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Chapter 1

Introduction and Background of the Study

The following chapter lays the ground in understanding the issue of the problem

to be analyzed in the policy analysis, including the context of the policy problem,

definition of the policy problem, and the methodology and limitations of the study.

Context of the Policy Problem

Gender-based violence is a pervasive issue in the Philippines, with various factors

contributing to its prevalence (Mittal & Singh, 2020) define gender-based violence as a

form of violence targeting individuals based on their gender. This violence is

significantly associated with various factors such as place of residence, witnessing

parental violence, substance abuse, marital status, and educational status (Beyene et al.,

2019). The vulnerability of internally displaced people (IDPs) in the Philippines due to

safety and security issues, gender-based violence, and militarization has been highlighted,

emphasizing the intersectionality of racial, ethnic, gender, and social class inequality

(Veloso, 2022). Furthermore, the aftermath of natural disasters, such as Super Typhoon

Haiyan, has been found to intersect with cultural and social norms, leading to patterns of

violence against women and girls (Nguyen, 2018).

In the context of the Philippines, election violence has been a focus of research,

with efforts to understand its frequency and nature (Smith & Reyes, 2021). Additionally,

the impact of tropical storms in the Philippines has been linked to a critical need for

gender-based violence prevention (Bellizzi et al., 2022). The media's role in perpetuating
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stereotypes and prejudices about the role of women in society, contributing to gender-

based violence, has been explored (Belmonte & Negri, 2021). Moreover, social work

students' awareness of gender-based violence has been studied, leading to

recommendations for further research on its effects and the role of the family in social

upbringing (Al-Khaddam, 2022).

The social representation of gender-based violence has been a subject of research

in various sub-disciplinary areas of sociology, emphasizing its multidimensional nature

(Saccà & Belmonte, 2022). Furthermore, the significance of a decolonial approach in

addressing gender-based violence has been highlighted, critiquing Western logic and

emphasizing the need for indigenous understandings (Keddie, 2022). The consequences

of the gender backlash in education have been addressed, offering new insights into

working in challenging contexts (Ferreira, 2021).

In addressing gender-based violence, the role of digital technologies and

interventions in rural areas has been explored, highlighting the experiences of combining

digital technologies and facilitated interventions (Adams et al., 2021). Additionally,

gender audits have been used as a basis for developing modules for Gender and

Development (GAD) policies in the Philippines, aiming to reduce gender biases and

promote equality (Villegas et al., 2023). The implications of a narrow understanding of

gender-based violence have been discussed, emphasizing the need for an intersectional

lens to recognize unique risk factors and the differential impact on women (Graaff,

2021).

Hicks (2015) challenges the conventional frameworks of gender in social work,

arguing that these approaches often oversimplify the complex nature of gender identity
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and experience. He emphasizes the need for a practical, situational understanding of

gender, moving away from rigid, static definitions. Hicks advocates for the inclusion of

post structural, queer, and trans theories in social work education and practice. This

perspective recognizes gender as a dynamic process, influenced by various contexts and

intersections, rather than a fixed attribute. Hicks' critique underlines the necessity for a

more inclusive, flexible approach to gender in social work, which can better address the

diverse needs and experiences of individuals.

Valdeza et al. (2022) reveals the multifaceted barriers Filipino women face in

seeking support against violence. The authors highlight how societal norms, economic

constraints, and a culture of victim-blaming create significant obstacles. The COVID-19

pandemic has further intensified these challenges, limiting women's access to necessary

resources. This study underscores the urgent need for systemic changes, including

improved law enforcement, community support, and policy reforms, to effectively

address these barriers. The findings call for a concerted effort to challenge the patriarchal

structures and cultural norms that perpetuate violence against women in the Philippines.

Dvoriak, Karagodina, & Semigina (2020) evaluates the gender education and

competences in social work, particularly in Ukrainian universities. Their findings suggest

a lack of a transformative approach towards gender justice in the current educational

system. The study reveals that while various gender theories coexist in the curriculum,

there is a predominant focus on traditional gender roles and socialization. This approach

overlooks the need for a transformative perspective that promotes comprehensive

understanding and application of gender competences in social work. The authors

advocate for an educational shift towards a more inclusive and justice-oriented approach
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to gender, emphasizing its importance in effectively addressing gender-related issues in

social work practice.

