LITERATURE SYNTHESIS

1
JOURNAL 1

Author : Anna Felicia

Year : 2018
Article title: Quantitative Study: Assessing Technological Problem Solving and Thinking Skills
Among Primary School Children

Statement of 1. analyze the effect of a robotic program in assessing technological

problem problem-solving among primary school children
2. technological problem-solving as well as visible thinking
activities, had gone through expert validation before the
analytical calculation commenced.
3. Technological Problem Solving Inventory (PSI-TECH) was
utilized to measure the technological problem solving.

2
Purpose / objective To analyze the effect of a robotic program in assessing technological
of the study problem-solving among primary school children

Literature review There were various studies done in the areas of ability between genders
& conceptual in solving problems. The study of D'Zurilla, MaydeuOlivares & Kant
framework of the (1998) also discusses the differences in the ability to solve the problem
study between genders. Women often think they are less technology savvy as
reported in Sawaros & Nathan (2017).
Methodology Design: a qualitative study through survey method.

- Includes study The study population was Indonesian students who studied for at
design least a year at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
, sampling, The study sample consisted of international students of the
instruments, Postgraduate and Doctor of Philosophy programs from the Malay
and methods community (Indonesia, Brunei, Southern Thailand and Malay-
data analysis Singapore).

3
** explain the Researchers used content analysis techniques in data collection. Data
details instrument were obtained as a result of training writing work produced by
research tools used Indonesian students to identify weaknesses and errors in their
writing.

Results / There are three aspects of the findings from the results of this study:
findings research
1. Language errors in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics.

-Error grammar yang detected is error from morphological aspects

such as sentence conjunction errors (conjunctions and conjunctions
name),
-Syntactic errors (sentence construction i.e. compound sentence
construction errors and subject abortion in the sentence),
-Semantic errors (word selection errors in sentences).
2. Factors of language errors committed by students.

-Lack of knowledge of the speaker and a speaker's confusion on the

difference between the use of the speaker's language and the second
language learned.
-Lack of reading scientific reading material to increase vocabulary and
vocabulary in Malay.
-Among Indonesian students, there is grammatical confusion because
there are some words from Indonesian that also exist in Malay.

Discussion / There are differences that confuse language users Malay and Indonesian
implications because these two languages are variations of the same language, namely
research Malay. Furthermore, both language already experience change and
progress
which is linguistically distinctive.

4
5
 Second language speakers rely heavily on the wisdom and creativity of
instructors in planning and implementing their lesson plans.

Comments / This study examines the grammatical errors of the Malay language in
comments the writing of essays by non -native speakers. Indeed be found error
from face morphology, syntax and semantics.
Therefore, it is important for all students to expand their academic
reading on the Malay language. The technique and wisdom of
teachers in teaching Malay to second language speakers needs to be
improved.

6
JOURNAL 2

Author: Stanislaw Schukajlow, Kay Achmetli

Year 201 7
Article title: Multiple solutions for real-world problems, and students' enjoyment and boredom

Statement of 1. Emotions are important for learning. In a previous study, we

problem found that students who constructed more solutions for real-word
problems with vague conditions reported higher enjoyment and
lower boredom (Schukajlow & Rakoczy, 2016).
2. In the present study, we had students construct multiple solutions
by applying multiple mathematical procedures to real-world
problems, and we investigated effects on the enjoyment and
boredom. 307 students were assigned to the experimental or
control group.
3. Students in the experimental group applied two mathematical
procedures, and students in the control group applied one
mathematical procedure to solve real-world problems. During the
lessons, they were asked to report their enjoyment and boredom.
4. Contrary to our expectations, the results revealed no effects of the
intervention on students' enjoyment or boredom.

7
Purpose / objective To maintain comparability between the conditions, the same order was
of the study implemented for all three treatment conditions. In the first lesson, the
teacher demonstrated how real-world problems could affect things.

This study was conducted at a Tamil National Type School located in

Serdang, Seri Kembangan Selangor near Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang Campus.
Methodology
The study was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively.

The study sample was 50 students consisting of 29 people student

women and 21 people student man (Year students 5).
The observation method was used in the study (direct observation).
Tests in written form were conducted for the data analysis process.
Phonetic data were obtained through the Pronunciation Test which
consisted of two recording sessions.
Data analysis in this study was done based on Theory Analysis
Corder (1973) according to four category language errors that have
been listed.

Results / Divided into two, namely the findings for the prefix reward and suffix
findings research reward:
1. Prefix adjustment
-Based TheoryAnalysisErrorCorder ( 1973), error most
a lot done is addition element

8
9
 which is unnecessary i.e. as many as 60% of students commit
offenses. Error in incorrect element selection on stage yang simple
that is 33% error and error in abortion of necessary elements at a low
level of 7% error.
2. Suffix adjustment

-Most students make mistakes in the selection of incorrect elements

which is 69% of the mistakes, addition element yang no need be at
stage simple that is 25% error and abortion element yang need is at a
low level that is 6%.

Discussion / Based on the observations conducted, the students did not understand
implications the questions posed and were not accustomed to using remuneration
research at home and school.
The use of Malay language at home and school is very important in
mastery language Malay because the environment plays a very
important role in learning a second language. Evidenced in the study
of Chew Fong Peng (2016).

