Transportation

transportation llOllll
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e Save Word I

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trans·por·ta·tion I \ .tran(t)s-par-'ta-shan O\
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Definition of transportation

1 : an act, process, or instance of transporting or being transported

2 a : means of conveyance or travel from one place to another

b : public conveyance of passengers or goods especially as a commercial

enterprise

Definition from· Meriam-Webster Dictionary

Transportation Engineering

� Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1987

• The application of technological and scientific principles to the planning,

functional design, operation, and management of facilities for any

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mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid,
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comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible

movement of people and goods

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Traffic Engineering
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II-- The branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning,
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geometric design, and traffic operation of roads, streets, and

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highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships

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with other modes of transportation
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� First recognized in the United States in 1921 I
Traffic E n g i n e e r i n g
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II-- The branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning, I

geometric design, and traffic operation of roads, streets, and I

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highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships
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with other modes of transportation I

� First recognized in the United States in 1921

Milestones i n The Developing Profession

of Traffic Engineering

Year Activity

1904 Traffic Survey Methods were being employed

1907 Pedestrian Islands were used in San Francisco

1908 First Driver's License law was adopted

1911 White-Painted pavement center lines were first applied

1915 Origin-Destination studies and accident spot �aps were first used

Speed and delay study was first made by observing traffic from a high

1916 building; pedestrian regulation; and "No Left Turns" were prescribed; curb

parking was prohibited to facilitate traffic movement

Development of Traffic Signal Control

Activity

1868 First traffic signal illuminated by gas in Great Britain

1910 Manually operated semaphore signals

1922 Idea of timing signals for progressive movement

1926 First automatic traffic signals in Great Britain

1927 Earliest known application of time-space diagram for coordination

1928 First Traffic-Actuated Signals

Interdisciplinary breadth of

Transportation Engineering

lnterdiscipllnuv Brffdth of Transportation Engineering

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Social Pl1!lfling and Civil Math 1nd Physical

sciences w
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erchitecture Jt engineering 111tinie1 scl1ncea

Transportation _ ____Traffic enginffling, __

T
- planning

Involvement

Geometric Soil mechanics

design pawment desill"

1---------Breldth of Tr1n1port11ion Enginnring,----------1

Transportation System
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� Functional System in the context of society as a whole because it I

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provides a service - the movement of goods and people from place
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to place - that is essential to the functioning of the community as a
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whole "'
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� A highly developed transportation system makes possible the I

abundance and variety of goods and the high levels of personal

mobility that are hallmarks of a wealthy society

Transportation System

� Consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control system

that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical

space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some

desired activity \
Transportation System

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II-- Components: I
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• Fixed/Physical Facilities - Physical components of the system that are
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fixed in space and constitute the network of links (roadway, railway, and

pipes) and nodes (intersections, interchanges, terminals, harbors, & I

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airports)
Transportation System

� Components:

• Flow entities - units that traverse the fixed facilities, e.g. bicycles,

vehicles, cont�ers, railroad cars, fleets, vessels, aircrafts

Transportation System
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111- Components:
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• Control System/Operating Strategies - consists of vehicular control and I
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flow control; vehicular routing, scheduling, and traffic control
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Transportation System
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II-- Components:
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• Operating Bases and Facilities - vehicle maintenance and office spaces

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Transportation System

� Components:

• Organizations - Classified as facility-oriented organizations (Planning, designing,

constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities) and operating

organization/carriers (operating fleets to provide transportation services)

,
Transportation System

I> Human Behavior that are affected by transportation

• Locomotion (Passenger, Pedestrian)

• Activities (Vehicle Control, Maintenance, Community Life)

• Feelings (Comfort, Convenience, Employment, Stress, Likes)

• Manipulation (Modal Choice, Route Selection, Vehicle Purchase)

• Health and Safety (Accidents, Disabilities, Fatigue)

• Social Interaction (Privacy, Territoriality, Conflict)

• Motivation (Positive or Aversive consequences, potentiation)

• Learning (Operator training, driver education)

• Perception (images, mapping, sensory thresholds)

Transportation System

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"'°' Properties of the physical environment that have a direct impact on
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human behavior I

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• Spatial organization (Shape, scale, definition, bounding surface, internal
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organization of objects and society, and connections to other spaces and settings)
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Circulation and movement (People, Goods, and objects used for their movement

and the forms of regulating them · corridoes, portals, open spaces)

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• Communication (Signs and symbols, behavior, responses and meanings that gives

users information and ideas)

• Ambience (Microclimate, light, sound, and odor - physiological and psychological

functioning of the human organism)

• Visual Properties (Color, Shape, and other visual modalities)

Transportation System

� Properties of the physical environment that have a direct impact on

human behavior

• Resources (physical components and amenities of a transportation system - paths,

terminals, vehicles - dimensions as the number of lanes or the square footage of

the terminals)

• Symbolic properties (social values, attitudes and cultural norms that are

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represented or expressed by the environment)

Architectonic properties (sensory or aesthetic properties of the environment)

• Consequation (strengthens or weakens behavior - costs, risks, and congestion)

• Protection (safety factors)

• Timing (scheduled cyclical rhythms - daily, hourly, weekly, etc.)

Transportation System
.,. Impact of the environment on aspects of human behavior relevant to transportation

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Spatial Organization x x x

Circulation & Movement x x x x x

Communication x x x x

Ambience x x x x x

Visual Properties x x

Resources x x x x x

Symbolic Resources x x x x x

Architectural Properties x x x x x x x

Consequation x x x x

Protection x x

Timing x x
Transportation System

.,. Impact of the environment on aspects of human behavior relevant to

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transportation I

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• Safety
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• Security
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• Convenience

• Continuity

• Comfort

• System Coherence

• Attractiveness
Movement and Transportation

.,. Interaction between activities is manifested by the movement of people,

Goods, and informa�on

"" Reason:

1. Complementarity - relative attractiveness between two or more destinations

2. Transferability - the desire to overcome distance; time, money, technology

l. To satisfy demand and supply

Movement and Transportation
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"" Mode Choice: TIIANSl'OltT ATION

NEEOS I
• How people and goods move from I

an origin to a destincftion° I

Tll:ANSPOIITATION I
Tltll'S
• Time, speed, efficiency, costs, FACILITIES
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safety, and convenience
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LANO USE I TRANSPORTATION CYCLE

"" Trip Generation:

• Dictate what transportation

LANO USE ACCESSIIIILITY
facilities will be needed to move

traffic

LANO VALUE
Movement and Transportation

.,. Mode Choice: TIANSPOIU.TIDN

NHDS

How people and goods move from

an origin to a destination
TIANSPDIUTION
Tll,S
Time, speed, efficiency, costs, FACILITIES
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safety, and convenience

LANO USE I TRANSPORTATION CYCLE

.,. Trip Generation:

Dictate what transportation

UNO US£ ACCESSlllllTY
facilities will be needed to move

traffic

UNO VAlU(
Effectiveness

.,. lJlree sa:ic Attributes

1. Ubiquity I Accessibility

2. Mobility

l. Productivity

-4. Efficiency
Effectiveness

1. Ubiquity I Accessibility

• The amount of accessibility to the system

• The cost of getting to and from the mode in question

• Directness of the routing between access points

System flexibility to handle a variety of traffic conditions

2. Mobility

• The quantity of travel that can be handled

• Capacity o'1:he system to handle traffic and speed

• Line - Haul travel time and door to door travel time

Effectiveness

3. Productivity

• Measure of the total cost or amount of transportation provided per unit time

• Product of the 14Plume of goods or passengers carried and distance (ton-miles per

year or passenger·kilometers per day)

... Efficiency I

• Relationship between the cost of transportation and the productivity of the system

Direct Cost: Capital and operating costs, and indirect costs comprise adverse

impacts and unquantifiable costs, such as safety

,
Modes of Transportation

• Pipelines
.,. Four Major Subsystems:

• Oil
1. Land Transportation

Gas
, Highways

Others
• Railways

2. Air Transportation

Domestic

• International

l. Water Transportation

Inland

• Coastal

Ocean

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Modes of Transportation

I WATER I .
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Modes of Transportation

.,. Private Transportation

• Net-For-Hire Services

• Private Parties

.,. Public Transportation

• For-hire services

• General Public

• Contract Carriers (Services Under individual contractual arrangements; Taxi, Car

Rentals)

Common Carriers (Offer Scheduled service and are open to all members of the

public willing to pay the posted fare; mass transit/transportation)

Modes of Transportation

Mode Classification Scheme

Freight Transportation Passenger Transportation

Urban Travel Trucks (Highway) Private Vehicles (Highway)

Transit (Highway/Rail)

Intercity Travel Trucks (Highway) Private Vehicles (Highway)

Rail Bus (Highway)

Short [c 160km) Ocean Shipping Rail

Medium (160-BOOkm) Inland Water Air

Long (>800km) Pipelinest

Air

Bulk Freight

General Cargo

Special Purpose Conveyor Belt

Cable Systems
Modes of Transportation

Mode Classification Scheme

Freight Transportation Passenger Transportation

Urban Travel Trucks (Highway) Private Vehicles (Highway)

Transit (Highway/Rail)

Intercity Travel Trucks (Highw�y) • Private Vehicles (Highway)

Rail Bus (Highway)

