Module 1 & 2-Merged

—=——— CEC005
TiP Database Management

in Construction
15* Semester SY 2021-2022
Live Conference 1
Sep. 1, 2021 @ 10:30 AM - 1:30 PM
* Database Management
Dream Melee ecin
= Database:
= A collection of related data.
=" Data:
= Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
= Mini-world:
= Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a
university.
= Database Management System (DBMS):
=" A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and
maintenance of a computerized database.
= Database System:
= The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the
applications are also included.
Dream Melee ecin
Users/Programmers
Database 1
System !
Application Programs/Queries
Software Software to Process

Queries/Programs
i
Software to Access
Stored Data
Stored Database
Definition Stored Database
(Meta-Data)
Figure 1.1
A simplified database
system environment.
Dream Melee ecin
Typical DBMS > Functionality
Define a particular database in terms of its data types,

structures, and constraints
Construct or Load the initial database contents on a
secondary storage medium
Manipulating the database:
= Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
" Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
= Accessing the database through Web applications
Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users and
application programs — yet, keeping all data valid and
consistent
Dream Melee ecin
| Typical DBMS Functionality
=" Other features:
= Protection or Security measures to prevent
unauthorized access
= “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
= Presentation and Visualization of data
= Maintaining the database and associated
programs over the lifetime of the database
application
" Called database, software, and system
maintenance
Dream Melee ecin
=" Mini-world for the example:

= Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.
= Some mini-world entities:
=» STUDENTs
= COURSEs
= SECTIONs (of COURSEs)
= (academic) DEPARTMENTs
® INSTRUCTORS
Dream Melee ecin
= Some mini-world relationships:

=" SECTIONSs are of specific COURSEs
=" STUDENTs take SECTIONS
COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs
INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONS
COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs
STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs
Dream Melee ecin
(Ay Benen SECT
Information System
An Introduction to
Information Systems
Information System:
An information system is a set of

interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, store data and disseminate
information and provide a feedback
mechanism to monitor performance.
Information System
ganized combination of
ople, hardware, software,
sforms it, and disseminat

tion.
Information System
Organizational Functions:
e process financial accounts

manage their human resources
e reach their potential customers with online promotions
¢ provide services cost-effectively to citizens (government function)
Personal/Individual Functions:
socializing
study
shopping
banking
entertainment
Information System
Information Systems prior to IT Era
As major new technologies for recording and processing information were

invented over the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became
empowered. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the
mid-15th century and the invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in
the 17th century are but two examples. These inventions led to a profound
revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information
and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual
lives, business organizations, and human governance.
The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s

census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s
machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to
develop computerized information systems.
Information System
Data Vs. Information
Data: Raw unorganized facts
Information:
A collection of facts organized in such a
way that they have additional value
beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Defining and organizing relationships among

data creates information.
Information System
set of logically related tasks perf

o achieve a defined outcome.
1a decision
Information System
The value of Information

irectly linked to how
elps decision makers
ieve their organization’s
Information System
System
A system is a set of elements or

components that interact to
accomplish goals.
Information System
Information System
ronic transmission of signals

for communication
= Networks: Distant electronic comme

= Internet: Interconnected Networks
«= Intranet: Internal Corporate Network
= Extranet: Linked Intranets
Information System
Strategies, policies, methods, and

rules for using a CBIS.
Information System
Business Information
Systems
Information System
decision making
Information System
Systems Development
Information System
Systems Development:
The activity of creating or modifying

existing business information systems
Information System
Systems Investigation and

Analysis
Understand the problem

and potential solutions
Information System
Information System
Computer Literacy:
Knowledge of computer systems

and equipment and the ways they
function
Information System
General Information Systems Diagram

Management
Decisions
(Environment)
Data [Input }}Process |?) Output > Information
'’ Control
Feedback
Information System
Main Concept of Information Systems
Information System
Data:
Raw unorganized facts
Information:
Data organized in a meaningful
way for the user (in consideration of
the environment)
Information System
Information System
Information System
Activities
1. Input of Data Resources

2. Process Data into Information
3. Output of Information
Information System
Input of Data Resources
Data entry
e
Editing
Machine readable
e
Source documents
— Formal record of a transaction
User interface
— How users interact with information system
— Optical scanning; menu; prompts; fill in
blanks
Information System
Information System
Information System
Systems Applications in the Organization
| Decisions | | Management Levels | Information Systems
Unstructured Genior
E SS
Strategic Management
- DSS
Knowledge and
GIS, CAD/CAM,
Tactical Data Worker
Middle
Management
Lower
Management
Technical
(Operational)
Functions Buy Make
Structured
Information System
Major Types of Information Systems
5-Year Sales Trend
Forecasting
S-Year Operating Plan
Profit Planning
Personnel Planning
| —; Executive
\ pport Systems (ESS)
Sales Management
Sales Region Analysis
Inventory Control
Production Scheduling
Relocation Cost Control

Management Information
on
Contract Os! An. alysis:i
Cost
Systems (MIS)
Management
Level J fi Decision-Support
Systems fr. Systems (DSS)
Transaction
Processing
Systems
(TPs)
Sales and Manufacturing Finance and Human

Marketing and Production Accounting Resources
FUNCTIONAL
AREAS
Inter-Disciplinary Perspectives in Information Systems
; a Technical
N
Applied
socisleny
Information
ee Pc RSSn
. Operations
Economics
Management
7
Process centric
Marketing a
Management
1.2 Civil Engineering
~ Information System
Civil Engineering Information System
In Building and Construction projects, tasks typically

tend to become more routine at the clerical and
supervisory levels, but more challenging and
demanding at the senior levels.
« However, computers also permit solutions to
problems they cannot be attacked manually, with
a consequent increase in job satisfaction at the
relevant level.
> The utilization of on-site Engineering Information