Labrague Jr. et al. (2022) sheds light on the complexity of gender-based violence

and its impact on women and children. The study categorizes the abuse into four types:

sexual, physical, emotional/psychological, and economic. It reveals the multifaceted

nature of domestic violence and the challenges in addressing it effectively. The findings

highlight the necessity for improved mechanisms to combat gender-based violence,

including enhancements in the justice system. This research underscores the urgency of

addressing the issue of domestic violence in a more comprehensive and effective manner,

considering its profound impact on the victims and their dependents.

Garcia's thesis (2020) explores the complex interplay of socio-cultural factors

contributing to gender-based violence in the Philippines. The study highlights the

pervasive nature of GBV, exacerbated by cultural norms and societal attitudes that often

discourage reporting and seeking help. Garcia points out the inadequacy of government

responses, which tend to be reactive rather than preventive. The thesis emphasizes the

importance of understanding GBV within a broader socio-cultural context, recognizing

the role of cultural factors as both risk and protective elements. This research calls for a

more nuanced approach to addressing GBV, focusing on both prevention and response

and underscores the need for comprehensive data to better understand and tackle the

issue.

In conclusion, the research literature on gender-based violence in the Philippines

reflects the multidimensional nature of this issue, encompassing various factors such as

displacement, natural disasters, media influence, education, and the role of digital
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technologies. The intersectionality of gender-based violence and its impact on different

segments of the population underscores the need for comprehensive and context-specific

interventions to address this pervasive problem.

Definition of the Policy Problem

The findings from the reviewed studies highlight the critical intersection of

gender violence and the field of social work. They emphasize the multifaceted nature of

gender-based violence, shedding light on the various forms of abuse experienced by

women in different contexts, such as domestic violence in the Philippines. These studies

underscore the barriers that hinder victims from seeking help, including socio-cultural

norms, economic constraints, and victim-blaming. Importantly, they emphasize the need

for a more comprehensive and transformative approach to gender education and

competences in social work education, recognizing the limitations of existing approaches.

Moreover, the studies emphasize the role of systemic changes, better law enforcement,

community support, and policy reforms in addressing these complex issues effectively.

Collectively, these findings underscore the urgency of social work professionals adopting

nuanced, context-dependent strategies to combat gender-based violence and promote

gender justice.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a multifaceted issue characterized by various

forms of abuse, including physical, sexual, emotional, and economic, targeted at

individuals based on their gender. It is deeply rooted in societal norms, cultural beliefs,

and structural inequalities that perpetuate power imbalances between genders. GBV is a

pervasive problem that affects individuals' safety, dignity, and rights, often leading to
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long-term physical, psychological, and social consequences. This violence is influenced

by factors such as societal attitudes, cultural norms, economic constraints, and the

effectiveness of legal and support systems in addressing and preventing such violence.

Statement of Intent

The present policy analysis aims to examine policy implications for how social

workers can be better prepared for handling cases of gender-based violence. More

specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1. How do the social workers perceive their ability to handle cases related to gender-

based violence?

2. What policy options may be offered given the current demands of training needs

and gender-based violence cases?

3. What policy option is the most optimal policy given the following options?

Stakeholders Involved

The policy analysis focusing on preparing social workers for handling gender-

based violence (GBV) cases is crucial for several stakeholders:

Social Workers: They are at the frontline of GBV response. Enhanced policies

could provide them with better training, resources, and support systems to effectively

handle these cases. This includes education on legal aspects, psychological support to

combat secondary trauma, and strategies for dealing with systemic and cultural

challenges.
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Victims of GBV: As the direct beneficiaries of improved social work

interventions, victims would gain from more effective, empathetic, and culturally

sensitive support. Enhanced policies could lead to more comprehensive and timely

assistance, improving their access to justice and recovery resources.