Short ( < 160km) Ocean Shipping Rail

Medium (160-BOOkm) Inland Water Air

Long (>BOOkm) Pipelines

Air

Bulk Freight

General Cargo

Special Purpose Conveyor Belt

Cable Systems
Modes of Transportation

Mode Classification Scheme

Freight Transportation Passenger Transportation

Urban Travel Trucks (Highway) Private Vehicles (Highway)

Transit (Highway/Rail)

Intercity Travel Trucks (Highway) Private Vehicles (Highway)

Rail Bus (Highway)

.Short I, 160km) Ocean Shipping Rail

'Medium (160-BOOkm) Inland Water Air

Long (>800km) Pipelines

Air

Bulk Freight

General Cargo

Special Purpose Conveyor Belt

Cable Systems
Transportation Gaps

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OAOO.IIO 1.6 4.0 a.o 16 ec 80 160 400 800 l,6004,00011,00016.000

Joo� diJ� (kilomcu:n)

Transportation Gaps

Distance I
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,km

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0.4 5 4.8 Walking
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1 6.6 9.1 Bus (town center) I

4 10 24 Streetcar or bicycle

10 13.2 45.5 Car (urban or

suburban) t

40 20 120 Highway

100 26.4 228 Train or Airplane

1000 52.8 1140 Jet

Basic Characteristics of Major

Transportation Modes

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Transportation Policymaking Investigate and identify the problem

r Oevetop problem ststernent

� It encompasses a broad set r Est11bhsh goals and objectives

r
of policy variables

Establish cntena for design and evaluation

� Planning and development

of transportation facilities r Oes11jn etternattve actions

generally raises living

standards and enhances the Collect relevant data

Establish new
aggregate of community
objectives and ..
value assumptions,

and add
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alternatives
Question objecttves and assumptions

I NO Sat1Sh(!d?
Transportation System Model
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·Land
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•Labor I
Inputs
•Capital

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•Materials
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•Information

• Vehicles

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• Pavements

• Tracks

• Right-of-way • Individuals and

groups of people
• Terminals
• Riding involved
• Other
• Driving
manufacture or
• Traffic
natural ob Human
Physical Control
Subsystem
Subsystem

•Movement of people and goods

Outputs
•Improvement or deterioration

the physical environment

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF

TRANSPORTATION I N TH E P H I L I P P I N E S
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
Ancient Period

• Water - First form of transportation

and Esteros and Rivers are the main

routes

• Tagalong (from the original Taga-Itog)

- named after the Filipino Malays

who lived and traveled on and along

the streams and creeks

• Eventually, the Filipino had to learn

to travel on land

• Water Buffalo or Carabao and

Mechanical contraptions -

Transportation on Land

• Balsa or Ships - Transportation on

Water
S p a n i s h Period

., H o r s e - D r a w nCarromatas - new

means of Transportation

., The government gave attention to

road building and int,ernal

improvement

,.. "Compania de las Tranvias de

Filipinas" - granted two concession

for 60 years, the first in 1881 and the

second in 1884

1> The first was to construct its lines

within the limits of the city, while

the second extended its activities to

the populous town of Malabon in

Bulacan
American Period

... Improvement and construction of

roads was made

.,_ Horse-drawn vehicles (Calesa and

Carretelas) - means of transportation

in the majority of the provinicial

towns

.,. The First automobile called "Georges

Richard" was shipped from France to

the Philippines by La Estrella del

Norte in 1900. It was owned by a rich

doctor, Dr. Miciano.

1> The country's first public mass­

vehicular transportation service was

the De Dias Transit Bus Corp.

American Period

... Improvement and construction of

roads was made

,... Horse-drawn vehicles (Calesa and

Carretelas) - means of transportation

in the majority of the provinicial

towns

,... The First automobile called "Georges

Richard" was shipped from France to

the Philippines by La Estrella del

Norte in 1900. It was owned by a rich

doctor, Dr. Miciano.

1> The country's first public mass­

vehicular transportation service was

the De Dias Transit Bus Corp.

American Period

• Manila Railroad and Light Company

(obtained in 1902) - a franchise to

construct, operate, maintain, and supply

electric current and transportation for

Manila and suburbs

• 1912 - registration of motorized vehicles

(947 automobiles, 450 motorcycles, and

180 trucks)

• 1927 - the bus started as a supplementary

service to the MERALCO tramcars and the

Manila Railroad

• 1937 - The Manila International Air

Terminal, the First airport in the country,

opened at Nielsen Field, Makati. The

terminal was used by the Philippine A�iat

Taxi Company
Post-War Period to Present Day

,.. Pan-Am Airline flight was the first

commercial flight that landed in Manila

,. 1941 - A group of businessmen led by

industrialist Andres Soriano established

•
the Philippine Airlines (PAL) to service ;.

the Manila-Baguio route, using the

franchise of Philippine Aerial Taxi

Company.

,.. 1947 - PAL reclaimed the sky via

Nielsen Airport , and became the first

Asian airline to cfbss the Pacific Ocean.

Post-War Period to Present Day

� "
1941-1946 - US Military Jeeps were

given to Filipinos after World War

II. They were then hand-painted

with vibrant colors and called

Jeepney

� This Vehicle has gone through a lot

of improvements. The post war

army type jeep has been

completely "Filipinized" and is one

popular mode of transportation

until today
Post-War Period to Present Day

� 1981 - The Manila International

Airport (MIA) was completed

� May 1985 - Light Rail Transit ( 1 5 k m

line) finally put into operation; the

first elevated railway system in

Southeast Asia began its operations

� 1987 - MIA was reaa ...ed the Ninoy

Aquino International Airport (NAIA)

� 1994 - Clark air Base was declared

an international airport

� 1999 - Manila Metro Rail Transit

(MRT) started its operations

Post-War Period to Present Day

� 2000 - NAIA Terminal 2 was

completed and was called Centennial

Terminal

� 2003 - The Strong Republic Nautical

Highway, a network of 63 roll­

on/roll-off (RORO) ports, was

officially opened and linked the main

island of Luzon to key islands in

Visayas and Mindanao

� 2004 - LRT Line 2 was officially

opened

� 2004 - The airport in Clark was

renamed tcwhe Diosdado Macapagal

International Airport
Post-War Period to Present Day

� 2007 - The.f'asig Ferry Service

commenced operations with five

stations from Escolta to Guadalupe

� 2008 - NAIA Terminal 3 was opened

� 2010 - PNR continued its

operations with new trains

� 2010 - LRT was connected to MRT

Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Motorized)

� Bus

• Metro Manila Transit Corp. - the

first bus company owned by the

Philippine government under the

Marcos Regime; established in 1981

• PVP Liner - Started operations in

1984 by the late Panfilo V.

Pajarillo, which the bus company

was named after

• Philtranco - The oldest bus

company in Asia and in the

Philippines which started in 1 9 1 4

• Yellow Bus lines Incorporated -

oldest bus line in Mindanao

Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Motorized)

� Railways
//
• LRT - 1 (Yellow Line) - from Project -
8, Quezon City to Bactaran, --
Paranaque City -�
--
• LRT • 2 (Purple L i n e ) · from -
Santotan, Marikina City to Recto,

Manila
-
·
-

--
-
- ...
--
• MRT - 3 (Blue Line) - from North

Avenue, Quezon City to Taft --- ' -

Avenue, Pasay City -·
--
�-
• Philippine Railways (PNR) - from

San Fernando, Pampanga to

-
·-

--
Sorsogon
Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Motorized)

1> Jeepney

It's more fun in the

• The reassembled US army jeeps

began to take a new form

Phil pin
• The jeepney evolved from the surplus

of WWII jeeps that the Americans left �

behind after the war

• Named "jeepney" from the word jeep

and jitney

• Jeepneys flaunt carnival colors, the

brighter the color the better

• Oriental baroque - describes the color

combination and decorations of

jeepneys in the Philippines

Equivalent of a mini-bus found

everywhere in the country

Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Motorized)

� Tricycle (Three-wheeled vehicle�

• Motorcycle with an attached

sidecar

• Become the major mode of

transport in many provincial towns

• Found in many secondary roads,

providing door to door service to

passengers

• Provides a convenient means of

transport from the main highway

to tributaries such as barangay

roads loading even to prominent

subdivisions
Indigenous Transportation in the I

Philippines (Non-Motorized)

.,. Pedicab

• Pedal-driven contraption

• Descendant of the tricycle

• 1990 - pedicabs operation along

highways and major thoroughfares

within Manila were banned because

of its relatively light body; the major

consideration should be the safety of

the passengers

• Pedicab drivers seldom observe

traffic rules

• Advantages: Noise and Pollution free,

low-cost maintenance, cheap to run

because no fuel ls required, Small­

scale
Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Non-Motorized)

� Kalesa

• Horse-powered cart - Relegated to

side streets and to the more seedy

parts of town where it does not

pose a traffic hazard

• Manila's Kalesa's - found in

Chinatown, in the marketplaces,

and lntramuros
Indigenous Transportation in the

Philippines (Non-Motorized)

� Trolley

• Mode of transportation run by

musclepower

• Use the railroad trucks by PNR and

run more frequent than the PNR

commuter trains

• Composed of a lightweight wooden

frame, bamboo - body, and balt­

bearing wheels

• Along single track sections, the

vehicle can be easily be lifted to

avoid collisions with another

trolley or with the gigantic PNR

trains II
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TRANSPORTATION RELATED LAWS A N D

ORDINANCES
ENGR. MARIANO 5. COZ
 \

RA 776

· An act to reorganize the civil

aeronautics administration, to

provide for the regulation of

civil aeronautics in the

Philippines.
RA 4 1 3 6

· The Land Transportation and

Traffic Code

· An act to compile the laws

relative to land transportation

and traffic rules.