Comments / This study shows that there are errors in the use of remuneration
comments prefix and suffix in language Malay. The most common mistake
made is the addition of unnecessary elements in the formation words.
The teaching and learning of Malay language in primary schools
needs to be improved so that students learn Malay well and play a
role. yang important in fertilization interest read
among the pupils in addition correct

10
language mistakes made by students who make Malay their second
language.

11
JOURNAL 3

Author : Rustam E. Simamora 1*, Sahat Saragih 1,

Hasratuddin 1

Year 201 9
Article Title: Improving Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Ability and Self-Efficacy
through Guided Discovery Learning in Local Culture Context

Statement of 1. Qualified learning materials is needed in the efforts to improve

problem the quality of teaching-learning mathematics.
2. Qualified learning materials can be obtained through
development research.
3. Learning materials in this study were learning materials that were
developed based on guided discovery learning model. The
learning materials was also developed by integrating local culture
into a guided learning model.
4. The local culture in this study was adapted to the local culture of
the students, namely the Batak Toba.
5. Learning materials in this study were developed using the
development model of Thiagarajan et al. (1974).
6. The result of second trial showed that learning materials based
guided discovery learning with Batak Toba context improved
students' mathematical problem solving ability and self-efficacy
significantly.
7. Based on the results of the study, it was suggested that
mathematics teachers make an effort qualified learning materials
and integrate local culture in mathematics learning.
Purpose / objective This study was conducted to identify the level of Malay speaking skills
of the study among non -native speaking students in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SJK)
Kuantan District.

12
Methodology cross-sectional survey design (Noraini 2013; Fraenkel and Wallen,
2007).
- Includes study
The findings of the study are presented using descriptive statistics
design
and processed using IBMSPSS Version 23.
, sampling,
A total of 414 respondents sat for the UPBM_SR Speaking Test
instruments,
(determining the level of Malay language proficiency). Respondents
and
in the study are from the population of non -native speakers level 2 in
SJK District Kuantan, Pahang.
analytical
Samples were obtained by selecting strata from the population based
methods data
on systematic random sampling.
Data were collected only once from samples and cross -sectional
methods selected for allows data collected in a way directly from the
study subject (Creswell 2008).
Instruments The test Speak UPBM_SR through five rank, namely test
preparation, inspection and measurement, test analysis, interpretation
and action follow -up.

Results / The UPBM_SR Speaking Test Score obtained by the respondents was
findings research improved using the UPBM_SR Score Level to determine the level. Level
1 is the lowest level, while level 8 is the highest level.
The overall findings show that 55.7 % of the students are at the level less
eloquent (Stage 1 - 3). As much as 39.6% got intermediate level (Level 4-
5) and only 4.5% got fluent level (Level 6-7) No respondents reached the
Most Fluent level (Level 8) in District SJK Kuantan.
The level of mastery of Malay language skills of non -native speaking
students in SJK Daerah Kuantan is still at a moderate level.

13
14
Discussion / Non-native speakers in SJK speak very little Malay in life and are
implications exposed to their mother tongue in school every day. Lack of speaking the
research language causes a lack hair said and face problem from face
pronunciation. Tools articulation para student yang get used to by
mention mother tongue causes them to suffer from congenital disorders
of the language first.

Comments / Non -native speakers need to be accustomed to speaking Malay

comments informally at school or at home.
Active indirect interaction with the outside world greatly encourages
speech sessions and stimulates the process of high achievement in
speaking skills.
Integrated efforts from all parties are needed.

15
JOURNAL 4

Author : Masila Alias Year 2018

Article Title: A Novel Approach in Problem-Solving Skills Using Flipped Classroom Technique

Statement of 1. This quasi-experimental research aimed to determine the effectiveness of

problem flipped classroom (FC) in improving problem solving skills (PSS).
2. 120 secondary school science stream students were involved in this study.
3. Pre- and post-PSS questionnaire were used as instruments and data were
analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
4. One-way ANOVA revealed that the mean difference between the study
and control groups was 2.14, 2.68 and 0.58, P <0.05. MANOVA analysis
showed that there was an increase in sub-PSS, while Factorial MANOVA
showed significant main and interactions effects.
5. This proved that the FC approach had succeeded in improving PSS.
Therefore, the MOE needs to provide professional training to teachers,
school administrators need to reward the teachers, teachers need to
sacrifice their time and money, parents need to give their trust and finally,
students need to change their “spoon-feed” attitude to progress towards
independent-learning. Problem-based learning needs to be integrated with
FC.

16
Purpose / objective This study was conducted to:
of the study
1. Review and identify some aspects of misuse language yang used on
board sign business premises.
2. Collect and analyze data on the frequency and percentage of errors in
the use of language in certain aspects and correct the errors in
accordance with the rules grammar.

