Digestive System

PATHOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Prof RS Chauhan
Department of Pathology
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
G B Pant University of Agri & Tech Pantnagar-263145
US Nagar Uttarakhand
www.profchauhan.in
E-mail: profchauhan58@gmail.com
Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan

CONTENTS
o  Developmental anomalies
o  Pathology of Mouth cavity
o  Pathology of Esophagus and crop
o  Pathology of Stomach
o  Pathology of Intestines
o  Pathology of liver and pancreas
o  Pathology of peritoneum
Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan 2
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
o  Epitheliogenesis imperfecta of tongue
n  Abnormal smooth surface of tongue due to small
filiform papillae
n  Defect in autosomal recessive gene
n  Also known as smooth tongue
o  Cleft palate
n  Most common congenital abnormality occurs due to
failure of oral-nasal cavity to divide leaving cleft
‘hare lip’ condition

DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
o  Mega colon
n  Distention of colon which abruptly terminate in rectum
due to mutant gene in dogs
o  Duplication of colon
n  In dog, the colon is duplicated from caecum to rectum
and this defect is associated with malformation in the
body of vertebrae T4 and T5
o  Atresia coli
n  In calf, the absence of colon occurs and the intestine
terminates in blind caecum
o  Atresia ani
n  This is absence of anal opening
PATHOLOGY
OF
MOUTH CAVITY

STOMATITIS
o  Stomatitis in the inflammation of mucosa of oral
cavity
n  Gingivitis: Inflammation of gums
n  Glossitis: Inflammation of tongue
n  Cheilitis: Inflammation of lips
n  Tonsilitis: Inflammation of tonsil
n  Palatitis / Lampas: Inflammation of palates

STOMATITIS
Etiology
n  Trauma due to nails, wire, or any sharp
object like needle
n  Physical due to hot milk, medicines etc.
n  Chemical- Alkali / acids
n  Microorganisms- Bacteria, virus, fungi

STOMATITIS
Macroscopic features
n  Catarrhal: Mucous

exudation in oral
cavity

STOMATITIS
Fibrinous : False membrane in oral mucosa

STOMATITIS
n  Vesicular : Vesicles

in oral mucosal e.g.
FMD

STOMATITIS
n  Erosive : Erosions in oral mucosa e.g. Rinderpest

STOMATITIS
n  Ulcerative : Presence of ulcers in oral mucosa e.g.
mucosal disease

STOMATITIS
Microscopic features
n  Congestion of oral mucosa
n  Presence of erosions, vesicles or ulcers
n  Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and
macrophages
n  Presence of fibrinous exudate in the form of
diphtheritic membrane

PATHOLOGY OF
ESOPHAGUS AND
CROP

CHOKE
o  Choke is complete or partial obstruction of

esophagus either due to any foreign material or
pressure from adjoining areas

CHOKE
Etiology
n  Beets, turnip, carrots, bone
n  Abscess tumor of neck area

CHOKE
n  Tympany
n  Gangrene, sapremia
and toxaemia
n  Sac like dialatation
“Esophageal
diverticulum”
n  Perforation due to
sharp bone ends
CHOKE
o  Microscopic features
n  Necrosis gangrene at a point of obstruction
n  Congestion hemorrhage in perforated cases

ESOPHAGITIS
o  Esophagitis is the inflammation of esophagus

caused by trauma, parasites etc. and
characterized by catarrhal inflammation,
ulceration or stenosis due to fibrosis

ESOPHAGITIS
Etiology
n  Trauma due to foreign bodies
n  Chemicals- Acids, alkalies
n  Infection- Mucosal disease virus
n  Parasite- Spirocerca lupi
n  Nutritional- Vit. A deficiency

ESOPHAGITIS
n  Congestion
n  Ulcer formation
n  Red streaks of catarrhal inflammation
n  Stenosis due to fibrous nodules or
inflammatory exudate
n  Enlargement of glands

ESOPHAGITIS
n  Congestion, haemorrhage
n  Ulceration
n  Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes
n  Sub-epithelial fibrosis/nodules by Spirocerea

lupi

INGLUVITIS
o  Ingluvitis is the inflammation of crop caused by

fungi and characterized by ulcerative or
diphtheritic lesions

INGLUVITIS
Etiology
n  Candida albicans

n  Monilia albicans

INGLUVITIS
o  Turkis towl like appearance
in crop mucosa
o  Round and raised ulcers
o  In moniliasis, formation of
diphtheritic membrane