· To create land transportation

Commission
 . 1 ..LJ · .

• • ••

--·
RA 7471

• An act to promote the

development of Philippines

overseas shipping
RA 7924

• MMDA Law

• An act creating the Metropolitan

Manila Development Authority,

defining its powers and function

RA 8506

. No to Right-Hand Steering Wheel

· An act Banning the registration

and operation of vehicles with

right-hand steering wheel

RA 8750

· Seat Belt Use Act of 1999

· An act requiring the mandatory

compliance by motorists and

public vehicles to use seat belt

devices, and requiring vehicle

manufacturers to install seat

belt in all their manufactured

vehicles
RA 8749

· The Philippine Clean Air Act of

1999

· An act providing for a

comprehensive air pollution

control policy
RA 9497

· An act crt;ating the civil aviation

authority of the Philippines

 \

Republic Act No. 10586

Antl·DNnk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013
• ....,._11,e_d_
dw4' ,...,.. ,. CM "*
RA 1 0 5 8 6
• -� 2 '"'_'°'"'° _

"1&CI.O!I -•o. C*'IIHO, '°' � 1 .

...
.

• Anti Drunk and Drugged Act of

-..-.0.01--.
In IN PhllOoll-.
2013 i
,._. 34 people
'"' «het$ (le e.:tl 0-,. d\lCI II) lo.cl O'Mhes
• An act penalizing persons driving

.... _.. ,.. ...., ....... 1111...

under the influence of alcohol,
262
dangerous drugs and similar 237 248

substances
20'3
'°"
P.D. No. 474

, Provides the reorganization of

maritime functions in the

Philippines, creating the

maritime industry authority

· "MARINA"

,
P. D . No. 761

· Allowing the registration of

vessels the ownership of which

is vested in corporations or

associations
E.O. No. 202

• Created the Land Transportation

Franchising and Regulatory

Board (LTFRB) LliFRB

• Main function on regulating the

land transport industry pursuant

to the Public Service Act

UVVRP
• Unified Vehicular Volume

Reduction Program

• Formally known as

"Number/Color Coding Scheme"

 I

TRANSPORTATION RELATED A G E N C I E S
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
 \

Transportation Related Agencies \

, Civil Aviation Authority (CAAP)

• Formerly known as the Air Transportation Office

• An agency responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe,

economic and efficient air travel

, Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

• Regulates economic aspect of air transportation

• General supervision and control over air carriers, general sales agents, cargo sales

agents, and air freight forwarders as well as their property, property rights,

equipment, facilities, and franchise

• A government agency tasked to regulate, promote, and develop the economic

aspect of air transportation in the Philippines and to ensure that existing CAB

policies are adapted to the present and future air commerce in the Philippines
 I

Transportation Related Agencies I

CLARK International Airport Corporation

• Provide quality management of airport infrastructure and services

Department of Tr�nsportation and Communication (DOTC)

• Responsible for the maintenance and expansion of viable, efficient, and dependable

transportation communications systems as effective instruments for national recovery

and economic progress

, Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

• Develop a communications program to ensure that policies, planning, and activities of

the department be known to the public

• Organize press briefings/conferences for the DPWH Secretary and other key officials and

coordinates with the tri-medta for information dissemination

• Supervise the preparation of information materials, reports, briefing materials, photo

exhibits in line with the communication program of the department

 I

Transportation Related Agencies

I

, Land Transportation Office (LTO)

• Agency responsible for optimizing the land transportation service and facilities and to

efficiently implement the various transportation laws, rules, and regulations

• Inspection a� Registration of motor vehicles

• Issuance of Licenses and Permits

• Enforcement of land Transportation Rules and Regulations

• Adjudication of Traffic Cases

, Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)

• Agency responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring

compliance of policies, laws and regulations of public land transportation services

• To prescribe and regulate routes of service, economically viable capacities and

zones or areas of operation of public land transportation development, plans, and

programs approved by the DOTC

 I

Transportation Related Agencies

, Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) - continued

• To issue, amend, revise, suspend, or cancel Certificates of public convenience or

permits authorizing the operation of public land transportation services provided

by motorized vehicles, and to prescribe the appropriate terms and conditions

therefore

• To determine, prescribe, and approve and periodically review and adjust,

reasonable fares, rates, and other related charges, relative to the operation of

public land transportation services provided by motorized vehicles

• To issue preliminary or permanent injunction, whether prohibitory or mandatory, in

all cases in which it has jurisdiction, and in which cases the pertinent provisions of

the Rules of court shall apply

• To punish for contempt of the Board, both direct and indirect, in accordance with

the pertinent provisions of, and the penalties prescribed by, the Rules of court
 \

Transportation Related Agencies \

'
I

, Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA)

• Public transport operator that is in charge of operating and maintaining the Manila Light

Rail Transit System

• Responsible for monitoring and progress of construction of all LRTA lines

, MACTAN·CEBU International Airport Authority (MCIAA)

• Operates and maintains the Mactan International Airport

, Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)

An agency responsible for integrating the development, promotion, and regulation of the
-
maritime industry in the Philippines

• Jurisdiction over the development, promotion, and regulation of all enterprises

engaged in the business of designing, construction, manufacturing, acquiring,
operating, supplying, repairing, and/or maintaining vessels, or component parts

thereof, managing and/or operating shipping lines, shipyards, drydocks, marine

railways, marine repair ships, shipping and freight forwarding agencies and similar
enterprises
 I

Transportation Related Agencies I

, Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA)

• Agency responsible for the management of tht Ninoy Aquino International Airport

(NAIA)

, Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC)

• A private consortium responsible for the maintenance of the Manila Metro Rail

Transit System

, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

• Agency that performs planning, monitoring and coordinative functions, and in the

process, exercise regulatory and supervisory authority over the delivery of metro

wide services within Metro Manila without diminution of the Autonomy of the local

government units concerning purely local matters

Transportation Related Agencies

, National Aviation Authority of the Philippines (NAAP)

• Design of aircraft, engines, airborne equipment, and ground-based equipment

affecting flight safety

• Supervises conditions of manufacturing and testing of aircraft and equipment

• Maintenance of aircraft and equipment

• Operation of aircraft and equipment

• Licensing of pilots, maintenance engineers, airports, and navigation aids

, North Luzon Railways Corporation (NLRC)

• Implements the North Rail Project

• A major undertaking of the Philippine government which aims to build a fast,

reliable, and efficient railway system in Central and Northern Luzon

 Transportation Related Agencies

Office for Transportation Security (OTS)

• The single authority responsible for the security of the transportation systems of the
Philippines, including but not limited to: Civil Aviation, Sea Transport, and Maritime
Infrastructure, Land Transportation, Rail System, and Infrastructure

• Responsible for safety of all transportation systems in the Philippines

• Secures transportation systems

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

• Enforce laws within the Philippine waters

• Protects the Marine environment and resources

Philippine National Railways (PNR)

• A state owned Railway Company in the Philippines, operating a single line of track
on Luzon. As of 2010, it operates one commuter rail service m Metro Manila and a
second in the Bicol Region in 2011

.'I
 I

Transportation Related Agencies

I

; Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) \

• It is resPRnsible for financing, management, and operation of public ports

throughdlJt the Philippines

; Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC)

• Undertakes business and development activities for the establishment of a reliable

aviation and aerospace industry within the Philippines

; Toll Regulatory Board (TRB)

• Supervises and regulated the construction, operation, and maintenance of toll

facilities, and is also responsible for the collection of Toll Fees

 I

'

'
I

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
Traffic Management

I> Traffic Management - is a term

used to embody the activities

undertaken by a highway

transportation agency to improve

roadway system safety, efficiency,

and effectiveness for both

providers and consumers of

transportation services
Three Types of Driving License

� Student Driver's Permit

• Applicant must be at least sixteen

years old REPUBLIC OF TH[ PHILIPPINES

INm-TIDHO,Fll,'.I:

• Must be physically and mentally fit (AS'f-O<,,a(IN(JfY

Student Pet"mit
to operate a motor vehicle v.... IJnll. 11-05.20

DRIVE, STEVE JONES

• He or She must be able to write or
ADOUU." IIOCl U'.AMl'LE II. QUEIOH Cff
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read in Filipino or English OJ.lIOflllTN l

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l.