Government Agencies: Agencies responsible for social welfare, justice, and law

enforcement would benefit from clear, coordinated policies that define roles and facilitate

collaboration. This would lead to more effective case management and resource

allocation.

Community and Society: A well-prepared social work force contributes to

healthier communities. Improved handling of GBV cases raises awareness, challenges

societal norms that perpetuate violence, and promotes a safer environment for all

members.

In conclusion, a policy analysis aimed at equipping social workers to handle GBV

ca would not only enhance the capabilities of these professionals but also significantly

impact the wellbeing of victims, the efficacy of government agencies, and the overall

health of communities and society.

Methodology and Limitations of the Study

The methodology employed in this policy analysis involved surveying 20 social

workers from a municipal social welfare district. These participants were selected

through purposive sampling to ensure a diverse range of perspectives. Data collection

was conducted via Google Forms, which provided a convenient and secure platform for

participants to share their insights. The survey consisted of a combination of closed-

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ended and Likert-scale questions, and quantitative analysis was performed, including

calculating means and standard deviations to gauge the central tendency and variation in

responses.

Ethical considerations were a top priority throughout the research process.

Confidentiality and privacy of the participants were guaranteed, with no personally

identifiable information used in the analysis. Informed consent was obtained from all

participants, and they were informed of their right to withdraw at any time. Additionally,

measures were taken to securely handle data collected through Google Forms. This

research adopted a descriptive research design, aiming to provide a comprehensive

overview of the social workers' perspectives on the policy in question, ensuring a robust

and ethical approach to the policy analysis.

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Chapter 2

Problem Description

The present chapter presents a deeper examination of the problem in focus to

properly contextualize the subsequent policy analysis, which includes discussions on the

background of the problem, and the problem within its current policy environment.

Background of the Problem

Certain gender-based violence (GBV) laws in the Philippines provide a

comprehensive overview of the legal framework that guides social workers in this field.

The 1987 Philippine Constitution sets a foundational legal basis for equality and

human rights, which includes specific protections for women. This constitutional

mandate underpins all other laws related to GBV and guides social workers in advocating

for gender equality and human rights in their practice.

The Labor Code of the Philippines addresses non-discrimination in employment,

which is crucial for social workers focusing on workplace-related gender issues.

Understanding these provisions enables social workers to support clients facing gender

discrimination or harassment in their employment.

The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710) is a cornerstone in the fight

against GBV, providing comprehensive protection and rights for women. This law is

crucial for social workers as it outlines specific rights and protections that they must

ensure for their clients, including access to services and legal remedies.
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The Anti-Violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 (Republic Act

No. 9262) specifically targets violence against women and children, encompassing

physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuse. Social workers use this law to

protect and advocate for victims of domestic violence, ensuring they receive necessary

support and legal protection.

Overall, these laws provide a critical legal structure within which social workers

operate. They ensure that social workers are equipped to offer informed guidance,

navigate legal channels effectively, and collaborate with various entities for the

protection, empowerment, and support of individuals facing GBV. Knowledge of these

laws is essential for social workers to fulfill their responsibilities in advocating for and

supporting victims, as well as in educating and preventing GBV in the community.

Issues in Handling Gender-Based Violence Cases

Secondary Traumatization. The phenomenon of secondary traumatization in

social workers dealing with GBV cases is a significant concern. Constant exposure to

traumatic stories and events can lead to emotional and psychological strain, often

mirroring symptoms of PTSD, such as nightmares, anxiety, and persistent sadness. This

not only affects the mental health of the social workers but can also impact their

professional efficacy, leading to decreased empathy and burnout (Valdeza et al., 2022).

To mitigate this, it is imperative that social workers have access to regular

psychological support and professional supervision. Practices like peer support groups,

self-care strategies, and ongoing training on coping mechanisms can be instrumental.

There is also a need for organizational policies that recognize and address the risks of
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secondary traumatization, ensuring that social workers are supported in managing these

challenges effectively.

Systemic Challenges. Systemic issues in handling GBV cases often stem from

legislative and structural inadequacies. Laws may not be comprehensive enough or may

not be effectively implemented, leaving gaps in protection for victims. The sluggish pace

of legal processes can also discourage victims from seeking justice (Garcia, 2020).