Methodology This study uses observation and interview methods with business
premise owners, business premise employees and the general public.
Interview questions were processed by selected researchers. The
interview method was to survey the extent of the respondents'
knowledge of language use Malays in place public.
Data collection was done by recording data directly at the study
location. The study location is Kuala Terengganu City.
Level use BM measured based on three scale evaluation according to
the level of priority, i.e. (i) prioritize (ii) under -prioritize (iii) do not
prioritize.
The level of grammatical compliance is measured based on correct
and accurate usage according to the Grammar of the Hall and its
measurement is shown through two scales of comparison, namely (i)
compliant and (ii) non -compliant. In determining the level of
compliance, six aspects of grammar were analyzed, namely (i) usage
structure phrase or sentence, (ii) use spelling, (iii)
word choice, (iv) use of adjectives, (v)

17
18
 use of punctuation and (vi) use of mixed
language (rojak).

Results / From 10 fruit premise business yang covers various types of

findings research business, 30% prefer the use of Malay language, 20% do not
prefer Malay language and 50% do not prefer Malay language.
The level of use of the Malay language is at an unsatisfactory
level.
The types of grammatical errors are, the use of local dialect,
namely the Terengganu state dialect, usage language English
completely, error spelling, morphological errors (use of adjectives
and special nouns), phrase errors and use of mixed language
(rojak language).

Discussion / During the study to examine the use of spelling on business

implications premises signboards, it was found that the attitude of some traders
research who ignored the rules set by the Terengganu state government
caused the use of Malay language on business premises
signboards has not reached a satisfactory level.
The attitude of traders, fond or accustomed to use abbreviations
and simple language in the naming of their business premises to
attract the attention of the audience who read it.
This study is important to the author of the ad or signboard for
produce more a lot again advertising and board sign
quality Malay language.

19
 Through the study, the public is exposed to the aspects of
language offenses and pollution found on the nameplates of
business premises that continue to occur around them.

Comments / Enforcement of laws and regulations already enshrined in the By-

comments Laws related to the use of the Malay language in each Area
administration and state.
Language officer positions can be created in each of its
administrative areas. This officer is responsible for providing
advisory services and performing enforcement and monitoring
duties in ensuring the correct use of the Malay language.
Awareness campaigns such as "Cintailah Bahasa Kita" should be
implemented from time to time in collaboration with Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.

20
JOURNAL 5

Author : Salinah Katarina, Gvozdic

Emmanuel Sander

Year 201 9
Article Title: Learning to be an opportunistic word problem solver: going beyond informal solving
strategies

Statement of 1. Title or subject matter studied. A study on aspects of language

problem errors among students of Yunnan University of Nationalities
(YUN), China, particularly from the aspects of morphology,
syntax and mechanical.
2. Problems studied. Basic Malay language proficiency is often a
problem in the teaching process and learning among students
Yunnan.
3. Evidence to justify the selection of the research problem, ie
evidence based on works or literature or evidence from practical
experiences. Research on the aspects of grammar in the teaching
and learning of Malay language is done by many language
scholars such as Zaharani Ahmad and Nor Hashimah | Jalaluddin
(2010), Zaharani Ahmad | et al. (2011), Nor Eliza and Mohd
Shahrizal Nasir (2014), Norsimah Awal, Nadzrah Abu Bakar and
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin (2012), Ramli Salleh (2006), and
Zulkifley Hamid (2006).
4. Lack of evidence related to the matter became the focus research
that is the evidence yang ready there is what what is left or what
still needs to be known more. A study of aspects of word
formation and
Malay grammar is much carried out but studies

21
 on the study of aspects of language errors committed by students
is poorly conducted.
5. The target of research, which is how actions to address what needs
to be known can help researchers, educators, planners and other
interested groups. The analysis of the study is important to see the
shortcomings and advantages in realizing the aspects of teaching
and learning the Malay language and find solutions to overcome
the language problems shown by students.

Purpose / objective This study analyzes the level of Malay language proficiency of YUN
of the study students by focusing on aspects of morphology, syntax, and also
mechanical errors.

Methodology A total of 39 students took the JBED 1108 Writing course.

The study utilized the examination answer script as study material
(Part B only).
Part B is a 500 -word essay section. Essays are examined taking into
account the content of the essay, the correct use of language and the
correct use of punctuation.
Analysis is done based on assessment and level of achievement.

Results / Students who get 0-10 marks are 7 people students (18%), marks 11-
findings research 20 marks is as much as 21
students (54%), and a total of 21-30 marks 11

students (28%)

22
 Students from China who study Malay as a second language face
problems not only in morphological aspects, but also syntactic and
mechanical errors.

Discussion / The aspect of language error is an aspect that should not be set aside
implications in teaching and learning language, especially language Malay.
research Second language users need to understand aspects of grammar clearly
to ensure that they can master and use the language learned
accurately.

Comments / The use of accurate and correct language is necessary to ensure that
comments everyone who uses the Malay language can master the Malay
language well.
Teaching measures and methods need to be coordinated and modified
so that the process of language learning and teaching Malay can be
implemented with perfect.