...... ..,. ............ o ,.,a,.....,. con-•

• Must not be a drug user or 12l·ll·1234S6 01·01-2011
'
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E
l:tMMntlO PHP311U
Three Types of Driving License

� Non-Professional Driver's License

· New applicant must be at least

seventeen years old

· Must be a holder of a valid student 0

permit for at least one moth

· Must be physically,ilnd mentally fit

to operate a rnotor'vehicle

• Must not be a drug user or

alcoholic
Three Types of Driving License

.,. Professional Driver's License

· Applicants must be at least

eighteen years old

· Required to submit a valid non­

professional or a valid student

permit that is used for at least five

months

· Must not be a drug user or

alcoholic
Additional Information about Driving License

,.. Medical examination and Drug test is

required

,.. Holder of student driver's permit is

only allowed to operate motor

vehicle if accompanied by a licensed

driver who is liable for any damage

caused by thettudent driver's

operation of motor vehicle

.,. Student driver's permit is good for

only one year

,. Applicant for non-professional and

professional driver's licenses is

-./.�...r
Ir ;

required to pass both written and

practical examinations
 I

\
I

CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S

(REGISTRATION)
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S

(REGISTRATION)

� Private Vehicles - -
• Owned by private individuals

• Not intended to be used for hire

LTO 1 2 3 4 ,
• Green Characters on a White

Background Plate
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S

(REGISTRATION)

� Public Vehicles

• Authorized to be used as public

vehicles granted by LTO

'!,

• Black Characters on a Yellow

Background
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S

(REGISTRATION)

� Official Government Vehicles

• Vehicles owned by the government

• Red Character on White

Background Plate
 I

I
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR V E H I C L E S I

(REGISTRATION) I

� Diplomatic Vehi�s

• Owned by a foreign

government/diplomatic officials in

the Philippines

• Blue Character on White UAE

..
Background Plate

DlPLOMATIC
P R O T O C O L / H I G H - R A N K I N G GOVERNMENT

PLATES I

..,_ 1 - President

.,. 2 - Vice President

I> 3 - Senate President

,._ 4 - Speaker of the House of Representatives

I> 5 - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

.,. 6 - Cabinet Secretaries

1> 7 - Senators

,.. 8 - Representatives {Congressmen)

1> 9 - Associate Justices of the Supreme Court

"" 1 O - Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals, Solicitor General
 ,
,

I
P R O T O C O L / H I G H - R A N K I N G GOVERNMENT
'

PLATES I

'I

,. 11 - Chairman of the Commission of Elections

,.
,.
12 - Cabinet Undersecretary

I> 14 - Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces od the Philippines and Chief of the

Philippine National Police

1> 16 - Regional Trial Court Judges

,.. 17 - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal

Trial Court in Cities and Sharia's Circuit Courts

 TRANSPORTATION

PROBLEMS A N D I S S U E S
ENGR. MARIANO 5. COZ
Transportation Problems and Issues

1 Traffic Congestion

2 Safety and Security

3 Equality/Equity of Access

4 Environmental Protection

s Funding

6 Institutional Arrangement

7 Emerging Technology
Traffic Congestion

• also called traffic jam

• Occurs when transport demand

exceeds transport supply at a specific

point in time and in a specific section

of the transport system.

• The last decades have seen the

extension of roads in rural but

p a rt i c u l a r l y in urban areas, most of

them free of access. Those

infrastructures were designed for

speed and high capacity, but the

growth of urban circulation occurred at

a rate higher than often expected.

Traffic Congestion

• It is a condition on road networks that

occurs as use increases, and is

characterized by slower speeds, longer

trip times, and increased

vehicular queuing.

• It is important to underline that

0.4
_,..,
congestion in urban areas is dominantly

caused by commuting patterns and little 9.3 4th best

by truck movements.
10 be,t

• Duri ng infrastructure improvement and

5.8 13th worst
construction, capacity impairment (fewer

available lanes, closed sections, etc.) 0

_,..,
favors congestion.
3.4 6th worst
Traffic Congestion

What causes Traffic Congestion?

Number of vehicles exceeding the road

capacity

Prrfient condition of the roads

People
Traffic Congestion

What are the effects of traffic congestion?

Economic impact

Delays

Inability to estimate travel time

Fuel Consumption

Pollution

Road rage
Traffic Congestion

Countermeasures

Road Infrastructure

Urban Planning and Design

Supply and Demand

Traffic Management
Traffic Congestion

Two Major Forms of Congestion:

1 RECURRENT CONGESTION

The consequence of factors that cause

regular demand surges on the

transportation system, such as

commuting, shopping or weekend

trips.

Regular, occurring on a daily, weekly or

annual cycle

Bottlenecks, peak-hour congestions

Traffic Congestion

Two Major Forms of Congestion:

NON-CURRENT CONGESTION

The other half of congestion is caused

by random events such as accidents

and unusual weather conditions {rain,

snowstorms, etc.), which are

unexpected and unplanned.

Traffic incidents, such as accidents and

disabled vehicles
Safety and Security

Accident

occurs involving one or more

transportation vehicles in a collision

that results in property damage, injury,

or death.

a random event that occurs for no

apparent reason; "it just happened"

Accident rates are used as the main

indicator of safety.

also known as "crash" according to the

National Highway Traffic Safety

Administration (NHTSA)
Safety a n d Security

Accident

Primary goal of any transportation

safety program: to prevent crashes

FIRST 1N1!f:,.I\A.I£J.
Public transportation agencies are ..��-.. ···-
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subjected to increased legal liability for -
, ttOICIM,BICflr:t Ii• ,. '

safety problems.
. ·-
'.

___.. .,_
Tort Liability - Liability for damages in

cases where unsafe conditions lead to

--
··­

" '
�' · -­

··-

personal injury or property damage.

 0 II

yahoo/news

tmngs mie reg1strat1on. maintenance. ano msvrance Many rmp1no-s cl100Se to rorgo tne tan er. tnm10T1g
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that bemg careful is enough. Newsflash! It's not. mainly because before you can even dnve your car, you

need to buy a particular type of insurance ailed TPL insurance. What rs i

t and why rs i
t necessary f
or

owning a vehicle m the Phihppines7 let's ;mswer that with this guide.

Wh,;i,t Is TPL lnsur.ance1

TPL or (CTPL insurance for others) is a basic car insurance that every car owner in the Ph1!ipp1nes

should get before registering their vehicles to the Land Transportation Office (LTO). TPL means "third

party liability." but can sometimes be referred t

o as compulsory third party liability insurance As the

name implies, TPL covers you from li.Jbilities you will receive in the event of an accident that inJured or

killed a third party. TPL insurance ,

s a requirement for all types of vehicles, from private to ommercial
c

vehicles and even trucks nd

a mo torcycles.

Is Tilitd P11rty Llllbillty Insurance Mllncbtory?

Ye s. Mo torists r
a e required to rchase TPL insurance
pu before registering their vehicles th the
wi T
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11.
A ccording 10 a 2017 study by the Wo rld Healt h Orga nizationl he number of road crash acciden1s in
1

the Philippines in creased by an alarming rate of .

45 67% since 2006 . fmagme f all those
1 vehicles d1dn"t

have nsurance. In a coon try where frugahty is

i e mbedded in the culture, mportant things like car
i

nsurance
i i
s asily neglected.
e Mos t Fili pinos will al ways c hoose th e least expensive opuon,

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force Fthpmcs t
o be more responsible on the road.

�t Is Third P.irty Ll.ib1Uty7

'""

Third party hab1hty refers to your liability to the third party involved m the accident. But who exactly rs

the third party? Is 1t anyone who got hit by the ur? How about the persons inside the car?

Accordlne to P.11niaraph (c) of s«tlon 386 Ill, Chapter VI of the lnsur.mce Code of the PhUIJ)i>lnes:

11 P!1 -. -v: -::: " . • r .L' r- •• � "" :'.°'

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the third party? Is i

t anyone who got hit by the car? How about the persons inside the car?

According to P.11r.11grilph (c) of section 386 Pl, Ch.11pter VI of the lnsurMK:e Code of the Philippines:

" s ilny person other th;m a passenger as defined m this season and shill/ also exclude
A third party i il

member of the household. or a member oft

he family within the second degree of cons;mgum1ty or

ilffinity. of" motor vehicle owner or ldnd rransportiltion opemor: as likewise defined herein, or his

employee i
n respect of death. bodily injury. or damage to property arising our of sna i
n the course of

employment."

This means that the third party is any unsuspecting person outside the vehicle and is not a member of

the family (which includes your spouse and in-laws) or a household member. If you accidentally hit a

pedestrian, your TPL insurance will pay for the expenses of the victim. But 1f you accidentally hit your

caretaker, your TPL will not cover your caretaker's medical expenses. unfortunately. But what about the

passengers mside the car? Luckily. the Insurance Code also def med the term passenger m the same

section.

"Passenger t
s any fare p.aymg person being transported and conveyed m a y a motor vehicle for
nd b

or compensation. in<ludmg persons expressly authorized t,y lilw or by the

transportation of p.assengers f

vehicle"s operator or his agents t

o ride without fare.·

This definition can have a lot of implications. ters go through some of the usual types of passengers
C3 lPl .......iO<o"'"""l'I I p ;. '" ' >< + 0 II

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.. c � ll, > .:i -

o ride without filre"

vehicle5 ooerstoc or his ilgent5 t

This detuutrcn can have a lot of rmphcancns. let's go through some of the usual types of passengers

together with their respecuve TPL coverage.

Not covered by TPl

• Family and close relatives(;}

• Employee passengers working under you

• Passengers of public transportation

• Passengers of service vehtcles (dehvery services. cable providers. etc.)

Covend by TPL

• Friends and acquaintance passengers

• Coworker p.:issengers

Read More: How Much Does Car Insurance Cost m the Ph1hpp1nes?
 0 0

yahoo/news [ ..
NBA Fantny .....
-
. .,
""""' -""' ..

Whilt does TPL lnsu�nce Cover?

'f:)ur TPl insurance coverage ewers the medical or funeral expenses of the third party involved in an

accident. CTPL assures that the victim and his or her immediate will receive flnanclal assfstance of up

to PHP 100,000.