Resource limitations pose another challenge. Inadequate funding leads to

insufficient shelters and support services for GBV victims. Furthermore, the lack of

effective inter-agency collaboration can create fragmented service delivery, making it

difficult for victims to receive comprehensive support. Advocacy for policy change and

increased funding is essential, as well as the development of integrated service models

that bring together different sectors to address GBV holistically.

Cultural and Societal Norms. The role of cultural and societal norms in GBV

cases cannot be overstated. In many societies, GBV is often normalized, and victims may

face stigma, shame, and blame, which discourages them from seeking help. These norms

can also influence the attitudes of law enforcement and judicial systems, leading to biases

and a lack of sensitivity in handling GBV cases (Labrague Jr. et al., 2022).

Social workers must be culturally competent to effectively navigate these

challenges. This involves understanding and respecting the cultural backgrounds of

clients, challenging harmful norms, and working towards societal change. Education and

awareness campaigns are crucial in altering public perceptions of GBV, along with

community-based interventions that engage various stakeholders in addressing and

preventing violence.
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Problem within its Current Policy Environment

Table 1

Perceived Competencies of Social Workers

Item Mean SD Verbal Interpretation

1. Knowledge of Laws 5.57 2.46 Agreement
2. Understanding of Victim Rights 6.80 2.58 Agreement
3. Awareness of Support Systems 5.63 2.59 Agreement
4. Familiarity with Reporting Procedures 5.73 2.82 Agreement
5. Training in Intervention Strategies 6.13 2.83 Agreement
6. Awareness of Societal Factors 6.50 2.67 Agreement
7. Knowledge of Prevention Programs 6.50 2.50 Agreement
8. Ability to Educate Others 6.37 2.48 Agreement
9. Understanding of Psychological 6.07 2.49 Agreement
Impact
10. Familiarity with Legal Process 6.40 2.69 Agreement
11. Awareness of Policy Changes 5.90 2.60 Agreement
12. Role in Advocacy 5.97 2.39 Agreement
13. Understanding of Victim Support 6.53 2.76 Agreement
Needs
14. Effectiveness of Current Policies 6.17 2.32 Agreement
15. Personal Preparedness 5.73 2.82 Agreement

The survey conducted among 30 social workers about their familiarity with

gender-based violence (GBV) laws and strategies indicates a thorough comprehension

and favorable perception of their readiness and consciousness in this field. The

participants expressed a high level of agreement in various important domains, namely in

'Understanding of Victim Rights' (mean = 6.80, standard deviation = 2.58), 'Awareness of

Societal Factors' (mean = 6.50, standard deviation = 2.67), and 'Knowledge of Prevention

Programs' (mean = 6.50, standard deviation = 2.50). These findings indicate that social

workers possess the requisite knowledge and abilities to effectively assist victims of

gender-based violence (GBV), comprehend the underlying sociocultural factors that

contribute to GBV, and are knowledgeable about diverse preventative initiatives.

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All items received scores within the 'Agreement' range, suggesting a widespread

agreement among social workers regarding their competence in managing situations of

gender-based violence (GBV). This includes a variety of domains, ranging from legal

expertise to individual readiness in handling such situations. The favorable evaluations in

'Training in Intervention Strategies' (mean = 6.13, standard deviation = 2.83) and 'Ability

to Educate Others' (mean = 6.37, standard deviation = 2.48) indicate the respondents'

strong belief in their training and proficiency in spreading knowledge about GBV in an

efficient manner.

These findings suggest that social workers possess the necessary skills and

knowledge to effectively address cases of gender-based violence, which is essential for

successful intervention and assistance. Nevertheless, considering the fluctuation in replies

(as evidenced by the standard deviation values), it is imperative to provide ongoing

training and updates on gender-based violence (GBV) legislation and policies. This is

necessary to ensure that all social workers possess the same level of proficiency in

dealing with such delicate cases. Furthermore, given the dynamic nature of societal

elements and legislative frameworks pertaining to gender-based violence (GBV),

continuous professional development and education in this field are essential for social

workers to uphold their effectiveness and stay well-informed as practitioners. This

method has the potential to not only maintain existing levels of preparedness but also

improve the overall efficacy of social work interventions in cases of gender-based

violence.
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Chapter 3

Policy Options

The present chapter presents the analysis of policy options and alternatives

through one or varied critical frameworks, including discussions of the framework of

analysis and evaluation of policy alternatives.