Systems (EIS) is becoming more and more common:
v derives to a series of key outcomes: improved
operational process, and increased productivity
v provides superior project strategy through
improved project productivity
Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:
_) Complete Project Information database that will include all

the client's contact numbers, personal information, and
histories. All of the negotiations and documents will also be
integrated within the EIS.
In 2} anagement4
@ company_id : int(11) @ project_id : int(11) @ category_id : int(11)

@ company_name : varchar(30) # Company_id : int(11) @ category_name : varchar(30)
company_logo : longblob # Category_id : int(11) @ category_description : varchar(150)
@ Company_information : varchar(150) project_name : varchar(50)
@ company_website : varchar(50) @ project_description : varchar(100) i INCL project, erm
@ company_contact_info : varchar(15) @ project_code : varchar(15) @ project_manager_id : int(11)
@ Company_email : varchar(30) project_banner: longblob @ project_manager_code : varchar(15)
© Company_username : varchar(30) # Project_manager_id : int(11) @ project_manager_name : varchar(50)
@ Company_password : varchar(30) @ project_start_date : date @ project_manager_contact : varchar(15)
f@ project_end_date : date @ project_manager_email : varchar(30)
@ project_remarks : varchar(30) @ project_manager_username : varchar(30)
@ project_manager_password : varchar(30)
# account_status : int(1)
@ project_details_id : int(11)
# project_id : int(11)
# project_member_id : int(11)
@ update_id : int(11)
@ update_code : varchar(15)
date_of_update : date
@ project_member_id : int(11)
@ description_of_update : varchar(30)
@ project_member_code : varchar(15)
# project_id : int(11)
@ project_member_name : varchar(50)
# Member_id : int(11)
@ project_member_contact : varchar(15)
@ project_member_email : varchar(30)
@ project_member_username : varchar(30)
@ project_member_password : varchar(30)
# account_status : int(1)
_) Detailed Project Outline which includes information such

as costing agreements; drawings of related plans including
underground sewerage, electricity, storm runoffs,
easements, caveats, and other factors which can influence
the satisfactory completion of the project.
_) Other relevant Building and Construction Information,

including a list of companies that are taking part in the
project, need to be incorporated.
_) Stock Contro/which includes all transactions that have

taken place, receipts letters from suppliers, and letters to
suppliers/contractors, are necessary for accurate budgeting.
_) Payroll including all the payroll documentation, including

payslips and payroll queries, job application forms are also
integrated within the EIS.
Client Logo
My payroll» MyLoans» Flexi Benefits ~ — My Increments
My Payroll
= Salary Details = Net Pay Breakdown
= 58064.53 =51057.8 %60906.18 @cesieey,

Gross Salary Deductions Net Pay © ceauctions
© senetits
“@ = Allowance Summary <> Deduction Summary </>
Gross Basic Allowance House Rent Allowance ESI Employee PF Employee Professional Tax
%58064.52 %29032.26 5806.45 % 1600.00 % 3600.00 200.00
@ MyTax 3 ] ee yeneie
%0.00 0.00 0.00 Calculate Tax

Taxable Income TDS Deducted Tax Savings
= Reimbursement Summary Wd Loan Summary
= 15000 = 5000 2125000 = 75000 50000

Unclaimed Amount Approved Total Amount Outstanding Amount Total Paid Amount
Copyright © Akrivia HOM All Rights Reserved. \Lasttopin

on 26 Fab.2021 0238PM — Poweredby
Atria Automation Pvt Ltt
LJ All the Correspondence including all the information which

is unable to be stored as hard copies are stored in digital
formats. This information includes drawings and
photographs of scanned images or databases of significant
information.
) Digital Information, including all the information which is

unable to be stored as hard copies are stored as digital
formats. This information includes drawings, and
photographs of scanned images or databases of significant
information.
_) Miscellaneous Information, which is not part of the other

outcomes is incorporated here.
_) BIM - Building Information Modelling

« BIM is a process involving the generation and
management of digital representations of physical
and functional characteristics of places.
- BIM has become great tool allowing reduced
construction cost and accelerating construction
projects.
DetailedDesign Nate
UN sis)
Documentation
Conceptual
4
ate
Information _
Modeling _| |
ee
Construction
4D/5D
Operation and Construction

é Maintenance Logistics
Demolition
BIM vs EIS

« In other words any software or instruments which
could assist in managing and maintaining buildings
could fall under the Building Information Modelling
(BIM).
BIM vs EIS

« BlM has the potential to avoid mistakes if careful
planning is utilized at the earliest stage of the project.
Table 1. BIM and EIS Comparison
System Advantages Disadvantages Differentiation

More utilized for planning and
managing risks.
No traditional user training/expertise | Obscure integration if too many | Generally utilized for simple and
BIM 3 . : : Po
is required. operational alterations. unsophisticated Systems.
Intermediate System Application.
Uncomplicated Modeling sequence.
Excellent for Data schematics, Pateesioe ant Ginn cad Ideal for complex and
including complex data. . oe . g sophisticated Systems. In turn will
EIS a, expertise is required. ! i
Advanced System Application. ficbheatialtetlemaunens provide many alternative Data
Flexible Integration. 8 sed ~ | Schematics as output alternatives.
Designing EIS for the Building and Construction Projects
_! The design initiation of EIS

for building and
construction projects
includes the incorporation
of its essential stages.
Figure§. Building and Construction

EIS culmination. a
Designing EIS for the Building and Construction Projects

_) Six Essential Stages
v Develop the new Logical system.
Implementation Planning
LK
Input/Output Media Selection