• If an ecocenr leads to the death of a third party, the third p.irty's immedi,1te family will receive PHP

70,000 for death indemnity and PHP 30,000 for the funeral expenses. A third party-passenger can

also get the s.ame amount.

• lf an accident leads to the injury of a third p.rty, the third party can avail medical services not

exceeding PHP 100.000. CTPL insurance can cover hospital accommodations of PHP 500 per day

maximum of 45 days. For medicine. the victim has up to PHP 20,000.

• If an accident leads to the p!!fmanent dismemberment of a third party, your TPL coverage will cover

PHP 50.000. This mcludes the loss of limbs. hands. fingers. toes. and feet. as well as the loss of sight

fOI'" both eyes and total disablement (being bedridden permanently).

How and Where on I Get TPL Insurance?

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m me mmppmes.
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Private Vehicles PHP 650.40

Light and Medium Trucks (not exceeding 3.930 kg.) PHP?00.40

Heavy Trucks (more than 3.930 kg.) PHP 1.290.40

�
Motorcycles PHP340.40

How Do I File a Clalm for TPL Insurance?

If the inevitable happens. it's always best to stay calm You have to gather all the important details of

the incident before you can file your claim. Contact your car insurance provider immediately and report

the damage or loss by providing the following information. The insurance company wdl walk you

through the next steps regarding your insurance claim.

• Date and time of the incident

• Your contact details

• Pollcyholder·s name

• Policy number

;1 � "- - ..- • r, IT.1 L r:: •

' J' . ...,
Safety and Security

• TRAFFIC DEATH - defined by the UN

Organization as that which occurs within 30

days of the event

• FATALITY-define in the Philippines as

"death at the scene"

• PROPERTY DAMAGE - involve vehicles

colliding with publicly or privately owned

structures, equipment, and facilities located

by the road. It also includes collision of

vehic les without causing physical injury to

the driver, passenger, or any pedestrian.

• FATAL ACCIDENT - involves at least one

person killed

,- NON-FATAL ACCIDENT - at least one

person injured but no fatalities

Safety and Security

What are the Major Factors Involved in

Transportation Crashes?

1 Actions by the driver

2 Condition of the vehicle

3 Geometric Characteristics of the road

4 Physical or Climatic environment in

which the vehicle operates (fog, rain,

snow, etc.)
 Press � to exrt ful screen

Safety and Security

What are the Ways to Improve

Transportation Safety?

Safety improvement measures can be

classified as:

1 Laws and government regulations

2 Enforcement

3. Education

4. Enfneering
Safety and Security

Approaches:

Public offiClals are authorized to regulate and

enforce laws regarding the safe movement w�

people and goods.

To design the vehicle travel way system for

safety in such a manne r that, if a crash

occurred, the effect of the occupants would be

minimized.

Self-discipline

In contrast to air travel where passengers

willingly submit to laws and regulations

regarding passenger safety, the motoring

public is not as compliant and views traffic

laws as OPTIONAL or to be obeyed only when

there is a CHANCE OF BEING CAUGHT.

Safety and Security

Elements of Transportation Safety

1 Driver

-. Vehicle

3 Travel way

4 Environment

-
,
Equality of Access

Equality

Another continuing challenge has been to

prov[;e adequate access to the

transportation system for all sorts of

people.

Equity

refers to the fairness with which impacts

(benefits and costs) are distributed.

Transport equity analysis can be difficult

because there are several types of equity,

many potential impacts to consider,

various ways to measure impacts, and

may possible ways to categorize people.

Equality of Access

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION EQUITY

� HORIZONTAL EQUITY

\"ttt\nl E1ui1r. RcJl§lrlbuh0<1 o/ lncon-.r.

also called fairness and egalitarianism
u!lng �t,,• I..X<'t

concerns the distribution of impacts

between individuals and groups

considered equal in ability and need. llorlwnlal cqu�y . 1rr•ll"ll p<'(ll'

k' lhe r,a,.,..
T:u: M>Ould 1H, f,1, - t<jual 1,••tmmt.

� VERTICAL EQUITY

also called social justice, environmental Pror\t In ..m. IIKOIIM' group >, ill p4f ..ITIC'

i.-.·tb oftu.

justice and social inclusion

policies favoring disadvantaged groups

are called progressive, whil�hose that

excessively burden disadvantaged

people are called regressive.

Equality of Access

� VERTICAL EQUITY WITH REGARD TO

MOBILITY NEED AND ABILITY

This is concerned with the distribution

of impacts betwien inllllividuals and

groups that differ in mobility ability and

need, and therefore the degree to

which the transportation system meets

the needs of travelers with mobility

impairments.
Equality of Access

Three groups in particular have been seen \

as generally underserved: the poor, the

elderly, and the physically handicapped.

Poor People

They are seen as underserved because they are

less likely to own automobiles. As urban mass

transportation has been taken dominance of

automobiles, they have been declining in terms

of availability and quality of service.

• When mass transit systems have tried to

compete with automobiles to regain some of

their market, they have often provided

Incentives to the more affluent choice riders

(who do have access to automobiles) rather

than to captive riders (who tend to be taken for

granted).
Equality of Access

Elderly and Physically Handicapped

'
• They are considered as underserved because

many are unable to operate automobiles

• The Americans with Disabillties Act of 1990

(ADA) mandates standards for access by

disabled individuals. These standards are known

as the Americans with Disabilities Act

Accesslbllity Guidelines (AOAAG)

• Under these guidelines, all public transportation

systems must be fully accessible to both

wheelchair users and pedestrians.

• Installation of wheel chair lifts on PUV

• Provision of curb cuts and wheelchair ramps at

intersections of streets

• Provision of wheelchair access by means of

ramps or elevators at facilities such as airports

and rail transit stations

Environmental Protection

• Environmental protection is a practice of

protecting the natural environment on

individual, organizational or governmental

levels, for the benefit of both the natural

environment and humans.

, Due to the pressures of population and

technology, the biophysical environment is

being degraded, sometimes permanently.

, The environmental impacts of transportation

include large-scale impacts due to the system

as a whole as well as smaller scale impacts due

to specific transportation facilities and

activities

GREEN
SPACES
 I
of

ntal
\

·al \

\
I

I
\

nt is

tly.

'tat i o n

system

acts d u e

GREEN
Environmental Protection

SITE-SPECIFIC IMPACTS

Dl.>all w,th by""'"'" of 'f)K>

fiC laws aud ,egul.atoon and

through a p,o,:o•ss of docume,1tins t'!M1onmenta.l 1mp.icts.

NEPA (N ..tlonal Envuonment Pol,cy Act 1969)

rn, !En111romm�11al lmp,tet Stater,�m)

Include ti- ,Nted to !he dil.pla,<ern<>nl of ,.....tent, and

bu,me>>e5 due to con,truchon of tr an,por!�toon l.oc,htie<

-·
lmp.tc:15 on wildhfo I h,odiv<,,siry

lmp«ISon w•tt'1 qu•l.iy & so,I quality

Visual ,m�ts

Temporary '
"'P"<" dunng construction

(noi<e, dust. rO<lucl!d watl!f qua,l�y due lo

"'osion of unprot�E<I �� llfc)

lmp.>elS ,.,.,..i,,"11 f,orn conmuctlon of

1ransp0ft;,tion fac1l110es "' .,.,,....onmen1ally

sensmve "'NS !eumples of such areas are

hab�.,u of 1hiN1ened"' end-e<ed •i-i<t

flood plains, wetlands, co.stal lones, prime

.>t!•lcuhur al lands, hisr<l<lc.>I or a,rch;>e0lofl!(,>I

>ites, and wild or sc,,mc riv,,fs

 Environmental Protection

SYSTEM-LEVEL IMPACTS (Ecosystem approach)

An ecosystems approach to resource management and

environmental prctecncn aims to ccnsscer the complex

Interrelationships of an entire e<:osystem I

n decision

making rather than simply responding to specific issues

and challenges.

• Impacts on air quality I Air pollution

• Energy consumption

• Land use I Urban Spl'"awl

• Climate Change/ Global Warming

LAWS AND REGULATION

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)

• Philippine Environmental Impact Statement

System (PO 1586)

PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE (PO 1152)

,,
Funding

Main methods of Fund-Raising

Public funding

Funding by users (Taxes on vehicle

ownership and usage, road user's tax,

fares, fuel tax)

Road and parking tolls (toll, congestion

charging, parking fee)

Employer contributions (income tax,

business tax)

land value capture in areas served by

public transport (land value tax,

betterment tax)

Public-private partnerships.
 Funding

N•m• Ducription Advantaips Oiladvanta1u

'

Fare increases Increase fares or change fare Widely applied. Is a user fee Discourage transit use. Is

structure to Increase (considered equitable). regressive.

revenues

Discounted bulk passes Discounted passes sold to Increases revenue and Increases transit service

groups based on their transit ridership costs and so may provide

ridership little net revenue

Property taxes Increase local property taxes Widely applied. Distributes Supports no other

burden widely. object\es. Is considered

regressive.

Fuel taxes An additional fuel tax in the Widely applied. Reduces Is considered regressive.

region vehicle traffic and fuel use

Vehicle fees An additional fee for Appl!ed in some Does not affect vehicle use.

vehicles registered in the junsdictions. Charges

region motorists for costs.

Utility levy A levy to all utility accounts Easy to apply. Distributes Is small, regressive and

in the region burden widely. support no other objectives.