Framework of Analysis

Figure 1. Analytical model of the Gender Equality Policy Process

The Gender Equality Policy in Practice Approach, as detailed by Isabelle Engeli

and Amy Mazur (2018), encompasses three key aspects:

1. Mix of Policy Instruments: This involves assessing the specific combination of

tools and methods used to implement gender equality policies. These instruments
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are influenced by contextual factors like policymaking styles and advocacy, and

their effectiveness can be enhanced or diminished by their interplay with other

tools.

2. Inclusive Policy Empowerment Process: This focuses on the implementation

process, considering the diversity of actors involved and the resources dedicated

to implementation. It emphasizes the importance of including and empowering

equity-seeking gender groups in the policy process to counter opposition and

modify policy goals and scope.

3. Gender Transformation as the Outcome: This component evaluates the success

of gender policies in eliminating gender and sexual hierarchies and creating a

more gender-just society. It aims to understand the extent to which policies have

succeeded in bringing about fundamental changes in gender relations and norms.

To create indicators of success for a policy based on this approach, one could

focus on the following:

a. Effective Use of Policy Instruments: Measure how well the mix of

instruments has been utilized and their impact on promoting gender

equality.

b. Extent of Inclusive Empowerment: Assess the level of involvement and

empowerment of diverse gender groups in the policy process.

c. Achievement of Gender Transformation: Evaluate the degree to which

gender and sexual hierarchies have been dismantled and the extent of

positive change in gender relations and norms.

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Evaluation of Policy Alternatives

Policy Option 1: Enhanced Training and Support Programs:

Implement comprehensive training programs focusing on GBV, including coping

strategies for secondary traumatization. This aligns with the Gender Equality Policy in

Practice Approach by ensuring social workers are well-equipped with the necessary tools

and knowledge (Effective Use of Policy Instruments), and addresses their mental health

needs (Gender Transformation as the Outcome).

Policy Option 2: Integrated Service Model Development

Develop integrated service models that combine resources from various sectors

for holistic GBV support. This policy aligns with the Inclusive Policy Empowerment

Process by fostering collaboration across agencies and improving resource allocation

(Extent of Inclusive Empowerment), thereby enhancing the effectiveness and reach of

GBV services (Effective Use of Policy Instruments).

Policy Option 3: Cultural Competence and Awareness Programs

Introduce cultural competence training and public awareness campaigns to

address societal norms contributing to GBV. This policy supports Gender Transformation

as the Outcome by challenging harmful norms and biases, fostering societal change, and

increasing cultural sensitivity among social workers and the general public (Achievement

of Gender Transformation).

Chosen Policy Option

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The most fitting policy option in accordance with the Gender Equality Policy in

Practice Approach is the Integrated Service Model Development. This policy directly

addresses systemic challenges by fostering inter-agency collaboration, crucial for a

holistic approach to GBV. It aligns with the Inclusive Policy Empowerment Process by

ensuring diverse stakeholders are involved in the policy implementation, enhancing the

support network for victims. Additionally, it fulfills the Gender Transformation as the

Outcome by promoting a unified response to GBV, thereby potentially altering the

societal response to such cases.

Approach to Implementation

1. Stakeholder Engagement: Initiate consultations with key stakeholders including

government agencies, NGOs, and social work professionals to assess current gaps

in service delivery.

2. Resource Mapping and Allocation: Identify and allocate necessary resources,

including funding and personnel, for integrated service centers.

3. Training and Capacity Building: Develop training programs for social workers

and other professionals to enhance their skills in collaborative case handling.