23
JOURNAL 6

Author : Matthias Böckmann and

Stanislaw Schukajlow

Year : 2018
Article title: Value Of Pictures In Modeling Problems From The Students' Perspective

Statement of 1. Pictures are an important part of human life, and they often
problem accompany modeling problems.
2. In the present study, we investigated whether the extent to
which students believe pictures are valuable for understanding
modeling problems differs for decorative, representational, and
essential pictures.
3. 217 ninth and tenth graders from nine German middle-track
classes were randomly assigned to three groups.
4. One group reported the picture-specific utility value of
decorative pictures, whereas two other groups reported the utility
value of representational pictures and essential pictures,
respectively.
5. Students' picture-specific utility value ratings were higher for
essential pictures and representational pictures than for decorative
pictures, and their utility value ratings were higher for essential
pictures than for representational pictures

24
Purpose / objective To analyze the effect of a robotic program in assessing technological
of the study problem-solving among primary school children

Literature review There were various studies done in the areas of ability between genders
& conceptual in solving problems. The study of D'Zurilla, MaydeuOlivares & Kant
framework of the (1998) also discusses the differences in the ability to solve the problem
study between genders. Women often think they are less technology savvy as
reported in Sawaros & Nathan (2017).
Methodology Design: a qualitative study through survey method.

- Includes study The study population was Indonesian students who studied for at
design least a year at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).
, sampling, The study sample consisted of international students of the
instruments, Postgraduate and Doctor of Philosophy programs from the Malay
and methods community (Indonesia, Brunei, Southern Thailand and Malay-
data analysis Singapore).

25
** explain the Researchers used content analysis techniques in data collection. Data
details instrument were obtained as a result of training writing work produced by
research tools used Indonesian students to identify weaknesses and errors in their
writing.

Results / There are three aspects of the findings from the results of this study:
findings research
3. Language errors in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics.

-Error grammar yang detected is error from morphological aspects

such as sentence conjunction errors (conjunctions and conjunctions
name),
-Syntactic errors (sentence construction i.e. compound sentence
construction errors and subject abortion in the sentence),
-Semantic errors (word selection errors in sentences).
4. Factors of language errors committed by students.

-Lack of knowledge of the speaker and a speaker's confusion on the

difference between the use of the speaker's language and the second
language learned.
-Lack of reading scientific reading material to increase vocabulary and
vocabulary in Malay.
-Among Indonesian students, there is grammatical confusion because
there are some words from Indonesian that also exist in Malay.

Discussion / There are differences that confuse language users Malay and Indonesian
implications because these two languages are variations of the same language, namely
research Malay. Furthermore, both language already experience change and
progress
which is linguistically distinctive.

26
27
 Second language speakers rely heavily on the wisdom and creativity of
instructors in planning and implementing their lesson plans.

Comments / This study examines the grammatical errors of the Malay language in
comments the writing of essays by non -native speakers. Indeed be found error
from face morphology, syntax and semantics.
Therefore, it is important for all students to expand their academic
reading on the Malay language. The technique and wisdom of
teachers in teaching Malay to second language speakers needs to be
improved.

28
JOURNAL 7

Author: Yap Ji Lin, Siti Rahaimah Ali

Year 201 8
Article title: The Effectiveness of the Bar Model Approach in Solving Sentenced Mathematical
Problems of Subtracting Year Four Operations

Statement of 1. This action research was conducted to review the

problem implementation of the bar model method approach in solving the
problem of subtraction operation sentence among Year Four
students in the district of Seremban, Negeri Sembilan in solving
the problem of subtraction operation.
2. The objective of this study is to identify the implementation of
bar model method in improving student achievement in solving
sentence problems Mathematics subtraction operations and the
extent to which the bar model method increases students' interest
in answering sentence problem solving questions Mathematics
subtraction operations. The methodology of this study uses action
research that applies the model of Kemmis & Mctaggart (1988).
3. The approach used in this study is Pre Test, Post Test 1 and Post
Test 2 are used to compare the achievement of students before and
after being taught the bar model approach.
4. Questionnaires were also used to find out the feelings and level
of interest of students towards the use of the bar model method.
5. The findings of the study showed that 100% succeeded in
reaching the minimum level in Post Test 2.
6. The level of students' interest in the bar model method increased
by more than 50% in terms of understanding and application of the
bar model method

29
Purpose / objective To maintain comparability between the conditions, the same order was
of the study implemented for all three treatment conditions. In the first lesson, the
teacher demonstrated how real-world problems could affect things.

This study was conducted at a Tamil National Type School located in

Serdang, Seri Kembangan Selangor near Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang Campus.
Methodology
The study was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively.

The study sample was 50 students consisting of 29 people student

women and 21 people student man (Year students 5).
The observation method was used in the study (direct observation).
Tests in written form were conducted for the data analysis process.
Phonetic data were obtained through the Pronunciation Test which
consisted of two recording sessions.
Data analysis in this study was done based on Theory Analysis
Corder (1973) according to four category language errors that have
been listed.

Results / Divided into two, namely the findings for the prefix reward and suffix
findings research reward:
1. Prefix adjustment
-Based TheoryAnalysisErrorCorder ( 1973), error most
a lot done is addition element

30
31
 which is unnecessary i.e. as many as 60% of students commit
offenses. Error in incorrect element selection on stage yang simple
that is 33% error and error in abortion of necessary elements at a low
level of 7% error.
2. Suffix adjustment

-Most students make mistakes in the selection of incorrect elements

which is 69% of the mistakes, addition element yang no need be at
stage simple that is 25% error and abortion element yang need is at a
low level that is 6%.