 Funding

N•m• D•scription Advanta1•s

Employee levy A levy on each employee Charges for commuters. Requires collection system.

within a designated area or May encourage sprawl if

jurisdiction only m city centers.

Road tolls Tolls on some roads or Reduces traffic congestion. Costly to implement. Can

bridges encourage sprawl if only

applied m city centers.

Vehicle-Km tax A distance-based fee on Reduces vehicle traffic. Costly to implement.

vehicles registered In the

region

Parking taxes Special tax on commercial Is applied in other cities. Discourages parking pricing

parking transactions and downtown

development.

Parking levy A special property tax on Large potential. Distributes Costly to implement.

parking spaces throughout burden widely. Encourages Opposed by suburban

the region compact development. property owners.

 I

Funding

Nam• Description Advant•1•s 'Di1adV11nta1n

Expanded parking pricing Increase when and where Moderate to large potential.

public parking facilities (such Distributes burden widely.

as on-street parking spaces) Reduces driving.

are priced

Development or transport A fee on new development Charges beneficiaries. limited potential.

impact fees to help finance

infrastructure, including

transit improvements

Land value capture Special taxes on property Large potential. Charges May be costly to implement.

that benefit from the transit beneficiaries. May discourage transit­

service oriented development.

Station rents Collect revenues from Charges beneficiaries. limited potential.

pubhc-private development

at stations

Station air rights Sell the rights to build over Charges beneficiaries. Limited potential.

transit stations
 I

Funding I

Congestion charging is designed to reduce the number of vehicles travelling in I

urban zones by charging users to enter the designated zones.

1. It can be used to reduce congestion in city centers:

al by encouraging a modal shift towards public transport;

b) by discouraging motorists from using their vehicles at certain times, or from

taking certain routes.

z. Reduce Population

3. Raise New funds for investing

0
Funding

.. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)

The Government of the Philippines

recognizes the indispensable role of the

private sector as the main engine for

national growth and development and

provides the most appropriate incentives

to mobilize pnvate resources for financing

the construction, operation and

maintenance of infrastructure and

development projects normally financed

and undertaken by the Government.

Such incentives, aside from financial

incentivei as provided by law, include

providing a climate of minimum S MIGUEL

government regulations and procedures CORPORATION

and specific government undertakings in

support of the private sector

Funding

"' PPP i
s essentially a contractual arran11ement entered

into by a national government implementing a'tncy

(IA) to authcmze the private sector entity to finance,

construct, operate and maintain a facility, and, In the

process, to charae user fees or receive compensation

from the government The choice of the PPP mode may

vary from any of the schemes authorized under the BOT

uw.

Advantages:

• Transfer of the burden of raising funds for projects

and project risks to the private sector;

• Government resources are freed and re-allocated for

other urgent uses,

• The entry of private sector superior technology and

expertise ts paved;

• Project implementat1on is hastened arn:I operating

efficiency i
s assured, arid

, Creation of conditions for technology1rat1sfer and

training.
Funding

The fundamental leaal bases for implementin1 PPP projects are the:

BOT Law (Republic Act 6957) as amended by Republic Act 7718, approved 05 May 1994, and its Implementing Rules

and Regulations (IRR); and Government Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCC) Charter - examples are Public Estates

Authority (PEA), National Development Company (NOC) and others

Private sector proponents can now use different variants to implemenl infrastructure projects under the BOT arrangement.

The BOT Law allows nine specific variants described in the table below and other modes subject to the approval of the

President

Build-and-Transfer (BT)

Build- Lease-Transfer (BLT)

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)

� Build- Own- Operate {BOO)

Build-transfer-Operate (BTO)

Contract-Add-Operate (CAO)

Develop-ct1erate-and-Transfer (DOT)

Re habi Htate-cperate-end-jransfer ( ROT)

Rehabilitate-Own-Operate (ROO)
Funding

Under the BOT scheme, a private proponent enters into a contractual arrangement with

the IA to undertake any or a combination of the BOT variants for an infrastructure

facility. The following rights may be bestowed on the private proponent:

• To operate the facility over a fixed period, not to exceed 50 years;

• To charge facility users fees, tolls, rentals or share in the revenue of the project; and

• To recover capital, operating and maintenance expenses and earn a reasonable return

on investment.
Institutional Arrangement

Refers to agreements and organizational structures both within transportation agencies and between agencies.

• This can Include:

forums that regularly bring together transportation planners and operations practitioners

agreements that promote involvement of management and operations practitioners in planning

processes,

or that promote a regional planning perspective withm an operations environment.

Modal fragmentation

rooted ln the Independent development of the different modes of transportation

reinforced by governmental regulations that protnbrted mtegration of firms across modal Imes

Jurisdlctional fragmentation - overlapping of the laws of cities and local governments in a given area.

Traffic control

Data management

Information services

Other areas affected by ITS initiative

E m e r g i n g Technologies

Possible Solutions:

Travel and Transportation Management

, Travel Demand Management

Public Transportation Operations

4 Electronic Payment Services

Commercial Vehicle Operations

Emergency Management

Traffic Signal Synchronization

HOV lanes -High Occupancy Vehicle lanes

Public Transit (Personal Rapid Transit·PRT, Bus Rapid Transit·BRT)

1 Non-motorized Transportation

u Alternative Fuels
E m e r g i n g Technologies
I

lntelli1ent Transportation System (ITS)

• A.re advanced apphcaUons wh,ch, without embodymg mtelhgence .ts such, a,m to prov,de innovative services relating to

different modes of transport and traffic management and enable vanous users to be better informed and make liafer, more

coordinated, and 'smarter' u�f transport networks.

• Prior to 1994, such technologiel were commonly referred to in tVHS (intelligent Vehkle and Highway sys.tern) .

These ITS technologies are the subject of a major technological initiative involving

• Government

• Business

Academics

• Research Organization

Goals of the ITS Program

• Improve safety

, Reduce congestion

• Improve rncbihtv and access1b1hty

• Reduce enwcnmental impact of the transportation system

• lrn::rease ener11v efficiency

, Improve economic productivity

, Create a domestic IT
S Industry
 E m e r g i n g Technologies

FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS

1. Trilffoc Manilgotmenl

2. Trilvelu fnfor�tlon Sy,l<'m•

], Vehicle Control

•· Tr1ffic Surve,Hance and Commun.u1ion System,

5. V1th1des

ITS technologies may also be grouped together into functional system

ATMS(i1dv1nced traffic milnqement syH1tm)

lncltlOO systems intended to man.iii! the now of traffic, such u coordmued traffic s,gnal system, r;imp metenna systems and

,ncodem man;,gement system.

Tr1ffoc Sun,e,llance !CCTV), Sianal Control System, VilNb!e Message Sla,,ing, EIKtronic Toll Collectoon, Road Wuther

Information Syst1tm

• ATISjadvanced travele, lnlormat10n systems!

Includes systotm intended t

o d1ssem,nate 1nform111,on to the publoc (1outl! guodanc1tl

Electromc Piym1tnl S�otm, Mobile Apps

AVCSjadvuw;l!d �h,de comrol 5Vstem

lndudn 111\omated h•hWIY 5Vsl:em and on board control 5Vrterru intended to promote 51fety (colh5lon ,vo,dance, v,�lon

enh.-ncem"•I)

.,,
 INTERSECTION
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ

b&

Intersection

» The points where traffic flow converges and where

direction of travel changes

» Category:
Shape
Type of Structure
Type of Operation
 Intersection

» Type of Structure
Either designed as at-
grade intersection or
grade separation such
as flyover or
interchanges
initially designed at-
grade and are planned
to be grade-separated
in the future to cope
with high traffic
volume (easing
congestion or reducing
traffic accidents)

Intersection

» Shape
» Refers to the configuration of the intersection and would
depend largely on the number of legs
—-
Three-Leg: T or Y
7:9@

Four-Leg: Normal Crossing, Oblique, or Skewed/Staggered

Multi-Leg: Intersections with more than four legs
Rotary or Roundabout
7
 Intersection

» Type of Operation
» Channelization
» Simplified movements
of vehicles as it leads
drivers to one
conflict at a time

» Signalization
» Greatly reduces
crossing conflicts at
the intersection area

Intersection

» Type of Operation
> Depend on the type of control or the rules and regulations
Simplify traffic flow by reducing the number of conflicts of
vehicles
Operates as unchanneled or channelized, and unsignalized
or signalized
 Basic Intersection
Design Principle
» The maximum number of
legs should be four.
The number of conflicts
increases exponentially
as the number of
intersection legs
increases
» Staggered intersections
should be avoided.
» Main traffic flow should
be near straight as
possible.
Sharp turns, such as left
and right turns, cause
unnecessary reduction in
traffic speeds

Basic Intersection
Design Principle
» Roads should not intersect at a small angle.
Oblique intersections pose potential hazards and cause
high severity of accidents due to the almost head-to-head
collision of vehicles
Minimum of 60° (optimum = 90°)

» ‘Two intersections should be as far as possible from each

other.
Inadequate weaving section
The distance between two intersections must be
Distance = Design Speed X Number of Lanes X 2
Intersection Design Elements

» The primary pufpose of

an interchange is to
provide change in the
direction of travel.