INGLUVITIS
n  Necrotic and ulcerative lesions
n  Fibrinous inflammation with infiltration of

mononuclear cells

PATHOLOGY
OF
STOMACH

TYMPANY
o  Tympany is accumulation of gases in rumen

due to failure of eructation as a result of
obstruction or due to excessive production of
gases characterized by distended rumen and
dyspnoea
o  It is also known as bloat

TYMPANY
Etiology
n  Choke of esophagus
n  Sudden change in animal feed with high
content of legumes
n  Excessive lush green fodder

TYMPANY
n  Rumen is distended due to excessive
accumulation of gases (CO2, H2S, CO)
n  Distended rumen compresses diaphragm
to hinder respiration
n  Tarry color blood, pale liver and rupture
of diaphragm
n  On rupture of rumen gas comes out (dry
tympany)

TYMPANY
n  The gas is trapped in small bubbles in the
ruminal fluid forming foams and is not easily
removed
n  This is known as “frothy bloat”, which is
produced by saponin and water soluble
proteins and due to reduction in surface
tension in the absence of fatty acids that
favours froth formation

TYMPANY
n  Hemorrhage in lungs, pericardium, trachea
and lymph nodes
n  Atelectasis

RUMENITIS
o  Rumenitis is the inflammation of rumen in

ruminant animals caused by change in diet,
chemicals or drugs and characterized by
seropurulent exudate or ulcer formation with or
without parakeratosis

RUMENITIS
Etiology
n  Change in diet, corn or alfa-alfa hay
n  Chemicals/drugs e.g. potassium antimony
tarterate
n  Spherophorus necrophorus infection

RUMENITIS
n  Ulcers
n  Spherical white nodules of 1-2 cm diameter
size
n  Sloughing of mucosa

RUMENITIS
n  Seropurulent exudate
n  Ulcers
n  Infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils
n  Fibrous nodules due to hyperplasia of
fibroblasts
n  Parakeratosis
RETICULITIS
o  Reticulitis is the inflammation of reticulum in

ruminant animals caused by trauma/perforation
by foreign body including sharp object like
needles, wires, etc. and characterized by
abscess formation, adhesions, peritonitis and
pericarditis

RETICULITIS
Etiology
n  Foreign body- sharp objects like needles,

wires etc.

RETICULITIS
n  Perforation of reticulum by foreign body.
n  Abscessation/suppuration
n  Peritonitis, adhesions of reticulum with diaphragm
n  Pericarditis due to foreign body (traumatic reticulo
pericarditis)

RETICULITIS
n  Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages,
lymphocytes
n  Proliferation of fibroblasts producing
adhesions
n  Liquifactive necrosis

OMASITIS
o  Omasitis is the inflammation of omasum in

ruminant animals caused by Actinobacillus sp.
and characterized by granulomatous
inflammatory reaction

OMASITIS
Etiology
n  Actinobacillus ligneiresi

OMASITIS
n  Granulomatous nodules in omasum

OMASITIS
n  Typical granuloma formation
n  Sulfur granules of Actinobacillus in the

centre of lesion

ABOMASITIS
o  Abomasitis is the inflammation of abomasum

in ruminants caused by chemicals/drugs,
bacteria, virus or parasites and characterized
by congestion, oedema and/or haemorrhagic
ulcers

ABOMASITIS
Etiology
n  Chemicals/drugs
n  Bacteria e.g. Clostridium septicum cause of
Braxy
n  Virus e.g. Hog cholera, Mucosal disease
n  Parasites e.g. Theileria sp.

ABOMASITIS
n  Presence of ulcers (button ulcers
in Hog cholera)
n  Congestion, oedema of abomasal

folds, haemorrhage in braxy

ABOMASITIS
n  Catarrhal, hemorrhagic abomasits
n  Presence of gram positive rods in case of braxy
n  Neutrophilic and lymphocytic infilteration
n  Congestion and haemorrhages
n  Ulceration with lymphocytic infiltration

IMPACTION OF RUMEN AND RETICULUM
o  Impaction of rumen and reticulum is common

in cattle and buffaloes caused by heavy
carbohydrate diet and characterized by atony of
rumen, indigestion, acidosis and hemorrhage
on serous membranes

