GP 506 Assignment

Inverse Theory

Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay

Submitted By – Sanjay Kumar Submitted To – Dr. Satish Maurya

Beniwal
Roll no. - 185320010
Course – M.Sc. Applied Geophysics
( 2nd year )
Date – 1/05/2020
Inverse Theory Basics

A combination of approaches for determination and evaluation of physical models from observed data.
When we have an approach to calculate data from a known model (the “forward problem”)

Physics - defines the forward problem and theories to predict the data.
Linear algebra – to supply many of the mathematical tools to link model and data “vector spaces”
Probability and statistics – all data is uncertain, so how does data (and theory) uncertainty map into the
evaluation of our final model? How can we also take advantage of randomness to deal with practical
limitations of classical approaches?

Example of Forward problem

Gravity survey over an unknown buried mass distribution is a forward problem. Here we got data which
is gravity anomaly values and distance from a fixed coordinate.
Mathematically this problem can be understood as:
After making it a discrete problem

d = g(m)
d = data vector, m = model vector

d = [d1, d2, d3,.....]T Things that are measured in an experiment ex. - gravitational acceleration, Travel
Time of seismic wave

, m = [m1, m2, m3, ......]T Things that we want to know ex- density, velocity
 Forward Problem

Quantitative
Model dpre
mtrue Predicted
estimated

Inverse Problem

Quantitative dobs
mest
Model Observed
estimated

But dpre != dobs due to observational error

similarly mtrue != mest because of propagation error.

The basic statement of an inverse problem is that the model parameters and the data are in some way
related. This relationship is called the model. Usually the model takes the form of one or more formulas
that the data and model parameters are expected to follow.
First we start with the forward Problem in which we assume this model:

rho = 500 Ωm , h = 15m

rho = 50 Ωm , h = 10m

rho = 250 Ωm Half Space

Using this model we will generate the data which is apparent resistivity over a profile.
Data VS distance Plot
Figure 1

Theory

First, for a particular value of electrode separation ‘si, i=1,ns ( s is half of current electrode
separation), determine Resistivity transform T(λj), j = 1,M Using the relation(M number of filter
(a −log s )
coefficient ) λ j=10 where aj are the base10 abscissa values of filter coefficients in given
j 10 i

table below.

The resistivity transform for a N layer case for a particular value of λ j is given by the recurrence
relation

T k + ρk −1 tanh ⁡( λ j hk−1)
T k−1 ( λ j ) =
T tanh ⁡( λ j hk−1 )
1+ k
ρk−1

k=N,N-1,……..2. k and hk are resistivity and thickness of kth layers. Resistivity transform TN=N

The Schlumberger apparent resistivity is then given by

M
ρa ( si ) =∑ f j T 1 ( λ j )
j=1

fj, j=1, M are filter coefficients.

First we start with the 1 iteration

Figure 2
Figure 3

Figure 4
Figure 5

Here in Figure 1 you can see that the curve is very smooth . Figure 5 shows that predicted data
is not matching with the observed data . We need more iterations.

Iteration 2

Figure 6
Figure 7

Figure 8
Figure 9

3 Iterations

Figure 10
Figure 11

Figure 12
Figure 13

Now after three iteration data has started matching and RMS error and chi sq. error has also
decreased.

After 10 iteration

Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16

Figure 17

18 iterations

Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20

Figure 21

20 iterations

Figure 22
figure 23

Figure 24
Figure 25

After 20 iterations data has matched almost exactly. True model and inverted model is also
matched .

Predicted data after 20 iterations.

Res = 500.0011 Ωm h = 14.99 m

Res = 50.3310 Ωm h = 10.06 m

Res= 249.964 Ωm half space

res = [ 500.0011, 50.3310, 249.964 ]

h = [ 14.99, 10.06 ]