» Configuration of turning
geometries
» Direct
* Semidirect
* Indirect

Design Elements of an
Intersection Approach

» Left Turn Storage Bay

Through Lane/s
v

Exclusive Right Turn

v

Lane
Corner Island
Fy

Turning Roadway .
=3

Median
Nose Treatment ®
+
Methods of Control of
Intersections

» Conflicts
An event involving two
or more moving
vehicles approaching
each other in a traffic
flow situation in such a
way that a traffic
collision would ensue
unless at least one of
the vehicles performs
an emergency
maneuver

Methods of Control of
Intersections
Three-Leg

» Conflicts
Often occurs at
intersections
The more the number of
legs an intersection has,
the more the number of
conflicts it has

Four-Leg
» Classification:
Merging
Diverging
Crossing
 With roundabouts, head-on and
high-speed right angle collisions are
virtually eliminated.

jerarchny oT IntfercecTinn
° t © : . °

CTrarCcihly O} iIL©T S¢ Cul it

» There are three basic levels of control that can be

implemented at an intersection

» Level 1 - Basic rules of the road

» Level 2 - Direct assignment of right-of-way using YIELD or
STOP signs
Level 3 - Traffic Signalization

Determination of which (and how many) conflicts a

driver should be able to perceive and avoid through the
exercise of judgment
Traffic controls must be imposed to assist A
 Hierarchy of Intersection
Control
» Two factors affect a driver’s ability to avoid conflicts:

A driver must be able to see a potentially conflicting

vehicle or pedestrian in time to implement an avoidance
maneuver °
Involves considerations of sight distance and avoidance
maneuver

» The volume levels that exist must present reasonable

opportunities for a safe maneuver to take place
Involves an assessment of demand intensity and the
complexity of potential conflicts that exist at a given
intersection

Methods of Control of
Intersections

» Depending on the traffic

volume using the
intersection and the
severity of conflicts

Unsignalized
Signalized
Grade Separation
Methods of Control of
Intersections

Unsignalized Intersection
v

» Nocontrol at all
» Right-of-way Rule
(For minor road) When two vehicles arrive at the same time at
the intersection, the vehicle on the right has the priority

Yield or Stop
v

Roundabout or Rotary
v

Number of turning vehicles is almost equal to the number of

through vehicles
U-Turn Slot
No clear control; not the major flow but sign states otherwise

Methods of Control of
Intersections
Signalized Intersection
Separation fii tirhe
Conflicts between opposing or merging streams are
prevented by giving the right of way to a given direction
Maximum of 2 diverging conflicts per phase
» Grade Separation
» Eliminates the problematic crossing conflicts of the
different movements of vehicles
Flyover/overpass, underpass, or full-blown interchange
~ Provide the safest and most efficient method of control
but definitely the most costly, and sometimes unaesthetic
 TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES
ENGR. MARIANO S. COZ

Traffic Control Devices

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)

USDoT Federal Highway Administration
to promote highway safety and efficiency by providing
for the orderly movement of all road users on streets,
highways, bikeways, and private roads open to public
travel throughout the Nation
notify road users of regulations and provide warning and
guidance needed for the uniform and efficient
operation of all elements of the traffic stream ina
manner intended to minimize the occurrences of
crashes

Traffic control devices or their supports shall not bear any

message or any other message that is not related to t.
Traffic Control Devices

» To provide for the safe

and orderly movement
of traffic
» To resolve conflicts
between vehicles,
vessels, or aircrafts

» To minimize the cost of

transportation

As traffic volumes increase, highway systems rely mostly on pa

devices such as signs, marking, and traffic signals to supple
rules of the road.

Advantages of Traffic Control

Signals
Traffic signals that are properly designed, located,
operated, and maintained will have one or more of the
following advantages:

A. They provide for the orderly movement of traffic.

B. They increase the traffic-handling capacity of the
intersection if:
1. Proper physical layouts and control measures are used, and
2. The signal operational parameters are reviewed and
updated (if needed) on a regular basis to maximize the ability
of the traffic control signal to satisfy current traffic demands.
 Advantages of Traffic Control
Signals
Traffic control signals that are properly designed, located,
operated, and maintained will have one or more of the
following advantages:

C. They reduce the frequency and severity of certain types

of crashes, especially right-angle collisions.
D. They are coordinated to provide for continuous or nearly
continuous movement of traffic at a definite speed along a
given route under favorable conditions.
E. They are used to interrupt heavy traffic at intervals to
permit other traffic, vehicular or pedestrian, to cross.

Disadvantages of Traffic
Control Signals
» Traffic control signals, even when justified by traffic and
roadway conditions, cag be ill-designed, ineffectively
placed, improperly operated, or poorly maintained.
Improper or unjustified traffic control signals can result in
one or more of the following disadvantages:

A. Excessive delay,

B. Excessive disobedience of the signal indications,

C. Increased use of less adequate routes as road users attempt
to avoid the traffic control signals, and
D. Significant increases in the frequency of collisions
(especially rear-end collisions).
Traffic Signals

» When properly used, traffic control signals are valuable

devices for the control of vghicular and pedestrian
traffic.
» They assign the right-of-way to the various traffic
movements and thereby profoundly influence traffic
flow.
» Traffic signals need to attract the attention of a variety
of road users, including those who are older, those with
impaired vision, as well as those who are fatigued or
distracted, or who are not expecting to encounter a
signal at a particular location.

Traffic Signal

» Operates by assigning the right of way successively to

intersection approaches
» Complex devices that can operate in a variety of
different modes
¢ traffic control signals; freeway entrance ramps;
« pedestrian signals; ¢ traffic control signals for
* hybrid beacons; movable bridges;
* emergency-vehicle signals; * toll plaza traffic signals;
¢ traffic control signals for + flashing beacons;
one-lane, two-way « lane-use control signals;
facilities; and
e« traffic control signals for e in-roadway lights.
Terms

® Indication
The red, yellow, or green light that is
displayed to drivers in a given
movement
>» Cycle
The time required for one complete

AAA
sequence of signal indications
& Interval
The discrete portion of a cycle during
which the movements with the ROW do
not change
A period of time during which no signal
indication changes
Phase (or Stage)
The portion of the cycle during which
the movements with the ROW do not
change

The time devoted to a particular

movement

Terms

» Change Interval
The yellow indication for a given movement
The transition from green to red, in which movements about to
lose green age given a yellow signal, while all other movements
have a red signal
To allow vehicle that cannot safely stop when the green is
withdrawn to enter the intersection legally

» Clearance Interval
The transition from green to red for a given set of movements
During the interval, all movements have a red signal
It is timed to allow a vehicle that legally enters the intersection on
rele ae safely cross the intersection before conflicting flows are
release
Signal Phasing

» Separation of time
The right-of-way, yellow change, and red clearance intervals
in a cycle that are assigned to an independent traffic
movement or combination of movements
The more the number of conflicts, the more the number of
hasing needed.
The number of phases employed at any intersection must be
kept to a minimum, compatible with safety because with
every phase added, there is a corresponding additional loss of
green time, which leads to increased intersection delay.

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association (NEMA) Phase-
Numbering Scheme
 Phase Sequence Options for
Left Turns
Phase Diagram
for Traffic Signals

Signal Operation

UL
ft
L RED

PHASE2

PHASE 1 SPLIT PHASE

2 SPLIT
©
Types of Signal Operation

» Pretimed Operation
= Semi-Actuated
Operation
= Full Actuated Operation
» Computer Control

) Presentation-Pr

Types of Signal Operation

» Pretimed Operation
» Also known as Fixed-time
«= Cycle length, phase
sequence, and timing of
each interval are constant
» Employ cycles and phases
of predetermined length
« May employ different
cycles at different times
of day, they cannot
respond to short-term
demand fluctuations
» Typical to have at least
an AM peak, PM peak,
and an off-peak signal
timing.
© Presentation-Pr
Types of Signal Operation

pm Semi-Actuated
: sed where the
ee reason for
signalization is
interruption of
continuous traffic

» Detectors are placed

on the minor
approaches to the
intersection
= There are no detectors
on the major street
Loop Detector

Types of Signal Operation

Types of Detector:
1. Impulse Detector
2. Presence Detector
» Semi-Actuated ADOMONAL VEHICLE DETECTORS: |

=a =
= The indication is green
for the major street at
all times except when
a “call” or actuation is DETECTOR TO STOPLINE I

noted on one of the

POINT DETECTION USING ADDMONAL DETECTORS
minor approaches
Types of Signal Operation

» Full Actuated
« Every lane of every
approach must be
monitored by a detector
= Green time is allocated
in accordance with
information from
detectors and
programmed “rules”
established in the Stopline/queue
controller for capturing clearing detection

and retaining the green Left tum detection

Cross street
«= Cycle length, sequence detection
of phases, and green Advance detection
time split varies from
Bi Detection zone
cycle to cycle

Types of Signal Operation

» Computer Control
«= The computer acts as a
master controller,
coordination the timings
of a large number of
signals
» It calculates an optimal
coordination plan based
on input from detectors
places throughout the
system
- Individual signals in a
computer-controlled
system generally operate
in the pre-timed mode
© Presentation-P1
Coordinated

» Where randomness can no

longer be ensured and
there is a need for
continuous movement
over an arterial,
coordination or
synchronization of the
timing of the signals in
series is required.

» It is also possible that

within an arterial,
subgroups consisting of a
number of intersections
may be developed.