Discussion / Based on the observations conducted, the students did not understand
implications the questions posed and were not accustomed to using remuneration
research at home and school.
The use of Malay language at home and school is very important in
mastery language Malay because the environment plays a very
important role in learning a second language. Evidenced in the study
of Chew Fong Peng (2016).

Comments / This study shows that there are errors in the use of remuneration
comments prefix and suffix in language Malay. The most common mistake
made is the addition of unnecessary elements in the formation words.
The teaching and learning of Malay language in primary schools
needs to be improved so that students learn Malay well and play a
role. yang important in fertilization interest read
among the pupils in addition correct

32
language mistakes made by students who make Malay their second
language.

33
JOURNAL 9

Author : Hardi Tambunan

Year 2019
Article Title: The Effectiveness of the Problem Solving Strategy and the Scientific Approach to
Students' Mathematical Capabilities in High Order Thinking Skills

Statement of 1. The purpose of this study was to find out more effective
problem teaching among problem solving strategy with a scientific
approach to students' mathematical abilities in high order thinking
skills.
2. This quasi experimental study used non-equivalent pretest-
posttest control group design.
3. The experimental group was students who were taught with
problem solving strategy, and the control group was students who
were taught with the scientific approach.
4. The number of participants for the experimental group, n =
138, and for the control group, n = 139 from the 10th grade of
public and private high schools in Medan-Indonesia.
5. Based on the hypothesis testing of the study, the results showed
that learning through problem solving strategy was more effective
than the scientific approach to students' mathematical abilities in
communication, creativity, problem solving, and mathematical
reasoning.

Purpose / objective This study was conducted to identify the level of Malay speaking skills
of the study among non -native speaking students in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SJK)
Kuantan District.

34
Methodology cross-sectional survey design (Noraini 2013; Fraenkel and Wallen,
2007).
- Includes study
The findings of the study are presented using descriptive statistics
design
and processed using IBMSPSS Version 23.
, sampling,
A total of 414 respondents sat for the UPBM_SR Speaking Test
instruments,
(determining the level of Malay language proficiency). Respondents
and
in the study are from the population of non -native speakers level 2 in
SJK District Kuantan, Pahang.
analytical
Samples were obtained by selecting strata from the population based
methods data
on systematic random sampling.
Data were collected only once from samples and cross -sectional
methods selected for allows data collected in a way directly from the
study subject (Creswell 2008).
Instruments The test Speak UPBM_SR through five rank, namely test
preparation, inspection and measurement, test analysis, interpretation
and action follow -up.

Results / The UPBM_SR Speaking Test Score obtained by the respondents was
findings research improved using the UPBM_SR Score Level to determine the level. Level
1 is the lowest level, while level 8 is the highest level.
The overall findings show that 55.7 % of the students are at the level less
eloquent (Stage 1 - 3). As much as 39.6% got intermediate level (Level 4-
5) and only 4.5% got fluent level (Level 6-7) No respondents reached the
Most Fluent level (Level 8) in District SJK Kuantan.
The level of mastery of Malay language skills of non -native speaking
students in SJK Daerah Kuantan is still at a moderate level.

35
36
Discussion / Non-native speakers in SJK speak very little Malay in life and are
implications exposed to their mother tongue in school every day. Lack of speaking the
research language causes a lack hair said and face problem from face
pronunciation. Tools articulation para student yang get used to by
mention mother tongue causes them to suffer from congenital disorders
of the language first.

Comments / Non -native speakers need to be accustomed to speaking Malay

comments informally at school or at home.
Active indirect interaction with the outside world greatly encourages
speech sessions and stimulates the process of high achievement in
speaking skills.
Integrated efforts from all parties are needed.

37
JOURNAL 10

Author : Masila Alias Year 2018

Article Title: A Novel Approach in Problem-Solving Skills Using Flipped Classroom Technique

Statement of 6. This quasi-experimental research aimed to determine the effectiveness of

problem flipped classroom (FC) in improving problem solving skills (PSS).
7. 120 secondary school science stream students were involved in this study.
8. Pre- and post-PSS questionnaire were used as instruments and data were
analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
9. One-way ANOVA revealed that the mean difference between the study
and control groups was 2.14, 2.68 and 0.58, P <0.05. MANOVA analysis
showed that there was an increase in sub-PSS, while Factorial MANOVA
showed significant main and interactions effects.
10. This proved that the FC approach had succeeded in improving PSS.
Therefore, the MOE needs to provide professional training to teachers,
school administrators need to reward the teachers, teachers need to
sacrifice their time and money, parents need to give their trust and finally,
students need to change their “spoon-feed” attitude to progress towards
independent-learning. Problem-based learning needs to be integrated with
FC.

38
Purpose / objective This study was conducted to:
of the study
3. Review and identify some aspects of misuse language yang used on
board sign business premises.
4. Collect and analyze data on the frequency and percentage of errors in
the use of language in certain aspects and correct the errors in
accordance with the rules grammar.