Etiology
n  Overfeeding of carbohydrate feed
n  Lack of water
n  Defective teeth or damaged tongue
n  Paralysis of rumen

n  Atony of rumen due to lactic acid
production
n  Rumen is filled with hard, caked
undigested food with foul odour
n  Hemoconcentration, anuria, blood
becomes dark in colour
n  Hemorrhage in lungs
n  Desquamation of ruminal epithelium
n  Lesions of acidosis/toxicosis

GASTRITIS
o  Gastritis is the inflammation of stomach in non-

ruminant animals having simple stomach
caused by chemicals/ drugs, bacteria, virus,
parasite and characterized by congestion,
oedema, haemorrhage and ulceration
o  Inflammation of proventriculus in poultry is

termed as proventriculitis

GASTRITIS
Etiology
n  Physical- overfeeding, trauma
n  Chemicals- Acid/alkali
n  Microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi
n  Parasites e.g. Trichostrongyles sp.,
Hemonchus sp.
n  Uremia

GASTRITIS
n  Congestion, oedema and haemorrhage
of mucosal surface
n  Thick mucous exudate in stomach
n  Presence of vesicles/ ulcers on gastric
mucosa

GASTRITIS
o  Congestion and hemorrhage of gastric mucosa
o  Presence of ulcers/necrosis
o  Infiltration of mononuclear cells
o  Lymphoid hyperplasia

PATHOLOGY
OF
INTESTINES

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS
o  Catarrhal enteritis is characterized by increased

number of goblet cells, congestion and
infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells
in mucosa of intestine

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS
Etiology
n  Physical- Foreign bodies and corase feed
n  Chemical- drugs
n  Microorganisms- E.coli, Salmonella sp.,
viruses
n  Parasites- Coccidia

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS
n  Presence of catarrhal exudate in
lumen of intestine and congestion
n  Thickening of the wall of intestine
n  Presence of parasites
n  Diarrhoea

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS
n  Increased number of
goblet cells in intestinal
villi, reduced length of
villi
n  Congestion
n  Infiltration of
polymorphonuclear and
mononuclear cells

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS

CATARRHAL ENTERITIS

HAEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS
o  Haemorrhagic enteritis is characterized by

inflammation of the intestines along with
haemorrhagic exudate

Etiology
n  Bacteria- E. coli, Bacillus anthracis ,
Salmonella sp.
n  Virus- Coronavirus, BVD, MD, RP
n  Parasites- Coccidia

n  Haemorrhagic exudate in
intestines; blood mixed
intestinal contents.
n  Petechial or echymotic
haemorrhage in mucosa
and submucosa of intestine
n  Presence of erosions/ulcers
in mucosa

n  Haemorrhage in the mucosa of intestine
n  Infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells
n  Erosion or ulcers in intestinal mucosa
n  Presence of coccidia in the mucosa

CHRONIC ENTERITIS
o  Chronic enteritis is the chronic inflammation of

intestine characterized by proliferative changes
like proliferation of fibrous tissue, infiltration of
mononuclear cells and plasma cells in lamina
propria leading to hardening of intestinal wall

CHRONIC ENTERITIS
Etiology
n  Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovines
n  Intestinal helminths
n  E. coli in poultry (Hjarre’s disease)

CHRONIC ENTERITIS
(Corrugations in Johne’s disease)
n  Thick mucous cover over mucosa of
intestine
n  Transverse corrugations in the large
intestine
n  Granulomatous nodules in duodenum
n  Small, round, raised necrotic foci on
serosal surface of intestine covering
whole length of intestine
CHRONIC ENTERITIS
n  Proliferation of fibrous tissue in lamina

propria
n  Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes,

plasma cells
n  Atrophy of intestinal glands

NECROTIC ENTERITIS
o  Necrotic enteritis is characterized by necrosis of

mucosal epithelium of intestine leading to
erosions/ulcer formation and exposition of
underlying tissues

NECROTIC ENTERITIS
Etiology
n  Salmonella
n  Rinderpest, rotavirus, cornovirus, Hog
cholera virus
n  Coccidia, Histoplasma
n  Niacin deficiency
n  Clostridium sp. after coccidial infection in
birds
NECROTIC ENTERITIS
n  Necrotic patches in
intestines
n  Fibrinous deposits over
necrotic patches like bran
deposits
n  Swelling of mesenteric
lymphnodes
n  Ulcers in intestine