Area Traffic Control

» Links + Nodes =
Networks
» Optimization techniques
have been developed to
cope with such network

pm SCATS - Sydney
Coordinated Adaptive
Traffic System
» SCOOT - Split Cycle
Offset Optimization
Techniques
Data Requirements for Traffic
Signal Setting &

» In planning for phase pattern and determination of

appropriate timing of signals

1. Traffic Volume Saturation Flow Rates

« All types of vehicles (incl. « Maximum flow rate occurring
non-motorized) at the stop line once traffic
+ Directional initially in queue is given
green time indication \
2. Pedestrian Flows
Physical Characteristics of
* Movement in all directions the Road
3. Passenger Car Unit Values « Number of legs
« PCU equivalent of the « Width of approaches
different types of vehicles
« Number of lanes
« Gradient

Coordination of Traffic Signals

» To provide progressive movement of traffic flow that has to pass through

a series of signalized intersections, some form of coordination has to be
introduced to minimize delay
» Signal Coordination
timing of signals in relationship to one another so that vehicles traveling at a
predetermined speed can pass through the g ns of successive signals

also known as Signal Progression

Coordination of Traffic Signals

» Simultaneous System
All signals display the same color indication
«= Commonly used when intersections are closely spaced
» Drivers tend to increase speed in order to pass as many
intersections as possible
» Alternating System
At any given instant of time, the driver sees intersections
ahead with alternating green and red indications
= Intersections are far apart
» Progressive System
« Starts of green are arranged in such a way that traffic flow is
uninterrupted and bandwidth is optimized
One-way system or when one direction of flow

Coordination of Traffic Signals

Speed at which vehicles are

presumed to travel through
the coordinated signal system
- Speed of Progression

Space-time path intersecting

the green at all signals -
Through band
The time difference between
the beginning and end of the
through band at any point -
Band width
The time difference between
the beginnings of the green
at any two signals - Offset
Traffic

» Irregularity and unpredictable

» Accidents, stalled vehicles, swerving, parking
maneuvers, indiscriminate loading and unloading of PUV

Traffic Flow

» Uninterrupted
» Flow occurring at long sections of road where vehicles are
not required to stop by any cause external to the traffic
stream

» Interrupted
» Flow occurring at intersections or driveways where
vehicles are required to stop by any cause outside the
traffic stream
» Traffic signs (Stop or Yield), traffic signal light
 Traffic Data

» Flow rate or Volume

» Number of vehicles passing a point during a specified period of
time
» Vehicles per hour

» Headway
» Reciprocal of flow
» Average time separation of vehicles in the traffic stream
® Seconds

» Measured between common points on successive vehicles

» Time Gaps
» Measured from the rear of one vehicle to the front of the next

headway

Atl
|. tailway
Traffic Data

» Speed
» Rate of motion or change of distance with respect to time
» Miles per hour (mph); Kilometer per hour (kph)
» Rate of Travel
» Reciprocal of speed
» Minutes per Mile; Minutes per Kilometer
» Time-Mean Speed
» Spot speed
» Arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point
within a given interval of time*

Traffic Data

» Space-Mean Speed
» Rate of movement of a traffic gtream within a given
section of road
» Speed based on the average travel time of vehicles in the
stream within the section (harmonic mean speed)
» Density or Concentration
» Number of vehicles per unit distance occupying a section
of roadway at a given instant in time
» Vehicles per mile or per kilometer
Traffic Data

» Spacing of vehicles
» Average distance separation
» The distance between two vehicles measured from the
front bumper of a vehicle to that of another
» Reciprocal of density
» Meters or feet

Occupancy
» The fraction of time that vehicles are present at a point in
space
» Total time a detector is occupied divided by the total time
of observation

Traffic Flow

1. Suppose a 15-minute count of vehicles bound for Manila

was conducted at a particular location on Quezon Avenue.
Estimate the flow rate in vehicles per hour.

SC ee
Car/Van 420 \
Jeepney 300
Bus 16
Truck 28
 Traffic Flow U,= 24,
N
j ts
» 2. The speeds of 25 cars were observed. 10 cars were
noted to travel at 35kph, 8 cars at 40kph, 2 cars at
50kph, and 5 cars at 45kph. Assuming that each car was
traveling at constant speed, determine the time-mean
speed and the space-mean speed.

Urs lo (as) + F(4uO Yt 2(s0)\+4 us )

aS
= 37-E kphy

Us = axS-
io (sd +e(t) rales,

Traffic Flow

3. During heavy traffic congestion, it was observed that the

average spacing of vehicles in queue in the innermost lane
of EDSA is 6.5m. Determine the jam density or density of
stopped vehicles.

s= +. , k--c
és> _!}
k |
kj = Kx 100 =ISF%
 Traffic Flow Models

Microscopic
» Describe the motion of individual vehicles and their
interactions with one another
» Car-following models (motion of vehicles following one
another in terms of position, velocity, acceleration)
» Gap-acceptance models (vehicles passing through gaps in
conflicting traffic flows on non-signalized intersections)

Macroscopic
» Describe the relationships among speed, flow, and density
» Analogies to classical fluid f low
» Describe the propagation of traffic flow states over
extended sections of roadway

Relationship of Flow, Speed &

Density
°
» Fundamental relationship of traffic flow
» Flow rate is simply the product of density and space-
mean speed veh veh km
= x —_
q k u, hr km_ hr
» Law of the conservation of vehicles (continuity equation)

Aq
_ Ak
Ax At

1. Traffic densities are very high, speeds are very low; very hig’
2. Traffic densities are very low, drivers can obtain free flow
speed; flow is very low
Relationship of Flow, Speed &
Density
» sity
Speed-Density Relation u, =u,(1—k/k,)
» As density increases, speed decreases #
» Jam density, kj = density corresponding to zero speed
» Free flow speed, uf = speed corresponding to zero density

» Volume-Density Relation
» Maximum flow qmax occurs when the density has a value
km equal to half of jam density kj

q = ku, =ku,(1—k/k,)
=u, (k—k?/k,)

Relationship of Flow, Speed &

Density
» Speed-Volume Relation
» Maximum flow qmax occurs at speed um equal to half of
the ea) flow speed uf
» Capacity = maximum flow

2
q=ku, =k,(u, —u, /u,)

=k xu =—x—+
 if L

Wi
(c i)
a

im

The basis for design of transportation system

operating strategies, traffic control systems, and
certain physical features of transportation systems
Interaction of traffic events in space and time
Analysis of travel times under various conditions
Relationships among traffic flow states (flow, speed,
and density)
 Space-Time Relationships
« The analysis of the motion of vehicles
or traffic states
« When motion takes place along a
single linear facility such as roadway
or railway, it can often be represented
by a graph — Space-Time Diagram
— Distance (or location) vs Time

Space — Time Diagram >»

Di stance
»

1 Time
~
Nv

¢ The curve A-A represents the position of a vehicle at all times

between t, and t, -- Trajectory
¢ The slope of the trajectory is the Speed of the vehicle
(Distance is the Vertical Axis)
¢ The slope of the trajectory is the Rate of Travel (reciprocal of
speed) of the vehicle
(Distance is the Horizontal Axis)
 Space — Time Diagram

| wR at time t2

|
7 at time t1
¥
|
%
t1 t2 t
From basic Physics
— Vertical length = distance traveled
— Horizontal length = time consumed
— First derivative (Slope) = velocity = dx/dt
— Second derivative = acceleration = d2x/dt2

Space — Time Diagram

al 2
S| 2
a
> ae =
t t t

1 goes faster 1 is not moving and 1 is accelerating and

2 is moving bankwards 2 is decelerating

Headway (sec)
between 1 and 2

Uniform Flow
Spacing (m)
between 2 and 3

>
t
 Example
¢ Stations of a transit vehicle (bus or subway)
Link Theoretical trajectory
Xm without middle station

Stations

Delay for introducing

middle station

— Cruising speed

>
t
If the distance between stations is not long enough, the
vehicle can’t reach its cruising speed

Space — Time Diagram

x n = number of trajectories crossed by
| the dashed line during a period T
\g=" T=1/h, where / is the
average headway and g is the
average flow (unit: vehicles per
time)
v,= > v/ 7, time-mean speed (average
over time)

m = number of trajectories crossed by

the dashed line on a segment L
k=m/L=1/s, where s is the
average spacing and k is the
average density (unit: vehicles
per distance)
v, = space-mean speed

PETIT/ (average Over space)

L
t Ves = m=
vt
 Fundamental Diagram
Flow *#
Ymax

Conge§$ted
et Density Flow k
Ve : -+ v7 igeste

Speed Speed
Congested
Flow

Density k, OW max

Shock Wave

* When there is a speed change in the stream of

vehicles there occurs a speed change wave front
— Shock Wave
¢ Simply the motion or propagation of a change in
density and flow.
* Caused abnormal traffic flow and will definitely
reduce the capacity of the roadway resulting to
long queues
— Stalled vehicles, traffic accidents, parades, or any
other temporal activities
 Shock Wave

Simultaneous
€ reduction of speed
zs.

Distance (x m)
@ | Reduced” ~ 7
S Speed
® | Zone _ _-
OQ
Simultaneous
increase of speed

Time (t's)

Time (ts)

(b)Simultaneous increase and decrease of

(a) A reduced speed zone
speed
Fig. 6.5 Wave fronts formed by speed change of a uniformly moving stream of vehicles

Shock Wave

Red phase
Distance (x m)

=
z
Oo
=
8
2w

Time (ts)
Time (ts)
(a) Introduction of a slow moving truck (b) At the red phase of a traffic signal
Fig. 6.6 Examples of trajectories and wave fronts