Methodology This study uses observation and interview methods with business
premise owners, business premise employees and the general public.
Interview questions were processed by selected researchers. The
interview method was to survey the extent of the respondents'
knowledge of language use Malays in place public.
Data collection was done by recording data directly at the study
location. The study location is Kuala Terengganu City.
Level use BM measured based on three scale evaluation according to
the level of priority, i.e. (i) prioritize (ii) under -prioritize (iii) do not
prioritize.
The level of grammatical compliance is measured based on correct
and accurate usage according to the Grammar of the Hall and its
measurement is shown through two scales of comparison, namely (i)
compliant and (ii) non -compliant. In determining the level of
compliance, six aspects of grammar were analyzed, namely (i) usage
structure phrase or sentence, (ii) use spelling, (iii)
word choice, (iv) use of adjectives, (v)

39
40
 use of punctuation and (vi) use of mixed language (rojak).

Results / From 10 fruit premise business yang covers various types of

findings research business, 30% prefer the use of Malay language, 20% do not
prefer Malay language and 50% do not prefer Malay language.
The level of use of the Malay language is at an unsatisfactory
level.
The types of grammatical errors are, the use of local dialect,
namely the Terengganu state dialect, usage language English
completely, error spelling, morphological errors (use of adjectives
and special nouns), phrase errors and use of mixed language
(rojak language).

Discussion / During the study to examine the use of spelling on business

implications premises signboards, it was found that the attitude of some traders
research who ignored the rules set by the Terengganu state government
caused the use of Malay language on business premises
signboards has not reached a satisfactory level.
The attitude of traders, fond or accustomed to use abbreviations
and simple language in the naming of their business premises to
attract the attention of the audience who read it.
This study is important to the author of the ad or signboard for
produce more a lot again advertising and board sign
quality Malay language.

41
 Through the study, the public is exposed to the aspects of
language offenses and pollution found on the nameplates of
business premises that continue to occur around them.

Comments / Enforcement of laws and regulations already enshrined in the By-

comments Laws related to the use of the Malay language in each Area
administration and state.
Language officer positions can be created in each of its
administrative areas. This officer is responsible for providing
advisory services and performing enforcement and monitoring
duties in ensuring the correct use of the Malay language.
Awareness campaigns such as "Cintailah Bahasa Kita" should be
implemented from time to time in collaboration with Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.

42
LITERATURE SYNTHESIS:

Based on all five research yang already discussed at above (Zaliza Mohamad Nasir
2017), (Amirra Shazreena Aminul Razin, Vijayaletchumy Subramaniam 2019), (Nora'Azian
Nahar, Fadzilah Abd. Rahman 2018), (Masitah Muhammadin, Rohaidah Kamaruddin 2018) and
(Salinah Jaafar, Rohaidah Haron 2016), studies this discusses the use and skills in the Malay
language. Four of these five studies focus more on the influence of Malay speakers as a second
language that contributes to problems in using Malay correctly. One of the five studies is related
to grammatical errors in Malay committed by the Malay -speaking community as a first language
and also the community that uses Malay as a language. second.

Literature Review 1

Based on the first literature review by Zaliza (2017), in her study entitled 'Malay
Grammatical Errors in Student Essay Writing', analyzed the forms of errors (morphology, syntax,
semantics, language error factors) through essays produced by students -Indonesian students
yang to follow subject Language Malaysia Writing Scientific at UTM Johor Bahru. There are
differences that confuse Malay and Indonesian users because two language this is variation from
language yang same that is Malay. Strings that, both language already experience change and
distinctive development in linguistic terms. Therefore, second language speakers are highly
dependent on the wisdom and creativity of instructors in planning and implementing lesson
plans. Confusion that occurs in learning a language can be overcome with reinforcement
activities. This is because reinforcement activities can familiarize students with learning a new
language through a process of repetition.
43
Literature Review 2

Based on a second literature review by Amirra et al. (2019), in his study entitled ‘Misuse
of Prefix and Suffix Remuneration among Tamil National Type School Pupils Based on Corder
Error Analysis Theory (1973)’, studied on prefix and suffix remuneration errors among pupils in
Tamil National Type Schools. A study conducted in one of the schools located in Serdang, Seri
Kembangan Selangor found that the most common misuse of prefixes and suffixes was the
addition of element yang no need (60%) as well as election element yang no Exactly (69%). This
means that the problem of the use of prefix and suffix rewards exists among students in Tamil
National Type Schools. The study also found that students did not understand the questions
posed and were not accustomed to using remuneration at home and school. The teaching and
learning of the Malay language in primary schools should be given attention so that students can
learn the Malay language well. The use of Malay language at home and school is very important
in mastering the Malay language because the environment plays an important role in learning a
second language (Chew Fong Peng, 2016).

Literature Review 3

Nora'Azian et al. (2018) in his study entitled 'Level of Mastery of Malay Speaking Skills
Among Non -Native Speaking Students' studied the level of Malay speaking skills among non -
native speaking students in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SJK) Kuantan District. Studies that use
method collection data in a way quantitative this found that 55.7% students be on stage less
eloquent and nothing student yang reach stage most eloquent. Level mastery skills speak
language Malay student not speaker natif at The SJK is still at a moderate level. Pupils do not
speak Malay in daily life. They are more exposed to their mother tongue at school. Factors of
lack of speaking use of language Malay

44
causing a lack of vocabulary and having problems in terms of pronunciation. The articulation
tools of the students who are accustomed to the pronunciation of their mother tongue cause them
to experience congenital disorders of the first language. Students who are not native speakers
need to be accustomed to speaking Malay informally at school or at home.