Developing the Physical System
SQL
Documentation
Estimating Run Time
Why EIS?
_) EIS not only provides intensified productivity through
improved operational process, but also heightens project
environment.
_! EIS improve productivity which in-turn will increase project
production and services.
Thanks!
Live Conference 2
Sep. 6, 2021 @ 10:30 AM - 1:30 PM
Module 2
P
7 Information Engineering
we Me eWAlcenlicaatic=
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79h ig
_) Information Engineering (IE)
A methodology for developing an integrated information system
based on the sharing of common data, with emphasis on decision
support needs as well as transaction-processing (TP) requirements.
An integrated and evolutionary set of tasks and techniques that
enhance business communication throughout an enterprise enabling
itto develop people, procedures and systems to achieve its vision.
Its aim is to enable an enterprise to improve the management of its
resources, including capital, people, and information systems, to
support the achievement of its business vision.
Y Information Engineering has sometimes been described as an
organization-wide set of automated disciplines ror getting the
right information to the right people at the right time
° Asaconcept, information engineeringis intended to unify and
combine the different requirements that must be engineered in any
complex system or application.
« Database (data engineering)

« For insuring controlled access (security engineering)
« For binding all application components into a single system
(software engineering).
_I Information engineering must span the entire business process,
and not be limited to the design and development of an
application.
_) History of IE
VY Clive Finkelstein is acknowledged as the "Father" of Information
Engineering (IE)
- Have developed its concepts from 1976 to 1980 based on original
work carried out by him to bridge from strategic business
planning to information systems.
It originated in Australia between 1976 and 1980, and appears first
in the literature in a series of Six In Depth articles by the same
name published by US Computerworld in May - June 1981.
_) History of IE (cont'd)
Information engineering first provided data analysis and database
design techniques that could be used by database administrators
(DBAs) and by systems analysts to develop database designs and
systems based upon an understanding of the operational
processing needs of organizations for the 1980s.
e Atthe end of the 1980s and early 1990s the Martin thread
incorporated rapid application development (RAD) and business
process reengineering (BPR) and soon after also entered the object
oriented field.
PERSONALITY
J Characteristic of IE
© |E applies structured techniques on an enterprise-wide basis, or to a
larger sector of an enterprise, rather than on a project-wide basis.
° IE progresses in a top-down fashion through the following stages:
Enterprise strategic systems planning
Enterprise information planning
Business Area analysis
System Design
Construction
Cutover
_) Characteristic of IE (cont'd)
° As it progresses through these stages, IE builds a steadily evolving

repository (encyclopaedia) of knowledge about the enterprise, its data
models, process models, and system design.
° |E creates a framework for developing a computerized enterprise.
° |Ethen separately developed systems fit into this framework.
° Within the framework, systems can be built and modified quickly using
automated tools.
° The enterprise-wide approach makes it possible to achieve coordination

among separately built systems and facilitates the maximum use of
reusable design and reusable code.
° |E involves end-users strongly at each of the stages above.
° IE facilitates the long-term evolution of systems.
° |Eidentifies how computing can best aid the strategic goals of the
enterprise.
° |Eutilizes Integrated CASE tools to:

¥ support the complex data management
v_ control the analysis and design process through crosschecking or
consistency features
J IE Framework
Information engineering is vitally important.
© Timely and efficient utilization ofinformation - must be ensured since this
significantly impacts on productivity, will play a major role if industry is to
move successfully into the future
© Collection, synthesis, analyses of information - can lead to a better
understanding of processes, sales, productivity, etc.
© Dissemination of only relevant and/or significant information - can
effectively reduce the overload of information on end-users.
_) IE Framework (cont'd)
° The underlying theme for both of these perspectives is that confidentiality

must be insured and misuse must be both prohibited and prevented.
° Moreover, it should be clear that information engineering must span the
entire business process, and not be limited to the design and development
of an application.
This is most easily quantified via the following list of design level questions.
What are different kinds or types of information for an application?
Is the “same” information stored in different ways?
How will the types of information be manipulated to maximize usage?
What are the information interdependencies?
Are there any performance requirements related to the access and/or use
of information?
What are the allowable values for the different types of information?
e Will information persist over time?

° Are multiple versions of information available?
e Who needs access to what information when?
° — |s some information sensitive?
° Must some information be protected?
_) Four Stages of IE
Stage1:
[© Information Strategy Planning.
Stage 2:
[ Business Area Analysis.
Stage 3:
[= System Design.
Stage 4:
[© Construction.
_) Four Stages of IE (cont’d)
> |Eis atop-down enterprise information systems development

approach that forms a part of the strategy for the overall systems
architecture.
© |E employs data models and process models for each business
function or area, to formulate a basic framework of how enterprise
functions and how information technology can help it to function
better. a
_) IE Variants
» DP-driven (data processing)
>» Business-driven
_) IE Variants (cont'd)
DP-driven (data processing)
Information Strategy Planning (ISP)
Outline Business Area Analysis (OBAA)
Detailed Business Area Analysis (DBAA)
Business System Design
Technical Design
Construction
Transition
_) IE Variants (cont'd)
Business-driven
Strategy Analysis
Strategic Modelling
Tactical and Operational Modelling
Activity Modelling
Process Modelling
Code Generation
_) Phases of IE (Business-driven IE Variant)
Strategic Business Planning.