NECROTIC ENTERITIS
n  Congestion and infiltration of
mononuclear cells
n  Necrosis and desquamation of intestinal
villus epithelium, leading to exposed
underlying tissue
n  Ulcers in mucosa
n  Proliferation of crypt epithelium,
presence of abnormal epithelium over
villus surface
PARASITIC ENTERITIS
o  Parasitic enteritis is caused by parasites and

characterized by catarrhal and/or haemorrhagic
exudate in intestine, presence of ova/adult
parasite and thickening of the wall of intestine

PARASITIC ENTERITIS
Etiology
n  Helminths
n  Roundworms
n  Tapeworms
n  Protozoa
n  Coccidia
n  Histoplasma

PARASITIC ENTERITIS
n  Presence of parasite helminths in the lumen of
intestine
n  Catarrhal or haemorrhagic exudate in intestine

PARASITIC ENTERITIS
n  Presence of large number of goblet cells in
mucosa of intestine
n  Congestion and/or haemorrhage
n  Presence of parasite/ova in the intestinal
lumen
n  Infiltration of eosinophils in mucosa and
submucosa of the intestines

FIBRINOUS ENTERITIS
o  Fibrinous enteritis is the fibrinous inflammation

of intestine characterized by presence of
fibrinous exudate comprising of
pseudomembrane in the mucosa of intestine

FIBRINOUS ENTERITIS
Etiology
n  Salmonella choleraesuis
n  Spherophorus necrophorus

FIBRINOUS ENTERITIS
n  Presence of diphtheritic
membrane over mucosa of
intestine
n  Button ulcers
n  Sometimes, diphtheritic
membrane covers the faeces

FIBRINOUS ENTERITIS
n  Congestion and haemorrhage in intestine
n  Thickening of intestinal wall due to fibrinous
exudate
n  Fibrin network in mucosa

GRANULOMATOUS ENTERITIS
o  Granulomatous enteritis is caused by bacteria

or fungi and characterized by granuloma
formation in the intestines

Etiology
n  Mycobacterium tuberculosis
n  Coli granuloma- E. coli in poultry (Hjarre’s
disease)
n  Coccidioiodomycosis / candidiasis

n  Granulomatous about cm
diameter elevated/ raised
areas on the serus surface of
intestine
n  Thickening of the wall of
intestine
n  Small, tiny, white necrotic
nodules on serosa
n  Granuloma formation consisting of central
necrosed area covered by lymphocytes,
macrophages, epithelioid cells, giant cells
and fibrous connective tissue
n  Extensive proliferation of fibrus tissue
n  Presence of bacteria / fungus in the lesion

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
o  Obstruction of intestines may occur as a result
of foreign bodyor due to hypermotility of
intestines leading to intussusception, volvulus
or torsion
n  Enterolith
n  Piliconcretions
n  Phytobezoars
n  Polybezoars

o  Enterolith
n  Concretions in intestines
particularly in horses are
responsible for obstruction
of intestinal tract and are
responsible for “colic in
horse” and enterocolitis

o  Piliconcretions
n  Piliconcretions are hair balls mostly found in
stomach/intestines of those animals having habit
of licking
n  This vice is more common in suckling calves and
in animals with pica related to phosphorus
deficiency
n  Hairs are accumulated in rounded shape due to
movements of stomach and look like balls
n  Hair balls are not degradable in gastrointestinal
tract and may cause obstruction
Piliconcretions

o  Phytobezoars/Polybezoars
n  Concretions formed in gastrointestinal tract as a
result of deposition of salts around a nidus of
undigested plants or polythenes
n  They may cause obstruction in gastrointestinal tract

Foreign bodies
n  Foreign bodies like rubber balls, nuts, bones,
stones, plastic and rubber materials,
polythenes may obstruct the intestinal tract
as they are not degradable in the
gastrointestinal tract

Hernia
n  Hernia is presence of intestinal loop in umbilical
area, scrotum or inguinal cavity which causes
passive congestion, oedema and obstruction in
intestines

Intussusception
n  Intussusception is telescoping of intestine means a
portion of intestine enters in caudal segment due to
violent peristaltic movement
n  It causes obstruction, passive congestion and
oedema

Volvulus
o  In volvulus, the loop of intestine passes
through a tear in mesentery
o  It causes obstruction at both ends of loop

Torsion
n  Torsion is twisting of intestine upon itself
causing obstruction

TYPHLITIS
o  Typhlitis is the inflammation of caecum
o  It is particularly important in poultry caused by

protozoan parasites and characterized by
haemorrhage, thickening of the wall, presence
of cheesy exudates and/or necrotic ulcers