Literature Review 4

Based on a study entitled 'The Use of Malay Language on the Name Board of Business
Premises Around Kuala Terengganu City' by Masitah et al. (2018), study about aspect error use
language yang used on the nameplate of business premises as well as analyzing data on the
frequency and percentage of language usage errors in certain aspects as well as correcting such
errors according to grammatical rules. The findings of the study found that 30% of business
premises prioritize the use of Malay language, 20% do not prioritize Malay language and 50% do
not prioritize Malay language. The types of grammatical errors are the use of local dialect,
namely Terengganu state dialect, full use of English, spelling errors, morphological errors (use of
adjectives and special nouns), phrase errors and use of mixed language (rojak language). The
study that has been conducted is important to all parties, especially the writers of advertisements
or signboards to produce more advertisements and signboards that use the Malay language with
quality. In addition, through the study, it is hoped that the public will be more exposed to the
aspects of errors and language pollution found on the nameplates of business premises that
continue to occur around them.

Literature Review 5

Based on a study by Salinah et al. (2016) entitled ‘Malay Language Errors Among
Yunnan National University Students In The Academy Of Malay Studies’ analyzed the level of
Malay language proficiency of students-

45
students Yunnan University of Nationalities (YUN), China in particular from aspect morphology,
syntax and mechanical. Through analysis yang done based on assessment and achievement level,
students from country China yang study language Malay as the second language faces problems
not only in the morphological aspect, but also the syntactic and mechanical aspect errors. The
findings of this study show that the steps and methods of teaching need to be coordinated and
modified so that the process of learning and teaching the Malay language can be implemented
properly. In addition that, users language second need understand aspect grammar by clear to
ensure them can master and use language yang studied exactly. This is because the aspect of
grammar is an aspect that cannot be ignored in the teaching and learning of language, especially
language Malay.

Literature Review 6

Based on the first literature review by Zaliza (2017), in her study entitled 'Malay
Grammatical Errors in Student Essay Writing', analyzed the forms of errors (morphology, syntax,
semantics, language error factors) through essays produced by students -Indonesian students
yang to follow subject Language Malaysia Writing Scientific at UTM Johor Bahru. There are
differences that confuse Malay and Indonesian users because two language this is variation from
language yang same that is Malay. Strings that, both language already experience change and
distinctive development in linguistic terms. Therefore, second language speakers are highly
dependent on the wisdom and creativity of instructors in planning and implementing lesson
plans. Confusion that occurs in learning a language can be overcome with reinforcement
activities. This is because reinforcement activities can familiarize students with learning a new
language through a process of repetition.

46
Literature Review 7

Based on a second literature review by Amirra et al. (2019), in his study entitled ‘Misuse
of Prefix and Suffix Remuneration among Tamil National Type School Pupils Based on Corder
Error Analysis Theory (1973)’, studied on prefix and suffix remuneration errors among pupils in
Tamil National Type Schools. A study conducted in one of the schools located in Serdang, Seri
Kembangan Selangor found that the most common misuse of prefixes and suffixes was the
addition of element yang no need (60%) as well as election element yang no Exactly (69%). This
means that the problem of the use of prefix and suffix rewards exists among students in Tamil
National Type Schools. The study also found that students did not understand the questions
posed and were not accustomed to using remuneration at home and school. The teaching and
learning of the Malay language in primary schools should be given attention so that students can
learn the Malay language well. The use of Malay language at home and school is very important
in mastering the Malay language because the environment plays an important role in learning a
second language (Chew Fong Peng, 2016).

Literature Review 8

Nora'Azian et al. (2018) in his study entitled 'Level of Mastery of Malay Speaking Skills
Among Non -Native Speaking Students' studied the level of Malay speaking skills among non -
native speaking students in Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (SJK) Kuantan District. Studies that use
method collection data in a way quantitative this found that 55.7% students be on stage less
eloquent and nothing student yang reach stage most eloquent. Level mastery skills speak
language Malay student not speaker natif at The SJK is still at a moderate level. Pupils do not
speak Malay in daily life. They are more exposed to their mother tongue at school. Factors of
lack of speaking use of language Malay

47
causing a lack of vocabulary and having problems in terms of pronunciation. The articulation
tools of the students who are accustomed to the pronunciation of their mother tongue cause them
to experience congenital disorders of the first language. Students who are not native speakers
need to be accustomed to speaking Malay informally at school or at home.

Literature Review 9

Based on a study entitled 'The Use of Malay Language on the Name Board of Business
Premises Around Kuala Terengganu City' by Masitah et al. (2018), study about aspect error use
language yang used on the nameplate of business premises as well as analyzing data on the
frequency and percentage of language usage errors in certain aspects as well as correcting such
errors according to grammatical rules. The findings of the study found that 30% of business
premises prioritize the use of Malay language, 20% do not prioritize Malay language and 50% do
not prioritize Malay language. The types of grammatical errors are the use of local dialect,
namely Terengganu state dialect, full use of English, spelling errors, morphological errors (use of
adjectives and special nouns), phrase errors and use of mixed language (rojak language). The
study that has been conducted is important to all parties, especially the writers of advertisements
or signboards to produce more advertisements and signboards that use the Malay language with
quality. In addition, through the study, it is hoped that the public will be more exposed to the
aspects of errors and language pollution found on the nameplates of business premises that
continue to occur around them.