VVVVV
Data Modelling.
Process Modelling.
Systems Design
/mplementation.
Information Engineering (IE)
Strategic
Direction STRATEGIC BUSINESS PLANNING
Phases of IE
Independent
Technology
information Ca DATA MODELLING
(Business-driven) Requiremen
Information
Usage
Technology! SYSTEMS DESIGN

Systems
ae
Requirement) DATABASE — s 3
,
oo @=
ea
Performance
Requiremen SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION
a r»
_) IE Techniques
Entity analysis: identifies all the things that the enterprise may want to hold
data about.
Function analysis and process dependency: takes a function (a major business
activity) of the enterprise and breaks it down into elementary business
processes.
Process logic analysis: describes the sequences of actions carried out by a
business process and shows which data are used by each action.
Entity type lifecycle analysis: describes the significant business changes to
entities and confirm that processes have been modelled to effect these cha
J IE Techniques (cont'd) ‘adh
Matrix cross-checking : creates cross- references between data objects and
processes to verify that they are necessary and complete.
Normalization. provides a formal means of confirming the correctness of the
entity model.
Cluster analysis: helps define the scope of design areas for proposed business
systems.
Data flow and data analysis: makes a comparison possible between the
business area models and the systems currently supporting this area, these
current systems are analyzed using data flow and data analysis techniques.
by sorting out things like this:
&
ae miohlied
2 eo 5
NAVIGATION and
WAYFINOING
SEARCH
— Sos
. . ee =
_) Information Architecture on oa IL.
Hof " Ta
ocinteiiniiine — asalyaiiet tie
VY |s the design and organization of content, pages and data into a structure
that aids users understanding of a system.
¥ Amore organized system enables users to more easily find the information
they require and complete the intended tasks.
_) Information Architecture (cont'd)
Y To create an effective information architecture you need to understand

the relationship between the content and the interoperability of the
system you are designing.
Y A flow or hierarchy is often established with IA that allows users to
understand where they are, and where they can go next.
INFO ARCHITECTURE 1.3.1 SS UTILITY NAVIGATION
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_) Information Architecture (cont'd)
Y Information Architecture is a discipline of it’s own and can be performed

by specialists or any other members of a design team.
Y AnInformation architect's output can be expressed visually through:
site maps, wireframes, navigation, taxonomic designs, metadata and
more.
_) Information
Architecture (cont'd)
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Information architecture has somewhat different meanings in different
branches of Information systems or Information technology:
» The structural design of shared information environments.

» The art and science of organizing and labelling web sites, intranets,
online communities, and software to support findability and usability.
>» An emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of
design and architecture to the digital landscape.
» The combination of organization, labelling, search and navigation
systems within websites and intranets.
» Extracting required parameters/data of Engineering Designs in the
process of creating a knowledge-base linking different systems and
standards.
» A blueprint and navigational aid to the content of information-rich
systems.
» A subset of data architecture where usable data (a.k.a. information) is
constructed in and designed or arranged in a fashion most useful or
empirically holistic to the users of this data.
» The practice of organizing the information / content / functionality of a
web site so that it presents the best user experience it can, with
information and services being easily usable and findable (as applied to
web design and development).
» The conceptual framework surrounding information, providing context,
awareness of location and sustainable structure.
Module 2
P
Iw) Information Strategy
> Planning :
_) Information Strategy (IS) Planning
Is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities,
focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that
employees and other stakeholders are working toward common
goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and
assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a
changing environment.
_) Information Strategy (IS) Planning
» \tisa disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and

actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves,
what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future.
» Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an
organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but
also how it will know if it is successful.
_) Importance of IS Planning
© 17 Strategic planning provides clarity, direction, and focus for your

organization:
What is our purpose? (Mission)
What do we want to achieve? (Vision)
How are we going to get there? (Plan)
© 2 Astrategic plan drives organizational alignment.
© 3A plan communicates your message:
_) Approaches to IS Planning
1. Top-down planning
2. Bottom-up planning
_) Approaches to IS Planning
1. Top-down planning
_) Approaches to IS Planning (cont'd)
2. Bottom-up planning
Business Units
_) Principles of IS Planning
© There is no one formula or process for strategic planning.

© There are, however, principles and required steps that optimize the
value of strategic planning.
_) Principles of IS Planning (cont'd)
The steps in the process of strategic planning are presented below:
Current Situation Analysis:

© The importance of situation analysis is similar to the need to drive the
pilings of a skyscraper all the way down to bedrock.
© This analysis prepares the organization to tackle the work of
completing a useful and valuable strategic plan that provides a
competitive advantage.
Segmentation Analysis:
© The purpose of this process is to match the company’s current or
prospective products and services with the market's potential.
© The alignment of the company’s products with the market potential
helps focus the strategic planning activities of the company in areas of
highest volume potential and highest financial return.
Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat Analysis:

© SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is
a valuable, proven, effective tool to use in the discovery and evaluation
stage of strategic planning.
© The SWOT analysis is most productive when it involves the input of a
cross section of key managers in the process.
How to Conduct a SWOT Analysis

for Your Small Business
Where do
What do you J ve need to
do well? J yeunees
STRENGTHS | wEAKNESSES
— oy
What are = What obstacles
your goals? — do you face?
OPPORTUNITIES
kb the balance
Core Competencies Analysis:

© Core competencies are a set of unique internal skills processes and
systems that provide competitive advantage in the market.
© A good way to think of core competency analysis is to list the values of
both product and services from the point of manufacturer or
distribution to consumption.
Key Success Factors:

© Key Success Factors are those functions, activities or business practices,
defined by the market and as viewed by the customer, that are critical
to the vendor/customer relationship.
© Key Success Factors are defined by the market and by the customer,
not by the company. They revolve around skills, processes and
systems.
Business Unit Strategy/ Business Plan:

© Those elements of the business include the overall business, each
operating division of the business and each key functional area of the
business.
© So there would be an overall company Business Strategic Statement, a
Division Strategic Statement, and Functional Strategic Statements. The
Functions might be Manufacturing, Marketing, Logistics or Supply
Chain, Human Resources or other functions important to the success of
the business.
Balanced Score Card:

© In business “score” is Kept to report results, to effect behavior, to
reward and to recognize performance.
© But, itis also kept to determine progress against the long-term goals of
the Strategic Plan and the short-term goals of the Annual Business
Plan.
Evaluation:
© The evaluation process needs to be ongoing and continuous.
© The evaluation process provides a clinical check-up on the progress of
the business compared to both the near-term Business Plan and the
long-term Strategic Plan.
_) Benefits of IS Planning
IS planning serves a variety of purposes in organizations, including to:

© Clearly define the purpose of the organization and to establish
realistic goals and objectives consistent with that mission in a defined
time frame within the organization’s capacity for implementation.
© Communicate those goals and objectives to the organization's
constituents.
_) Benefits of IS Planning (cont’d)
© Develop a sense of ownership of the plan.

© Ensure the most effective use is made of the organization’s resources
by focusing the resources on the key priorities.
© Provide a base from which progress can be measured and establish a
mechanism for informed change when needed.
© Listen to everyone's opinions in order to build consensus about
where the organization is going.
© Provide clearer focus for the organization, thereby producing more

efficiency and effectiveness.
© Bridge staff/employees and the board of directors (in the case of
corporations).
© Build strong teams in the board and in the staff/employees (in the case
of corporations).
© Provide the glue that keeps the board members together (in the case
of corporations).
© Produce great satisfaction and meaning among planners, sepeclly

around a common vision.
© Increase productivity from increased efficiency and effectiveness.
© Solve major problems in the organization.
_) Challenges to IS Planning
There are many reasons IS plans fail, but the following
challenges are among the most common:
Lack of leadership:
© If the leaders of the institution, school, program, or department do not
support the plan, it will fail.
_) Challenges to IS Planning (cont'd)
Lack of consensus:
© It is often said that the process of strategic planning is what matters,
not the product.
Too ambitious:
© The problem of too many goals is exacerbated by implementation
planning.
¥
Failure to integrate the plan into the culture, operations, and budget:
© Failures often occur because the strategic plan is divorced from the
daily life of an organization.
© Leaders must model the plan, and that includes talking about it—often.
Lack of momentum in the short term:

© Even with a shorter time frame, an annual (or sometimes biennial,
depending on the environment), systematic assessment of the plan is
necessary for course corrections.
© The planning process itself should create momentum but if the process
takes too long, then those involved begin to lose their enthusiasm.
Thus the timeline is important; staying with an aggressive timeline
% sends the message that the planning Is a serious endeavor.

Thanks!
1.0 Intended Learning Outcomes
and Topics
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
• Define what information system is (Knowledge)

• Outline the different functions of information system (Comprehension)
• Correlate inter-disciplinary perspective of information system (Application and
Analysis)
• Design their own model showing their company's own information system (Synthesis)
• Compare each group's work and recommend improvements to their
colleagues (Evaluation)
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Civil Engineering Information System
1.1 | Introduction
Information Systems
Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and

processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business
firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their
operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace.
Organizational Functions:
• process financial accounts

• manage their human resources
• reach their potential customers with online promotions
• provide services cost-effectively to citizens (government function)
Personal/Individual Functions:
• socializing
• study
• shopping
• banking
• entertainment
Information Systems prior to IT Era
As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over
the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention
of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention
of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two
examples. These inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability
to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information and knowledge. This led, in
turn, to even deeper changes in individual lives, business organizations, and human
governance.
The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census
tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine
represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop
computerized information systems.
Main Concept of Information Systems
Inter-Disciplinary Perspective
1.2 | Civil Engineering Information
Systems
Civil Engineering Information Systems
In Building and Construction projects, tasks typically tend to become more routine at
the clerical and supervisory levels, but more challenging and demanding at the senior
levels. However, computers also permit solutions to problems they cannot be attacked
manually, with a consequent increase in job satisfaction at the relevant level.
The utilization of on-site Engineering Information Systems (EIS) is becoming more and
more common:
• derives to a series of key outcomes: improved operational process, and increased

productivity
• provides superior project strategy through improved project productivity
• Complete Project Information database that will include all the client's contact
numbers, personal information, and histories. All of the negotiations and documents
will also be integrated within the EIS.
• Detailed Project Outline, which includes information such as costing agreements;
drawings of related plans including underground sewerage, electricity, storm runoffs,
easements, caveats, and other factors which can influence the satisfactory
completion of the project.
• Other relevant Building and Construction Information, including a list of companies

that are taking part in the project, need to be incorporated.
• Stock Control which includes all transactions that have taken place, receipts letters
from suppliers, and letters to suppliers/contractors, are necessary for accurate
budgeting.
• Payroll, including all the payroll documentation, including payslips and payroll queries,
job application forms are also integrated within the EIS.
• All the Correspondence including all the information which is unable to be stored as
hard copies are stored in digital formats. This information includes drawings and
photographs of scanned images or databases of significant information.
• Digital Information, including all the information which is unable to be stored as hard
copies are stored as digital formats. This information includes drawings, and
photographs of scanned images or databases of significant information.
• Miscellaneous Information, which is not part of the other outcomes is incorporated
here.
2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes
and Topics
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
• Define what information engineering is (Knowledge)