TYPHLITIS
Etiology
n  Eimeria tennella
n  Histomonas meleagridis

TYPHLITIS
n  Haemorrhage in caecum, blood mixed contents
n  Thickening of the wall, with congestion and cheesy
exudates
n  Presence of necrotic ulcers in caecum in case of
histomoniasis which is further supported by round,
depressed, yellowish green areas of necrosis in liver

TYPHLITIS
n  Congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis
n  Presence of protozoan parasites
n  Necrotic hepatic lesions

HEPATITIS
o  Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver. It may be

acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis is
characterized by the presence of degeneration
and necrosis of hepatocytes and infiltration of
neutrophils and mononuclear cells along with
hyperemia and/or haemorrhage

HEPATITIS
Etiology
n  Bacteria- Necrobacillosis, Salmonella, E. coli
n  Virus- ICH
n  Chemicals- Carbon tetrachloride
n  Parasites- Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola

hepatica

HEPATITIS
n  Enlargement of liver
n  Congestion and/or haemorrhage
n  Presence of necrotic patches in
liver
n  Presence of fibrinous diphtheritic
membrane on liver

HEPATITIS
n  Cloudy swelling and/or fatty changes in liver
n  Congestion in blood vessels and in sinusoidal
area
n  Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and
lymphocytes
n  Necrosis of hepatic parenchyma

HEPATITIS

HEPATITIS

Acute Toxic Hepatitis
o  In acute toxic hepatitis there is necrosis of
hepatocytes
o  According to location it can be classified
o  Diffuse necrosis covers a considerable area
crossing over the lobular boundaries
o  Focal necrosis occupying only a part of lobule
e.g. EHV induced aborted foetal liver

Acute Toxic Hepatitis
o  Peripheral necrosis is characterized by necrosis at the
periphery of lobule due to presence of strong toxins in
blood
o  Midzonal necrosis have necrosis of cells in midway of
periphery and centre of lobule
o  Centrilobular necrosis is characterized by necrosis of
hepatocytes around the central vein occurs due to
stagnation of blood with toxaemia
o  Paracentral necrosis is characterized by necrosis of
hepatocytes at one side of central vein e.g. Rift valley
fever
CIRRHOSIS
o  Cirrhosis is the chronic inflammation of liver

characterized by extensive fibrosis, hepatic
degeneration and necrosis

CIRRHOSIS
Etiology
n  Bacteria- Salmonella, Spherophorus necrophorous
n  Virus- Infectious canine hepatitis
n  Chemicals- Carbon tetrachloride
n  Parasites- Fasciola hepatica, F. giantica
n  Poisons/toxins- Aflatoxins
n  Once cirrhosis starts, it is not checked even after
removal of the cause as the newly formed fibrous
tissue itself acts as an irritant to cause further
proliferation of fibroblasts
CIRRHOSIS
n  Liver becomes hard and firm
n  Surface of liver becomes
uneven and nodular
n  Size of liver becomes reduced
due to atrophy
n  Colour becomes yellowish, grey
CIRRHOSIS
n  Increase in fibrous tissue
within and around lobules
n  Infiltration of macrophages
and lymphocytes
n  Central vein is either absent
or placed eccentrically

CIRRHOSIS
n  Hepatocytes show degenerative and necrotic
changes
n  Biliary cirrhosis is characterized by
proliferation of fibrous tissue around the bile
ducts encircling them e.g. Fasciola giantica
n  Glissonian cirrhosis is mostly confined to
areas at a short distance beneath the
capsule
CIRRHOSIS
n  Pigment cirrhosis is associated with yellow
discolouration
n  Central or cardiac cirrhosis is increase in fibrous
tissue around the central vein as a result of chronic
passive congestion
n  Parasitic cirrhosis occurs due to damage caused by
migration of parasites e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides,
Schistosoma sp.