Literature Review 10

Based on a study by Salinah et al. (2016) entitled ‘Malay Language Errors Among
Yunnan National University Students In The Academy Of Malay Studies’ analyzed the level of
Malay language proficiency of students-

48
students Yunnan University of Nationalities (YUN), China in particular from aspect morphology,
syntax and mechanical. Through analysis yang done based on assessment and achievement level,
students from country China yang study language Malay as the second language faces problems
not only in the morphological aspect, but also the syntactic and mechanical aspect errors. The
findings of this study show that the steps and teaching methods need to be coordinated and
modified so that the process of learning and teaching the Malay language can be implemented
properly. In addition that, users language second need understand aspect grammar by clear to
ensure them can master and use language yang studied exactly. This is because the aspect of
grammar is an aspect that cannot be ignored in the teaching and learning of language, especially
language Malay.

SYNTHESIS FORMULA LITERATURE

Through these past five studies, a number of proposed solutions have been found. Among
the solutions to the problems faced by speakers of Malay as a second language is the processing
of teaching and learning techniques language Malay yang more creative and wise agar para
speaker Malay as a second language can speak and understand the grammatical aspects of Malay
by more effective. At side that, education since at The bench school plays a very important role.
Active indirect interaction with the outside world greatly encourages speech sessions and
stimulates the process of high achievement in Malay speaking skills. Students and the
community need to expand their scholarly reading on the Malay language in order to increase
their knowledge and get closer to the language Malay.

The proposed solution to the problem of Malay grammar usage errors is an awareness
campaign such as "Cintailah Bahasa Kita". This campaign is necessary implemented from during
ke during by cooperation and monitoring on behalf of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. In addition,
the creation of language officer posts in each administrative area. This officer is responsible for
providing advisory services and performing enforcement and monitoring duties in ensuring the
correct use of the Malay language. Generally, attitude

49
society plays a big role if it wants to uphold and maintain the originality of the standard Malay
language. The community that is concerned with the use of Malay as the national language will
indirectly educate young people in the importance of the use of Malay. This is important to the
future of the Malay language for future generations in Malaysia.

In conclusion, the problem of the Malay language must be addressed by all parties,
starting from the state administration, leaders, institutions, schools. and also society. As citizens
Malaysia yang said language Malay as the official language of the country, we should not
continue to hug the body and just wait for the stars to fall into our laps. The struggle to uphold
the Malay language must be continued with the efforts and cooperation of all party.

50
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

The conceptual framework is the framework of the study that describes the overall study
that will be done. It is also a guide to help the researcher conduct the study properly and so as not
to stray from the study. The conceptual framework below shows the conceptual idea of the study
that the researcher will conduct. The researcher conducted a quantitative design study, using
instruments question investigate. Data of exam this will analyzed use software IBM SPSS
Version 23. The data will then interpreted.

The independent variable in this study is the students in Chinese National Type Schools
(SJKC) who are not unfamiliar with Chinese in everyday speech, use Malay as a second
language and tend to writing style (grammar) in Chinese. The dependent variable is the level of
mastery of the use of capital letters at the beginning of the sentence and the full stop at the end of
the sentence.

Research this also linked by Theory Interactional yang dipelopori by Halliday. The theory
underlying this study explains that children’s language development involves language
interactions and mental processes. Children acquire language because they have a need to
interact with family members and the community. Pupils in SJKC tend to speak in Chinese
encouraging them to be more proficient in the linguistic system in Chinese. Furthermore, they
use Malay as a second language. In teaching and learning in Malay language subjects, teachers
teach the language system in Malay language which is more foreign to them. Every meaning and
grammar in language Malay taught simultaneously. Students also revealed by linguistic
situations to enable them to use language correctly in interaction and also writing sentence. By
that, is situation at SJKC this affecting

51
students in the correct use of grammar in writing sentences in Malay as their second language?

52
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Learning of Mathematical Modeling (Vol. 1, pp. 15–30). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands

Dewolf, T., van Dooren, W., Hermens, F., & Verschaffel, L. (2015). Do students attend to
representational illustrations of non-standard mathematical word problems, and, if so, how helpful
are they? Instructional Science, 43 (1), 147–171.

Krawitz, J., Schukajlow, S., Chang, Y.-P., & Yang, K.-L. (2017). Reading comprehension,
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Niss, M., Blum, W., & Galbraith, PL (2007). Introduction. In W. Blum, PL Galbraith, H.-W.
Henn, & M. Niss (Eds.), Modeling and Applications in Mathematics Education: the 14th ICMI
Study (pp. 1-32). New York: Springer.

Schukajlow, S. (2017). Are values related to students' performance? In B. Kaur, WK Ho, TL Toh,
& BH Choy (Eds.), Proc. 41th Conf. of the Int. Group for the Psychology of Mathematics
Education (Vol. 4, pp. 161-168). Singapore: PME.

53