• Outline the different stages and phases of information
engineering (Comprehension)
• Correlate different the applications of information engineering (Application
and Analysis)
• Design their own Information Strategy showing their company's own plans
and stages for a specific situation that may happen in
Construction (Synthesis)
• Compare each group's work and recommend improvements to their
colleagues (Evaluation)
Topics
2.1 | Information Engineering and Architecture
2.2 | Information Strategy Planning
2.1 | Information Engineering and
Architecture
Information Engineering and Architecture
Information Engineering (IE)

o A methodology for developing an integrated information system based on the
sharing of common data, with emphasis on decision support needs as well as
transaction-processing (TP) requirements.
o An integrated and evolutionary set of tasks and techniques that enhance
business communication throughout an enterprise enabling it to develop
people, procedures and systems to achieve its vision.
o Its aim is to enable an enterprise to improve the management of its
resources, including capital, people, and information systems, to support the
achievement of its business vision.
Information Engineering has sometimes been described as an organization-wide set of

automated disciplines for getting the right information to the right people at the right
time.
▪ As a concept, information engineering is intended to unify and combine the

different requirements that must be engineered in any complex system or
application.
▪ This includes requirements for a database (data engineering), for
insuring controlled access (security engineering), and for binding all
application components into a single system (software
engineering).
o Data engineering focuses on the required information
(input and/or output) for a given application, to meet the
needs of software engineers (who ‘build’ the system) and
users (who utilize the system).
o Software engineering refers to the organized process
of producing a software application, from the original
idea to the final deliverable product. Software engineers
utilize the data engineering results (information) and
apply methodologies in the design and construction of an
application.
o Security engineering refers to the access of
information, both by the software engineers and the end
user, clearly defining what each individual can do with
what information at which times.
▪ Information engineering must span the entire business process, and not be
limited to the design and development of an application.
History of Information Engineering
o Clive Finkelstein is acknowledged as the "Father" of Information Engineering (IE),

having developed its concepts from 1976 to 1980 based on original work carried out
by him to bridge from strategic business planning to information systems.
o It originated in Australia between 1976 and 1980, and appears first in the
literature in a series of Six In Depth articles by the same name published
by US Computerworld in May - June 1981.
o Information engineering first provided data analysis and database design
techniques that could be used by database administrators (DBAs) and by
systems analysts to develop database designs and systems based upon
an understanding of the operational processing needs of organizations
for the 1980s.
o At the end of the 1980s and early 1990s the Martin thread incorporated rapid
application development (RAD) and business process reengineering (BPR) and
soon after also entered the object oriented field.
Characteristics of Information Engineering

IE applies structured techniques on an enterprise-wide basis, or to a larger sector of an
enterprise, rather than on a project-wide basis.
• IE progresses in a top-down fashion through the following stages:

o Enterprise strategic systems planning
o Enterprise information planning
o Business Area analysis
o System Design
o Construction
o Cutover
• As it progresses through these stages, IE builds a steadily evolving repository
(encyclopedia) of knowledge about the enterprise, its data models, process models,
and system design.
• IE creates a framework for developing a computerized enterprise.
• IE then separately developed systems fit into this framework.
• Within the framework, systems can be built and modified quickly using automated
tools.
• The enterprise-wide approach makes it possible to achieve coordination among
separately built systems and facilitates the maximum use of reusable design and
reusable code.
• IE involves end-users strongly at each of the stages above.
• IE facilitates the long-term evolution of systems.
• IE identifies how computing can best aid the strategic goals of the enterprise.
• IE utilizes Integrated CASE tools to:
o support the complex data management
o control the analysis and design process through
crosschecking/consistency features
Information Engineering Framework

Information engineering is vitally important.
Timely and efficient utilization of information - must be ensured since this
significantly impacts on productivity, will play a major role if industry is to move
successfully into the future, can support and promote collaboration as the key to
maintaining a competitive advantage, and will allow individuals and companies to use
information in new and different ways.
Collection, synthesis, analyses of information - can lead to a better understanding of
processes, sales, productivity, etc.
Dissemination of only relevant and/or significant information - can effectively
reduce the overload of information on end-users.
o The underlying theme for both of these perspectives is that confidentiality must be
insured and misuse must be both prohibited and prevented.
o Moreover, it should be clear that information engineering must span the entire
business process, and not be limited to the design and development of an
application.
This is most easily quantified via the following list of design level questions.
▪ What are different kinds or types of information for an application?

▪ Is the “same” information stored in different ways?
▪ How will the types of information be manipulated to maximize usage?
▪ What are the information interdependencies?
▪ Are there any performance requirements related to the access and/or use of
information?
▪ What are the allowable values for the different types of information?
▪ Will information persist over time?
▪ Are multiple versions of information available?
▪ Who needs access to what information when?
▪ Is some information sensitive?
▪ Must some information be protected?
Four Stages of Information Engineering
• Stage 1:
Information Strategy Planning. Concerned with top management goals and critical
success factors. Concerned with how technology can be used to create new
opportunities or competitive advantages. A high level overview is created of the
enterprise, its functions, data, and information needs.
• Stage 2:
Business Area Analysis. Concerned with what processes are needed to run a selected
business area, how these processes interrelate, and what data is needed.
• Stage 3:
System Design. Concerned with how selected processes in the business area are
implemented in procedures and how these procedures work. Direct end user
involvement is needed in the design of procedures.
• Stage 4:
Construction. Implementation of the procedures using, where practical, code

generators, fourth generation languages, and end user tools. Desire is link to
construction by means of prototyping.
IE is a top-down enterprise information systems development approach that forms a

part of the strategy for the overall systems architecture.
IE employs data models and process models for each business function or area, to
formulate a basic framework of how enterprise functions and how information
technology can help it to function better.
Information Engineering Variants
• DP-driven (data processing)

