistic

Mean 3.84 3.80 3.86

Statistic

Std. .883 .853 .902

Deviation Question 18: Women who have poor economic
Statistic backgrounds are more at risk of experiencing
Gender-Based Violence from their spouses than
others.

Grade 12 Male Female

STEM Students Students
Question 16: Maintaining women's lower status Students
in comparison to males is a societal strategy
used to engage in Gender-Based Violence. N Statistic 119 40 79

Grade 12 Male Female Range 4 4 3

STEM Students Students Statistic
Students
Mean 3.76 3.73 3.77
N Statistic 119 40 79 Statistic
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Std. .965 .987 .960

Acknowledgment
Deviation The researchers would like to show their
Statistic appreciation to all who have contributed to this
study. This study would not have been done
without the support of their research adviser, Ms.
Jenelle Mae Sanchez who guided the researchers
in making this paper. The students are grateful
Question 19: Men frequently commit physical for her comments and advice as well as for
and/or sexual violence against an intimate leading the researchers with expertise which has
partner. significantly improved the creation of this study.
Furthermore, the researchers would like to
Grade 12 Male Female express their gratitude to the Grade 12 STEM
STEM Students Students
students of the USA who became the
Students
participants of this study. They provided this
N Statistic 119 40 79 study with the information and data needed to
answer all of the research questions. They have
Range 3 3 3 been crucial in getting the conclusion for our
Statistic study.

Mean 3.92 3.63 4.08

Statistic References
Std. .949 1.005 .888 1. Kangas A, Haider H, Fraser E (2014)
Deviation Gender: Topic Guide. Revised edition
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Grade 12 Male Female 2021.
STEM Students Students
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N Statistic 119 40 79
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Statistic 4. The World Bank (2019) Gender-based
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December 2021.

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Conclusion violence against women and girls.
Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
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 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms

Notes that were taken during the discussion (May 02, 2022)
Background
● Change the research title from “Perceptions of Grade 12 STEM Students of the University of San
Agustin Against Gender-Based Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural Social Normsor” to
“Level of Awareness of Grade 12 STEM Students of the University of San Agustin Against
Gender-Based Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural Social Norms” to make the study
quantifiable.
● Remove Statement of the Problem No. 1: What is the difference between the perceptions of male
and female students of the Grade 12 STEM students of the University of San Agustin Against
Gender-Based Violence in the Philippines Due to Cultural Social Norms?

Methodology
● Indicate that the methodology was research-made or was based on other scholarly articles that has
undergone reliability and validity testing.
● Discuss the sampling technique used on getting the respondents for the study, use the book as a
guide.
● Decrease the sample size and base on the book or articles on determining the formula of getting
the sample size. ¼ of the total population is acceptable.

Research Instrument (Survey Questionnaire)

● Discuss the research instrument that will be used. Use researcher-made instruments
(questionnaire), either models or specific and published ones.
● Change the choices in the Likert scale that aligns with the statement of the problem wherein it can
describe the level of awareness of the respondents.
● Use a mean scale to quantify the perceptions.

Responses from the Participants

● The answers from the respondents are called the raw data that needs to processed first using
statistical software like the SPSS software to be convenient in getting the product.
● Mean is the average and to get the average, we need a statistical tool that is a descriptive type of
analysis that can interpret the collected data.

Data analysis
● Revise
● Indicate the statistical tool and statistical software that will be used to process the data and its
solving. Use the book as a guide.
● Each statement of the problem has different statistical tools.
● Show the mean scoring and their description/interpretation.
 Level of Awareness of G12 STEM Students of the USA against GBV in the Philippines Due to Cultural
Social Norms
Base the revisions on the Statement of the Problem to align the methodology and data analysis with the
objectives of the research study.