4. Pilot Program: Implement a pilot program in select regions to test the

effectiveness of integrated services.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework for ongoing monitoring and

evaluation to assess the impact and efficiency of the integrated service model.

Limitations of the Integrated Service Model Development

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Implementing an integrated service model for handling GBV presents several

challenges. Firstly, coordinating among multiple agencies can be complex, involving

bureaucratic hurdles and potential conflicts in protocols and priorities. Securing

consistent funding for such an expansive program is another major concern, as it requires

sustained financial commitment from the government and possibly other donors. The

effectiveness of the model depends heavily on the quality of training and the willingness

of different agencies to collaborate, which can vary significantly across regions.

Furthermore, the success of this approach hinges on the adaptability of the model to local

contexts, requiring a flexible and responsive design that can be adjusted based on

regional needs and challenges. Lastly, measuring the impact of such a holistic approach

can be difficult, as changes in societal attitudes and behaviors towards GBV are gradual

and multifaceted.
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Chapter 4

Conclusions and Recommendations

The policy analysis examines gender-based violence (GBV) in the Philippines,

focusing on the legal framework, challenges faced by social workers, and their

perceptions of handling GBV cases. The analysis aims to identify effective policy options

to enhance social workers' ability to manage these cases effectively.

Summary of Findings

1. Social Workers' Perception: The surveyed social workers generally perceive

themselves as competent in handling GBV cases, showing a good understanding

of relevant laws, victim rights, and intervention strategies.

2. Potential Policy Options: Given the training needs and the complexities of GBV

cases, policy options include enhanced training and support programs, integrated

service models, and cultural competence and awareness programs.

3. Optimal Policy Option: The most optimal policy option is the Integrated Service

Model Development, as it addresses systemic challenges and fosters

collaborative, comprehensive approaches to GBV.

Recommendations for Policy Implementers

Stakeholder Collaboration: Encouraging active collaboration among

government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and social work

professionals is essential for the successful implementation of the integrated service

model. By fostering partnerships, these stakeholders can leverage their respective

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expertise and resources, leading to a more comprehensive and coordinated approach to

addressing gender-based violence (GBV) issues within the community. Such

collaboration not only enhances the efficiency of service delivery but also ensures that

the unique needs and perspectives of GBV survivors are considered from a

multidisciplinary standpoint.

Continuous Training and Support: To enhance the capacity of social workers

in handling GBV cases within an integrated service model, continuous training and

support are crucial. This includes equipping social workers with the necessary skills for

effective inter-agency cooperation, as GBV often requires a multi-pronged approach

involving legal, medical, and psychological aspects. Additionally, cultural competence

training is vital to ensure that social workers can sensitively and appropriately address the

diverse needs of GBV survivors, acknowledging that cultural factors can significantly

impact their experiences and help-seeking behaviors. Ongoing training and support

programs not only improve the quality of care but also contribute to the professional

growth and resilience of social workers in this demanding field.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The implementation of robust monitoring and

evaluation mechanisms is paramount to assess the effectiveness of the integrated service

model in addressing GBV. Regularly tracking key performance indicators and outcomes

allows stakeholders to gauge the impact of their efforts and identify areas for

improvement. Moreover, these mechanisms should provide a feedback loop that enables

timely adjustments to the model, ensuring that it remains responsive to the evolving

needs of GBV survivors and the community as a whole.

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By emphasizing continuous assessment, the integrated service model can adapt

and evolve over time, ultimately enhancing its ability to provide comprehensive support

and resources to those affected by GBV.

In conclusion, the policy analysis highlights the complexities of addressing GBV

in the Philippines, underscoring the pivotal role of social workers. The findings suggest a

general proficiency among social workers in managing GBV cases, yet also point to the

need for more structured, collaborative approaches. The recommended Integrated Service

Model Development stands out as a holistic solution, addresses systemic and cultural

challenges. Implementing this model requires concerted efforts, continuous education,

and a commitment to ongoing evaluation. This policy analysis serves as a call to action

for policymakers, emphasizing the necessity of dynamic, integrated approaches to

effectively combat GBV and support those at the forefront of this critical issue.
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