o Information Strategy Planning (ISP): develop a plan for implementing
business systems to support business needs.
o Outline Business Area Analysis (OBAA) : answers a range of questions
related to implementation of a business area.
o Detailed Business Area Analysis (DBAA) : provide detailed models as a
solid basis for system design.
o Business System Design : specify all aspects of a system that are
relevant to its users, in preparation for the technical design, construction,
and installation of one or more closely related databases and systems.
o Technical Design : prepares an implementation area for construction and
installation.
o Construction : produce a system, as defined in the technical specification,
on time and within budget.
o Transition : the period during which newly developed procedures
gradually replace or are interfaced with existing procedures
• Business-driven
o Strategy Analysis : This is a rapid delivery method for senior managers
and business unit managers for refinement of existing strategic business
plans, or development of new strategic business plans if none exist yet.
o Strategic Modeling: This uses a facilitated modeling session with senior
business managers who review the strategic business plans to develop a
strategic model.
o Tactical and Operational Modeling : This uses the same approach as for
strategic modeling, but focuses on tactical business units.
o Activity Modeling : Activity models, based on IDEF0 and activity-based
costing, are used to document priority business activities for rapid
delivery.
o Process Modeling : Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is
used, supported by modeling tools, to define process model diagrams in
BPMN of priority activities for rapid delivery into production.
o Code Generation : BPMN process model diagrams are used to generate
XML-based code in Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) for
execution.
The Phases of Information Engineering (Business-driven IE variant)
Strategic Business Planning: The business directions that senior managers set for the
future are defined in strategic business plans, with their greater definition in tactical
business plans and implementation in operational business plans
Data Modelling: Data models should ideally be based on directions set by
management for the future. As discussed, these are defined in business plans.
Process Modelling: A business event is an essential link between a business plan and
a business process. It initiates strategies and tactics. In the plan, an event is defined as
a narrative statement.
Systems Design and Implementation: The Business Model, comprising data models
and process models that are developed from business plans, indicate the business
needs to be addressed by relevant information systems and databases. They define the
systems requirements from a business perspective, which is one part of systems
design.
Information Engineering Techniques
• Entity analysis : identifies all the things that the enterprise may want to hold data
about.
• Function analysis and process dependency : takes a function (a major business
activity) of the enterprise and breaks it down into elementary business processes.
• Process logic analysis : describes the sequences of actions carried out by a
business process and shows which data are used by each action.
• Entity type lifecycle analysis : describes the significant business changes to entities
and confirm that processes have been modelled to effect these changes
• Matrix cross-checking : creates cross- references between data objects and
processes to verify that they are necessary and complete.
• Normalization : provides a formal means of confirming the correctness of the entity
model.
• Cluster analysis : helps define the scope of design areas for proposed business
systems.
• Data flow and data analysis : makes a comparison possible between the business
area models and the systems currently supporting this area, these current systems
are analyzed using data flow and data analysis techniques.
Information Architecture (IA)
▪ Is the design and organization of content, pages and data into a structure that
aids users understanding of a system.
▪ A more organized system enables users to more easily find the information
they require and complete the intended tasks.
▪ To create an effective information architecture you need to understand the
relationship between the content and the interoperability of the system you
are designing.
▪ A flow or hierarchy is often established with IA that allows users to
understand where they are, and where they can go next.
▪ Information Architecture is a discipline of it’s own and can be performed by
specialists or any other members of a design team.
▪ An Information architect's output can be expressed visually through: site
maps, wireframes, navigation, taxonomic designs, metadata and more.
Information architecture has somewhat different meanings in different branches of
Information systems or Information technology:
• The structural design of shared information environments.

• The art and science of organizing and labeling web sites, intranets, online
communities, and software to support findability and usability.
• An emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of design
and architecture to the digital landscape.
• The combination of organization, labeling, search and navigation systems
within websites and intranets.
• Extracting required parameters/data of Engineering Designs in the process of
creating a knowledge-base linking different systems and standards.
• A blueprint and navigational aid to the content of information-rich systems.
• A subset of data architecture where usable data (a.k.a. information) is
constructed in and designed or arranged in a fashion most useful or
empirically holistic to the users of this data.
• The practice of organizing the information / content / functionality of a web
site so that it presents the best user experience it can, with information and
services being easily usable and findable (as applied to web design and
development).
• The conceptual framework surrounding information, providing context,
awareness of location and sustainable structure.
2.2 | Information Strategy Planning
Information Strategy Planning
Information Strategy (IS) Planning

o Is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus
energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and
other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement
around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's
direction in response to a changing environment.
o It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that
shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and
why it does it, with a focus on the future.
o Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going
and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is
successful.
The Importance of IS Planning

1. Strategic planning provides clarity, direction, and focus for your
organization: The primary purpose of strategic planning is to connect the
organization’s mission and vision by addressing these three questions:
• What is our purpose? (Mission)

• What do we want to achieve? (Vision)
• How are we going to get there? (Plan)
2. A strategic plan drives organizational alignment: A strategic plan isn’t just a

document to keep everyone on track. Having everyone participate in the strategic
planning process fosters collegiality and creates an opportunity for discussion on the
direction of the organization, which is why strategic planning often results in cultural
transformation.
3. A plan communicates your message: Even if you have a strong mission and vision
statements, most leaders walk around with a virtual strategy locked in their heads.
Approaches to IS Planning
• Top-down Planning
•
o Focuses on organizational goals first, then on the needs of business
units.
o Top-down, or goal-driven, planning considers the organization as a
whole.
• Bottom-up Planning
•
o Focuses on the needs of business units first, then on organizational
goals.
o In bottom-up planning, the process starts with consideration of
individual concerns.
The Principle of IS Planning
There is no one formula or process for strategic planning.
There are, however, principles and required steps that optimize the value of strategic
planning.
The steps in the process of strategic planning are presented below:
o Current Situation Analysis:

▪ The importance of situation analysis is similar to the need to
drive the pilings of a skyscraper all the way down to bedrock.
▪ This analysis prepares the organization to tackle the work of
completing a useful and valuable strategic plan that provides
a competitive advantage.
o Segmentation Analysis:
▪ The purpose of this process is to match the company’s current
or prospective products and services with the market’s
potential.
▪ The alignment of the company’s products with the market
potential helps focus the strategic planning activities of the
company in areas of highest volume potential and highest
financial return.
o Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threat Analysis:
▪ SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats)
analysis is a valuable, proven, effective tool to use in the
discovery and evaluation stage of strategic planning.
▪ The SWOT analysis is most productive when it involves the
input of a cross section of key managers in the process.
o Core Competencies Analysis:
▪ Core competencies are a set of unique internal skills
processes and systems that provide competitive advantage in
the market.
▪ A good way to think of core competency analysis is to list the
values of both product and services from the point of
manufacturer or distribution to consumption.
o Key Success Factors:
▪ Key Success Factors are those functions, activities or
business practices, defined by the market and as viewed by
the customer, that are critical to the vendor/customer
relationship.
▪ Key Success Factors are defined by the market and by the
customer, not by the company. They revolve around skills,
processes and systems.
o Business Unit Strategy / Business Plan:
▪ Those elements of the business include the overall business,
each operating division of the business and each key
functional area of the business.
▪ So there would be an overall company Business Strategic
Statement, a Division Strategic Statement, and Functional
Strategic Statements. The Functions might be Manufacturing,
Marketing, Logistics or Supply Chain, Human Resources or
other functions important to the success of the business.
o Balanced Score Card:
▪ In business “score” is kept to report results, to effect behavior,
to reward and to recognize performance.
▪ But, it is also kept to determine progress against the long-term
goals of the Strategic Plan and the short-term goals of the
Annual Business Plan.
o Evaluation:
▪ The evaluation process needs to be ongoing and continuous.
▪ The evaluation process provides a clinical check-up on the
progress of the business compared to both the near-term
Business Plan and the long-term Strategic Plan.
Benefits of IS Planning
IS planning serves a variety of purposes in organizations, including to:
• Clearly define the purpose of the organization and to establish realistic goals and
objectives consistent with that mission in a defined time frame within the
organization’s capacity for implementation.
• Communicate those goals and objectives to the organization’s constituents.
• Develop a sense of ownership of the plan.
• Ensure the most effective use is made of the organization’s resources by focusing
the resources on the key priorities.
• Provide a base from which progress can be measured and establish a mechanism
for informed change when needed.
• Listen to everyone’s opinions in order to build consensus about where the
organization is going.
• Provide clearer focus for the organization, thereby producing more efficiency and
effectiveness.
• Bridge staff/employees and the board of directors (in the case of corporations).
• Build strong teams in the board and in the staff/employees (in the case of
corporations).
• Provide the glue that keeps the board members together (in the case of
corporations).
• Produce great satisfaction and meaning among planners, especially around a
common vision.
• Increase productivity from increased efficiency and effectiveness.
• Solve major problems in the organization.
Challenges to IS Planning
There are many reasons IS plans fail, but the following challenges are among the most
common:
• Lack of leadership:
o If the leaders of the institution, school, program, or department do not
support the plan, it will fail.
o This point seems obvious, but far too often leaders talk about the
importance of the strategic plan as the planning process gets underway,
only to show little interest down the line.
• Lack of consensus:
o It is often said that the process of strategic planning is what matters, not
the product.
o Of course, the process itself is vital; yet if an institution is serious about
implementing the plan, then an excellent product is imperative.
o Strategic planning is about consensus building. Done correctly, the
process promotes communication, participation, and collaboration.
• Too ambitious:
o The problem of too many goals is exacerbated by implementation
planning.
o More often than not, strategies and goals are deconstructed into literally
hundreds of specific objectives.
• Failure to integrate the plan into the culture, operations, and budget:
o Failures often occur because the strategic plan is divorced from the daily
life of an organization.
o Leaders must model the plan, and that includes talking about it—often.
• Lack of momentum in the short term:
o Even with a shorter time frame, an annual (or sometimes biennial,
depending on the environment), systematic assessment of the plan is
necessary for course corrections.
o The planning process itself should create momentum but if the process
takes too long, then those involved begin to lose their enthusiasm. Thus
the timeline is important; staying with an aggressive timeline sends the
message that the planning is a serious endeavor.

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—=——— CEC005

TiP Database Management

Software Software to Process

Define a particular database in terms of its data types,

=" Mini-world for the example:

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Data Vs. Information

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1. Input of Data Resources

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> The utilization of on-site Engineering Information

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

_) Complete Project Information database that will include all

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Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

_) Detailed Project Outline which includes information such

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

_) Other relevant Building and Construction Information,

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

_) Stock Contro/which includes all transactions that have

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

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Copyright © Akrivia HOM All Rights Reserved. \Lasttopin

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

LJ All the Correspondence including all the information which

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

) Digital Information, including all the information which is

Various different outcomes of the on-site EIS:

_) Miscellaneous Information, which is not part of the other

_) BIM - Building Information Modelling

Operation and Construction

_) BIM - Building Information Modelling

_) BIM - Building Information Modelling

Table 1. BIM and EIS Comparison

System Advantages Disadvantages Differentiation

Designing EIS for the Building and Construction Projects

Module 1 & 2-Merged

Module 1 & 2-Merged