CHOLECYSTITIS
o  Inflammation of gall bladder characterized by

congestion, thickening of wall and infiltration of
mononuclear cells
o  Cholangitis is the inflammation of bile duct

CHOLECYSTITIS
Etiology
n  Parasites- Fasciola sp.
n  Foreign body- Stones
n  Bacteria- E. coli

CHOLECYSTITIS
n  Thickening of the wall of gall
bladder
n  On opening of gall bladder,
there may be parasites/
stones/ foreign body
n  Contents of gall bladder may
be watery or thick oily

CHOLECYSTITIS
n  Congestion
n  Proliferation of fibrous tissue in the wall of
gall bladder
n  Infiltration of mononuclear cells
n  Increased number of mucus secreting cells

PANCREATITIS
o  Inflammation of pancreas characterized by

necrosis of pancreatic tissue, infiltration of
neutrophils and mononuclear cells and fibrous
tissue proliferation

PANCREATITIS
Etiology
n  Bacteria
n  Virus- Reovirus in poultry
n  Parasites

PANCREATITIS
n  Pancreas becomes pale, swollen,
oedematous
n  In chronic cases, atrophy of pancreas
n  Pancreas becomes hard, firm, and fibrous

PANCREATITIS
n  Necrosis of pancreatic cells
n  Oedema, infiltration of leucocytes,
haemorrhage
n  Fibrosis characterized by proliferation of
fibroblasts

PATHOLOGY OF PERITONIUM
o  Inflammation of peritoneum characterized by

suppurative, sero-fibrinous or nodular lesions

Etiology
n  Bacteria- Staphylococci, Mycobacterium sp.
n  Virus
n  Neoplasia
n  Parasites

n  Sero fibrinous, fibrinous,
suppurative or granulomatous
lesions
n  Accumulation of clear fluid is
known as Hydroperitoneum or
Ascites
n  P r e s e n c e o f n o d u l e s i n
tuberculosis is also termed as
Pearly disease

n  Serofibrinous,
suppurative or
granulomatous lesions
n  Thickening of
peritoneum, adhesions
due to fibrosis

Digestive System

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PATHOLOGY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan

Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan 3

Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan 5

Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan 6

Systemic Pathology Prof RS Chauhan 7

n Catarrhal: Mucous

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n Vesicular : Vesicles

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o Choke is complete or partial obstruction of

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n Beets, turnip, carrots, bone

n Abscess tumor of neck area

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o Microscopic features

n Necrosis gangrene at a point of obstruction

n Congestion hemorrhage in perforated cases

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o Esophagitis is the inflammation of esophagus

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n Congestion, haemorrhage

n Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes

n Sub-epithelial fibrosis/nodules by Spirocerea

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o Ingluvitis is the inflammation of crop caused by

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n Candida albicans

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n Necrotic and ulcerative lesions

n Fibrinous inflammation with infiltration of

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o Tympany is accumulation of gases in rumen

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o Rumenitis is the inflammation of rumen in

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o Reticulitis is the inflammation of reticulum in

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n Foreign body- sharp objects like needles,

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o Omasitis is the inflammation of omasum in

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n Actinobacillus ligneiresi

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n Granulomatous nodules in omasum

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n  Catarrhal: Mucous

n  Vesicular : Vesicles

o  Choke is complete or partial obstruction of

n  Beets, turnip, carrots, bone

n  Abscess tumor of neck area

o  Microscopic features

n  Necrosis gangrene at a point of obstruction

n  Congestion hemorrhage in perforated cases

o  Esophagitis is the inflammation of esophagus

n  Congestion, haemorrhage

n  Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes

n  Sub-epithelial fibrosis/nodules by Spirocerea

o  Ingluvitis is the inflammation of crop caused by

n  Candida albicans

n  Necrotic and ulcerative lesions

n  Fibrinous inflammation with infiltration of

o  Tympany is accumulation of gases in rumen

o  Rumenitis is the inflammation of rumen in

o  Reticulitis is the inflammation of reticulum in

n  Foreign body- sharp objects like needles,

o  Omasitis is the inflammation of omasum in

n  Actinobacillus ligneiresi

n  Granulomatous nodules in omasum

n  Typical granuloma formation

n  Sulfur granules of Actinobacillus in the

o  Abomasitis is the inflammation of abomasum

n  Congestion, oedema of abomasal

o  Impaction of rumen and reticulum is common

o  Gastritis is the inflammation of stomach in non-

o  Inflammation of proventriculus in poultry is

o  Catarrhal enteritis is characterized by increased

o  Haemorrhagic enteritis is characterized by

o  Chronic enteritis is the chronic inflammation of

n  Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovines

n  Intestinal helminths

n  E. coli in poultry (Hjarre’s disease)

n  Proliferation of fibrous tissue in lamina

n  Infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes,

n  Atrophy of intestinal glands

o  Necrotic enteritis is characterized by necrosis of

o  Parasitic enteritis is caused by parasites and

o  Fibrinous enteritis is the fibrinous inflammation

o  Granulomatous enteritis is caused by bacteria

o  It is particularly important in poultry caused by